Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 28 2832042 2831847 2026-09-07T16:55:04Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group */ addition ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2832042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikiversity:Colloquium/Header}} <!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --> == Motivation and emotion - Student editing == We are underway with [[Motivation and emotion]] this semester (Aug - Nov), which will see ~150 students signing up to and edting [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026]]. Please be friendly and help them out as they learn their way around. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:16, 10 August 2026 (UTC) == Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed? == Currently, only waiting for four days is required for a user to become autoconfirmed. I am proposing that we include a minimum edit count of 10 edits (akin to Wikipedia) especially because of [[Special:AbuseFilter/16|a private abuse filter]], and LTAs may game autoconfirmed permissions to vandalize here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:01, 23 August 2026 (UTC) : [[Wikiversity:Autoconfirmed users]] : Are you suggesting an additional requirement? i.e., 4 days + 10 edits? : How is it adjusted? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 03:57, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:30, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :As a newly volunteered member, it doesn't seem unreasonable to me to require a certain number of edits to establish my bona fides. [[User:Cfm490|Cfm490]] ([[User talk:Cfm490|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cfm490|contribs]]) 17:53, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I agree that adding an edit count requirement is a reasonable expectation before the user can become autoconfirmed. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 18:56, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :+ 1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :'''Weak support''' Generally reasonable, but I would caution that we should really make this clear for those instances where professors have students edit here and make it frictionless for them to get autoconfirmed status. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:42, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Bartending Course on Wikiversity == I recently finished the course on [[Bartending]], and while I have experience editing on Wikipedia, this is my first Wikiversity project. If any of you have the time or interest, I could use an experienced eye to see if there's anything obviously missing from the course in terms of Wikiversity administration. I'm not sure what's active, if the course should belong in an existing school, or if there's any obvious discoverability tool I haven't implemented. Any tips are welcomed, or just a thumbs up saying it looks fine would be great. [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] recommended I post this here in case someone wanted to include the new course under News on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Main Page]]. Thanks! [[User:Sabbier|Sabbier]] ([[User talk:Sabbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sabbier|contribs]]) 01:24, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Wow! Fantastic work- I'm so impressed! Your work gives me inspiration on how to better organize the courses I'm working on. :) [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 September 2026 (UTC) : Awesome work. I've added this course to the [[Main Page/News|main page news]]. : We could also consider for [[Wikiversity:Featured]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:43, 5 September 2026 (UTC) ::The course [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] is intended to provide guidance to new Wikiversity editors. I hope it is helpful and I welcome improvement suggestions. Thanks. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 14:08, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Writing news here == I'm bringing up this discussion again because I think it is beneficial to the project since Wikinews is gone, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 03:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) : Given that the community consensus here was not to replicate WikiNews within Wikiversity, I suggest thinking differently e.g., in terms of specific news-related projects you are interested in that have educational objectives that satisfy Wikiversity's mission. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:46, 5 September 2026 (UTC) == [[Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group]] == As I suggested, I would like to propose allowing permanent interface administrators on English Wikiversity. My temporary interface admin rights are about to expire soon, and I will soon create a new CfIA page (and its header). We should also have a minimum of two interface administrators. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:44, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I am also in favor of this and we did discuss it pretty recently and came to a consensus on extending IA rights and lowering the administrative overhead, but not allowing indefinite at this juncture. From my perspective, since we discussed this so recently and nothing seems to have changed much, I personally would recommend holding off for a couple of years or until/unless there is some critical new information. Again, I would continue to support indef IA rights were it to come up again and think that at least two is also a sensible proposal. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:32, 6 September 2026 (UTC) ::Responding to myself so that I don't derail: I would be interested/willing to be an indef IA. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 17:36, 6 September 2026 (UTC) : I made [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:24, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :: CC to @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]]. I made a request since my IA rights are about to expire. We should also hold a separate vote to allow permanent IAs here (for this policy). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:55, 7 September 2026 (UTC) od1fpe0fmiy1lxfnyh5ryuhejxrtm50 8 1213 2832139 2831358 2026-09-08T00:29:46Z Jtneill 10242 Improve quality of written expression 2832139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Add an edit count requirement for autoconfirmed?|Discussion is underway about changing the autoconfirmed requirements.]] r2yp5gubk5tverbwjp8q7s22afzx2rg 0 38771 2832237 1828307 2026-09-08T11:55:02Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832237 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: LimeGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|left|64px|]] [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|right|64px|]] ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS COURSE |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | ==Lesson Review: Lesson 1== The first lesson was about passive sign convention. The lesson introduced circuit components which will be encountered in electric circuit analysis. * Active components * Passive components * Passive sign convention * Guidelines for passive sign convention == Lesson Preview == This lesson is about simple resistive circuits. The student is expected to have understood the following at the end of the lesson: * '''Voltage''': (V or ''v'' - Volts)The electrical potential between two points in a circuit. * '''Current''': (I or ''i'' - Amperes)The amount of charge flowing through a part of a circuit. * '''Power''': (W - Watts)Simply P = IV. It is the current times the voltage. * '''Source''': A voltage or current source is the supplier for the circuit. * '''Resistor''': (R measured in Ω - Ohms)A circuit element that "constricts" current flow. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| {{Circuit Analysis Courses Content}} |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 1== === Voltage Source === This is possibly the simplest circuit. The voltage source supplies a voltage to the circuit. When this voltage is applied over a resistor, R, there is a current. '''Equation 2.1''' <math>V = I * R\!</math> This equation explains the relation between all three elements in the circuit. In this case the voltage source has the same magnitude as the voltage drop across the resistor. We know that it is V. The resistor has a certain amount of Ohms depending on its rating. We now know R. With algebra I = V/R. So as long as you know two of the variables then you can find the third. Now comes the power part of the circuit analysis. '''Equation 2.2''' <math>P = I * V\!</math> Once Equation 2.1 is solved then this equation should follow quickly. The I and V are the same variables so insert them into the equation and solve for P (Watts). With these two equations, 1.1 and 1.2, and a little bit of algebra you get: '''Equation 2.3''' <math>P = I^2 * R\! </math> '''Equation 2.4''' <math>P = \frac {V^2}{R}</math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 2 == As an explanation, the power running through is the voltage times the current. This is instantaneous power rather than power used over time. Power has to be supplied and consumed. In a perfect world without heat-loss both are equal. The source supplies the required power that is consumed in this case by the resistor. ===Example 2.1=== <div style="float:right; padding:5px; width:200px;"> {|style="background-color:{{{theme|{{Robelbox/C1|13}}}}};{{Text default color}};" |[[Image:SimpleResistiveCircuitsSimple1.png|200px]] |- |<div style="font-size:80%;line-height:1.3em;text-align:center;">'''Figure 2.1: Voltage Source'''</div> |} </div> '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 12V,~R ~=~ 20 \Omega</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= V/R\\ &= 12V/20\Omega\\ I &= .6A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .6A * 12V\\ P &= 7.2W\\ \end{align} </math> Remember: The power supplied equals the power consumed. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 3== === Current Source === All that will happen here is that the givens will change. Rather than knowing what the voltage is across the resistor we now know what the current is flowing through the resistor. Don't forget in the description of resistors that a similar model in fluid physics is a smaller pipe that constricts the amount of flow. Well, current is flow of charge. With the fluid the side of the smaller section being supplied with fluid will have a greater pressure than the out flowing side. The difference between these is potential. In circuits this potential is known as voltage, but then again this is all review, right? So now we use equation 2.1 again. The current source gives us the current through the resistor. Given the resistor value it should be just a matter of multiplication. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 4 == ==== Example: 2.1 ==== <div style="float:right; padding:5px; width:200px;"> {|style="background-color:{{{theme|{{Robelbox/C1|13}}}}};{{Text default color}};" |[[Image:SimpleResistiveCircuitsSimple2.png|200px]] |- |<div style="font-size:80%;line-height:1.3em;text-align:center;">'''Figure 2.2: Current Source'''</div> |} </div> '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ 2A,~R ~=~ 10\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ &= 2A * 10\Omega\\ V &= 20V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= 2A * 20V\\ P &= 40W\\ \end{align} </math> Of course, power consumed equals power supplied in this perfect universe, which is only found in this course. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 5: More Examples== ===Example 2.2=== '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 5V, ~ R ~=~ 50\Omega</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= V/R\\ &= 5V/50\Omega\\ I &= .1A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .1A * 5V\\ P &= .5W\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 6 == ===Example 2.3=== '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ .3A, ~ R ~=~ 30\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ &= .3A * 30\Omega\\ V &= 9V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .3A * 9V\\ P &= 2.7W\\ \end{align} </math> |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 7== ===Example 2.4=== '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ 5A, ~ P_{consumed}~=~30W</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. R, the resistance '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= P/I\\ &= 30W/5A\\ V &= 6V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} R &= V/I\\ &= 6V/5A\\ R &= 1.2\Omega\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 8 == ===Example 2.5=== '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 12V,~P ~=~ 5W</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. R, the resistance. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= P/V\\ &= 5W/12V\\ I &= 0.4167A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} R &= V/I\\ &= 12V/0.4167A\\ R &= 28.798\Omega,~rounded~to~29\Omega.\\ \end{align} </math> |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 9== ===Example 2.6=== '''Given'''': <math>P = 32W,~R = 2\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. I, the current. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} P &= I^2 * R\\ I &= \sqrt{P/R}\\ &= \sqrt{32/2}\\ I &= 4A\\ \end{align} </math> '''OR''' <math>\begin{align} P &= V^2/R\\ V &= \sqrt{P*R}\\ &= \sqrt{32*2}\\ V &= 8V\\ \end{align} </math> '''OR''' <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 10: Exercise 2 == #If the given current is 300 Amps and the resistance is 2 Ohms, what is the Voltage across the resistor and how much power is being produced or consumed? #An engineer measures the resistivity of a resistor before putting it into a simple circuit. It is 50 Ohms. After putting the resistor into place the engineer measures 2 Volts across the resistor. How many Amps are going through the resistor? #A 60 Watt bulb is found to have 300 Ohms of resistance. What is the necessary voltage and current to have the bulb run optimally? #A large voltage supply has 10,000V. The company wants to know how big a resistance can be put on the voltage supply along with how much power will be consumed. Is this a solvable problem? #Practice drawing the elements of a simple resistive circuit. Draw a resistor and Ω 5 times. Draw 5 current sources and 5 voltage sources. *'''[[/Answers/|Answers to Exercise 2]]''' [[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|right|64px|]] ==Completion list== Once you finish your Exercises you can post your score here! To post your score just e-mail your course co-ordinator your name and score *{{email|user=Thuvack|subject=Question on EE 102: Simple Resistive circuits|text=Click Here}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]. *# [[User:Ozzimotosan|Ozzimotosan]] -- 100% *# Doldham -- 75% & Corrected *#… *#… |} {{Template:EE102 page turner |PreviousLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |PreviousPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |NextPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Resistors in Series |LessonFirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |NextLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Resistors in Series |FirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis }} [[Category:Electric circuits analysis]] {{lecture}} nskg2pz2j5z74ukjy6z0s4lgjzigxvh 2832238 2832237 2026-09-08T11:55:38Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832238 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: LimeGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|left|64px|]] [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|right|64px|]] ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS COURSE |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | ==Lesson Review: Lesson 1== The first lesson was about passive sign convention. The lesson introduced circuit components which will be encountered in electric circuit analysis. * Active components * Passive components * Passive sign convention * Guidelines for passive sign convention == Lesson Preview == This lesson is about simple resistive circuits. The student is expected to have understood the following at the end of the lesson: * '''Voltage''': (V or ''v'' - Volts)The electrical potential between two points in a circuit. * '''Current''': (I or ''i'' - Amperes)The amount of charge flowing through a part of a circuit. * '''Power''': (W - Watts)Simply P = IV. It is the current times the voltage. * '''Source''': A voltage or current source is the supplier for the circuit. * '''Resistor''': (R measured in Ω - Ohms)A circuit element that "constricts" current flow. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| {{Circuit Analysis Courses Content}} |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 1== === Voltage Source === This is possibly the simplest circuit. The voltage source supplies a voltage to the circuit. When this voltage is applied over a resistor, R, there is a current. '''Equation 2.1''' <math>V = I * R\!</math> This equation explains the relation between all three elements in the circuit. In this case the voltage source has the same magnitude as the voltage drop across the resistor. We know that it is V. The resistor has a certain amount of Ohms depending on its rating. We now know R. With algebra I = V/R. So as long as you know two of the variables then you can find the third. Now comes the power part of the circuit analysis. '''Equation 2.2''' <math>P = I * V\!</math> Once Equation 2.1 is solved then this equation should follow quickly. The I and V are the same variables so insert them into the equation and solve for P (Watts). With these two equations, 1.1 and 1.2, and a little bit of algebra you get: '''Equation 2.3''' <math>P = I^2 * R\! </math> '''Equation 2.4''' <math>P = \frac {V^2}{R}</math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 2 == As an explanation, the power running through is the voltage times the current. This is instantaneous power rather than power used over time. Power has to be supplied and consumed. In a perfect world without heat-loss both are equal. The source supplies the required power that is consumed in this case by the resistor. ===Example 2.1=== <div style="float:right; padding:5px; width:200px;"> {|style="background-color:{{{theme|{{Robelbox/C1|13}}}}};{{Text default color}};" |[[Image:SimpleResistiveCircuitsSimple1.png|200px]] |- |<div style="font-size:80%;line-height:1.3em;text-align:center;">'''Figure 2.1: Voltage Source'''</div> |} </div> '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 12V,~R ~=~ 20 \Omega</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= V/R\\ &= 12V/20\Omega\\ I &= .6A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .6A * 12V\\ P &= 7.2W\\ \end{align} </math> Remember: The power supplied equals the power consumed. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 3== === Current Source === All that will happen here is that the givens will change. Rather than knowing what the voltage is across the resistor we now know what the current is flowing through the resistor. Don't forget in the description of resistors that a similar model in fluid physics is a smaller pipe that constricts the amount of flow. Well, current is flow of charge. With the fluid the side of the smaller section being supplied with fluid will have a greater pressure than the out flowing side. The difference between these is potential. In circuits this potential is known as voltage, but then again this is all review, right? So now we use equation 2.1 again. The current source gives us the current through the resistor. Given the resistor value it should be just a matter of multiplication. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 4 == ==== Example: 2.1 ==== <div style="float:right; padding:5px; width:200px;"> {|style="background-color:{{{theme|{{Robelbox/C1|13}}}}};{{Text default color}};" |[[Image:SimpleResistiveCircuitsSimple2.png|200px]] |- |<div style="font-size:80%;line-height:1.3em;text-align:center;">'''Figure 2.2: Current Source'''</div> |} </div> '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ 2A,~R ~=~ 10\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ &= 2A * 10\Omega\\ V &= 20V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= 2A * 20V\\ P &= 40W\\ \end{align} </math> Of course, power consumed equals power supplied in this perfect universe, which is only found in this course. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 5: More Examples== ===Example 2.2=== '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 5V, ~ R ~=~ 50\Omega</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= V/R\\ &= 5V/50\Omega\\ I &= .1A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .1A * 5V\\ P &= .5W\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 6 == ===Example 2.3=== '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ .3A, ~ R ~=~ 30\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. The power produced by the source. The power consumed by the resistor. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ &= .3A * 30\Omega\\ V &= 9V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} P &= I * V\\ &= .3A * 9V\\ P &= 2.7W\\ \end{align} </math> |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 7== ===Example 2.4=== '''Given'''': <math>I_s ~=~ 5A, ~ P_{consumed}~=~30W</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. R, the resistance '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} V &= P/I\\ &= 30W/5A\\ V &= 6V\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} R &= V/I\\ &= 6V/5A\\ R &= 1.2\Omega\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 8 == ===Example 2.5=== '''Given'''': <math>V_s ~=~ 12V,~P ~=~ 5W</math> '''Find''': I, the current in Amps. R, the resistance. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} I &= P/V\\ &= 5W/12V\\ I &= 0.4167A\\ \end{align} </math> <math>\begin{align} R &= V/I\\ &= 12V/0.4167A\\ R &= 28.798\Omega,~rounded~to~29\Omega.\\ \end{align} </math> |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 9== ===Example 2.6=== '''Given'''': <math>P = 32W,~R = 2\Omega</math> '''Find''': V, the voltage. I, the current. '''Solution''': Using the equations: <math>\begin{align} P &= I^2 * R\\ I &= \sqrt{P/R}\\ &= \sqrt{32/2}\\ I &= 4A\\ \end{align} </math> '''OR''' <math>\begin{align} P &= V^2/R\\ V &= \sqrt{P*R}\\ &= \sqrt{32*2}\\ V &= 8V\\ \end{align} </math> '''OR''' <math>\begin{align} V &= I * R\\ \end{align} </math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 10: Exercise 2 == #If the given current is 300 Amps and the resistance is 2 Ohms, what is the Voltage across the resistor and how much power is being produced or consumed? #An engineer measures the resistivity of a resistor before putting it into a simple circuit. It is 50 Ohms. After putting the resistor into place the engineer measures 2 Volts across the resistor. How many Amps are going through the resistor? #A 60 Watt bulb is found to have 300 Ohms of resistance. What is the necessary voltage and current to have the bulb run optimally? #A large voltage supply has 10,000V. The company wants to know how big a resistance can be put on the voltage supply along with how much power will be consumed. Is this a solvable problem? #Practice drawing the elements of a simple resistive circuit. Draw a resistor and Ω 5 times. Draw 5 current sources and 5 voltage sources. *'''[[/Answers/|Answers to Exercise 2]]''' [[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|right|64px|]] ==Completion list== Once you finish your Exercises you can post your score here! To post your score just e-mail your course co-ordinator your name and score *{{email|user=Thuvack|subject=Question on EE 102: Simple Resistive circuits|text=Click Here}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]. *# [[User:Ozzimotosan|Ozzimotosan]] -- 100% *# Doldham -- 75% & Corrected *#… *#… |} {{Template:EE102 page turner |PreviousLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |PreviousPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |NextPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Resistors in Series |LessonFirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Passive Sign Convention |NextLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Resistors in Series |FirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis }} [[Category:Electric circuits analysis]] {{lecture}} 9scjszdj2iwxov243i40jug9n66tg16 0 44053 2832217 2829754 2026-09-08T08:39:34Z Michael Ten 654933 /* See also */ added columns 2832217 wikitext text/x-wiki The following are learning resources related to '''social problems'''. Attempting to work towards [[solving problems]] in living can be a to try and reduce the undesirable impact of social problems. __NOTOC__ == What are social problems? == Social problems are the general factors that affect and damage society. Also known as social issues sometimes. A social problem is normally a term used to describe problems with a particular area or group of people in the world. Social problems often involve problems that affect the real world. It also affects how people react to certain situations. Examples can include: {{Col}} * Illiteracy * [[wikipedia:Anti-social_behaviour|Anti social behavior]]/crime ** Rape ** Crime and [[Digital Media Concepts/Cyber Crimes|Cyber crime]] ** [[wikipedia:Human_trafficking|Human Trafficking]] ** Sexual abuse ** High crime rate ** [[Child abuse]] {{ColBreak}} * [[wikipedia:Malnutrition|Malnutrition]] *Discrimination ** Racial discrimination ** Ageism ** Sexism ** Ableism * The shortage of schools * Political corruption * Unemployment/underemployment * Unplanned/early pregnancy {{ColBreak}} * [[wikipedia:Poverty|Poverty]] * [[wikipedia:Substance_abuse|Drug abuse]] *[[wikipedia:Alcohol_abuse|Alcohol abuse]] * Bullying * Obesity * Irresponsible/problematic gambling * Animal abuse * The lack of infrastructure {{ColBreak}} * Economic deprivation ** Economic injustices * [[wikipedia:Female_genital_mutilation|Female genital mutilation]] * War * Unhappiness/misery/lack of meaning ** Stress (distress, not eustress) ** Lack of social skills (which some may not feel is a problem) * Family conflict/family disharmony {{Col/end}} == Discussion questions and essay ideas == * What are some of the most prevalent social problems that exist? * What are some examples of "problems in living", and how does these relate to social problems? * How can people work together to remedy social problems? * Is lack of education a social problem? How can embracing a voluntary education be encouraged? * How can open source content on wikis help to develop solutions to social problems? * What are the most efficient ways to help eliminate poverty on Earth? * Is paying drug abusers to be sober a sustainable and effective tactic? ==Readings== ===Wikipedia=== * [[w:Nuclear labor issues|Nuclear labor issues]] - Labor issues can be social problems. Labor issues can relate to economic problems which can affect individuals and families. * [[w:List of ongoing armed conflicts|List of ongoing armed conflicts]] * [[w:List_of_proxy_wars#Ongoing_proxy_wars|List of ongoing proxy wars]] == See also == {{colbegin|3}} * [[Grand Challenges]] * [[Exploring Social Constructs]] * [[Eliminating poverty]] * [[Counseling psychology]] * [[Wikidebate]] * [[Social environment]] * [[Economic problems]] * [[Spiritual problems]] * [[Ecological problems]] * [[Legal problems]] * [[Emotional problems]] * [[Problems in living]] * [[Infrastructure problems]] * [[Political problems]] * [[Health problems]] * [[Philosophical problems]] * [[Technological problems]] * [[Environmental problems]] - Social problems can contribute to environmental problems, and environmental problems can interact with or worsen social problems. {{colend}} == External links == * [http://freerice.com/ Freerice.com] [[Category:Social psychology]] [[Category:Social research]] [[Category:Sociology]] [[Category:Social problems]] t1xhd7zr2oi36d86cb2190f2rfohec5 0 56956 2832173 1412478 2026-09-08T05:33:11Z Michael Ten 654933 removed what seem to be broken links. at least they only show a black screen in this browser. 2832173 wikitext text/x-wiki == Medical videos == '''Medical videos''' are the videos which are directed to physicians, medical students and health care professionals either all the medical stuff or even the paramedical staff and physiotherapists. These videos primarily contain educational materials or new trends of medical procedures. The term "Medical Videos" also include the videos which are filmed during surgeries either to be used as an educational material or for medicolegal purposes. Medical Videos are normal videos with the same normal extensions of any type of videos for example the can be WMV,MPEG,AVI,FLV...etc. These videos can be found on medical websites that provide them can be played by any video player however it is most recommended to play medical videos or videos of surgery using the "Medical Videos Player" which is a specially designed free program for playing medical videos, with certain additions and plugins to suit medical presentations and medical conferences. "Medical Videos Player" is provided for free by the Medical Students Associations and can be downloaded from the official website The Benefits of Watching Medical Videos: are mainly avoiding hurting real patients to learn medical examination because these videos shows the medical student or the physician the general and most important points that should be considered during physical examinations. They also show hazards and maneuvers that should be avoided for the benefit of the patient. Watching videos of surgeries helps junior surgeons avoid fatal mistakes that can affect the patient's life, and they make the surgeon more familiar with the surgical techniques, including what is right and what is wrong. == External links == * [http://www.youtube.com Youtube videos,Type Medical Videos in the search] [[Category:Clinical skills]] [[Category:Video]] 80fyayajl8a885skxz3qhywt0lymnep 0 81690 2832186 2197435 2026-09-08T06:52:28Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Portal:Novial|Back to the Novial front page]] ---- [[La_Verda_Koro|Back to Li Verdi Kordie Contents]] ----<br> ==TEXT 1== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFF8DC;{{Text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"|Esperanto |style = "background: #FFF8DC;{{Text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" colspan = 2|Novial |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|'''Ĉapitro 2: La instruisto kaj lernantino'''<br><br>La instruisto fermas la malgrandan libron sur la tablo.<br> Li prenas kaj metas ĝin en la poŝon. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|'''Chapitre 2: Li instruktiste e lernera'''<br><br>Li instruktiste klosa li mikri libre sur li table.<br><br> Lo prenda e plasa lu en li poshe. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Sinjorinoj kaj sinjoroj, mi deziras al vi bonan nokton - li diras. - Ĝis revido! ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Sinioras e sinioros, me desira a vus boni nokte - lo dikte. - Til rivido! |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};;"|- Ĝis revido - respondas la gesinjoroj kaj ili iras de la benkoj al la pordo.||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Til rivido - responda li siniores e les vada fro li benches al porte. |} ==TEXT 2== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|La juna Iĉio Pang malfermas la pordon de la lernoĉambro kaj la gelernantoj iras hejmen.<br> Nur la maljuna oficisto, la pola knabino kaj la instruisto restas.<br> La oficisto estas malnova esperantisto.<br> Li bone parolas la lingvon.<br> Nun li kaj la instruisto konversacias. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Yuni Ichio Pang aperta li porte del lerno-chambre e li lerneres vada a heme.<br> Nur li oldi ofisiiste, li poloni puera e li instruktiste resta.<br> Li ofisiiste es desnovi esperantiste.<br> Lo parla bonim li lingue.<br> Nun lo e li instruktiste konversa. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|Marja Bulski, la pola knabino, estas inteligenta lernantino en la urba gimnazio.<br> Ŝi parolas la polan kaj rusan, lernas la germanan kaj latinan lingvojn, sed ŝi ne komprenas la longajn frazojn en la nova mondolingvo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Marja Bulski, li poloni puera, es inteligenti lernera in li urbal lisee.<br> La parla polonum e russum, lerna li germani e latini lingues, ma la non komprenda li longi satses in li novi monde-lingue. |} ==TEXT 3== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};;"|Jes, la kapo ne komprenas la vortojn, sed ŝi havas okulojn, fantazion kaj koron.<br> Ŝi vidas du homojn: unu junan kaj unu maljunan, hungaron kaj ruson.<br> La ruso havas nur unu manon.<br> Kie estas la alia mano? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Yes, li kape non komprenda li vordes, ma la have okules, imaginatione e kordie.<br> La vida du homes: un yuni e un oldi, hungare e russe.<br> Li russe have nur un manu.<br> Vor es li altri manu? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};;"|La fantazio faras militan bildon.<br> La knabina koro komprenas la signifon de la konversacio.<br> Ĉu la fantazio diras la puran veron?<br> Kiu scias?<br> Ŝi vidas du homojn: unumanan ruson, kiu prenas cigaredon el la poŝo kaj hungaran militkaptiton, kiu dankas kaj prenas la cigaredon el la mano de la ruso.<br> En la okulojn de la sinjoroj parolas paca sento, kiun Marja Bulski bone komprenas. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Li imaginatione fa militali pikture.<br> Li pueranali kordie komprenda li signifikatione del konversatione.<br> Ob li imaginatione dikte li puri vereso?<br> Que sava?<br> La vida du homes: uni-manuali russe, kel prenda sigarete ek sen poshe e hungari milite-kaptate, kel danka e prenda li sigarete ek li manu del russe.<br> In li okules del siniores parla pasosi sentio, kel Marja Bulski bonim komprenda. |} ==TEXT 4== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|La instruisto nun malfermas la pordon, montras la vojon.<br> Ili iras el la ĉambro kaj haltas sur la strato ĉe la granda pordo de la Popola Domo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Li instruktiste nun klosa li porte, montra li vie.<br><br> Les vada ek li chambre e halta sur li strade an li grandi porte del Populal Hause. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Ĝis revido - diras la oficisto kaj li prenas la manon de la instruisto. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Til rivido - dikte li ofisiiste e lo prenda li manu del instruktiste. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Ĝis revido, sinjoro Kuratov kaj bonan nokton! ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Til rivido, sinioro Kuratov e boni nokte! |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|Marja Bulski restas ĉe la pordo.<br> Ŝi rigardas la oficiston, kiu marŝas al la poŝtoficejo.<br> Li loĝas en la domo de la oficejo, sed ne en la kontoro.<br> En la kontoro li laboras. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Marja Bulski resta an li porte.<br> La regarda li ofisiiste, kel marcha al poste-kontore.<br> Lo lojia in li hause del kontore, ma non in li kontore.<br> In li kontore lo labora. |} ==TEXT 5== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|La instruisto deziras bonan nokton al fraŭlino Marja, sed ŝi deziras konversacion. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|Li instruktiste desira boni nokte a siniorina Marja, ma la desira konversatione. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Kie vi loĝas, sinjoro instruisto? - ŝi kuraĝe demandas kaj faras novajn mallongajn frazojn en la kapo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Quilok vu lojia, sinioro instruktiste? - la kurajosim demanda e fa novi kurti satses in li kape. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};;"|- Mi loĝas en la kazerno de la militkaptitoj. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Me lojia in li kaserne del milite-kaptates. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Mi scias, mi scias, sinjoro.<br> Vi loĝas ne en la urbo, sed ekster la urbo.<br> Ĉu ne? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Me sava, me sava, sinioro.<br> Vu lojia non in li urbe, ma exter li urbe.<br> Ob non? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Jes, fraŭlino. Kie vi loĝas? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Yes, siniorina. Quilok vu lojia? |} ==TEXT 6== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- En la strato Kitajskaja. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- In li strade Kitajskaja. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Ni havas saman vojon en la urbo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};;" colspan = 2|- Nus have sami vie in li urbe. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Jes, ni havas saman vojon kaj mi estas feliĉa.<br> Mi ŝatas Esperanton kaj mi deziras konversacion en la nova lingvo kaj ... kaj ... mi ... jes ...<br> Ho, mi ne scias la vortojn!<br> Mi estas malfeliĉa.<br> Mi ne havas bonan kapon.<br> Mi estas malinteligenta knabino ... Esperanto estas malfacila lingvo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Yes, nus have sami vie e me es felisi.<br> Me prisa esperanto e me desira konversatione in li novi lingue e ... e ... me ... yes ...<br> Ho, me non sava li vordes!<br> Me es desfelisi.<br> Me non have boni kape.<br> Me es desinteligenti puera ... esperanto es desfasili lingue. |} ==TEXT 7== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Fraŭlino, vi havas inteligentan kapon.<br> Mi scias.<br> La parolo, kiun vi faras, havas muzikon de la vortoj<br> kaj la frazoj, kiujn vi faras, estas simplaj, sed bonaj.<br> Nun ankaŭ mi faras nur simplajn frazojn.<br> Ĉu vi komprenas ilin? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Siniorina, vu have inteligenti kape.<br> Me sava.<br> Li parlo, kel vu fa, have musike del vordes<br> e li satses, keles vu fa, es simpli, ma boni.<br> Nun anke me fa nur simpli satses.<br> Ob vu komprenda lus? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Mi komprenas ne nur la frazojn, sed ankaŭ vin.<br> <br>||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Me komprenda non nur li satses, ma anke vu. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Ĉu? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};" colspan = 2|- Ob? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{Text default color}};"|- Jes. Vi estas militkaptito, kiu loĝas en siberia kazerno.<br> Vi ne havas hejmon.<br> La homoj, kiujn vi amas, loĝas en Eŭropo kaj ne en Azio.<br> Vi deziras bonon kaj feliĉon al la homoj kaj ... kaj vi estas malfeliĉa. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Yes. Vu es milite-kaptate, kel lojia in siberiani kaserne.<br> Vu non have heme.<br> Li homes, kel vu ama, lojia in Europa e non in Asia.<br> Vu desira boneso e feliseso al homes e ... e vu es desfelisi. |} ==TEXT 8== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Feliĉa mi ne estas.<br> Jes, jes, fraŭlino, vi bone komprenas min. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Felisi me non es.<br> Yes, yes, siniorina, vu bonim komprenda me. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Ĉu? Ho, mi estas feliĉa.<br> Ne nur Iĉio Pang, la juna ĉino, sed ankaŭ Marja Bulski komprenas vin.<br> Vi estas malfeliĉa militkaptito, sed vi estas riĉa, riĉa homo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Ob? Ho, me es felisi.<br> Non nur Ichio Pang, li yuni chinane, ma anke Marja Bulski komprenda vu.<br> Vu es desfelisi milite-kaptate, ma vu es richi, richi home. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Ĉu vi pensas? La poŝo ... ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Ob vu pensa? Li poshe ... |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- La poŝo, poŝo ... En la poŝo vi estas malriĉa, sed en la amo al la homoj vi havas belajn sentojn, bonajn pensojn.<br> La mondo de la homoj estas malbela, sed en la fantazio vi faras ĝin bela, bona, paca ... Sinjoro instruisto, ĉu mi diras la veron?<br> Ĉu mi komprenas vin? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Li poshe, poshe ... In li poshe vu es povri, ma in li amo al homes vu have beli sentios, boni pensos.<br> Li monde de homes es ledi, ma in imaginatione vu fika lu beli, boni, pasosi ... Sinioro instruktiste, ob me dikte li vereso?<br> Ob me komprenda vu? |} ==TEXT 9== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|La militkaptito longe rigardas ŝin kaj li ne respondas. Ankaŭ Marja silentas. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Li milite-kaptate longitem regarda la e lo non responda. Anke Marja silentia. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Ili marŝas al la direkto de la strato Kitajskaja.<br> Estas bela vespero.<br> Sur la larĝa strato ili vidas nur katojn, hundojn.<br> La homoj sidas hejme en la malgrandaj rusaj domoj.<br> Ili sidas ĉe la tablo en la granda ĉambro, trinkas teon, legas Biblion.<br> Sur la tablo staras temaŝino; samovaro.<br> Ĝi muzikas: zzzzzuuu ... zzzziii ... zuzizuzi ...<br> La infanoj ludas en la litoj.<br> Vespero estas kaj ne nokto.<br> Belaj knabinoj kaj junaj sinjoroj sidas sur la benkoj ĉe la pordoj.<br> Ili faras muzikon kaj kantas.<br> Paco estas en la koroj, en la rusaj hejmoj.<br> Bela vespero kuŝas en la urbo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Les marcha al direktione del strade Kitajskaja.<br> Es beli vespre.<br> Sur li larji strade les vida nur kates, hundes.<br> Li homes sida in heme in li mikri russi hauses.<br><br> Les sida an li table in li grandi chambre, drinka tee, lekte Biblio.<br> Sur li table stea tee-mashine; samovare.<br> Lu musika: zzzzzuuu ... zzzziii ... zuzizuzi ...<br> Li infantes luda in li lites.<br> Vespre es e non nokte.<br> Beli pueras e yuni siniores sida sur li benches an li portes.<br> Les fa musike e kanta.<br> Pase es in li kordies, in li russi hemes.<br> Beli vespre lia in li urbe. |} ==TEXT 10== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Marja pensas: ĉu la vespero estas bela ekster la urbo, en la grandaj kaj malpuraj kazernoj de la militkaptitoj?<br><br> Ĉu ili havas pacon en la koro? ĉu ne malamo loĝas en la kazernoj, kie homoj, junaj kaj maljunaj, sanaj kaj malsanaj, kuŝas kaj rigardas nur al la nigra plafono, al la grizaj muroj kaj kie la pesimismo faras malbelajn bildojn? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Marja pensa: ob li vespre es beli exter li urbe, in li grandi e desneti kasernes del milite-kaptates?<br> Ob les have pase in li kordie? ob non odio lojia in li kasernes, vor homes, yuni e oldi, sani e maladi, lia e regarda nur li nigri plafone, li grisi mures e vor li pesimisme fa ledi piktures? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Marja ne havas vortojn kaj kuraĝon al la demando.<br> <br> Ŝi vidas malaltan domon en la strato kaj ŝi montras al ĝi. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Marja non have vordes e kuraje por li questione.<br>La vida basi hause in li strade e la indika lu.<br> <br> |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- La domo de sinjorino Bogatireva.<br> Ŝi sidas ĉe la fenestro en la lernoĉambro.<br> Ĉu vi ŝatas ŝin? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Li hause de siniora Bogatireva.<br> La sida an li fenestre in li lerno-chambre.<br> Ob vu prisa la? |} ==TEXT 11== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Jes, ŝi estas inteligenta sinjorino. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Yes, la es inteligenti siniora. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Mi amas ŝin.<br> Ho, ŝi estas bona, bona ... Ŝi estas rusino ... bona rusino ... ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Me ama la.<br> Ho, la es boni, boni ... La es russa ... boni russa ... |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Mi scias. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Me sava. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Jes ... vi scias ... jes ... ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Yes ... vu sava ... yes ... |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Ili marŝas, marŝas en la vespera silento.<br> Marja rigardas al la instruisto.<br> Li atentas nur la vojon kaj ne parolas.<br> Ŝi pensas: ankaŭ li ne havas kuraĝon.<br> Sed Marja deziras konversacion en la nova lingvo ĝis la hejmo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Les marcha, marcha in li vespral silentio.<br> Marja regarda li instruktiste.<br> Lo atente nur li vie e non parla.<br> La pensa: anke lo non have kuraje.<br> Ma Marja desira konversatione in li novi lingue til heme. |} ==TEXT 12== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Sinjoro, kion vi pensas nun? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Sinioro, quu vu pensa nun? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Mi ne havas vortojn al la respondo, vortojn, kiujn vi komprenas, sed mi diras al vi, nun mi estas feliĉa.<br><br> Vi estas bona lernantino. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Me non have vordes por li respondo, vordes, kel vu komprenda, ma me dikte a vu, nun me es felisi.<br> Vu es boni lernera. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Ĉu nur bona lernantino?<br> Ĉu vi ne pensas: Marja Bulski estas ne nur bona lernantino, sed ankaŭ homo, kiu havas belajn sentojn, bonajn pensojn? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Ob nur boni lernera?<br> Ob vu non pensa: Marja Bulski es non nur boni lernera, ma anke home, kel have beli sentios, boni penses? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Kaj ŝi havas bonan koron.<br> Mi scias.<br> Mi dankas al vi.<br> Vi vidas en mi ne militkaptiton kaj ne nur instruiston, sed ankaŭ homon. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- E la have boni kordie.<br> Me sava.<br> Me danka vu.<br> Vu vida in me non milite-kaptate e non nur instruktiste, ma anke home. |} ==TEXT 13== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Jes, homon, bonan homon. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Yes, home, boni home. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Sed, fraŭlino, nun ne estas paco.<br> Nun estas milito.<br> La homoj ne estas egalaj.<br> Ĉu vi komprenas min? ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Ma, siniorina, nun non es pase.<br> Nun es milite.<br> Li homes non es egali.<br> Ob vu komprenda me? |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Mi komprenas vin, sed mi ne estas malkuraĝa knabino. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Me komprenda vu, ma me non es poltroni puera. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|La militkaptito rigardas al la direkto de la kazerno kaj li ne respondas.<br> Ili silente marŝas de domo al domo, de strato al strato.<br> Ankaŭ Marja ne deziras konversacion.<br> Ŝi rigardas la vojon kaj pensas en la hejma lingvo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Li milite-kaptate regarda li direktione del kaserne e lo non responda.<br> Les silentiosim marcha fro hause a hause, fro strade a strade.<br> Anke Marja non desira konversatione.<br> La regarda li vie e pensa in sen hemal lingue. |} ==TEXT 14== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|En la strato Kitajskaja ŝi haltas kaj montras al malgranda, blankmura domo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|In li strade Kitajskaja la halta e indika mikri, blanki-mural hause. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Sinjoro, mi estas hejme. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Sinioro, me es an heme. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Bonan nokton, fraŭlino! ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Boni nokte, siniorina! |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Mano tuŝas manon, okuloj rigardas al okuloj kaj en la manpreno, en la rigardoj estas kora varmo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Manu tucha manu, okules regarda okules e in li manu-preso, in li regardos es kordial varmeso. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Ĝis revido - ŝi diras kaj malfermas kaj fermas la pordon de la domo. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Til rivido - la dikte e aperta e klosa li porte del hause. |} ==TEXT 15== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|La militkaptito restas sur la strato.<br> Li atentas, aŭskultas kaj pensas, pensas, pensas ... ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Li milite-kaptate resta sur li strade.<br> Lo atente, askolta e pensa, pensa, pensa ... |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|- Ruĝa floro en blanka Siberio ...<br> Ne bone mi diras.<br> Blanka floro en ruĝa Siberio ...<br> Ne! ... Eh, estas egale!<br> Ŝi estas interesa knabino, kiu havas inteligentan kapon kaj bonan koron kaj ... kaj mi estas nur militkaptito. ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|- Redi flore in blanki Siberia ...<br> Non boni me dikte.<br> Blanki flore in redi Siberia ...<br> Non! ... Eh, es egalim!<br> La es interesanti puera, kel have inteligenti kape e boni kordie e ... e me es nur milite-kaptate. |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"|Li marŝas, marŝas, marŝas en la vespera silento al la kazerno, kiu staras ekster la urbo;<br> al la kazerno, en kiu militkaptitoj kuŝas kaj maldormas,<br> rigardas al la plafono,<br> faras fantaziajn bildojn,<br> aŭskultas la parolon de la silento kaj de mateno ĝis nokta dormo ili diras nur unu vorton:<br> "Hejmen! ... Hejmen!" ||style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2|Lo marcha, marcha, marcha in li vespral silentio al kaserne, kel stea exter li urbe;<br> al kaserne, in kel milite-kaptates lia e vigila,<br><br> regarda li plafone,<br> fa imaginari piktures,<br> askolta li parlo del silentio e fro matine til noktal dormo les dikte nur du vordes:<br> "A heme! ... A heme!" |} ==VOCABULARY== {|border = 0 cellpadding = 6 cellspacing = 3 bgcolor = "#FFFFFF"| |- |style = "background: #FFF8DC; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"|Esperanto |style = "background: #FFF8DC; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"|Novial |style = "background: #FFF8DC; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" colspan = 2|English |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} -e {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} -im {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} forms adverbs {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} -ej- {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} -torie {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} place where something is done {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} al {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} a {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} to, toward {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} alia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} altri {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} other, another {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} amas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ama {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} love(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} amo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} amo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} love {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ankaŭ {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} anke {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} also, too {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} atentas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} atente {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} pay(s) attention to {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} aŭskultas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} askolta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} listen(s) to {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Azio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Asia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Asia {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} bela {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} beli {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} beautiful {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Biblio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Bible {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Bible {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} blanka {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} blanki {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} white {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} blankmura {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} blanki-mural {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} white-walled {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Bogatireva {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Bogatireva {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Bogatireva {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} bone {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} bonim {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} well {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} bono {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} boneso {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} good {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Bulski {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Bulski {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Bulski {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ĉe {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} an {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} at, by, on {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} cigaredo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sigarete {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} cigarette {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} de {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} de, fro, da {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} of, from, by {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} deziras {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} desira {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} desire(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} diras {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} dikte {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} say(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} direkto {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} direktione {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} direction {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} dormo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} dormio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} sleep, sleeping {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} egala {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} egali {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} equal {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} egale {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} egalim {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} equally {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} eh {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} eh {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} ah {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ekster {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} exter {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} outside (of), without {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} el {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ek {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} out of, from out of, from among {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} en …n {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} en {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} into {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} esperantisto {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} esperantiste {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Esperantist {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Eŭropo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Europa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Europe {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} fantazia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} imaginari, imaginal, fantasial, fantasti {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} imaginary, fantastic, of fantasy {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} fantazio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} imaginatione, fantasie {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} imagination, fantasy {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} feliĉa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} felisi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} happy {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} feliĉo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} feliseso {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} happiness {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} fermas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} klosa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} close(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ge- {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} -es {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} shows both sexes taken together {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} gelernantoj {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lerneres {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} learners, pupils {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} germana {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} germani {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} German {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} gesinjoroj {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} seniores {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} ladies and gentlemen {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ĝis {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} til {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} to, until, as far as {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} haltas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} halta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} halt(s), stop(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} havas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} have {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} have, has {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hejma {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hemal {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} domestic {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hejme {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} a heme, in heme {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} home, at home {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hejmo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} heme {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} home {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hundo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hunde {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} dog {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hungara {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} hungari {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Hungarian {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} infano {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} infante {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} child, infant {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} inteligenta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} inteligenti {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} intelligent {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kantas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kanta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} sing(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kapo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kape {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} head {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kato {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kate {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} cat {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kazerno {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kaserne {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} barracks {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kie {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} where {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} vor {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kien {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} whither {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} a vor? a quilok? {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Kitajskaja {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Kitajskaja {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Kitajskaja {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} knabina {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pueral {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} girlish {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kontoro {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kontore {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} office, bureau {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} konversacias {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} konversa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} converse(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} konversacio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} konversatione {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} conversation {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kora {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kordial {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} cordial, hearty, cardiac {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kuraĝe {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kurajosim {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} bravely, courageously, valiantly {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kuraĝo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kuraje {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} courage {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Kuratov {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Kuratov {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Kuratov {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kuŝas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} lie(s), recline(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} laboras {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} labora {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} work(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} latina {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} latini {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Latin {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} legas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lekte {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} read(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} libro {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} libre {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} book {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lingvo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lingue {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} language {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lito {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lite {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} bed {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} loĝas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} lojia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} dwell(s), live(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} longe {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} longitem {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} for a long time, a long time {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ludas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} luda {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} play(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malamo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} odio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} hate {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malbela {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ledi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} ugly {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} maldormas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vigila {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} be awake {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malfacila {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} desfasili {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} difficult, hard, inconvenient {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malfermas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} aperta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} open(s), open(s) up {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malinteligenta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} desinteligenti {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} dull, stupid, obtuse {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} maljuna {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} oldi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} old {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malkuraĝa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poltroni {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} cowardly {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} mallonga {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kurti {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} short {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malriĉa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} povri {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} poor {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} malsana {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} maladi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} ill, sick {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} mano {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} manu {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} hand {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} manpreno {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} manu-preso {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} handshake {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Marja {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} Marja {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Marja {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} marŝas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} marcha {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} walk(s), march(es) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} mateno {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} matine {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} morning {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} metas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} plasa, subplasa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} place(s), put(s), lay(s) down, put(s) down {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} milita {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} milital {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} war {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} mondo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} monde {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} world {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} mondolingvo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} monde-lingue {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} world language {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} montras al {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} indika {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} point(s) at, towards {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} muzikas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} musika {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} play(s) music {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} muziko {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} musike {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} music {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} nokta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} noktal {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} nocturnal, night-, night's {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} nokto {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} nokte {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} night {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} nun {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} nun {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} now {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} oficejo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} kontore {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} office, bureau {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} okulo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} okule {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} eye {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} paca {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pasal, pasosi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} peaceful {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} paco {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pase {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} peace {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} parolo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} parlo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} speech {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pensas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pensa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} think(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} penso {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pense {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} thought {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pesimismo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pesimisme {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} pessimism {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} pola {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poloni {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Polish {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poŝo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poshe {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} pocket {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poŝtoficejo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} poste-kontore {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} post-office {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} prenas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} prenda {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} take(s), get(s), lay(s) hold of, pick(s) up {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} restas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} resta {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} stay(s), remain(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} revido {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} rivido {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} seeing again {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} riĉa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} richi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} rich {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} rigardo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} regardo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} (a) look {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ruĝa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} redi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} red {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} rusino {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} russa {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} Russian woman {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sama {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sami {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} same {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} samovaro {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} samovare {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} samovar {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sana {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sani {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} healthy, well {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sento {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sentio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} feel, feeling, sensation {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} ŝi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} la {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} she {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} signifo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} signifikatione {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} meaning {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silentas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silentia {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} am, is, are quiet {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silente {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silentiantim, silentiosim {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} silently {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silento {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} silentio {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} silence {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} strato {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} strade {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} street {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} sur …n {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} a sur {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} onto {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} temaŝino {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} tee-mashine {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} tea-machine {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} teo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} tee {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} tea {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} trinkas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} drinka {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} drink(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} unumana {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} uni-manuali {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} one-handed {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} urba {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} urbal {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} urban {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} urbo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} urbe {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} town, city {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} varmo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} varmi {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} warm {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vero {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vereso {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} truth {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vespera {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vespral {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} evening {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vespero {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vespre {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} evening {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vidas {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vida {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} see(s) {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vojo {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vie {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} road {{center bottom}} |- |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vorto {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}"| {{center top}} vorde {{center bottom}} |style = "background: #FFFAF0;{{text default color}}" colspan = 2| {{center top}} word {{center bottom}} |} ---- [[Portal:Novial|Back to the Novial front page]] ---- [[La_Verda_Koro|Back to Li Verdi Kordie Contents]] [[Category:Novial]] h6x9uytb4o8spwqudc27sc57xgrkk2v 0 83114 2832218 2433762 2026-09-08T08:41:20Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Research and discussion questions */ added How can educational wikis that are meant for learning, teaching, and research (that have Creative Commons content) serve as a sort of shared knowledge graph (or graphs) for humanity? 2832218 wikitext text/x-wiki The use of [[w:Wiki|wikis]] in learning promotes collaboration. A wiki is a perfect place for process writing, studens' own homepages, and project working. When we use wikis as a learning space we concentrate thus also to assessment of groups and collaborative processes. Instead of single students we are now assessing processes and final outputs produced in some kind of groups. Assessment can be both feedback and feedforward and it can base to mixed modes of individual assessment, peer assessment and assessment of groups. {{RightTOC}} Here a couple of examples of educational wikis: # [http://educationalwikis.wikispaces.com/Examples+of+educational+wikis Educational wikis] # A particularly innovative wiki use is [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?DramaticIdentity DramaticIdentity] — A DramaticIdentity is a temporary hat that you put on when you assume the role of another (nonhuman) entity, allowing it to speak on the topic at hand. (Peter Mereal in References, Category Wiki-5) More can be found at: [[Educational wikis]]. == Assignment == # Get familiar with wikis and build your own wiki or use this wiki (create pages, modify content & discuss). There are lot of different wikis available but visit for example [http://www.wikispaces.com/ wikispaces], [[mw:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] or [http://www.wetpaint.com/ wetpaint]. # Get familiar with assessment examples of wikis given in links and make your own plan how to assess learning when using wikis. Think who should assess learning, when and how. If you wish to write your notes directly to wikiarticle, then please do so, creating titles and sub sections as you progress. ==Research and discussion questions== * Do any distributed/decentralized wiki technologies exist? * How can educational wikis that are meant for learning, teaching, and research (that have Creative Commons content) serve as a sort of shared knowledge graph (or graphs) for humanity? ==Educational media== ===Wikipedia=== * [[w:Wikis and education|Wikis and education]] == See also == * [[Ejump]] == External links == * [http://www.tkk.utu.fi/extkk/ejump/ Orientation to the world of wikis made by Satu Nurmela]. * [http://www.ikiw.org/ Stewart Mader's wiki] Wider background why and how we should write wikis. * [[b:Collaborative_Learning|Collaborative Learning Collaborative learning]] * [[Wikiversity:Wiki_as_a_tool_for_learning|Wiki as a tool for learning]] * [http://www.reap.ac.uk/reap07/Portals/2/CSL/t2%20-%20great%20designs%20for%20assessment/web%202.0%20pedagogic%20design/Using_wikis_for_summative_and_formative_assessment.pdf Using wikis for Summative and Formative Assessment] * [http://snurb.info/files/Wikis%20in%20Teaching%20and%20Assessment.pdf Wikis in Teaching and Assessment] * [http://www.wikimatrix.org/ wikimatrix] * [https://er.educause.edu/articles/2010/9/wikify-your-course-designing-and-implementing-a-wiki-for-your-learning-environment Wikify Your Course: Designing and Implementing a Wiki for Your Learning Environment] * [https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/wikis/ Wikis (Vanderbilt)] - Has a section "What does the research say about wikis?" [[Category:Wiki]] 6x5u85loy9l8egpbyjf861a4x8isgrm 2832219 2832218 2026-09-08T08:41:54Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Research and discussion questions */ expanded section title 2832219 wikitext text/x-wiki The use of [[w:Wiki|wikis]] in learning promotes collaboration. A wiki is a perfect place for process writing, studens' own homepages, and project working. When we use wikis as a learning space we concentrate thus also to assessment of groups and collaborative processes. Instead of single students we are now assessing processes and final outputs produced in some kind of groups. Assessment can be both feedback and feedforward and it can base to mixed modes of individual assessment, peer assessment and assessment of groups. {{RightTOC}} Here a couple of examples of educational wikis: # [http://educationalwikis.wikispaces.com/Examples+of+educational+wikis Educational wikis] # A particularly innovative wiki use is [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?DramaticIdentity DramaticIdentity] — A DramaticIdentity is a temporary hat that you put on when you assume the role of another (nonhuman) entity, allowing it to speak on the topic at hand. (Peter Mereal in References, Category Wiki-5) More can be found at: [[Educational wikis]]. == Assignment == # Get familiar with wikis and build your own wiki or use this wiki (create pages, modify content & discuss). There are lot of different wikis available but visit for example [http://www.wikispaces.com/ wikispaces], [[mw:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] or [http://www.wetpaint.com/ wetpaint]. # Get familiar with assessment examples of wikis given in links and make your own plan how to assess learning when using wikis. Think who should assess learning, when and how. If you wish to write your notes directly to wikiarticle, then please do so, creating titles and sub sections as you progress. ==Research questions, discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas== * Do any distributed/decentralized wiki technologies exist? * How can educational wikis that are meant for learning, teaching, and research (that have Creative Commons content) serve as a sort of shared knowledge graph (or graphs) for humanity? ==Educational media== ===Wikipedia=== * [[w:Wikis and education|Wikis and education]] == See also == * [[Ejump]] == External links == * [http://www.tkk.utu.fi/extkk/ejump/ Orientation to the world of wikis made by Satu Nurmela]. * [http://www.ikiw.org/ Stewart Mader's wiki] Wider background why and how we should write wikis. * [[b:Collaborative_Learning|Collaborative Learning Collaborative learning]] * [[Wikiversity:Wiki_as_a_tool_for_learning|Wiki as a tool for learning]] * [http://www.reap.ac.uk/reap07/Portals/2/CSL/t2%20-%20great%20designs%20for%20assessment/web%202.0%20pedagogic%20design/Using_wikis_for_summative_and_formative_assessment.pdf Using wikis for Summative and Formative Assessment] * [http://snurb.info/files/Wikis%20in%20Teaching%20and%20Assessment.pdf Wikis in Teaching and Assessment] * [http://www.wikimatrix.org/ wikimatrix] * [https://er.educause.edu/articles/2010/9/wikify-your-course-designing-and-implementing-a-wiki-for-your-learning-environment Wikify Your Course: Designing and Implementing a Wiki for Your Learning Environment] * [https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/wikis/ Wikis (Vanderbilt)] - Has a section "What does the research say about wikis?" [[Category:Wiki]] dvnl90zsx7qmgpigeo2hevhxc7kxb6z 0 97131 2832187 2190374 2026-09-08T06:53:15Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832187 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:10px solid #D44942; background-color:#EEE9E9;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid :#9F8562; background-color:#CDC9C9;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold;"> The Fiction and Film of Ray Bradbury: "The Illustrated Man."</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!--Note: Top, right, bottom, left --> [[File:Ray Bradbury (1975) -cropped-.jpg|200px|thumb|<small> Photo by Alan Light.</small>]] ==Taking Bradbury Seriously== Classifying Ray Bradbury's fictional narratives is a complicated matter. Starting with assumptions and a rigorous analysis regarding the importance of artistic experiences in his short fiction, novels and adaptations to film, science fiction and fantasy hold a high regard for his explorations into reality by way of dreams, memories and imagination. *''The Illustrated Man'' was first published in 1951. The written collection contains eighteen short fictional narratives. Three of Bradbury's strongest works were adapted and dramatized in a 1969 film directed by Jack Schmidt. [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064473/ Film Credits] The film contains, "The Veldt," "The Long Rain," and "The Last Night of the World." [http://stagevu.com/video/tsooblndysva Film in it's entirety on line] *The film, directed without the cooperation of Bradbury, offers Rod Steiger (Carl) as the first person narrater. Similar to the written collection, with each scene changes of the tales, the protagionist also changes but there remains an implied narration of Steiger. Rod Steiger has starred in such classic films as ''On the Water Front (1956), Dr. Zhivago (1965), and The Godfather (1972)'' [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001768/bio Rod Steiger biography] among other successful films. Steiger utilizes the style of language and dialogue to portray his characters via a command voice, incorporating four elements: distinctness, loudness, inflection and projection. *The story line of the film ''The Illustrated Man'' is linear and easy for the viewer to follow, with an effective use of flashbacks to tell the story. The screen play consists of eight scenes, positioned in the early 1900's. The main character Carl is a professional Hobo who at one time worked in a traveling carnival as a "carnie" equipment and tent hand. Carl is barely literate. In a synchronistic manner he runs into a young man (William) who is also on the road to see his family. While the young man seems educated, in keeping with defining opposites, Carl becomes the teacher and William the student. [[Image:The-Illustrated-Man_l.jpg‎|300px|thumb|<small> Movie Marquee</small>]] *The illustrations that cover Carl's body, come alive to tell the stories. The artistic tatooing completed by a seductive beautiful woman, Felicia. The name Felicia is latin in origin and means ''happy,'' '' lucky,'' or ''fortunate'' [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/felicias%27 dictionary.com]This could be a purposeful play on words, due to the fact that Carl is anything but happy; rather a nightmare in reality. Carl's demeaner towards Felicia at this time could be looked upon as submissive and obeying, as if Felicia cast a spell. She promises to make Carl "the most beautiful man in the world." A sexual nuance of reward is insinuated by Felicia in both speech and action. Using non-verbal communication, looking into each other eye's, is romanticaly suggestive of Bradbury's communication style. *The tales in the film are unified as the stories are told in one night and in a single location. Futuristic terms are infused in the film: "be well," instantaneous atmosphere," "minister of mental health," and "globalization" further identifying Bradbury's focus on future events. They also exemplify Bradbury's attention to gothic horror, through predictions of future events, and the sexual overtones of a carnival atmosphere. The wearing of illustrations could be a metaphor for the author himself or any storyteller. The hullicinations William experiences could be a warning regarding the implications of modernity being unimaginable and sterile without supernatural literature, bring predicitons that Bradbury explores in overting possible futures. **Themes explored include: Space exploration, dependency on technology, relience on governments and a rejection of creative literature and inventive myths. ==Criticism== ===Reviews=== [[Image:Ray_bradbury_illustrated_man.jpg‎|200px|thumb|<small> The Illustrated Man, Book Cover</small>]] '''''Reviews'''''<br> *The magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction suggests in their October 1997 article: "It's hard to believe that it's now been forty-six years since these stories first saw print because they're still as vibrant and startling and telling...with strong characters, fascinating ideas, crisp dialogue. As such, it's as fascinating as visiting Dickens' London, or Poe's New England." *The New York Times review of Bradbury by Paul Malouf article, June 2010 states: "Everyone wants to see the pictures, and yet nobody wants to see them..." The scenes hypnotize the narrator. What follows are 18 horror and science-fiction short stories that the narrator witnesses being acted out in the tattoos, from stranded astronauts to home technology gone bad. This classic book from 1951 is perfect for summer reading because you can breeze through a good story in one sitting." ==Suggested Readings & Websites== *Asimov, Isaac [http://www.asimovonline.com/asimov_home_page.html] The Foundation Trilogy *Atwood, Margaret [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth03C18N390512635243] The Handmaid's Tale *Bradbury, Ray [http://www.raybradbury.com/] Dandelion Wine, Fahrenheit 451, The Illustrated Man, The Martian Chronicles, and Something Wicked This Way Comes *Burgess, Anthony [http://www.anthonyburgess.org/] A Clockwork Orange *Clarke, Arthur C. [http://www.clarkefoundation.org/] 2001: A Space Odyssey *Dick, Philip K. [http://www.philipkdick.com/] The Man in the High Castle, and Ubik *Gibson, William [http://www.williamgibsonbooks.com/] Neuromancer *Heinlein, Robert [http://www.heinleinsociety.org/] Stranger in a Strange Land, and Time Enough for Love *Herbert, Frank [http://www.dunenovels.com/] Dune *Huxley, Aldous [http://www.huxley.net/] Brave New World *Le Guin, Ursula K. [http://www.ursulakleguin.com/] The Left Hand of Darkness *Lewis, C. S. [http://www.cslewis.com/] The Chronicles of Narnia *McCarthy, Cormac [http://www.cormacmccarthy.com/] The Road *Rowling, J.K. [http://www.jkrowling.com/] Harry Potter & the Sorcerer's Stone *Verne, Jules [http://www.najvs.org/objectives.shtml] Journey to the Center of the Earth *Wells, H.G. [http://www.hgwellsusa.50megs.com/] The Island of Dr. Moreau, and The Time Machine ==References== {{reflist|1}} *Bradbury, Ray. ''The Illustrated Man.'' New York: Batan Books, 1967. Print. *Cassina, Beatrice. "Ray Bradbury's `theater of the morning': when his characters come talk to him, he listens." ''The Writer'' 1.26 (2003): General OneFile. Web. 28 June 2010. *De Lint, Charles. "The Illustrated Man." ''The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction'' 93 (1997): p.41. General OneFile. Web. 29 June 2010. *Malouf, Paul. "The Illustrated Man." ''New York Times Upfront'' 14 May 2001: 22. General OneFile. Web. 29 June 2010. *Meola, Frank M. "Future past: Ray Bradbury's American dreams." ''South Carolina Review'' 42.2 (2010): 124-133. General OneFile. Web. 29 June 2010 *Reid, Robin Anne. ''Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion.'' Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. Print. *Riley, Jenelle. "Ray Bradbury. (What's Up With ...)." ''Back Stage West'' 10.14 (2003): General OneFile. Web. 28 June 2010. ==See also== *The 1969 Film, please view on line through stageVU [http://stagevu.com/video/tsooblndysva] *Internet Movie Data Base, please view the official movie trailer[http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi2391671065/] {{Template:tertiary education}}{{Template:english}}{{Template:religion}}{{Template:psychology}} ````--[[User:Candyangel43|Candyangel43]] 14:31, 28, June 2010 (UTC)Candyce </div> |} andjw57n66egbfrijxz9mgjgbekhixc 0 104819 2832188 2590653 2026-09-08T07:02:48Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832188 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align=right style="margin: 5px; border:2px solid {{hiero/nk/bordercolour}};" !style="border-bottom:2px solid {{hiero/{{{era}}}/bordercolour}}; background:{{hiero/{{{era}}}/bgcolour}};{{text default color}}; padding:5px; text-align:center;"|Hatshepsut in [[w:Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyphs]] |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;{{text default color}};"|''serekh'' or Horus name: Weseretkau |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the serekh--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G5</hiero> |height="48px" width="2px" bgcolor="black"| | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Horus name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |- |height="46" style="padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"|<hiero>wsr-s-X1:D28-D28:D28</hiero> |- |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Srxtail2.GIF]] |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;"|''Nebty'' name: Wadjrenput |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;"| <!--This table surrounds the Nebty name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G16</hiero> | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Nebty name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>M13-X1-M4-M4-M4</hiero> |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |} |align="center" valign="middle"| |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;"|''Golden Horus'' name: Netjeretkhau |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;"| <!--This table surrounds the Golden Horus name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G8</hiero> | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Golden Horus name--> | {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>nTr-t-xa:Z2-</hiero> |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"| |} | | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;"|''praenomen'' or throne name": Maatkare |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;"| <!--This table surrounds the praenomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>M23-L2</hiero> |[[Image:Hiero_Ca1.svg]] | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the praenomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |- |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>-ra-mAat-kA-</hiero> |- |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Hiero_Ca2.svg]] |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;"|''nomen'' or birth name: (Khnumet-Amun) Hatshepsut |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px 10px 10px;background: white;"| <!--This table surrounds the nomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G39-N5</hiero> |[[Image:Hiero_Ca1.svg]] | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the nomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |- |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>-i-mn:n-W9*t:F4-t-A51-</hiero> |- |height="2px" bgcolor="black"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Hiero_Ca2.svg]] |} | |} '''[[w:Hatshepsut|Hatshepsut]]''' was the daughter of [[w:Thutmose I|Thutmose I]] and his wife Queen [[w:Ahmose (queen)|Ahmose]]. Hatshepsut married her half-brother Pharaoh [[w:Thutmose II|Thutmose II]]. During the reign of her husband and brother Hatshepsut served as [[w:Great Royal Wife|Great Royal Wife]]. When Thutmose II died, his son [[w:Thutmose III|Thutmose III]] was very young and Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent for her young stepson. <ref>Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}</ref> At some point in or before year 7 Hatshepsut assumed the role of [[w:Pharaoh|Pharaoh]]. She would rule for approximately 22 years. Hatshepsut is one of only a handful of royal women who ruled [[w:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]]. Hatshepsut took on the five-fold royal titulary of a [[w:Pharaoh|Pharaoh]] <br> ==Museum collections== Items from the reign of [[w:Hatshepsut|Hatshepsut]] can be found in many museums across the world. A large collection of important artifacts can be found in the [[w:Egyptian Museum|Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo. The [[w:Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York similarly has a large number of statues and other artifacts. [[File:Hatshepsut room.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Panorama of the room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City dedicated to statues and artifacts of Hatshepsut]] A list of object in museums around the world related to Hatshepsut is given on the '''[[Hatshepsut: Museum Collections]]''' page. ==People associated with Hatshepsut== As Queen and Pharaoh Hatsepsut would have been surrounded with court officials and other notable people. A short (and necessarily incomplete) list: * [[w:Neferure|Princess Neferure]], daughter of Hatshepsut. Served as God's Wife of Amun. * [[w:Sitre In|Sitre called In]], nurse of Hatshepsut * [[w:Senenmut|Senenmut]], tutor of princess Neferure and Architect * [[w:Hapuseneb|Hapuseneb]], High Priest of Amun and possibly vizier * [[w:Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet|Ahmose Pen-nekhbet]], Army leader and tutor of princess Neferure. * [[w:Amethu called Ahmose|Amethu called Ahmose]], Vizier * [[w:Useramen|Useramen]], Vizier and son of Amethu called Ahmose * Seni, Viceroy of Kush during the early years * [[w:Ineni|Ineni]], Architect * Neshi, Chancellor, leader of the expedition to Punt, Chief treasurer. Buried in Saqqara (tomb discovered by Zivie) ==Monuments== ===Temples=== * '''[[w:Deir el-Bahari|Deir el-Bahari Temple]]''': [[w:Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut|Mortuary temple built for Hatshepsut]] in Thebes. The temple was called '''Djeser Djeseru''' in ancient times. * '''[[w:Chapelle Rouge|Chapelle Rouge, Karnak]]''': Also called the '''Red Chapel''', was originally constructed as a barque shrine. * '''Obelisk at Karnak Temple''' * '''[[w:Speos Artemidos|Speos Artemidos]]''': Temple at Beni Hasan (Batn el-Bakarah) dedicated to the lion goddess [[w:Pakhet|Pakhet]] <ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/temple/speos.html Speos Artemidos] at digitalegypt (University College London)</ref> The Artemidos had an outer pillared hall and an inner sanctuary cut into the rock. <ref>Tyldesley, Joyce. Hatchepsut: the female pharaoh. Viking, 1996. {{ISBN|0-670-85976-1}}</ref> The temple was unfinished, but contained a dedication text denouncing the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] rulers. The pillared hall shows Hatshepsut before various deities. An image of the goddess Pakhet was carved from the rock in a niche in the inner room. <ref>Wilkinson, Richard H., The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames and Hudson, 2000, {{ISBN|0-500-05100-3}}, p 139</ref> The temple was later usurped by Pharaoh [[w:Seti I|Seti I]] * Horus temple at '''Buhen''':The ancient settlement of Buhen on the West Bank of Luxor was submerged with water during the flooding of Lake Nassar during the building of the Aswan Dam. Before the flooding, Buhen was excavated by British Egyptologist Walter Bryan Emery.<ref>Emery 1963. Walter B. Emery. Egypt Exploration Society. Preliminary Report on the Excavation at Buhen. 1962. Kush 11 (1963). 116-120</ref> Saved from the flood waters, a temple to Horus which was built by Hatshepsut was dismantled and moved to the Sudan National Museum. Today, it resides there for all to see. (from: Hatshepsut Project blogspot) * '''Temple Building in Faras, Nubia''' ===Inscriptions=== * '''Sinai''': Year 11 stela showing Neferure and Senmut ===Tombs=== * '''[[w:KV20|KV 20]]''' was one of the first tomb to be constructed in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes. Originally constructed for [[w:Thutmose I|Thutmose I]], the tomb was later adapted for the burial of both Thutmose I and Hatshepsut. <ref>[http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_834.html KV 20] from the Theban Mapping Project</ref> * '''[[w:KV60|KV 60]]''' was the tomb of Hatshepsut's nurse Sitre-In. Hatshepsut's mummy was found in this tomb. <ref>[http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_874.html KV 60] from the Theban Mapping Project</ref> * '''Rock Cut Tomb''', in Thebes. This tomb was started for Hatshepsut when she was the great royal wife to Thutmose II. ([http://luxor-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hatshepsuts-cliff-top-tomb-photos.html Photographs])w ==References== <references/> ==Links== * [http://styler78hatshepsutproject.blogspot.com/ Hatshepsut Project Blog] by Stuart Tyler * [http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/start_e.htm Maat-ka-Ra Hatshepsut] by Dr Karl Leser [[Category:Egyptology]] [[Category:Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project]] 36qgcxofvj5ezgsi527x7tb5s4jjze6 2832189 2832188 2026-09-08T07:05:06Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832189 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align=right style="margin: 5px; border:2px solid {{hiero/nk/bordercolour}};" !style="border-bottom:2px solid {{hiero/{{{era}}}/bordercolour}}; background:{{hiero/{{{era}}}/bgcolour}};{{text default color}}; padding:5px; text-align:center;"|Hatshepsut in [[w:Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyphs]] |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;{{text default color}};"|''serekh'' or Horus name: Weseretkau |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the serekh--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G5</hiero> |height="48px" width="2px" bgcolor="black"| | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Horus name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |- |height="46" style="padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"|<hiero>wsr-s-X1:D28-D28:D28</hiero> |- |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Srxtail2.GIF]] |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;{{text default color}};"|''Nebty'' name: Wadjrenput |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the Nebty name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G16</hiero> | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Nebty name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>M13-X1-M4-M4-M4</hiero> |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |} |align="center" valign="middle"| |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;{{text default color}};"|''Golden Horus'' name: Netjeretkhau |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the Golden Horus name--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G8</hiero> | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the Golden Horus name--> | {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>nTr-t-xa:Z2-</hiero> |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"| |} | | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;{{text default color}};"|''praenomen'' or throne name": Maatkare |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the praenomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>M23-L2</hiero> |[[Image:Hiero_Ca1.svg]] | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the praenomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |- |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>-ra-mAat-kA-</hiero> |- |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Hiero_Ca2.svg]] |} | |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;;{{text default color}};"|''nomen'' or birth name: (Khnumet-Amun) Hatshepsut |- |style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px 10px 10px;background: white;{{text default color}};"| <!--This table surrounds the nomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" |<hiero>G39-N5</hiero> |[[Image:Hiero_Ca1.svg]] | <!--This table includes the horizontal lines and hieroglyphs of the nomen--> {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |- |height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"|<hiero>-i-mn:n-W9*t:F4-t-A51-</hiero> |- |style="height:2px; background-color:black;color:white;"| |} | |align="center" valign="middle"|[[Image:Hiero_Ca2.svg]] |} | |} '''[[w:Hatshepsut|Hatshepsut]]''' was the daughter of [[w:Thutmose I|Thutmose I]] and his wife Queen [[w:Ahmose (queen)|Ahmose]]. Hatshepsut married her half-brother Pharaoh [[w:Thutmose II|Thutmose II]]. During the reign of her husband and brother Hatshepsut served as [[w:Great Royal Wife|Great Royal Wife]]. When Thutmose II died, his son [[w:Thutmose III|Thutmose III]] was very young and Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent for her young stepson. <ref>Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. {{ISBN|0-500-05128-3}}</ref> At some point in or before year 7 Hatshepsut assumed the role of [[w:Pharaoh|Pharaoh]]. She would rule for approximately 22 years. Hatshepsut is one of only a handful of royal women who ruled [[w:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]]. Hatshepsut took on the five-fold royal titulary of a [[w:Pharaoh|Pharaoh]] <br> ==Museum collections== Items from the reign of [[w:Hatshepsut|Hatshepsut]] can be found in many museums across the world. A large collection of important artifacts can be found in the [[w:Egyptian Museum|Egyptian Museum]] in Cairo. The [[w:Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York similarly has a large number of statues and other artifacts. [[File:Hatshepsut room.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Panorama of the room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City dedicated to statues and artifacts of Hatshepsut]] A list of object in museums around the world related to Hatshepsut is given on the '''[[Hatshepsut: Museum Collections]]''' page. ==People associated with Hatshepsut== As Queen and Pharaoh Hatsepsut would have been surrounded with court officials and other notable people. A short (and necessarily incomplete) list: * [[w:Neferure|Princess Neferure]], daughter of Hatshepsut. Served as God's Wife of Amun. * [[w:Sitre In|Sitre called In]], nurse of Hatshepsut * [[w:Senenmut|Senenmut]], tutor of princess Neferure and Architect * [[w:Hapuseneb|Hapuseneb]], High Priest of Amun and possibly vizier * [[w:Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet|Ahmose Pen-nekhbet]], Army leader and tutor of princess Neferure. * [[w:Amethu called Ahmose|Amethu called Ahmose]], Vizier * [[w:Useramen|Useramen]], Vizier and son of Amethu called Ahmose * Seni, Viceroy of Kush during the early years * [[w:Ineni|Ineni]], Architect * Neshi, Chancellor, leader of the expedition to Punt, Chief treasurer. Buried in Saqqara (tomb discovered by Zivie) ==Monuments== ===Temples=== * '''[[w:Deir el-Bahari|Deir el-Bahari Temple]]''': [[w:Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut|Mortuary temple built for Hatshepsut]] in Thebes. The temple was called '''Djeser Djeseru''' in ancient times. * '''[[w:Chapelle Rouge|Chapelle Rouge, Karnak]]''': Also called the '''Red Chapel''', was originally constructed as a barque shrine. * '''Obelisk at Karnak Temple''' * '''[[w:Speos Artemidos|Speos Artemidos]]''': Temple at Beni Hasan (Batn el-Bakarah) dedicated to the lion goddess [[w:Pakhet|Pakhet]] <ref>[http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/temple/speos.html Speos Artemidos] at digitalegypt (University College London)</ref> The Artemidos had an outer pillared hall and an inner sanctuary cut into the rock. <ref>Tyldesley, Joyce. Hatchepsut: the female pharaoh. Viking, 1996. {{ISBN|0-670-85976-1}}</ref> The temple was unfinished, but contained a dedication text denouncing the [[w:Hyksos|Hyksos]] rulers. The pillared hall shows Hatshepsut before various deities. An image of the goddess Pakhet was carved from the rock in a niche in the inner room. <ref>Wilkinson, Richard H., The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames and Hudson, 2000, {{ISBN|0-500-05100-3}}, p 139</ref> The temple was later usurped by Pharaoh [[w:Seti I|Seti I]] * Horus temple at '''Buhen''':The ancient settlement of Buhen on the West Bank of Luxor was submerged with water during the flooding of Lake Nassar during the building of the Aswan Dam. Before the flooding, Buhen was excavated by British Egyptologist Walter Bryan Emery.<ref>Emery 1963. Walter B. Emery. Egypt Exploration Society. Preliminary Report on the Excavation at Buhen. 1962. Kush 11 (1963). 116-120</ref> Saved from the flood waters, a temple to Horus which was built by Hatshepsut was dismantled and moved to the Sudan National Museum. Today, it resides there for all to see. (from: Hatshepsut Project blogspot) * '''Temple Building in Faras, Nubia''' ===Inscriptions=== * '''Sinai''': Year 11 stela showing Neferure and Senmut ===Tombs=== * '''[[w:KV20|KV 20]]''' was one of the first tomb to be constructed in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes. Originally constructed for [[w:Thutmose I|Thutmose I]], the tomb was later adapted for the burial of both Thutmose I and Hatshepsut. <ref>[http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_834.html KV 20] from the Theban Mapping Project</ref> * '''[[w:KV60|KV 60]]''' was the tomb of Hatshepsut's nurse Sitre-In. Hatshepsut's mummy was found in this tomb. <ref>[http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_874.html KV 60] from the Theban Mapping Project</ref> * '''Rock Cut Tomb''', in Thebes. This tomb was started for Hatshepsut when she was the great royal wife to Thutmose II. ([http://luxor-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hatshepsuts-cliff-top-tomb-photos.html Photographs])w ==References== <references/> ==Links== * [http://styler78hatshepsutproject.blogspot.com/ Hatshepsut Project Blog] by Stuart Tyler * [http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/start_e.htm Maat-ka-Ra Hatshepsut] by Dr Karl Leser [[Category:Egyptology]] [[Category:Ancient Egyptian Monuments Project]] pttlpxl9ztdhxcnyqsavvf25o5vh7dy 0 119778 2832082 2830192 2026-09-07T18:50:17Z Young1lim 21186 /* Non-linear Equations */ 2832082 wikitext text/x-wiki == Calculus == === Numerical Differentiation === * Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]]) * Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]]) * Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference * High Accuracy Differentiation * Richardson Extrapolation * Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation * Numerical Differentiation with Octave </br> === Non-linear Equations === * Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260902.pdf |pdf]]) * Secant Method * False-Position Method </br> === Numerical Integration === * Trapezoidal Rule * Simpson's 1/3 Rule * Romberg Rule * Gauss-Quadrature Rule * Adaptive Quadrature </br> === Roots of a Nonlinear Equation === </br> === Optimization === </br> </br> == Matrix Algebra == === Simultaneous Linear Equations === * A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Gaussian Elimination === </br> === LU Decomposition === </br> === Cholesky Decomposition === </br> === LDL Decomposition === </br> === Gauss-Seidel method === </br> === Adequacy of Solutions === </br> === Eigenvalue and Singular Value === </br> === QRD === </br> === SVD === </br> === Iterative methods === </br> </br> == Regression == === Linear Regression === </br> === Non-linear Regression === </br> === Linear Least Squares === </br> </br> == Interpolation == === Polynomial Interpolation === </br> === Linear Splines === </br> === Piecewise Interpolation === </br> </br> == Ordinary Differential Equation == </br> == Partial Differential Equation == </br> == FEM (Finite Element Method) == </br> </br> </br> == Using Symbolic Package in Octave == * Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html * Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz * In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed. * After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps. ./configure ./make ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 * While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu. == Read some tutorials about symbolic computation == * Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf) * Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf) [[Category:Numerical methods]] == Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] iki16wr17v9spynaogfgx8hblkthamm 0 121359 2832070 2831541 2026-09-07T17:47:32Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2832070 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260907.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] ku8fsvs08se7chgjg3009zuc663fl5k 0 139384 2832015 2831468 2026-09-07T12:38:18Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2832015 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260722.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260907.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2C.CLA.20260907.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2D.CLA.20260720.pdf|D]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 3kb68exa3msow4aqnmxx6ha7m2ijfh0 2832203 2832015 2026-09-08T08:03:09Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2832203 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260722.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260908.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2C.CLA.20260908.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2D.CLA.20260720.pdf|D]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 82vw1at0v651c6555yhq8o98k4plemm 0 147668 2832192 2822762 2026-09-08T07:06:05Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832192 wikitext text/x-wiki <p style="background: #f2f2f2;{{Text default color}};border: 1px dashed #e6e6e6; padding-left: 3px; width: 100%; text-align: center;"> [[Topic:Esperanto|Main page]] </p> This is an attempt to create a convenient list of the roots and their meanings in English Proper nouns have been omitted. - and should not be changed. This has gotten too large for wiki to save it efficiently in its entirety so it has now been moved [http://home.ceneezer.com/esperanto/ to my site] where you can view in a more customized way, and can still contribute to it if you choose to login (ctrl+right-click). ==Personal Pronouns== {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural |- ! colspan=2 | first person | '''mi''' (I) || '''ni''' (we) |- ! colspan=2 | second person | colspan=2 align=center | '''vi''' (you) |- ! rowspan="4" | third<br>person !! masculine | '''li''' (he) || rowspan="4" | '''ili''' (they) |- ! feminine | '''ŝi''' (she) |- ! [[Wiktionary:epicene|epicene]] | '''ĝi''' (it) |- !neutral |'''ri*''' (they) |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>nonstandard, typically used as a third-gender pronoun and using it is called [[wikipedia:Ri_(pronoun)|''riismo'']] ''(they-ism)'' ==Correlatives== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" |-style="background:lime;{{Text default color}};" ! Correlative Table !! K- !! T- !! (alone) !! Ĉ- !! Nen- || al- (non-standard & likely to cause confusion) |- ! -u<br>(person/thing) || k-i-u<br>(who, which) || t-i-u<br>(that person/thing) || i-u<br>(some/a person/thing) || ĉ-i-u<br>(every person/thing) || nen-i-u<br>(No person/thing) || al-i-u<br>(someone else) |- ! -e<br>(place, location) || k-i-e<br>(where) || t-i-e<br>(there) || i-e<br>(somewhere) || ĉ-i-e<br>(everywhere) || nen-i-e<br>(no place) || al-i-e<br>(elsewhere) |- ! -o<br>(abstract thing) || k-i-o<br>(what) || t-i-o<br>(that thing) || i-o<br>(something) || ĉ-i-o<br>(everything) || nen-i-o<br>(No thing) || al-i-o<br>(something else) |- ! -a<br>(type/kind) || k-i-a<br>(what type, which kind) || t-i-a<br>(that type/kind) || i-a<br>(some/a type/kind) || ĉ-i-a<br>(every type/kind) || nen-i-a<br>(No type/kind) || al-i-a<br>(another kind) |- ! -om<br>(quantity) || k-i-om<br>(how many) || t-i-om<br>(that many) || i-om<br>(some amount) || ĉ-i-om<br>(every amount) || nen-i-om<br>(No amount) || al-i-om<br>(another amount) |- ! -am<br>(time) || k-i-am<br>(when) || t-i-am<br>(then) || i-am<br>(some time) || ĉ-i-am<br>(every time, always) || nen-i-am<br>(No time, never) || al-i-am<br>(another time) |- ! -es<br>(ownership) || k-i-es<br>(whose) || t-i-es<br>(of that one) || i-es<br>(some-/anyone's) || ĉ-i-es<br>(everyone's) || neni-es<br>(no-one's) || al-i-es<br>(someone else's) |- ! -al<br>(causation) || k-i-al<br>(why) || t-i-al<br>(because) || i-al<br>(for some reason) || ĉ-i-al<br>(for all reasons) || nen-i-al<br>(for no reason) || al-i-al<br>(another reason) |- ! -el<br>(way, method) || k-i-el<br>(how, in what way) || t-i-el<br>(in that way) || i-el<br>(in some way) || ĉ-i-el<br>(in every way) || nen-i-el<br>(in no way) || al-i-el<br>(another way) |} ==Prepositions== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" |-style="background:palegreen;{{Text default color}};" ! preposition !! Meaning |- | al || to, toward |- | anstataŭ || instead of |- | antaŭ || before, in front of |- | apud || beside, near, nearby, near to, next to |- | ĉe || at (generic non-specific preposition) |- | ĉirkaŭ || about, around, circa |- | de || of, from, by |- | dum || during, for, while |- | ekde || since, starting/beginning at |- | el || from, out of |- | en || into, inside, inside of |- | ekster || outside, outside of |- | eksteren || outward, towards the outside of |- | ĝis || until, till |- | inter || among, between |- | kontraŭ || against, across from, in exchange for, opposed to, opposite |- | krom || except for, except, apart from, besides |- | kun || with, together with |- | laŭ || according to |- | malgraŭ || despite, in spite of |- | ol || than (more/less) |- | per || by means of, through use of |- | plus || numerically greater than |- | post || after, behind |- | po || at the rate of |- | por || on behalf of |- | preter || beyond |- | pri || about, concerning, on, upon |- | pro || because of |- | sen || without |- | sub || below, beneath |- | sur || upon, on top of |- | super || above, over |- | tra || through (as in a location, not through use/means of) |- | trans || across, beyond, on the other side of |} <br> ==Suffixes== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" |-style="background:palegreen;{{Text default color}};" ! Suffix !! Audio !! Meaning !! Example !! Audio !! Translation |- | -aĉ || || cheap, poor quality || dom-aĉ-o || || shack |- | -ad || || prolonged || parol-ad-i || || ramble |- | -aĵo || || to make a noun || sek-aĵ-o || || dry good |- | -an || || citizen, member of || Kanad-an-o || || Canadian |- | -ar || || group || Kanad-an-ar-o || || Canadians |- | -ĉj || || male nickname || pa-ĉj-o || || daddy |- | -ebl || || possibility || vid-ebl-a || || visible |- | -ec || || -ness || dolĉ-ec-o || || sweetness |- | -eg || || bigger || vent-eg-o || || gale |- | -ej || || to make a place || preĝ-ej-o || || church/temple (place of prayer) |- | -em || || tendency || ŝpar-em-a || || thrifty |- | -end || || should/must || leg-end-a || || that should be read |- | -er || || part of || sal-er-o || || grain of salt |- | -estr || || leader || Kanad-estr-o || || Prime-minister (Canadian leader) |- | -et || || smaller || rid-et-i || || smile (little laugh) |- | -id || || offspring || ĉeval-id-o || || colt |- | -ig || || to cause || pur-ig-i || || to make clean |- | -iĝ || || to become || ruĝ-iĝ-i || || blush (redden) |- | -il || || tool || ŝlos-il-o || || key (lock tool) |- | -in || || female || Kanad-an-in-o || || Canadian woman |- | -ind || || worthy || admir-ind-a || || admirable |- | -ist || || profession || Esperant-ist-o || || Esperanto teacher/speaker |- | -nj || || female nickname || pa-nj-o || || mommy |- | -obl || || times/-fold || du-obl-a || || double |- | -on || || part, fraction || kvar-on-o || || quarter |- | #op || || group || du-op-o || || pair, couple |- | -uj || || container || mon-uj-o || || purse/wallet |- | -ul || || person of trait || stult-ul-o || || fool |} ==Colors== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" |-style="background:red;{{Text default color}};" ! root !! Akademio de Esperanto !! -o<br>(noun) !! -a<br>(adjective) !! -i<br>(verb) !! -e<br>(adverb) !! mal-<br>(opposite) |- |[[wikt:arĝenta|arĝent-]]||silver||[[wikt:silver|silver]] || [[wikt:silvery|silvery]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:blanka|blank-]]||white||[[wikt:white|white]] || [[wikt:light|light]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:dark|dark]] |- |[[wikt:blonda|blond-]]||fair||[[wikt:blond|blond]] || [[wikt:blond|blond]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:blua|blu-]]||blue||[[wikt:blue|blue]] || [[wikt:blue|blue]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:bruna|brun-]]||brown||[[wikt:brown|brown]] || [[wikt:brown|brown]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:ebona|ebon-]]||ebony||[[wikt:ebony|ebony]] || [[wikt:ebony|ebony]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:flava|flav-]]||yellow||[[wikt:yellow|yellow]] || [[wikt:yellow|yellow]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:griza|griz-]]||grey||[[wikt:gray|gray]] || [[wikt:gray|gray]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:kobalta|kobalt-]]||cobalt||[[wikt:Cobalt|cobalt]] || [[wikt:cobalty|cobalty]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:kolora|kolor-]]||color||[[wikt:color|color]] || [[wikt:colorfull|colorful]] || [[wikt:color|color]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:monochome|monochome]] |- |[[wikt:nigra|nigr-]]||black||[[wikt:black|black]] || [[wikt:dark|dark]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:light|light]] |- |[[wikt:oranĝa|oranĝ-]]||orange||[[wikt:orange|orange]] || [[wikt:orange|orange]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:pala|pal-]]||pale||[[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:pale|pale]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:purpura|purpur-]]||purple||[[wikt:purple|purple]] || [[wikt:purple|purple]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:roza|roz-]]||rose||[[wikt:pink|pink]] || [[wikt:pink|pink]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:ruĝa|ruĝ-]]||red||[[wikt:red|red]] || [[wikt:red|red]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:skarlata|skarlat-]]||scarlet||[[wikt:scarlet|scarlet]] || [[wikt:scarlet|scarlet]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:stria|stri-]]||stripe/streak||[[wikt:strip|strip]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:stripe|stripe]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:solid|solid]] |- |[[wikt:eo:turkisa|turkis-]]||turquoise||[[wikt:turquoise|turquoise]] || [[wikt:turquoise|turquoise]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:verda|verd-]]||green||[[wikt:green|green]] || [[wikt:green|green]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |[[wikt:viola|viol-]]||violet||[[wikt:violet|violet]] || [[wikt:violet|violet]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] || [[wikt:|w:]] |- |} {{CourseCat}} 2gqt4cs3kzhfz8d2jw4h7ng4uy0xy3d 4 162205 2832080 2829963 2026-09-07T18:44:43Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2026-37 */ new section 2832080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]] · [[/2023/]] · [[/2024/]] · [[/2025/]]}} __TOC__ {{Clear}} == Tech News: 2026-31 == <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 27 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == Tech News: 2026-32 == <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == Tech News: 2026-33 == <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 10 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == Tech News: 2026-34 == <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == Tech News: 2026-35 == <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == Tech News: 2026-36 == <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 31 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == Tech News: 2026-37 == <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:44, 7 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> ie16sem8km84owozwwbfhkfscytbmvr 0 171005 2832222 2831488 2026-09-08T08:57:36Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2832222 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260907.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] 8vh97qoh8lewej070d8uf0a27ldzzmv 2832225 2832222 2026-09-08T09:12:54Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2832225 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260908.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] 97dnwhsqqna4xijx55z8796njg9kyrx 0 171301 2832154 2831846 2026-09-08T02:58:26Z James500 297601 /* Continents */ Add 2832154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 0xnd01ibo0i7l24huq47dvkqn7ke8jr 2832155 2832154 2026-09-08T03:00:23Z James500 297601 /* Continents */ Add 2832155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] pfcoesf8mnhhgjh8e56w05zvwww6yr9 2832156 2832155 2026-09-08T03:10:36Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia : A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 6tdxkvfm31cqvdmvfl92ru2r5tk2ob6 2832157 2832156 2026-09-08T03:12:15Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] nke3ztog5fglaauhvumt8kz5adk9hz5 2832158 2832157 2026-09-08T03:17:53Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 5cbh2ti4oiiy28ym771onrnimdkr2au 2832159 2832158 2026-09-08T03:40:36Z James500 297601 /* South Asia */ Add 2832159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ==Europe== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 2wiiu9u063etkgijbrzyt9s6v7a5r6m 2832160 2832159 2026-09-08T03:40:51Z James500 297601 /* Europe */ Add 2832160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] ajdgnf0s4gv1e8toezv4prjfuyudd95 2832161 2832160 2026-09-08T03:57:58Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] bm17xva412upl8yr2tnzmg34177s7cd 2832164 2832161 2026-09-08T04:14:13Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] qh9491w09wgpr5qoli7xhl97tffg9ja 2832165 2832164 2026-09-08T04:16:01Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] nwqjkhv3jvasocnmxzdqtjmdxpmzo7u 2832168 2832165 2026-09-08T04:34:18Z James500 297601 /* Europe */ Add 2832168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] it64iyemu3eu0e2tgj2httgrn1lquo6 2832170 2832168 2026-09-08T04:47:04Z James500 297601 /* Europe */ Add 2832170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] pv6quoqp1m2z62e0atywrv0mmu9c6iv 2832171 2832170 2026-09-08T04:53:10Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 7n01d1369ynetjylqtnu1n0ch1toikr 0 201345 2832209 2829828 2026-09-08T08:25:44Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Discussion questions */ expanded title slightly... 2832209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Feed Your Mind Futurism.png|thumb|right|200px|This is an artist's impression of futurism or feed your mind, brain, futurism, future studies, futurology. Credit: [[User:Ps2045|Singularity Utopia]].]] '''Futurism''' in a general sense is concern with events and trends of the future or which anticipate the future. It was also an art movement begun in Italy in 1909 to celebrate and incorporate the energy and dynamism of modern technology. The art movement apparently ended in 1918. Perhaps it was interrupted by World War I. {{RightTOC}} ==Theoretical futurism== '''Def.''' a "study and prediction of possible futures"<ref name=FuturismWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Imran~enwiktionary|Imran~enwiktionary]] |title=futurism, In: ''Wiktionary'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/futurism |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> is called '''futurism'''. ==The future of futurism== "By combining the best of three different approaches to futurism--crisis futurism, evolutionary futurism, and spiritual futurism--we can realize vast human potentials and, perhaps, even attain the next stage of human evolution."<ref name=Hubbard>{{ cite journal |author=Barbara Marx Hubbard |title=The Future of Futurism: Creating a New Synthesis |journal=Futurist |month=April |year=1983 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=52-8 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ278746 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Before hominins had large brains they first started walking upright. To evolve larger brains we need to be taller with appropriate support structure or we break our necks ever more often. To evolve the ability to fly we need to become smaller, have a lot of holes in our bones and fit our brains into a much smaller space. Or, we could invent aircraft and spacecraft and enjoy more recreational activity. There are always bills to pay. "The effort to think systematically about the future began little more than a half-century ago, and the results so far have not been impressive. Today's futurists hope that more sophisticated methods will allow them to provide a better picture of what tomorrow may bring."<ref name=Rejeski>{{ cite journal |author=David Rejeski and Robert L. Olson |title=Has Futurism Failed? |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |month=Winter |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14-21 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40261340 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Part of the problem with accurately predicting or trying to predict the future is that hedging and investment specialists are more likely to try to own the future and its inventors and inventions to maximize their gain, especially the more accurate the predictions become. ==Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == * How can a better understanding of futurism and futurology help to better and benefit humanity and society? * How do futurism, [[business]], and [[economics]] intersect? What research could [[WikiJournal of Business and Economics|be disseminated]] in relation to such intersections? * How can futurism be utilized to help mitigate [[environmental problems]]? * How can futurism be utilized to help address [[social problems]] in a successful way? * How is futurism conceptualized differently now than is was 5, 10, 15, 20 years ago? * What the potential implications of more individuals becoming aware of futurism as a method of analyzing trends and events as they relates to future happenings? * What dynamics could occur so that advancing technology (automation, AI, robots) leads towards [[abundance]] instead of actual or artificial [[scarcity]]? ==Areas of interest/sub niches== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Cryonics]] * [[Life extension]] * [[Singularity]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence]] * [[Basic income]] * [[Overcoming pro-aging mindsets]] * [[Anthropomorphic robotics]] * [[Crowd funding]] * [[Vertical farming]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Asteroid mining]] * [[3D printing]] * [[High-temperature superconductivity]] * [[Colonizing Mars]] * [[Off Earth colonization]] * [[Nanotechnology]] * [[Technological automation]] * [[Unmanned aerial systems|Drones]] * [[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organizations]] * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Envisioning Our Future]] * [[Robotics]] * [[Rejuvenation]] * [[Blockchain]] * [[Cryptocurrencies]] * [[Cryptoeconomics]] * [[Post scarcity]] * [[Fusion energy]] * [[Supercomputing]]/[[Supercomputers]] {{colend}} ==Readings and learning media== ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Wikipedia: Technological singularity|Technological singularity]] * [[Wikipedia: Futures studies|Futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Systems thinking|Systems thinking]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology roadmap|Technology roadmap]] * [[Wikipedia: Future workshop|Future workshop]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology forecasting|Technology forecasting]] * [[Wikipedia: Trend analysis|Trend analysis]] * [[Wikipedia: Cryptocurrency]] * [[Wikipedia: Cultured meat]] * [[Wikipedia: Futurist|Futurist]] * [[Wikipedia: Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organization]] * [[Wikipedia: InterPlanetary File System|InterPlanetary File System]] * [[Wikipedia: Accelerating change|Accelerating change]] * [[Wikipedia: List of emerging technologies|List of emerging technologies]] * [[Wikipedia: Outline of futures studies|Outline of futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Singularity University|Singularity University]] - How can [[business]] and futurism intersect? * [[Wikipedia: Artificial uterus|Artificial uterus]] - a potential future technology that could eliminate physical suffering from child birth and reduce [[political science|political conflicts]]. * [[Wikipedia: NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] * [[Wikipedia: Ledger (journal)|Ledger (journal)]] - Peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on all aspects of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, law, economics and philosophy. * [[w:List of hypothetical technologies|List of hypothetical technologies]] * [[w:Post-scarcity economy|Post-scarcity economy]] * [[w:The End of Work|The End of Work]] * [[w:Post-work society|Post-work society]] {{colend}} ==See also== * [[Futurism/Quiz]] * [[Technological singularity]] * [[Introduction to Futures Studies]] ==External links== {{Sisterprojectsearch}} {{article}} * [https://hpluspedia.org H+Pedia] - large transhumanist and futurist wiki from Humanity+ * [http://futurology.reddit.com/ Futurology on Reddit] * [https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University] * [https://su.org/ Singularity University] * [http://cryptoubi.reddit.com Discuss universal basic income implemented through cryptocurrencies on Reddit] or start a conversation about it at [[Cryptocurrency basic income]] ==References== {{reflist}} 8y45c29vx44b23x0jyaprs06lmw8v5l 2832211 2832209 2026-09-08T08:29:58Z Michael Ten 654933 added == Learning questions and answers == after editing and reviewing and revising section 2832211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Feed Your Mind Futurism.png|thumb|right|200px|This is an artist's impression of futurism or feed your mind, brain, futurism, future studies, futurology. Credit: [[User:Ps2045|Singularity Utopia]].]] '''Futurism''' in a general sense is concern with events and trends of the future or which anticipate the future. It was also an art movement begun in Italy in 1909 to celebrate and incorporate the energy and dynamism of modern technology. The art movement apparently ended in 1918. Perhaps it was interrupted by World War I. {{RightTOC}} ==Theoretical futurism== '''Def.''' a "study and prediction of possible futures"<ref name=FuturismWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Imran~enwiktionary|Imran~enwiktionary]] |title=futurism, In: ''Wiktionary'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/futurism |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> is called '''futurism'''. ==The future of futurism== "By combining the best of three different approaches to futurism--crisis futurism, evolutionary futurism, and spiritual futurism--we can realize vast human potentials and, perhaps, even attain the next stage of human evolution."<ref name=Hubbard>{{ cite journal |author=Barbara Marx Hubbard |title=The Future of Futurism: Creating a New Synthesis |journal=Futurist |month=April |year=1983 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=52-8 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ278746 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Before hominins had large brains they first started walking upright. To evolve larger brains we need to be taller with appropriate support structure or we break our necks ever more often. To evolve the ability to fly we need to become smaller, have a lot of holes in our bones and fit our brains into a much smaller space. Or, we could invent aircraft and spacecraft and enjoy more recreational activity. There are always bills to pay. "The effort to think systematically about the future began little more than a half-century ago, and the results so far have not been impressive. Today's futurists hope that more sophisticated methods will allow them to provide a better picture of what tomorrow may bring."<ref name=Rejeski>{{ cite journal |author=David Rejeski and Robert L. Olson |title=Has Futurism Failed? |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |month=Winter |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14-21 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40261340 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Part of the problem with accurately predicting or trying to predict the future is that hedging and investment specialists are more likely to try to own the future and its inventors and inventions to maximize their gain, especially the more accurate the predictions become. ==Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == * How can a better understanding of futurism and futurology help to better and benefit humanity and society? * How do futurism, [[business]], and [[economics]] intersect? What research could [[WikiJournal of Business and Economics|be disseminated]] in relation to such intersections? * How can futurism be utilized to help mitigate [[environmental problems]]? * How can futurism be utilized to help address [[social problems]] in a successful way? * How is futurism conceptualized differently now than is was 5, 10, 15, 20 years ago? * What the potential implications of more individuals becoming aware of futurism as a method of analyzing trends and events as they relates to future happenings? * What dynamics could occur so that advancing technology (automation, AI, robots) leads towards [[abundance]] instead of actual or artificial [[scarcity]]? ==Areas of interest/sub niches== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Cryonics]] * [[Life extension]] * [[Singularity]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence]] * [[Basic income]] * [[Overcoming pro-aging mindsets]] * [[Anthropomorphic robotics]] * [[Crowd funding]] * [[Vertical farming]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Asteroid mining]] * [[3D printing]] * [[High-temperature superconductivity]] * [[Colonizing Mars]] * [[Off Earth colonization]] * [[Nanotechnology]] * [[Technological automation]] * [[Unmanned aerial systems|Drones]] * [[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organizations]] * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Envisioning Our Future]] * [[Robotics]] * [[Rejuvenation]] * [[Blockchain]] * [[Cryptocurrencies]] * [[Cryptoeconomics]] * [[Post scarcity]] * [[Fusion energy]] * [[Supercomputing]]/[[Supercomputers]] {{colend}} ==Readings and learning media== ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Wikipedia: Technological singularity|Technological singularity]] * [[Wikipedia: Futures studies|Futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Systems thinking|Systems thinking]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology roadmap|Technology roadmap]] * [[Wikipedia: Future workshop|Future workshop]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology forecasting|Technology forecasting]] * [[Wikipedia: Trend analysis|Trend analysis]] * [[Wikipedia: Cryptocurrency]] * [[Wikipedia: Cultured meat]] * [[Wikipedia: Futurist|Futurist]] * [[Wikipedia: Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organization]] * [[Wikipedia: InterPlanetary File System|InterPlanetary File System]] * [[Wikipedia: Accelerating change|Accelerating change]] * [[Wikipedia: List of emerging technologies|List of emerging technologies]] * [[Wikipedia: Outline of futures studies|Outline of futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Singularity University|Singularity University]] - How can [[business]] and futurism intersect? * [[Wikipedia: Artificial uterus|Artificial uterus]] - a potential future technology that could eliminate physical suffering from child birth and reduce [[political science|political conflicts]]. * [[Wikipedia: NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] * [[Wikipedia: Ledger (journal)|Ledger (journal)]] - Peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on all aspects of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, law, economics and philosophy. * [[w:List of hypothetical technologies|List of hypothetical technologies]] * [[w:Post-scarcity economy|Post-scarcity economy]] * [[w:The End of Work|The End of Work]] * [[w:Post-work society|Post-work society]] {{colend}} == Learning questions and answers == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What is the difference between futurism and future studies? === Futurism and future studies overlap. However, '''futurism is broader and more speculative''', while '''future studies is more systematic and research-oriented'''. # '''Futurism''' explores ideas about the future, including artificial intelligence, longevity, automation, space exploration, decentralization, and social change. # '''Future studies''' uses structured methods to examine possible, probable, and preferable futures. # '''Futurists''' may be writers, technologists, entrepreneurs, or public thinkers. '''Future studies researchers''' are more likely to use methods such as scenario planning, horizon scanning, trend analysis, and forecasting. # '''Futurism might ask,''' "What might the future look like?" '''Future studies might ask:''' "What futures are plausible, what could cause them, and which are preferable?" # '''Strategic foresight''' is closely related and focuses on applying future studies thinking to planning and decision-making. # In short, '''futurism explores the future more broadly and potentially speculatively, and future studies studies futures more systematically and analytically.''' Exploring both ideas can be valuable on an educational wiki because they serve different purposes. A [[futurism]] page can introduce broad ideas, movements, technologies, and visions of the future, while a [[future studies]] page can focus on the methods, theories, and research practices used to study future possibilities. Exploring these ideas synergistically can be beneficial. ==See also== * [[Futurism/Quiz]] * [[Technological singularity]] * [[Introduction to Futures Studies]] ==External links== {{Sisterprojectsearch}} {{article}} * [https://hpluspedia.org H+Pedia] - large transhumanist and futurist wiki from Humanity+ * [http://futurology.reddit.com/ Futurology on Reddit] * [https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University] * [https://su.org/ Singularity University] * [http://cryptoubi.reddit.com Discuss universal basic income implemented through cryptocurrencies on Reddit] or start a conversation about it at [[Cryptocurrency basic income]] ==References== {{reflist}} c9pixbt723iov1a3xpvmikk6r3d2iwn 2832212 2832211 2026-09-08T08:31:21Z Michael Ten 654933 /* External links */ fixed link 2832212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Feed Your Mind Futurism.png|thumb|right|200px|This is an artist's impression of futurism or feed your mind, brain, futurism, future studies, futurology. Credit: [[User:Ps2045|Singularity Utopia]].]] '''Futurism''' in a general sense is concern with events and trends of the future or which anticipate the future. It was also an art movement begun in Italy in 1909 to celebrate and incorporate the energy and dynamism of modern technology. The art movement apparently ended in 1918. Perhaps it was interrupted by World War I. {{RightTOC}} ==Theoretical futurism== '''Def.''' a "study and prediction of possible futures"<ref name=FuturismWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Imran~enwiktionary|Imran~enwiktionary]] |title=futurism, In: ''Wiktionary'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/futurism |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> is called '''futurism'''. ==The future of futurism== "By combining the best of three different approaches to futurism--crisis futurism, evolutionary futurism, and spiritual futurism--we can realize vast human potentials and, perhaps, even attain the next stage of human evolution."<ref name=Hubbard>{{ cite journal |author=Barbara Marx Hubbard |title=The Future of Futurism: Creating a New Synthesis |journal=Futurist |month=April |year=1983 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=52-8 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ278746 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Before hominins had large brains they first started walking upright. To evolve larger brains we need to be taller with appropriate support structure or we break our necks ever more often. To evolve the ability to fly we need to become smaller, have a lot of holes in our bones and fit our brains into a much smaller space. Or, we could invent aircraft and spacecraft and enjoy more recreational activity. There are always bills to pay. "The effort to think systematically about the future began little more than a half-century ago, and the results so far have not been impressive. Today's futurists hope that more sophisticated methods will allow them to provide a better picture of what tomorrow may bring."<ref name=Rejeski>{{ cite journal |author=David Rejeski and Robert L. Olson |title=Has Futurism Failed? |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |month=Winter |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14-21 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40261340 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Part of the problem with accurately predicting or trying to predict the future is that hedging and investment specialists are more likely to try to own the future and its inventors and inventions to maximize their gain, especially the more accurate the predictions become. ==Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == * How can a better understanding of futurism and futurology help to better and benefit humanity and society? * How do futurism, [[business]], and [[economics]] intersect? What research could [[WikiJournal of Business and Economics|be disseminated]] in relation to such intersections? * How can futurism be utilized to help mitigate [[environmental problems]]? * How can futurism be utilized to help address [[social problems]] in a successful way? * How is futurism conceptualized differently now than is was 5, 10, 15, 20 years ago? * What the potential implications of more individuals becoming aware of futurism as a method of analyzing trends and events as they relates to future happenings? * What dynamics could occur so that advancing technology (automation, AI, robots) leads towards [[abundance]] instead of actual or artificial [[scarcity]]? ==Areas of interest/sub niches== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Cryonics]] * [[Life extension]] * [[Singularity]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence]] * [[Basic income]] * [[Overcoming pro-aging mindsets]] * [[Anthropomorphic robotics]] * [[Crowd funding]] * [[Vertical farming]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Asteroid mining]] * [[3D printing]] * [[High-temperature superconductivity]] * [[Colonizing Mars]] * [[Off Earth colonization]] * [[Nanotechnology]] * [[Technological automation]] * [[Unmanned aerial systems|Drones]] * [[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organizations]] * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Envisioning Our Future]] * [[Robotics]] * [[Rejuvenation]] * [[Blockchain]] * [[Cryptocurrencies]] * [[Cryptoeconomics]] * [[Post scarcity]] * [[Fusion energy]] * [[Supercomputing]]/[[Supercomputers]] {{colend}} ==Readings and learning media== ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Wikipedia: Technological singularity|Technological singularity]] * [[Wikipedia: Futures studies|Futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Systems thinking|Systems thinking]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology roadmap|Technology roadmap]] * [[Wikipedia: Future workshop|Future workshop]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology forecasting|Technology forecasting]] * [[Wikipedia: Trend analysis|Trend analysis]] * [[Wikipedia: Cryptocurrency]] * [[Wikipedia: Cultured meat]] * [[Wikipedia: Futurist|Futurist]] * [[Wikipedia: Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organization]] * [[Wikipedia: InterPlanetary File System|InterPlanetary File System]] * [[Wikipedia: Accelerating change|Accelerating change]] * [[Wikipedia: List of emerging technologies|List of emerging technologies]] * [[Wikipedia: Outline of futures studies|Outline of futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Singularity University|Singularity University]] - How can [[business]] and futurism intersect? * [[Wikipedia: Artificial uterus|Artificial uterus]] - a potential future technology that could eliminate physical suffering from child birth and reduce [[political science|political conflicts]]. * [[Wikipedia: NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] * [[Wikipedia: Ledger (journal)|Ledger (journal)]] - Peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on all aspects of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, law, economics and philosophy. * [[w:List of hypothetical technologies|List of hypothetical technologies]] * [[w:Post-scarcity economy|Post-scarcity economy]] * [[w:The End of Work|The End of Work]] * [[w:Post-work society|Post-work society]] {{colend}} == Learning questions and answers == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What is the difference between futurism and future studies? === Futurism and future studies overlap. However, '''futurism is broader and more speculative''', while '''future studies is more systematic and research-oriented'''. # '''Futurism''' explores ideas about the future, including artificial intelligence, longevity, automation, space exploration, decentralization, and social change. # '''Future studies''' uses structured methods to examine possible, probable, and preferable futures. # '''Futurists''' may be writers, technologists, entrepreneurs, or public thinkers. '''Future studies researchers''' are more likely to use methods such as scenario planning, horizon scanning, trend analysis, and forecasting. # '''Futurism might ask,''' "What might the future look like?" '''Future studies might ask:''' "What futures are plausible, what could cause them, and which are preferable?" # '''Strategic foresight''' is closely related and focuses on applying future studies thinking to planning and decision-making. # In short, '''futurism explores the future more broadly and potentially speculatively, and future studies studies futures more systematically and analytically.''' Exploring both ideas can be valuable on an educational wiki because they serve different purposes. A [[futurism]] page can introduce broad ideas, movements, technologies, and visions of the future, while a [[future studies]] page can focus on the methods, theories, and research practices used to study future possibilities. Exploring these ideas synergistically can be beneficial. ==See also== * [[Futurism/Quiz]] * [[Technological singularity]] * [[Introduction to Futures Studies]] ==External links== {{Sisterprojectsearch}} {{article}} * [https://hpluspedia.org H+Pedia] - large transhumanist and futurist wiki from Humanity+ * [http://futurology.reddit.com/ Futurology on Reddit] * [https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University] * [https://su.org/ Singularity University] * [http://cryptoubi.reddit.com Discuss universal basic income implemented through cryptocurrencies on Reddit] or start a conversation about it at [[Basic income cryptocurrency|Cryptocurrency basic income]] ==References== {{reflist}} 12n5p99n93pv396pn26pipdgi30wjfq 2832213 2832212 2026-09-08T08:32:00Z Michael Ten 654933 /* External links */ fix another link 2832213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Feed Your Mind Futurism.png|thumb|right|200px|This is an artist's impression of futurism or feed your mind, brain, futurism, future studies, futurology. Credit: [[User:Ps2045|Singularity Utopia]].]] '''Futurism''' in a general sense is concern with events and trends of the future or which anticipate the future. It was also an art movement begun in Italy in 1909 to celebrate and incorporate the energy and dynamism of modern technology. The art movement apparently ended in 1918. Perhaps it was interrupted by World War I. {{RightTOC}} ==Theoretical futurism== '''Def.''' a "study and prediction of possible futures"<ref name=FuturismWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Imran~enwiktionary|Imran~enwiktionary]] |title=futurism, In: ''Wiktionary'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 September 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/futurism |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> is called '''futurism'''. ==The future of futurism== "By combining the best of three different approaches to futurism--crisis futurism, evolutionary futurism, and spiritual futurism--we can realize vast human potentials and, perhaps, even attain the next stage of human evolution."<ref name=Hubbard>{{ cite journal |author=Barbara Marx Hubbard |title=The Future of Futurism: Creating a New Synthesis |journal=Futurist |month=April |year=1983 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=52-8 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ278746 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Before hominins had large brains they first started walking upright. To evolve larger brains we need to be taller with appropriate support structure or we break our necks ever more often. To evolve the ability to fly we need to become smaller, have a lot of holes in our bones and fit our brains into a much smaller space. Or, we could invent aircraft and spacecraft and enjoy more recreational activity. There are always bills to pay. "The effort to think systematically about the future began little more than a half-century ago, and the results so far have not been impressive. Today's futurists hope that more sophisticated methods will allow them to provide a better picture of what tomorrow may bring."<ref name=Rejeski>{{ cite journal |author=David Rejeski and Robert L. Olson |title=Has Futurism Failed? |journal=The Wilson Quarterly |month=Winter |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=14-21 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40261340 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}</ref> Part of the problem with accurately predicting or trying to predict the future is that hedging and investment specialists are more likely to try to own the future and its inventors and inventions to maximize their gain, especially the more accurate the predictions become. ==Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == * How can a better understanding of futurism and futurology help to better and benefit humanity and society? * How do futurism, [[business]], and [[economics]] intersect? What research could [[WikiJournal of Business and Economics|be disseminated]] in relation to such intersections? * How can futurism be utilized to help mitigate [[environmental problems]]? * How can futurism be utilized to help address [[social problems]] in a successful way? * How is futurism conceptualized differently now than is was 5, 10, 15, 20 years ago? * What the potential implications of more individuals becoming aware of futurism as a method of analyzing trends and events as they relates to future happenings? * What dynamics could occur so that advancing technology (automation, AI, robots) leads towards [[abundance]] instead of actual or artificial [[scarcity]]? ==Areas of interest/sub niches== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Cryonics]] * [[Life extension]] * [[Singularity]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence]] * [[Basic income]] * [[Overcoming pro-aging mindsets]] * [[Anthropomorphic robotics]] * [[Crowd funding]] * [[Vertical farming]] * [[Renewable energy]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * [[Exponential technologies]] * [[Asteroid mining]] * [[3D printing]] * [[High-temperature superconductivity]] * [[Colonizing Mars]] * [[Off Earth colonization]] * [[Nanotechnology]] * [[Technological automation]] * [[Unmanned aerial systems|Drones]] * [[Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organizations]] * [[Synthetic biology]] * [[Quantum computing]] * [[Envisioning Our Future]] * [[Robotics]] * [[Rejuvenation]] * [[Blockchain]] * [[Cryptocurrencies]] * [[Cryptoeconomics]] * [[Post scarcity]] * [[Fusion energy]] * [[Supercomputing]]/[[Supercomputers]] {{colend}} ==Readings and learning media== ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Wikipedia: Technological singularity|Technological singularity]] * [[Wikipedia: Futures studies|Futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Systems thinking|Systems thinking]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology roadmap|Technology roadmap]] * [[Wikipedia: Future workshop|Future workshop]] * [[Wikipedia: Technology forecasting|Technology forecasting]] * [[Wikipedia: Trend analysis|Trend analysis]] * [[Wikipedia: Cryptocurrency]] * [[Wikipedia: Cultured meat]] * [[Wikipedia: Futurist|Futurist]] * [[Wikipedia: Decentralized autonomous organization|Decentralized autonomous organization]] * [[Wikipedia: InterPlanetary File System|InterPlanetary File System]] * [[Wikipedia: Accelerating change|Accelerating change]] * [[Wikipedia: List of emerging technologies|List of emerging technologies]] * [[Wikipedia: Outline of futures studies|Outline of futures studies]] * [[Wikipedia: Singularity University|Singularity University]] - How can [[business]] and futurism intersect? * [[Wikipedia: Artificial uterus|Artificial uterus]] - a potential future technology that could eliminate physical suffering from child birth and reduce [[political science|political conflicts]]. * [[Wikipedia: NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts|NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]] * [[Wikipedia: Ledger (journal)|Ledger (journal)]] - Peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on all aspects of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, including mathematics, computer science, engineering, law, economics and philosophy. * [[w:List of hypothetical technologies|List of hypothetical technologies]] * [[w:Post-scarcity economy|Post-scarcity economy]] * [[w:The End of Work|The End of Work]] * [[w:Post-work society|Post-work society]] {{colend}} == Learning questions and answers == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What is the difference between futurism and future studies? === Futurism and future studies overlap. However, '''futurism is broader and more speculative''', while '''future studies is more systematic and research-oriented'''. # '''Futurism''' explores ideas about the future, including artificial intelligence, longevity, automation, space exploration, decentralization, and social change. # '''Future studies''' uses structured methods to examine possible, probable, and preferable futures. # '''Futurists''' may be writers, technologists, entrepreneurs, or public thinkers. '''Future studies researchers''' are more likely to use methods such as scenario planning, horizon scanning, trend analysis, and forecasting. # '''Futurism might ask,''' "What might the future look like?" '''Future studies might ask:''' "What futures are plausible, what could cause them, and which are preferable?" # '''Strategic foresight''' is closely related and focuses on applying future studies thinking to planning and decision-making. # In short, '''futurism explores the future more broadly and potentially speculatively, and future studies studies futures more systematically and analytically.''' Exploring both ideas can be valuable on an educational wiki because they serve different purposes. A [[futurism]] page can introduce broad ideas, movements, technologies, and visions of the future, while a [[future studies]] page can focus on the methods, theories, and research practices used to study future possibilities. Exploring these ideas synergistically can be beneficial. ==See also== * [[Futurism/Quiz]] * [[Technological singularity]] * [[Introduction to Futures Studies]] ==External links== {{Sisterprojectsearch}} {{article}} * [https://hpluspedia.org H+Pedia] - large transhumanist and futurist wiki from Humanity+ * [http://futurology.reddit.com/ Futurology on Reddit] * [https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/ Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University] * [https://su.org/ Singularity University] * [https://www.reddit.com/r/CryptoUBI/ Discuss universal basic income implemented through cryptocurrencies on Reddit] or start a conversation about it at [[Basic income cryptocurrency|Cryptocurrency basic income]] ==References== {{reflist}} qj1emxpdor1aguvus1xmm8jdzjby2gy 0 203942 2832060 2831540 2026-09-07T17:35:39Z Young1lim 21186 /* Lambda Calculus */ 2832060 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== * Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]]) * Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Applications== * Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]]) * Bird's Implementation :- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]]) :- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]]) :- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]]) :- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using GHCi== * Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Using Libraries== * Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Types== * Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]]) * Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]]) * Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]]) * Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]]) ==Functions== * Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]]) ==Expressions== * Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]]) * Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]]) * Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) </br> </br> ==Lambda Calculus== * Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]]) * Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]]) * Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]]) * Encoding Datatypes :- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]]) :- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]]) :- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]]) :- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241202.pdf |pdf]]) :- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20260907.pdf |A]], [[Media:LCal.9B.Recursion.20260330.pdf |B]]) </br> </br> ==Function Oriented Typeclasses== === Functors === * Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]]) === Applicatives === * Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]]) * Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]]) * Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads I : Background === * Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]]) * Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]]) * Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads II : State Transformer Monads === * State Transformer : - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) * State Monad : - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) : - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads III : Mutable State Monads === * Mutability Background : - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]]) : - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]]) : - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]]) : - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]]) * Mutable Objects : - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]]) : - Mutable Data Structures ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]]) * IO Monad : - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) : - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]]) : - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]]) * ST Monad : - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]]) : - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) : - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]]) === Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads === * Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]]) * Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadState Class :: - State & StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]]) * MonadReader Class :: - Reader & ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) :: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]]) * Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]]) === Monoid === * Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]]) === Arrow === * Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Polymorphism== * Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]]) </br> ==Concurrent Haskell == </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell] * [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell] * [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material] [[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]] jkhk521oey51t5q18ilabwyhk9ypphp 0 215129 2832207 2432726 2026-09-08T08:08:49Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Learning questions */ 2832207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basic income''' is an idea related to economics and politics. This area of Wikiversity is devoted to studying and learning about the idea of a basic income. A basic income is related to [[economics]] and [[political science]]. In the [[futurism|future]], basic income may be able to help solve social problems. __NOTOC__ ==Learning questions== * Is a basic income feasible? * What motivates people to support the idea basic income? * Could networks of credit unions or non-profits utilize asset trusts to implement a quasi-privatized universal basic income? ==Discussion questions and learning opportunities== * Can universal basic income be implemented using a cryptocurrency? [http://cryptoubi.reddit.com Crypto UBI Reddit Discussion] ::Grant Coin attempts to do just that. [https://www.reddit.com/r/Grantcoin/ Grant Coin Reddit Discussion] [http://www.grantcoin.org/ Official] ==Learning resources, research, and discourse== * [[Basic income cryptocurrency]] ==Readings and learning resources== ===Wikipedia=== * [[w:Basic income|Basic income]] * [[w:Guaranteed minimum income|Guaranteed minimum income]] * [[w:Basic income in the United States|Basic income in the United States]] * [[w:Basic income around the world|Basic income around the world]] * [[w:Job guarantee|Job guarantee]] ===External learning resources=== * [https://drexel.edu/hunger-free-center/research/briefs-and-reports/universal-basic-income/ Universal Basic Income: Key to Reducing Food Insecurity and Improving Health] * [https://college.unc.edu/2021/03/universal-basic-income/ The pros and cons of universal basic income] * [https://basicincome.stanford.edu/about/what-is-ubi/ What is Basic Income?] ==Data== Here is some potentially useful data and information related to basic income. Use this data to generate ideas about learning, teaching, and research related to basic income. * [https://twitter.com/scottsantens/status/1059181967013486595 Cash transfers reduced suicide rates by 18% in Indonesia] ==External links== * [https://www.reddit.com/r/basicincome/ Basic income discussions and resources] * [http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/14/jeremy-corbyn-to-launch-review-into-universal-basic-income British politician investigates basic income] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Economics]] 2r429zc4roaavqi4nbufyvdb9wnmko2 2 215251 2832107 2831982 2026-09-07T20:54:00Z Michael Ten 654933 updated a bit 2832107 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[:Category:Proposed deletions]] * [[Wikiversity:Page creation requests]] ===To study more later === * [[Cost of crony capitalism in the United States]] * [[Set up a professional blog and YouTube channel]] * [[Using the internet for learning and research]] * [[Action research]] * [[Web development]] * [[Pursuing Collective Wisdom]] generate me a == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas== section.... my voice.. my thinking.... no contractions... no EM dashes... not too many.... 3 to 6 items in the list... don't separate out the three types... output in MediaWiki formatting. include {{Template:AI-generated-section}} at the top under the section heading. don't include quotes (unless specifically relevant to the item in the list). don't include actual essay title ideas. output one list of 3 to 6 in total. do that in relation to some of the data/info below. also when doing this, consider.... e5c3b0cynrmbgklrllt0ah6auxs4rwf 2832108 2832107 2026-09-07T20:55:32Z Michael Ten 654933 do not have the questions/prompts/ideas to be verbose or long; be concise, but not terse concise. 2832108 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[:Category:Proposed deletions]] * [[Wikiversity:Page creation requests]] ===To study more later === * [[Cost of crony capitalism in the United States]] * [[Set up a professional blog and YouTube channel]] * [[Using the internet for learning and research]] * [[Action research]] * [[Web development]] * [[Pursuing Collective Wisdom]] generate me a == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas== section.... my voice.. my thinking.... no contractions... no EM dashes... not too many.... 3 to 6 items in the list... don't separate out the three types... output in MediaWiki formatting. include {{Template:AI-generated-section}} at the top under the section heading. don't include quotes (unless specifically relevant to the item in the list). don't include actual essay title ideas. output one list of 3 to 6 in total. do not have the questions/prompts/ideas to be verbose or long; be concise, but not terse concise. do that in relation to some of the data/info below. also when doing this, consider.... ge12tpfyurjhfi46t8n7lg37fsj9rr3 2832112 2832108 2026-09-07T21:04:00Z Michael Ten 654933 2832112 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[:Category:Proposed deletions]] * [[Wikiversity:Page creation requests]] ===To study more later === * [[Cost of crony capitalism in the United States]] * [[Set up a professional blog and YouTube channel]] * [[Using the internet for learning and research]] * [[Action research]] * [[Web development]] * [[Pursuing Collective Wisdom]] generate me a == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas== section.... my voice.. my thinking.... no contractions... no EM dashes... not too many.... 3 to 6 items in the list... don't separate out the three types... output in MediaWiki formatting. include {{Template:AI-generated-section}} at the top under the section heading. don't include quotes (unless specifically relevant to the item in the list). don't include actual essay title ideas. output one list of 3 to 6 in total. do not have the questions/prompts/ideas to be verbose or long; be concise, but not terse concise. do that in relation to some of the data/info below. also when doing this, consider... 7p4hw6jhpl9kddv4bhxxi775fvqm9jd 2832127 2832112 2026-09-07T22:47:55Z Michael Ten 654933 tuning/updating 2832127 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[:Category:Proposed deletions]] * [[Wikiversity:Page creation requests]] ===To study more later === * [[Cost of crony capitalism in the United States]] * [[Set up a professional blog and YouTube channel]] * [[Using the internet for learning and research]] * [[Action research]] * [[Web development]] * [[Pursuing Collective Wisdom]] generate me a == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas== section.... my voice.. my thinking.... no contractions... no EM dashes... not too many.... 3 to 6 items in the list... don't separate out the three types... output in MediaWiki formatting. include {{Template:AI-generated-section}} at the top under the section heading. don't include quotes (unless specifically relevant to the item in the list). don't include actual essay title ideas. output one list of 3 to 6 in total. each item on each bullet point should make sense as any of the 3 ( Discussion questions, essay ideas, and/r AI prompt ideas ) (not worded in a way that it only makes sense as one) do not have the questions/prompts/ideas to be verbose or long; be concise, but not terse concise. do that in relation to some of the data/info below. also when doing this, consider... 4puhoi5r3xpksdfl3w1ok01u4zc63wa 0 221578 2832215 2817165 2026-09-08T08:37:15Z Jtneill 10242 2832215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Implicit motives and goals|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2025 lecture is complete.}} [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] ==Overview== This lecture discusses: * implicit motives * goal-setting and goal striving Key questions: * What are implicit motives? How do they arise? * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? Take-home messages: * Implicit (unconscious) motives are socialised rather than innate, and include achievement, affiliation/intimacy, and power motivations. * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. ==Outline== Implicit motives * Explicit vs. implicit motives * Achievement * Affiliation * Power Goal setting and goal striving * Corrective motivation * Goal setting * Goal striving ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxNhGE3gPcA David McClelland and three motivational needs] (Management Courses, YouTube; 8:12 mins): Explains the three implicit needs proposed using a practical workplace scenario — building a sales team. * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. ==Activity== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} [[File:Antu 67EF addoninstaller.0.svg|right|100px]] '''Activity: What's your implicit motivational profile?''' # Watch the three motivational needs video # Respond to this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScAwgriMB4XflSusdAVv6rBaeStJmnzso3ahsc87d8zSbdY2Q/viewform 3-question survey] # View and discuss the results {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Readings== * Chapter 07: Implicit motives ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) * Chapter 08: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve, 2018]]) or Chapter 07: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1PeUVxi0Wb8O8H_pkzPOUvyVRK-PmErL5Y9aziW8rMJw/edit?usp=sharing Implicit motives] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) <!-- ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/implicit-motives Implicit motivates] (Slideshare) ** [https://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/goals-79467682 Goal setting and goal striving] (Slideshare) --> <!-- * [http://www.slideshare.net/jtneill/intrinsic-extrinsic-motivation-and-goalsetting Lecture slides] (Slideshare) * Handouts ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Implicit motives and goals 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] Remove these * 2016 handouts: ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|Download 6 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 6slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] ** [[Media:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|Download 3 slides to a page]]: [[File:Motivation and Emotion - Lecture 05 - Extrinsic motivation and goal setting 3slidesperpage.pdf|100px]] --> ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Achievement|Achievement]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Implicit motives|Implicit motives]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Power motivation|Power motivation]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Social|Social]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b2e59cc4d39140098a851ff85f41fd10 Lecture 05] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/0abaa54a518944d6ab50d9477d1802e1 Lecture 05] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/068e1b132ae943ba89f2b56e2f20e754 Lecture 05] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/93d6539cd2f4482ab6366206118f3e7a Lecture 05] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/d47120afc7a04ebcb74fed4e859b3aaf Lecture 05] (2021) --> ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/wtcq8RDDPFU?start=67&end=115 BBC Interview with Rupert Murdoch] (YouTube, 1968) (0:48 min) – Example of one type of social need – the need for power * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals]] 3k2ct4xlc4idng2dxi13o1y7dd0k6ft 0 235131 2832079 2821055 2026-09-07T18:44:15Z The Citer 3110681 Xenoturbellida is not a valid taxon anymore. I hope I updated it. 😰 2832079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Animalia diversity.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Some examples of animal diversity.]] A Phylum (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within animal taxonomy. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. This list is also available in [[/Table/|table form]]. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Animal Phyla. Other sources may combine or split these listed Phyla. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of animal diversity. There are approximately 1.9 million animal species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Phylum: *Phyllum Name *A link to a sub-page discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of animals within the Phylum *An approximate number of species described within that Phylum. Since zoology fortunately refuses to stand still, this number can change. Oh! And there's a quiz at the end. See also [[/Lesson Plan for Animal Phyla/]]. Or head to [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. You can also visit [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)]], the equivalent page for plants. ==Acanthocephalae== [[Image:Macracanthorhynchus_hirudinaceus_adult_BAM1.jpg|thumb|100px|left|An Acanthocephalan, ''Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus'', adult.]] [[/Acanthocephala/]] Name Meaning: horny head English Common Name: Horny-headed worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Reversible spiny proboscis Approximate number of species described: 1,151 ==Acoelomorpha== [[File:Acoelomorpha.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Acoelomorpha]] [[/Acoelomorpha/]] Name Meaning: Without gut English Common Name: Acoels Major distinguishing characteristics: No mouth or alimentary canal Approximate number of species described: 50,000 == Annelida == <div id="Annelida"></div> [[Image:Reef0200.jpg|thumb|100px|left|An feather duster worm of the family Sabellidae in parchment tube.]] [[/Annelida/]] Name Meaning: Little ring English Common Name: Segmented worms, annelids Major distinguishing characteristics: Multiple circular segments Approximate number of species described: 22,000 modern ==Arthropoda== [[Image:Chelicerae_%26_pedipalps_%288689230685%29.jpg|thumb|100px|left|A scorpion, an example of an Arthropod]] [[/Arthropoda/]] Name Meaning: Jointed foot English Common Name: Arthropods Major distinguishing characteristics: Chitin exoskeleton Approximate number of species described: 1,134,000+ ==Brachiopoda== [[Image:Isocrania_costata_Sowerby_1823.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Brachiopod ''Isocrania costata''.]] [[/Brachiopoda/]] Name Meaning: Arm foot English Common Name: Lamp shells, brachiopod Major distinguishing characteristics: Lophophore and pedicle Approximate number of species described: between 300 and 500 extant ==Bryozoa== [[Image:Freshwater_Bryozoan234.JPG|thumb|100px|left|A freshwater Bryozoan, species unknown.]] [[/Bryozoa/]] Name Meaning: Moss animals English Common Name: Moss animals, sea mats, bryozoans Major distinguishing characteristics: Lophophore, no pedicle, ciliated tentacles Approximate number of species described: about 5,000 living species ==Chaetognatha== [[Image:Chaetognatha.PNG|thumb|100px|left|Chaetognathans.]] [[/Chaetognatha/]] Name Meaning: Longhair jaw English Common Name: Arrow worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Chitinous spines either side of head, fins Approximate number of species described: about 100 modern species ==Chordata== [[Image:Clavelina lepadiformis (Müller, 1776) - Banyuls-sur-Mer - 04.83.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Clavelina lepadiformis'', a non-vertebrate chordates.]] [[/Chordata/]] Name Meaning: Cord English Common Name: Chordates Major distinguishing characteristics: Hollow dorsal nervous chord Approximate number of species described: about 100,000+ ==Cnidaria== [[Image:Cynarina_lacrymalis.jpeg|thumb|100px|left|''Cynarina lacrymalis'' an anthozoan member of the Phylum Cnidaria.]] [[/Cnidaria/]] Name Meaning: Stinging nettle English Common Name: Coelenterates, cnidarians, sea anemones, jellies, hydra Major distinguishing characteristics: Cnidocytes (stinging cells) Approximate number of species described: about 11,000 ==Ctenophora== [[Image:LightRefractsOf comb-rows of ctenophore Mertensia ovum.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Mertensia'', a Ctenophore.]] [[/Ctenophora/]] Name Meaning: Comb bearer English Common Name: Comb jellies, Ctenophores Major distinguishing characteristics: Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia Approximate number of species described: about 100 modern species ==Cycliophora== [[Image:Cycliophora - Symbion pandora.png|thumb|100px|left|''Symbion pandora'', a Cycliphoran.]] [[/Cycliophora/]] Name Meaning: Wheel carrying English Common Name: Symbion Major distinguishing characteristics: Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia Approximate number of species described: at least 3 ==Echinodermata== [[Image:Crinoideos.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Crinoideos'', an example of Ecinoderms.]] [[/Echinodermata/]] Name Meaning: Spiny skin(Body) English Common Name: Echinoderms Major distinguishing characteristics: Five-fold radial symmetry, mesodermal layer, calcified spines Approximate number of species described: about 7,000 living species and 13,000 extinct ones ==Entoprocta== [[Image:Barentsa discreta suzukokemusi01.JPG|thumb|100px|left|''Barentsa discreta suzukokemusi'', a species of goblet worm.]] [[/Entoprocta/]] Name Meaning: Inside anus English Common Name: Goblet worm Major distinguishing characteristics: Anus inside ring of cilia Approximate number of species described: about 150 ==Gastrotricha== [[Image:Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) polyspinosus.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Chaetonotus polyspinosus'' a species of meiofauna.]] [[/Gastrotricha/]] Name Meaning: Hair stomach English Common Name: Hairybellies, hairybacks Major Distinguishing Characteristics: Two terminal adhesive tubes Approximate number of species described: about 690 ==Gnathostomulida== [[Image:Gnathostomula paradoxa Sylt.tif|thumb|100px|left|''Gnathostomula paradoxa'', a jaw worm.]] [[/Gnathostomulida/]] Name Meaning: Jaw orifice English Common Name: Jaw worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 100 ==Hemichordata== [[Image:Glossograptus whitfieldii 01.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Glossograptus whitfieldii, a fossil hemichordate.]] [[/Hemichordata/]] Name Meaning: Half cord English Common Name: Acorn worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Stomochord in collar Approximate number of species described: about 100 living species ==Kinorhyncha== [[Image:Paracentrophyes quadridentatus.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Paracentrophyes quadridentatus'', a mud dragon.]] [[/Kinorhyncha/]] Name Meaning: Motion snout English Common Name: Mud dragons Major distinguishing characteristics: Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate Approximate number of species described: about 150 ==Loricifera== [[Image:Pliciloricus enigmatus.jpg|thumb|100px|left|A member of the Phylum Loricifera, ''Pliciloricus enigmatus''.]] [[/Loricifera/]] Name Meaning: Corset bearer English Common Name: Loriciferans Major distinguishing characteristics: Umbrella-like scales at each end Approximate number of species described: about 122 ==Micrognathozoa== [[Image:Limnonathia, drawing.tif|thumb|100px|left|''Limnonathia'', drawing, a Micrognathozoan.]] [[/Micrognathozoa/]] (sometimes called Phylum Gnathifera) Name Meaning: Tiny jaw animals English Common Name: Micrognathozoans Major distinguishing characteristics: Accordion like extensible thorax Approximate number of species described: 1 ==Mollusca== [[Image:Shells01.jpg|thumb|100px|left|A group of Gastropod shells, Phylum Mollusca.]] [[/Mollusca/]] Name Meaning: Thin shell English Common Name: Mollusks or molluscs Major distinguishing characteristics: Muscular foot and Mantle, round shell Approximate number of species described: 85,000 ==Nematoda== [[Image:Mermis nigrescens beentree.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Mermis nigrescens beentree'', a nematode worm.]] [[/Nematoda/]] Name Meaning: Thread like English Common Name: Round worms, Nematodes Major distinguishing characteristics: Round cross section, keratin, cuticle Approximate number of species described: 80 000 - 1 million ==Nematomorpha== [[Image:Gordiidae A MRKVICKA.JPG|thumb|100px|left|A Gordian worm, Phylum Nematomorpha.]] [[/Nematomorpha/]] Name Meaning: Thread form English Common Name: Horsehair worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 320 ==Nemertea== [[Image:Micrura alaskensis.png|thumb|100px|left|Micrura alaskensis, a ribbon worm.]] [[/Nemertea/]] Name Meaning: A sea nymph English Common Name: Ribbon worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 1200 ==Onychophora== [[Image:Euperipatoides kanangrensis crop.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Euperipatoides kanangrensis'', a velvet worm.]] [[/Onychophora/]] Name Meaning: Claw bearer English Common Name: Velvet worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Legs tipped by chitinous claws Approximate number of species described: about 200 modern ==Orthonectida== <div id="Orthonectida"></div> [[Image:Orthonetida dict flat and cylinder.png|thumb|100px|left|Orthonetida, an Orthonectidan.]] [[/Orthonectida/]] Name Meaning: Straight swim English Common Name: Orthonectida Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 20 ==Phoronida== [[Image:Phoronis Maria Grazia Montanucci2.jpg|thumb|100px|left|'' Phoronis hippocrepis'', a species of horseshoe worm.]] [[/Phoronida/]] Name Meaning: Zeus' mistress English Common Name: Horseshoe worms Major distinguishing characteristics: U-shaped gut Approximate number of species described: 20 ==Placozoa== [[Image:Trichoplax adhaerens photograph.png|thumb|100px|left|''Trichoplax adhaerens'', the only Placozoan.]] [[/Placozoa/]] Name Meaning: Plate animals English Common Name: none Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1 ==Platyhelminthes== [[Image:Gigantolina.elongata.in.vivo.png|thumb|100px|left|''Gigantolina elongata'', a flat worm.]] [[/Platyhelminthes/]] Name Meaning: Flat worms English Common Name: Flat worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 25,000 ==Porifera== [[Image:Eponge à déterminer (1).jpg|thumb|100px|left|An unidentified sponge.]] [[/Porifera/]] Name Meaning: Pore bearer English Common Name: Sponges Major distinguishing characteristics: Perforated interior wall Approximate number of species described: over 5,000 modern ==Priapulida== [[Image:Adult priapulid.jpg|thumb|100px|left|''Priapulus caudatus'', a Priapulid worm.]] [[/Priapulida/]] Name Meaning: Penis English Common Name: Priapulid worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Retractable proboscis surrounded by papillae Approximate number of species described: 17 ==Rhombozoa== <div id="Rhombozoa"></div> [[Image:Dicyema japonicum.png |thumb|100px|left|''Dicyema japonicum'', a rhombozoan.]] [[/Rhombozoa/]] Name Meaning: Rhombus animal English Common Name: Rhombozoans Major distinguishing characteristics: Single axial cell surrounded by ciliated cells Approximate number of species described: 75 ==Rotifera== [[Image:20090730 020239 Rotifer.jpg|thumb|100px|left|An unidentified rotifer.]] [[/Rotifera/]] Name Meaning: Wheel bearer English Common Name: Rotifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Anterior crown of cilia Approximate number of species described: about 2000 ==Tardigrada== [[Image:SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state - journal.pone.0045682.g001-2.png|thumb|100px|left|Tardigrade ''Milnesium tardigradum'' in active state.]] [[/Tardigrada/]] Name Meaning: Slow step English Common Name: Water bears Major distinguishing characteristics: Four segmented body and head Approximate number of species described: 1,000+ ==Xenacoelomorpha== [[Image:Xenoturbella bockii longitudinal section.svg|thumb|100px|left|''Xenoturbella bockii'' longitudinal section.]] [[Xenacoelomorpha]] Name Meaning: Strange hollow form English Common Name: none Major distinguishing characteristics: Ciliated deuterostome Approximate number of species described: 435 ==Quizzes== * [[/Quiz/|Animal Phyla Quiz]] ==References== {{reflist}} *Brusca, Richard C., Wendy Moore, Stephen M. Shuster. Invertebrate Zoology 3rd ed. 2016. Sinauer. 1104 pp. *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum Phylum] on Wikipedia [[Category:Lists]] [[Category:Taxonomy]] [[Category:Zoology]] [[Category:Animals]] {{science}} {{biology}} j79qm4fjr72ce8z5fw4wylbx879mkvm 0 235272 2832058 2812317 2026-09-07T17:32:37Z The Citer 3110681 I had to clean this up 2832058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png|thumb|300px|right|A sample of plant diversity.]] In botany, the equivalent of a Phylum is called a division. The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 13 Divisions. A Division (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below kingdoms. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Plant Divisions. Other sources may combine or split these listed Divisions. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of plant diversity. There are approximately 380,000 plant species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of plants within the Division *An approximate number of species described within that Division. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Anthocerotophyta== [[Image:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Hornworts.]] [[/Anthocerotophyta/]] Name Meaning: Anthoceros-like plant English Common Name: Hornworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 100-300 or more ==Bryophyta== [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Moss, a bryophyte.]] [[/Bryophyta/]] Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 It usually grows on lakes ==Charophyta== [[Image:Chara overview.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Chara'', a Charophyte.]] [[/Charophyta/]] Name Meaning: Chara-like plant English Common Name: Charophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1,000 ==Chlorophyta== [[image:Bulletin de l'Acadmie impriale des sciences de St.-Ptersbourg (20431048865).jpg|thumb|100px|right|A Chlorophyte.]] [[/Chlorophyta/]] Name Meaning: Yellow-green plant English Common Name: Chlorophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: mainly autotrophs with exceptions and have the same chlorophyll a and b pigments as "higher" plant divisions Approximate number of species described: 8,000 ==Cycadophyta== [[Image:Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.]] [[/Cycadophyta/]] Name Meaning: Cycas-like plant, palm-like plant English Common Name: Cycads Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds, crown of compound leaves Approximate number of species described: 100 - 200 ==Ginkgophyta== [[Image:Gingko biloba2.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gingko biloba''.]] [[/Ginkgophyta/]] Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==Glaucophyta== [[Image:Glaucophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|right|A glaucophyte.]] [[/Glaucophyta/]] Name Meaning: Blue-green plant English Common Name: Glaucophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 13 ==Gnetophyta== [[Image:Gnetum scandens (6780786863).jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gnetum scandens''.]] Gnetophyta Name Meaning: Gnetum-like plant English Common Name: Gnetophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels. Approximate number of species described: 70 ==Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)== [[Image:Clubmoss - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Clubmoss.]] [[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Lycopodium-like plants, wolf plant English Common Name: Clubmosses, spikemosses Major distinguishing characteristics: Microphyll leaves, vascular system Approximate number of species described: 1290 living ==Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)== [[Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Magnolia virginiana''.]] [[/Magnoliophyta/]] Name Meaning: Magnolia-like plant English Common Name: Flowering plants, angiosperms Major distinguishing characteristics: Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Approximate number of species described: 300,000 ==Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)== [[Image:Liverwort Ferndale Park.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Liverwort.]] [[wikipedia:Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)]] Name Meaning: Marchantia-like plant, liver plant English Common Name: Liverworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9,000 ==Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)== [[Image:Taxus wallichiana kz1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Taxus wallichiana'', the Himalayan Yew, a conifer.]] [[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Pinus-like plant, cone-bearing plant English Common Name: Conifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Approximate number of species described: 629 living ==Polypodiophyta (Monilophyta)== [[Image:Tree Fern.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Tree fern fronds and fiddleneck (growing young frond).]] [[wikipedia:Fern|Polypodiophyta]] (Monophyte) Once called [[Pteridophyta]] (outdated! The sub-divisions Lycopodiophyte and Euphyllophyte have been differentiated) Name Meaning: Many foot plant, Polypodium-like plant English Common Name: ferns, horsetails Major distinguishing characteristics: Prothallus gametophytes and vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9000 ==Other Resources== *[http://tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Tree of Life, Green Plants] *[http://eol.org/pages/281/overview Encyclopedia of life, Plantae] *[[Animal Phyla]] a companion piece to this one ==References== * [[Wikipedia:Phylum]] {{reflist}} [[Category:Botany]] t9gee0kc1pl08debbl3h8rh1f8w9mp8 2832084 2832058 2026-09-07T18:52:24Z The Citer 3110681 /* Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta) */ 2832084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Diversity of plants (Streptophyta) version 2.png|thumb|300px|right|A sample of plant diversity.]] In botany, the equivalent of a Phylum is called a division. The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 13 Divisions. A Division (pl. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below kingdoms. This list is presented in alphabetical order, and not in any systematic/evolutionary arrangement. Science is by no means static. There are arguments of all sizes and shapes about the taxonomy of the Plant Divisions. Other sources may combine or split these listed Divisions. However, at this time, the list presented here should stand in good stead for an introduction to the topic of plant diversity. There are approximately 380,000 plant species that have been described by science. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: *Division Name *A link to a subpage discussing that Phylum in more detail (if it yet exists) *Name Meaning (in English) *An English Common Name, where one is in regular use *Distinguishing characteristics of plants within the Division *An approximate number of species described within that Division. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. You can also see [[Introduction to Taxonomy]] for more on that topic. ==Anthocerotophyta== [[Image:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Hornworts.]] [[/Anthocerotophyta/]] Name Meaning: Anthoceros-like plant English Common Name: Hornworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Horn-shaped sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 100-300 or more ==Bryophyta== [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Moss, a bryophyte.]] [[/Bryophyta/]] Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant English Common Name: Moss Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 12,000 It usually grows on lakes ==Charophyta== [[Image:Chara overview.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Chara'', a Charophyte.]] [[/Charophyta/]] Name Meaning: Chara-like plant English Common Name: Charophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 1,000 ==Chlorophyta== [[image:Bulletin de l'Acadmie impriale des sciences de St.-Ptersbourg (20431048865).jpg|thumb|100px|right|A Chlorophyte.]] [[/Chlorophyta/]] Name Meaning: Yellow-green plant English Common Name: Chlorophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: mainly autotrophs with exceptions and have the same chlorophyll a and b pigments as "higher" plant divisions Approximate number of species described: 8,000 ==Cycadophyta== [[Image:Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Unidentified cycad in greenhouse.]] [[/Cycadophyta/]] Name Meaning: Cycas-like plant, palm-like plant English Common Name: Cycads Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds, crown of compound leaves Approximate number of species described: 100 - 200 ==Ginkgophyta== [[Image:Gingko biloba2.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gingko biloba''.]] [[/Ginkgophyta/]] Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==Glaucophyta== [[Image:Glaucophyte.jpg|thumb|100px|right|A glaucophyte.]] [[/Glaucophyta/]] Name Meaning: Blue-green plant English Common Name: Glaucophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: 13 ==Gnetophyta== [[Image:Gnetum scandens (6780786863).jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Gnetum scandens''.]] Gnetophyta Name Meaning: Gnetum-like plant English Common Name: Gnetophytes Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels. Approximate number of species described: 70 ==Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)== [[Image:Clubmoss - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg|thumb|100px|right|Clubmoss.]] [[/Lycopodiophyta (Lycophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Lycopodium-like plants, wolf plant English Common Name: Clubmosses, spikemosses Major distinguishing characteristics: Microphyll leaves, vascular system Approximate number of species described: 1290 living ==Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)== [[Image:Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Flower Closeup 2242px.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Magnolia virginiana''.]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant Magnoliophyta] Name Meaning: Magnolia-like plant English Common Name: Flowering plants, angiosperms Major distinguishing characteristics: Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels Approximate number of species described: 300,000 ==Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)== [[Image:Liverwort Ferndale Park.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Liverwort.]] [[wikipedia:Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)]] Name Meaning: Marchantia-like plant, liver plant English Common Name: Liverworts Major distinguishing characteristics: Ephemeral unbranched sporophytes, no vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9,000 ==Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)== [[Image:Taxus wallichiana kz1.jpg|thumb|100px|right|''Taxus wallichiana'', the Himalayan Yew, a conifer.]] [[/Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)/]] Name Meaning: Pinus-like plant, cone-bearing plant English Common Name: Conifers Major distinguishing characteristics: Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids Approximate number of species described: 629 living ==Polypodiophyta (Monilophyta)== [[Image:Tree Fern.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Tree fern fronds and fiddleneck (growing young frond).]] [[wikipedia:Fern|Polypodiophyta]] (Monophyte) Once called [[Pteridophyta]] (outdated! The sub-divisions Lycopodiophyte and Euphyllophyte have been differentiated) Name Meaning: Many foot plant, Polypodium-like plant English Common Name: ferns, horsetails Major distinguishing characteristics: Prothallus gametophytes and vascular system Approximate number of species described: 9000 ==Other Resources== *[http://tolweb.org/Green_plants/2382 Tree of Life, Green Plants] *[http://eol.org/pages/281/overview Encyclopedia of life, Plantae] *[[Animal Phyla]] a companion piece to this one ==References== * [[Wikipedia:Phylum]] {{reflist}} [[Category:Botany]] li2p46d0csmu8eqqw8ad65uuepl5qbk 3 250786 2832081 2829964 2026-09-07T18:44:43Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* Tech News: 2026-37 */ new section 2832081 wikitext text/x-wiki == First Message Posting == Update Talk on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 21:04, 29 June 2019 (UTC) == Update Sandbox User == == Posting to sandbox == Update Sandbox on Wikiversity [[User:Bnhassin/sandbox]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]])[[User:Bnhassin|Bnhassin]] ([[User talk:Bnhassin|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bnhassin|contribs]]) 11:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. 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'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:38, 1 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:17, 23 February 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:22, 15 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:30, 29 March 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:48, 19 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:24, 26 April 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:43, 3 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:10, 10 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 13:49, 17 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:05, 31 May 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:02, 7 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:49, 21 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 17:33, 5 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:31, 19 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 20:47, 2 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 19:27, 16 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 21:58, 23 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:01, 30 August 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 15:35, 13 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 18:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> 22:23, 27 September 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> 16:32, 4 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> 15:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> 20:53, 18 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> 20:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> 22:06, 15 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> 20:02, 22 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> 22:27, 13 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> 22:05, 20 December 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> 01:23, 11 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> 21:15, 7 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> 19:18, 14 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> 22:59, 28 February 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> 22:07, 14 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> 19:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == Tech News: 2022-15 == <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> 19:44, 11 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == Tech News: 2022-16 == <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> 23:11, 18 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == Tech News: 2022-17 == <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == Tech News: 2022-18 == <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> 19:33, 2 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == Tech News: 2022-19 == <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> 15:22, 9 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == Tech News: 2022-20 == <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> 18:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == Tech News: 2022-21 == <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == Tech News: 2022-22 == <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> 20:28, 30 May 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == Tech News: 2022-23 == <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == Tech News: 2022-24 == <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> 16:58, 13 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == Tech News: 2022-25 == <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == Tech News: 2022-26 == <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> 20:02, 27 June 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == Tech News: 2022-27 == <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == Tech News: 2022-28 == <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> 19:24, 11 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == Tech News: 2022-29 == <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> 22:59, 18 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == Tech News: 2022-30 == <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == Tech News: 2022-31 == <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> 21:21, 1 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == Tech News: 2022-32 == <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == Tech News: 2022-33 == <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> 21:08, 15 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == Tech News: 2022-34 == <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> 00:12, 23 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == Tech News: 2022-35 == <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> 23:05, 29 August 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == Tech News: 2022-36 == <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == Tech News: 2022-37 == <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == Tech News: 2022-38 == <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == Tech News: 2022-39 == <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == Tech News: 2022-40 == <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:23, 4 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == Tech News: 2022-41 == <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> 14:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == Tech News: 2022-42 == <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == Tech News: 2022-43 == <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 24 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == Tech News: 2022-44 == <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:15, 31 October 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == Tech News: 2022-45 == <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == Tech News: 2022-46 == <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:54, 14 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-47 == <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == Tech News: 2022-48 == <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == Tech News: 2022-49 == <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == Tech News: 2022-50 == <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == Tech News: 2022-51 == <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == Tech News: 2023-02 == <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 10 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == Tech News: 2023-03 == <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:10, 17 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == Tech News: 2023-04 == <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == Tech News: 2023-05 == <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 31 January 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == Tech News: 2023-06 == <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == Tech News: 2023-07 == <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:48, 14 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == Tech News: 2023-08 == <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:57, 21 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == Tech News: 2023-09 == <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == Tech News: 2023-10 == <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == Tech News: 2023-11 == <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == Tech News: 2023-12 == <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:25, 21 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == Tech News: 2023-13 == <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:13, 28 March 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == Tech News: 2023-14 == <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 3 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == Tech News: 2023-15 == <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == Tech News: 2023-16 == <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:54, 18 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == Tech News: 2023-17 == <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == Tech News: 2023-18 == <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == Tech News: 2023-19 == <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == Tech News: 2023-20 == <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == Tech News: 2023-21 == <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == Tech News: 2023-22 == <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == Tech News: 2023-23 == <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == Tech News: 2023-24 == <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:51, 12 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == Tech News: 2023-25 == <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:08, 19 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == Tech News: 2023-26 == <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == Tech News: 2023-27 == <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == Tech News: 2023-28 == <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == Tech News: 2023-29 == <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[w:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == Tech News: 2023-30 == <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == Tech News: 2023-31 == <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == Tech News: 2023-32 == <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:20, 7 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == Tech News: 2023-33 == <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:59, 15 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == Tech News: 2023-34 == <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == Tech News: 2023-35 == <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == Tech News: 2023-36 == <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:33, 4 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == Tech News: 2023-37 == <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:07, 11 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == Tech News: 2023-38 == <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:19, 18 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == Tech News: 2023-39 == <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == Tech News: 2023-40 == <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 3 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == Tech News: 2023-41 == <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == Tech News: 2023-42 == <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == Tech News: 2023-43 == <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:16, 23 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == Tech News: 2023-44 == <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == Tech News: 2023-45 == <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:05, 6 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == Tech News: 2023-46 == <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == Tech News: 2023-47 == <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == Tech News: 2023-48 == <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 27 November 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == Tech News: 2023-49 == <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == Tech News: 2023-50 == <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:12, 12 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == Tech News: 2023-51 == <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:17, 18 December 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == Tech News: 2024-02 == <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:19, 9 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == Tech News: 2024-03 == <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == Tech News: 2024-04 == <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:03, 23 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == Tech News: 2024-05 == <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == Tech News: 2024-06 == <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == Tech News: 2024-07 == <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == Tech News: 2024-08 == <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:36, 19 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == Tech News: 2024-09 == <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == Tech News: 2024-10 == <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == Tech News: 2024-11 == <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == Tech News: 2024-12 == <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == Tech News: 2024-13 == <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:56, 25 March 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == Tech News: 2024-14 == <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == Tech News: 2024-15 == <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 8 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-16 == <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == Tech News: 2024-17 == <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == Tech News: 2024-18 == <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == Tech News: 2024-19 == <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:44, 6 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == Tech News: 2024-20 == <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:58, 13 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == Tech News: 2024-21 == <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == Tech News: 2024-22 == <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == Tech News: 2024-23 == <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == Tech News: 2024-24 == <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == Tech News: 2024-25 == <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == Tech News: 2024-26 == <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:32, 24 June 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == Tech News: 2024-27 == <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == Tech News: 2024-28 == <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == Tech News: 2024-29 == <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == Tech News: 2024-30 == <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:04, 23 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == Tech News: 2024-31 == <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 29 July 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == Tech News: 2024-32 == <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 5 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == Tech News: 2024-33 == <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 12 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == Tech News: 2024-34 == <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:54, 20 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == Tech News: 2024-35 == <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == Tech News: 2024-36 == <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:07, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == Tech News: 2024-37 == <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 9 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == Tech News: 2024-38 == <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:02, 17 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == Tech News: 2024-39 == <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:36, 23 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == Tech News: 2024-40 == <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:20, 30 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == Tech News: 2024-41 == <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 7 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == Tech News: 2024-42 == <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == Tech News: 2024-43 == <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 21 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == Tech News: 2024-44 == <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:56, 28 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == Tech News: 2024-45 == <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 4 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == Tech News: 2024-46 == <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:07, 12 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:00, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:22, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[gitiles:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:24, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:14, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:30, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:52, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:12, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:04, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:16, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Tech News: 2025-25 == <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 16 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-26 == <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 23 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == Tech News: 2025-27 == <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 30 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == Tech News: 2025-28 == <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 8 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == Tech News: 2025-29 == <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 14 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == Tech News: 2025-30 == <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:42, 21 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == Tech News: 2025-31 == <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:26, 29 July 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == Tech News: 2025-32 == <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:40, 5 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == Tech News: 2025-33 == <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 11 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == Tech News: 2025-34 == <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:38, 19 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == Tech News: 2025-35 == <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 26 August 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == Tech News: 2025-36 == <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:50, 1 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == Tech News: 2025-37 == <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 9 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == Tech News: 2025-38 == <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:07, 15 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == Tech News: 2025-39 == <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:55, 22 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> == Tech News: 2025-40 == <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:52, 29 September 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == Tech News: 2025-41 == <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:23, 6 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == Tech News: 2025-42 == <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:59, 13 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == Tech News: 2025-43 == <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:36, 20 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == Tech News: 2025-44 == <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[gitiles:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 27 October 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == Tech News: 2025-45 == <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:34, 3 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == Tech News: 2025-46 == <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 10 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == Tech News: 2025-47 == <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:26, 17 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == Tech News: 2025-48 == <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:56, 24 November 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == Tech News: 2025-49 == <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 1 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == Tech News: 2025-50 == <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:45, 8 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == Tech News: 2025-51 == <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 15 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == Tech News: 2025-52 == <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 22 December 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == Tech News: 2026-03 == <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:33, 12 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == Tech News: 2026-04 == <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 19 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == Tech News: 2026-05 == <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 26 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == Tech News: 2026-06 == <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:43, 2 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == Tech News: 2026-07 == <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:30, 9 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == Tech News: 2026-08 == <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:17, 16 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == Tech News: 2026-09 == <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == Tech News: 2026-10 == <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:51, 2 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == Tech News: 2026-11 == <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == Tech News: 2026-12 == <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:35, 16 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == Tech News: 2026-13 == <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 23 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> == Tech News: 2026-14 == <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:25, 30 March 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == Tech News: 2026-15 == <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 6 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == Tech News: 2026-16 == <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:19, 13 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == Tech News: 2026-17 == <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == Tech News: 2026-18 == <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 April 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == Tech News: 2026-19 == <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == Tech News: 2026-20 == <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == Tech News: 2026-21 == <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:21, 18 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == Tech News: 2026-22 == <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == Tech News: 2026-23 == <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 1 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == Tech News: 2026-24 == <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == Tech News: 2026-25 == <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:48, 15 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == Tech News: 2026-26 == <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == Tech News: 2026-27 == <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 June 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == Tech News: 2026-28 == <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:57, 6 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == Tech News: 2026-29 == <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:11, 13 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == Tech News: 2026-31 == <section begin="technews-2026-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077] * DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[</nowiki></code></bdi>), templates (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{</nowiki></code></bdi>), HTML and parser tags (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><</nowiki></code></bdi>), and magic words (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__</nowiki></code></bdi>), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews. * The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-helpusername</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-help</nowiki></code></bdi> that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604] * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533] * From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the "User" namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W31"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:49, 27 July 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30856308 --> == Tech News: 2026-32 == <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:46, 3 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == Tech News: 2026-33 == <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 10 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == Tech News: 2026-34 == <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> == Tech News: 2026-35 == <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:45, 24 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == Tech News: 2026-36 == <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 31 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == Tech News: 2026-37 == <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:44, 7 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> 6r3of58u7bdgr8kayt1o0pz96n0igl9 2 259616 2832027 2120269 2026-09-07T14:57:48Z DragonflySixtyseven 21251 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Veronoca.jpg]] → [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] spelling 2832027 wikitext text/x-wiki If you get around to it, this would be a very good place for you to upload pictures... one suit of cards requires 15 pictures. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- ! 〇 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞ |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! !! ^breathe !! #occupy !! Iname !! /learn !! .befriend !! @owned !! *be !! $limits !! %nurture !! :bequest !! _habituate !! ;permaculture !! ( ) !! { } !! [ ] !! ∞ |- || Introduction | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> || [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg |thumb| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Veronica#/media/File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] || [[hit edit to get to the code and at the top you will see a picture button that will help you upload your own pictures. Think about this, because if you put them here you are releasing copyright of the photo. This is where I'm putting the Grandma Cinderella stuff.]] |} ==1 90 card deck== A standard deck goes A-K + 2 jokers so the other materials goes to the back of the cards or box or booklet. This is a template that's grown since 1991. Suits are by rank, heart, spade, diamond, club, yinyang, peace and the last two suits are intended to promote inclusion and creativity. A deck of cards is a simple database, so each is a "button" on software linking to real life information (depending on how far we get). The Meta Story is about Po, a panda who wants to be a cat. The 2030 Story is Hiroshima. There is an exhibit in Portland in a couple weeks that I hope to obtain pictures of. What I tell friends is that I'm going to teach lichenology to promote dialectical behavior therapy or simply, mindfulness. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ growing_Genkiness 2019 |- ! [ { ( 人 ) } ] ! King !! Queen !! Jack !! Ten !! Nine !! Eight !! Seven !! Six !! Five !! Four !! Three !! Two !! Ace !! Joker !! Zero !! ∞ |- | rowspan="15" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞〇∞ |- || ^breathe || #occupy || Iname || /learn || .befriend || @owned || *be || $limits || %nurture || :bequest || _habituate || ;permaculture || ( ) || { } || [ ] || ∞ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- || Intro || Exe Sum || Comp Overview || Bus Desc || Mkt Analysis || OP || Mktg Plan || Fin Plan || Appendix || S^ Instr || S^ Paperwk || S^ P&L || A 501c3 || B coop || C -ya |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- || knaVe || w-1 crabby kitty || indeX uid || Y i || Zombie Koi || earth ai || stars || , || ! || haha || fu || ma || good || style || inclusive || kami-sama |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89. m̂</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |} 9uoiggj56dh0yxbup1qzlfhzva7fvpg 2 260323 2832028 2226501 2026-09-07T14:57:55Z DragonflySixtyseven 21251 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Veronoca.jpg]] → [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] spelling 2832028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2030_0001.png | 10px | 2030_0001.png]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ '''∞ N_Finite ∞ o O 0 〇 ⬤ . ⋅ 🝮 ×''' |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 1</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 0</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 100</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 1000 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> feather </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> crane </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green]</span> | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/whiten white] | style="background:#BFBFBF;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink Pink]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan Cyan]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown Brown]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" style="width: 5%;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round Round]</span> | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] | style="background:black;" style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] | style="background:black;" style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/n-finite n-finite] |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 黄</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 橙</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 赤</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紫</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紺</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 緑</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 白</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 黒</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 灰</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 桃 </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 青</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 茶</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 銅</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 銀</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 色 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 北</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> yellow</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> orange</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> red</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> purple</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> blue</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> green</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> white</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> black </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> grey </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pink </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> cyan </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> brown</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> copper</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> silver</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> color </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow#yellow 黄]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange#orange 橙]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red#red 赤]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple#purple 紫]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue#blue 紺]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green#green 緑]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white#white 白]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black#black 黒]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey#grey 灰]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink#pink 桃]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan#cyan 青]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown#brown 茶]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/copper#copper 銅]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/silver#silver 銀]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/color#color 色] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> yellow</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> orange</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> red</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> purple</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> blue</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> green</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> white</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> black </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> grey </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pink </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> cyan </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> brown</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> copper</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> silver</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> color </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! .o0〇O∞ |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 月</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 土</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 日 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 者</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 振</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 母</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 父</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 間</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 善 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 様</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 皆 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Moon Day </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Fire Day</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Water Day</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> w00d Day</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> g0ld Day</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Earth Day</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Sun Day </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> , </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ! </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> haha</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> fu</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> inbetween</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> g00d </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> (humbly)</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> everyone </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:teal"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:teal"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:teal"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:teal"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:teal"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:teal"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:teal"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:teal"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:teal"> A</span> || Joker :: insert || zer0 :: b0x |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 王</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 女</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 混</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 気</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 家</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 引</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 猫</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 沌</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 忍</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 伝</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 子</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 遺</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 人</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 仮</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 改 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> King/Ga0wd</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> female</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> mix/chaos</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> air</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> home</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> pull</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> cat</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> b'nighted</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> patience</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> tradition</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> kin</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> legacy</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> human</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> faux</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> improve </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 北</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 先</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 東</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 直</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 南</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 西</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 此 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 方</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 彼</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 年</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 週 </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 何 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 後</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 今</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 処 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> N</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> beginning</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> straight</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> S</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> this </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> square</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> that</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> year</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> week </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> where </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> after</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> now</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> moment </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 上</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 毎</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 右</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 斜 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 下</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 左</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 朝</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 晩 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 去</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 昨</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 再</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 週</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> up</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> every</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> right</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> slant </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> down</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> left</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> morning</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> evening </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> past</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> yesterday</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> again</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> week</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> face</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> same</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> love </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> || 千羽鶴 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 1</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 0</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 100</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 1000 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> feather </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> crane </span> || senbazuru |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Yellow]]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Orange]]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Red]]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Purple]]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Blue]]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Green]]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [[White]]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [[Black]]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Grey]]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Pink]]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Cyan]]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Brown]]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [[Round]]</span> | style="background:white;" | [[Curly]] | style="background:black;" | [[square]] | style="background:black;" | [[n-finite]] |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Queen] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Jack] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Ten] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Nine] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Eight] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Seven] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Six] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Five] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Four] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Three] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Two] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Ace] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:JokeR] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:Zer0] |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> A </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> R </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^[http://gg/#!/lipschitz http://gg/#!/lipschitz]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %Kitchen</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:queen Tachi:Queen] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:jack Tachi:Jack] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:ten Tachi:Ten] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:nine Tachi:Nine] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:eight Tachi:Eight] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:seven Tachi:Seven] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:six Tachi:Six] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:five Tachi:Five] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:four Tachi:Four] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:three Tachi:Three] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:twp Tachi:Two] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:ace Tachi:Ace] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:joker Tachi:jokeR] || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Tachi:zer0 Tachi:zer0] |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^Physical</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> #Occupational</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> IEmotional</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /Intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .Social</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @Environmental</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *Spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $Financial</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %Nutritional</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _habitual</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;punctuational</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (round) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {curvy} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [square] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> A </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> R </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" rowspan="22" | <span style="color:black"> 0 1 0 0 </span> |- | colspan="16" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | 0 0 0 1 |- ! 0001 !! 0002 !! 0003 !! 0004 !! 0005 !! 0006 !! 0007 !! 0008 !! 0009 !! 0010 !! 0011 !! 0012 !! 0013 !! 0014 !! 0015 |- ! 0016 !! 0017 !! 0018 !! 0019 !! 0020 !! 0021 !! 0022 !! 0023 !! 0024 !! 0025 !! 0026 !! 0027 !! 0028 !! 0029 !! 0030 |- ! 0031 !! 0032 !! 0033 !! 0034 !! 0035 !! 0036 !! 0037 !! 0038 !! 0039 !! 0040 !! 0041 !! 0042 !! 0043 !! 0044 !! 0045 |- ! 0046 !! 0047 !! 0048 !! 0049 !! 0050 !! 0051 !! 0052 !! 0053 !! 0054 !! 0055 !! 0056 !! 0057 !! 0058 !! 0059 !! 0060 |- ! 0061 !! 0062 !! 0063 !! 0064 !! 0065 !! 0066 !! 0067 !! 0068 !! 0069 !! 0070 !! 0071 !! 0072 !! 0073 !! 0074 !! 0075 |- ! 0076 !! 0077 !! 0078 !! 0079 !! 0080 !! 0081 !! 0082 !! 0083 !! 0084 !! 0085 !! 0086 !! 0087 !! 0088 !! 0089 !! 0090 |- ! !! !! !! !! !! 0091 !! 0092 !! 0093 !! 0094 !! 0095 !! 0096 !! 0097 !! 0098 !! 0099 !! 0100 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |} ==b== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- ! i !! 〇 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞ |- | style="width: 5%;" | i | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! i !! !! ^breathe !! #occupy !! Iname !! /learn !! .befriend !! @owned !! *be !! $limits !! %nurture !! :bequest !! _habituate !! ;permaculture !! ( ) !! { } !! [ ] !! ∞ !! !! !! !! ∞ |- ||1 A || [[File:2030_0001.png | 100px | 2030_0001.png]] || i am focusing on my BGs 1st; tsugu, || Introduction | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> || [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg | 100px | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Veronica#/media/File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] || || || || || || || || || | rowspan="100" | ∞ |- ||2 B || || i report to Dan & 恋 + 3 ; 継ぐ , || Executive Summary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> || [[File:Estudante_Fisica.svg |100px| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estudante_Fisica.svg]] || |- || 3 C || || i %pract-ice growing_Genkiness ; || Company Overview | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> || [[File:Church_in_Brenac_(2).jpg |100px| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_in_Brenac_(2).jpg]] || |- || 4 D || || i want a waypoint in Marion County for online business & local food truck focused on special diets and at-cost subscriptions for nutritional therapy ; || Business Description | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> || || |- || 5 E || || i ; || Market Analysis | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> || || |- || 6 F || || i ; || Operating Plan | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> || || |- ||7 G || || i ; || Marketing & Sales Plan | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> || || |- || 8 H || || i ; || Financial Plan | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> || [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(1971_video_game)#/media/File:TheOregonTrail1971Gameplay.png |thumb| TheOregonTrail1971Gameplay.png]] || || || |- || 9 I || || i ; || Appendix | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> || || || |- || 10 J || || i ; || Start Up Instructions | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> || [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Love_2019/Results#/media/File:Christian_wedding_in_Russia.jpg x] || || || |- || 11 K || || i ; || Start Up Paperwork | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> || || || |- || 12 L || || i ; || Start Up Expected Profit & Loss | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> || || || |- || 13 M || || i ; || [A] 501c3 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> || |- || 14 N || || i ; || {B} c00peration | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> || |- || 15 O || || i ; || (C) Brick & Mortar -ya | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> || |- || 16 P || || i ; || knaVe | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> |- || 17 Q || || i ; || w-1 crabby kitty | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> || || |- || 18 R || || i ; || indeX uid | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> || |- || 19 S || || i ; || Y i oughta | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> || |- || 20 T || || i ; || Zombie Koi | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> |- || 21 U || || i ; || earth | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> |- || 22 V || || i ; || stars | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> |- || 23 W || || i ; || , | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> || |- || 24 X || || i ; || ! | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> |- || 25 Y || || i ; || mother-ly | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> || |- || 26 Z || || i ; || father-ly | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> |- || ♡ ❦ ♡ ❧ ☙ ❥ ➳ ღ || || heart || between | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> || |- || 28 || || spade || g00d | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> |- || 29 || || diamond || (humbly) | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> |- || 30 || || club || inclusion | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> |- || 31 || || peace sign || king/god | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- || 32 || || yin yang || female/woman | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> |- || 33 || || i ; || mix/chaos | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> |- || 34 || || i ; || air | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> |- || 35 || || i ; || -ya | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> |- || 36 || || i ; || pull | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> |- || 37 || || i ; || cat | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> |- || 38 || || i ; || endure | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> |- || 39 || || i ; || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> |- || 40 || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> |- || 41 || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> |- || 42 || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> |- || 43 || || i ; || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> |- || 44 || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> |- || 45 || || i ; || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> |- || 46 || || i ; || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- || 47 || || i ; || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> |- || 48 || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> |- || 49 || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> |- || 50 || || i ; || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89.m̂</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 91.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 92.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 93.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 94.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 95.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 96.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 97.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 98.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 99.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 100.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 101.</span> |- || i || || i ; || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 102.</span> |} ==b== {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" style="text-align: center;" |+ '''∞ N_Finite ∞ o O 0 〇 ⬤ . ⋅ 🝮 ×''' |- || -1 || 🝮 || + |- | rowspan="33" | ∞ |- || 0 || 0 0 % || 0 0 0 || 0 0 0 0 | colspan="3" | + 1 | colspan="3" | A | colspan="3" | B | colspan="3" | C | colspan="3" | D | colspan="3" | E | colspan="3" | F | colspan="3" | G | colspan="3" | H | colspan="3" | I | colspan="3" | J | colspan="3" | K | colspan="3" | L | colspan="3" | M | colspan="3" | N | colspan="3" | O | colspan="3" | P | colspan="3" | Q | colspan="3" | R | colspan="3" | S | colspan="3" | T | colspan="3" | U | colspan="3" | V | colspan="3" | W | colspan="3" | X | colspan="3" | Y | colspan="3" | Z |- | rowspan="99" | 🝮 || 0 1 || Introduction || 0 0 0 1 || A 1 |- || 02 || Executive Summary |- || 03 || Company Overview |- || 04 || Business Description |- || 05 || Market Analysis |- || 06 || Operating Plan |- || 07 || Marketing & Sales Plan |- || 08 || Financial Plan |- || 09 || Appendix |- || 10 || Start Up Instructions |- || 11 || Start Up Paperwork |- || 12 || Start Up Expected Profit & Loss |- || 13 || [ A ] 501c3 |- || 14 || { B } c00peration |- || 15 || ( C ) Brick & Mortar - ya |- || 16 || knaVe |- || 17 || w-1 crabby kiTTy |- || 18 || indeX uid |- || 19 || Y i oughta |- || 20 || Zombie Koi |- || 21 || earth |- || 22 || stars |- || 23 || , |- || 24 || ! |- || 25 || mother-ly |- || 26 || father-ly |- || 27 || betw333n |- || 28 || g00d |- || 29 || (humbly) |- || 30 || inclusion |- || 31 || king/god |} {| |- ! [ 1 ] !! { 2 } !! ( 3 ) !! 一 !! 二 !! 三 !! ^ !! II !! ... !! ^breathe !! Ibl00dI !! .f.00d. !! W. !! H. !! 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[ 1 ] !! { 2 } !! ( 3 ) !! 一 !! 二 !! 三 !! ^ !! II !! ... !! ^000 !! I 00 I !! .f.00d. !! W00 |} ==b== ==== Primary: Crisis Management: Am I Safe?==== {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" style="text-align: center;" |+ ∞ N_Finite ∞ o O 0 〇 ⬤ . |- ! [ 1 ] !! { 2 } !! ( 3 ) !! 一 !! 二 !! 三 !! ^ !! II !! ... !! ^breathe !! Ibl00dI !! .f.00d. !! ^ !! II !! ... !! ^ !! II !! ... !! W. !! H. !! O. |- | colspan="3" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] | colspan="3" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] | colspan="3" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] | colspan="3" | ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] ) | colspan="3" | { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] } | | [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/fu fu] | | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/hu hu] | | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/who who] ] |- | colspan="3" | [[meta]] | colspan="3" | [[yellow]] | colspan="3" | [[red]] | colspan="3" | [[blue]] | colspan="3" | ( [[round]] ) | colspan="3" | { [[curly]] } || [ [[fu]] || [[hu]] || [[who]] ] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Tachi:King Tachi:King] |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ primary |- | style="background:yellow;" | <span style="color:white"> YeLLow </span> | style="background:red;" | <span style="color:white"> Red </span> | style="background:blue;" | <span style="color:white"> Blue </span> |- || || || |} ===== +0001 +0002 +0003 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0001.png|150px|0001]] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 |- || .ice || .pi || .z00 |} 砂 英 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau infiniverse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster https://www.gettrainedtohelp.com/en/ Template-Patriarch_(Latin_Rite)_-_Primate.svg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYeJlEkgJZQ = ∞ ≈ meta: ƒ(N) = ƒ[{(N)}] = [ N_square ] · { N_curly } · ( N_round ) ≈ ∞ = {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ meta |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> -1 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 0 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> +1 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> https://www.opb.org/ </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> http://nazarenejudaism.com/ </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> https://www.bresee.org/ </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> https://nazarene.org/ </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |} == %play-ing with .cards == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ playingcard |- | rowspan="8" | || || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 |- || |- |colspan="5" | [[File:Salem_banner_Oregon_State_Capitol.jpg|200px|Salem]] |- |colspan="5" | [[File:Salem_banner_Oregon_State_Capitol.jpg|200px|Salem]] |- |colspan="5" | [[File:Salem_banner_Oregon_State_Capitol.jpg|200px|Salem]] |- || 6 || 2 || 3 || 4 || |- || 7 || 2 || 3 || 4 || |} = genkiness = == primary == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ primary |- | style="background:yellow;" | <span style="color:white"> YeLLow </span> | style="background:red;" | <span style="color:white"> Red </span> | style="background:blue;" | <span style="color:white"> Blue </span> |- || || || |} == secondary == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ secondary |- | style="background:orange;" | <span style="color:white"> Orange </span> | style="background:purple;" | <span style="color:white"> Purple </span> | style="background:green;" | <span style="color:white"> Green </span> |- || || || |} == tertiary == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ tertiary |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> bLack </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:silver"> White </span> | style="background:grey;" | <span style="color:white"> grEy </span> |- || || || |} == quaternary == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ quaternary |- | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:white"> pInk </span> | style="background:cyan;" | <span style="color:silver"> Cyan </span> | style="background:brown;" | <span style="color:white"> browN </span> |- || || || |} == quinary == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ quinary |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> +1 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> -1 </span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> |- || || || |} ===senary=== ===septenary=== ===octonary=== ===nonary=== ===denary=== ===solodenary/unodenary/undenary=== ===duodenary=== https://deathcafe.com/ ==rank== #King #Queen #Jack #Ten #Nine #Eight #Seven #Six #Five #Four #Three #Two #Ace/One #Joker #Zero {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> A </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> R </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 1</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 0</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 100</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 1000 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> feather </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> crane </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> |} === N_Finite ∞ === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ ∞ N_Finite ∞ o O 0 〇 ⬤ . |- || |- | style="background:silver" | || 0045 ||0 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0044 ||j0keR ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0043 ||A ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0042 ||2 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0041 ||3 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0040 ||4 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0039 ||5 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0038 ||6 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0037 ||7 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0036 || 8 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0035 || 9 ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0034 || X ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0033 || JiLL ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0032 || Qu333n ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0031 || King ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:silver" | |} ==suit (file) == suits: *N_finite #Heart #Spade #Diamond #Club #YinYang #Peace #100% ==t== https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/1000_Songs ==u== https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Collaboratively_Building_Concepts ==v ∞ ; o O 0 〇 ⬤ . 🝮 :: infinite == {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ ∞ ; o O 0 〇 ⬤ . |- | style="background:silver"| || 0000 || o || ⬤ || 〇 || O | style="background:black"| <span style="color:white"> 〇 </span> | style="background:silver" | |} ===♡ 0001 - 0015 ❤ ♥ :: heart === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ ♡ 1 - 15 ❤ |- || |- | style="background:silver" | || 0015 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0014 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0013 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0012 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0011 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0010 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0009 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0008 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0007 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0006 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0005 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0004 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0003 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0002 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" |[[File:2030_0001.png|50px|0001]] || 0001 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === ♤ 0016 - 0030 ♠ :: spade === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- || 0000 |- | style="background:silver" | || 0030 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0029 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0028 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0027 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0026 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0025 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0024 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0023 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0022 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0021 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0020 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0019 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0018 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0017 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0016 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === ♢ 0031 - 0045 ♦ :: diamond === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- || 0000 |- | style="background:silver" | || 0045 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0044 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0043 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0042 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0041 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0040 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0039 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0038 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0037 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0036 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0035 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver"| || 0034 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0033 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0032 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0031 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === ♧ 0046 - 0060 ♣ :: club === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- || 0000 |- | style="background:silver" | || 0060 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Color | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0059 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Silver | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0058 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Copper | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0057 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Brown | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0056 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Cyan | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0055 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Pink | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0054 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Grey | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0053 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Black | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0052 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||White | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0051 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Green | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0050 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Blue | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0049 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Purple | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0048 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Red | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0047 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Orange | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0046 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Yellow | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === ☯ 0061 - 0075 ☯️ :: yin yang === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- || 0000 |- | style="background:silver" | || 0075 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0074 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0073 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0072 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0071 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0070 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0069 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0068 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0067 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0066 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0065 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0064 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0063 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0062 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0061 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === ☮ 0076 - 0090 ☮️ :: peace === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- || 0000 |- | style="background:silver" | || 0090 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0089 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89. m̂</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0088 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0087 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0086 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0085 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0084 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0083 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0082 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0081 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0080 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0079 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0078 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0077 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0076 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> | style="background:silver" | |} === 0091 - 0100 ㊀ ㊁ ㊂ ㊃ ㊄ ㊅ ㊆ ㊇ ㊈ ㊉ 💯 :: 100% === {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- | style="background:silver" | || 0100 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Ding! | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 丁 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0099 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 99</span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0098 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 98 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0097 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 97 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0096 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 96 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0095 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 95 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0094 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 94 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0093 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 93 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0092 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 92 </span> | style="background:silver" | || | style="background:silver" | || 0091 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 91 </span> | style="background:silver" | |} ==w== ==x== ==y== ==z== {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-31 O⬤〇o |- |- | style="background:silver" | || 0031 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0030 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0029 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0028 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0027 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0026 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0025 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0024 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0023 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0022 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0021 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0020 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0019 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0018 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0017 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0016 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0015 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0014 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0013 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0012 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0011 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0010 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0009 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0008 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0007 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0006 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0005 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0004 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0003 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0002 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" |[[File:2030_0001.png|50px|0001]] || 0001 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0000 || o || ⬤ || 〇 || O | style="background:black"| <span style="color:white"> 〇 </span> | style="background:silver" | |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 0-100 O⬤〇o |- | style="background:silver" | || 0100 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Ding! | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 丁 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0099 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 99</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0098 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 98 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0097 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 97 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0096 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 96 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0095 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 95 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0094 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 94 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0093 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 93 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0092 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 92 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0091 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 91 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0090 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0089 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89. m̂</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0088 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0087 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0086 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0085 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0084 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0083 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0082 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0081 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0080 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0079 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0078 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0077 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0076 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0075 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0074 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0073 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0072 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0071 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0070 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0069 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0068 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0067 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0066 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0065 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0064 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0063 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0062 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0061 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0060 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Color | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0059 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Silver | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0058 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Copper | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0057 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Brown | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0056 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Cyan | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0055 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Pink | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0054 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Grey | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0053 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Black | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0052 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||White | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0051 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Green | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0050 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Blue | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0049 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Purple | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0048 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Red | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0047 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Orange | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0046 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||Yellow | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0045 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0044 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0043 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0042 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0041 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0040 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0039 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0038 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0037 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0036 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0035 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0034 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0033 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0032 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0031 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0030 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0029 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0028 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0027 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0026 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0025 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0024 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0023 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0022 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0021 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0020 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0019 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0018 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0017 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0016 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0015 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0014 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0013 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0012 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0011 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0010 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0009 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0008 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0007 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0006 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0005 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0004 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0003 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0002 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" |[[File:2030_0001.png|50px|0001]] || 0001 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0000 || o || ⬤ || 〇 || O | style="background:black"| <span style="color:white"> 〇 </span> | style="background:silver" | |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 100 - 200 O⬤〇o |- | style="background:silver" | || 0200 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 200</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0199 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 199</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0198 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 198 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0197 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 197 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0196 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 196 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0195 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 195 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0194 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 194 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0193 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 193 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0192 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 192 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0191 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 191 </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0190 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 190. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0189 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 189. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0188 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 188.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0187 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 187.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0186 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0185 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 185.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0184 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 184.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0183 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 183. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0182 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 182.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0181 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 181.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0180 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 180.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0179 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 179. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0178 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 178.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0177 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 177.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0176 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 176.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0175 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 175. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0174 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 174.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0173 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 173.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0172 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 172. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0171 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 171. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0170 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 170.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0169 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 169.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0168 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 168.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0167 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 167. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0166 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 166.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0165 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 165.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0164 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 164.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0163 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 163.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0162 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 162.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0161 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 161.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0160 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 160. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0159 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 159.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0158 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 158.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0157 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 157.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0156 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 156.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0155 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 155. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0154 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 154.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0153 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 153.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0152 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 152.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0151 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 151.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0150 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 150.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0149 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 149.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0148 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 148.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0147 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 147.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0146 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 146.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0145 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 145. </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0144 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 144.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0143 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 143.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0142 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 142.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0141 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0140 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0139 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0138 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0137 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0136 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0135 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0134 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0133 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0132 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0131 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0130 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0129 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0128 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0127 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0126 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0125 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0124 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0123 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0122 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0121 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0120 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0119 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0118 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0117 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0116 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"></span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0115 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0114 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0113 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0112 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0111 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0110 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0109 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0108 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0107 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0106 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0105 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0104 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0103 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0102 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0101 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0100 || o || ⬤ || 〇 || O | style="background:black"| <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ o〇⬤O 200 - 300 O⬤〇o |- | style="background:silver" | || 0300 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 200</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0299 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0298 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0297 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0296 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0295 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0294 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0293 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0292 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0291 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0290 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0289 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0288 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0287 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0286 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0285 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0284 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0283 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0282 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0281 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0280 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0279 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0278 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0277 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0276 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0275 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0274 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0273 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0272 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0271 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0270 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 270.</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0269 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0268 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0267 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0266 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0265 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0264 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0263 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0262 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0261 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0260 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0259 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0258 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0257 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0256 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0255 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0254 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0253 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0252 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0251 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0250 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0249 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0248 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0247 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0246 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0245 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0244 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0243 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0242 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0241 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0240 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0239 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0238 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0237 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0236 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0235 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0234 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0233 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0232 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0231 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0230 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0229 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0228 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0227 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0226 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0225 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0224 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0223 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0222 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0221 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0220 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0219 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0218 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0217 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0216 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"></span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0215 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0214 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0213 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0212 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0211 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0210 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0209 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0208 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0207 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0206 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0205 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0204 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0203 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0202 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver" | || 0101 ||o ||⬤ ||〇 ||O | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |- | style="background:silver"| || 0100 || o || ⬤ || 〇 || O | style="background:black"| <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:silver" | |} == end == == ∞ == === 〇 === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0001.png|350px|0001]] </span> |} ==== Primary ==== ===== 0001 0002 0003 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0001.png|150px|0001]] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 |- || .ice || .pi || .z00 |} ==== Secondary ==== ===== 0004 0005 0006 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 |} ==== Tertiary ==== ===== 0007 0008 0009 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;"| <span style="color:silver"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 |} ==== Quaternary ==== ===== 0010 0011 0012 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 |} ==== Quaternary ==== ===== 0013 0014 0015 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 |} ==== Quinary ==== ===== 0016 0017 0018 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 |} ==== Senary ==== ===== 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> </span><span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 (17) !! 20 (16) !! 21 (15) !! 22 (14) !! 23 (13) |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 !! 27 !! 26 !! 25 !! 24 !! 23 |} ==== Septenary ==== ===== 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0033 0034 0035 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> c) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> b} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span><span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { b } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( c ) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 !! 32 !! 33 !! 34 !! 35 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 !! 27 !! 26 !! 25 !! 24 !! 23 !! 22 !! 21 !! 20 !! 19 !! 18 !! 17 !! 16 !! 15 !! 14 !! 13 !! 12 !! 11 |} ==== Octonary ==== ===== 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> c) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> b} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span><span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white" | | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 !! 32 !! 33 !! 34 !! 35 !! 36 !! 37 !! 38 !! 39 !! 40 !! 41 !! 42 !! 43 !! 44 !! 45 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 !! 27 !! 26 !! 25 !! 24 !! 23 !! 22 !! 21 !! 20 !! 19 !! 18 !! 17 !! 16 !! 15 !! 14 !! 13 !! 12 !! 11 !! 10 !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! 1 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> |- | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white" | | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |} ==== Nonary ==== ===== 0046 0047 0048 0049 0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 ===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> c) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> b} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span><span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 !! 32 !! 33 !! 34 !! 35 !! 36 !! 37 !! 38 !! 39 !! 40 !! 41 !! 42 !! 43 !! 44 !! 45 !! 46 !! 47 !! 48 !! 49 !! 50 !! 51 !! 52 !! 53 !! 54 !! 55 !! 56 !! 57 !! 58 !! 59 !! 60 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 !! 27 !! 26 !! 25 !! 24 !! 23 !! 22 !! 21 !! 20 !! 19 !! 18 !! 17 !! 16 !! 15 !! 14 !! 13 !! 12 !! 11 !! 10 !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! 1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |} ====== * # I / . @ * $ % : _ () {} [] ====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- ! ^.1 !! I.2 !! #.3 !! /.4 !! ..5 !! @.6 !! *.7 !! $.8 !! %.9 !! :.10 !! _.11 !! ;.12 !! ).13 !! }.14 !! ].15 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> </span> |} ==== Denary -1 - +60 Ālīs volat propriīs. ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | rowspan="23" style="background:pink" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> | rowspan="23" style="background:white" | <span style="color:silver"> </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> c) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> b} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span><span style="color:black"> </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> N </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> L</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> [a </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:pink"> {b </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (c) </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:pink"> a] </span> | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> (C) </span> | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> {B} </span> | style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> [A] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 !! 32 !! 33 !! 34 !! 35 !! 36 !! 37 !! 38 !! 39 !! 40 !! 41 !! 42 !! 43 !! 44 !! 45 !! 46 !! 47 !! 48 !! 49 !! 50 !! 51 !! 52 !! 53 !! 54 !! 55 !! 56 !! 57 !! 58 !! 59 !! 60 |- ! 45 !! 44 !! 43 !! 42 !! 41 !! 40 !! 39 !! 38 !! 37 !! 36 !! 35 !! 34 !! 33 !! 32 !! 31 !! 30 !! 29 !! 28 !! 27 !! 26 !! 25 !! 24 !! 23 !! 22 !! 21 !! 20 !! 19 !! 18 !! 17 !! 16 !! 15 !! 14 !! 13 !! 12 !! 11 !! 10 !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! 1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |} ==== Solodenary ==== ==== Duodenary ==== ==== Triodenary ==== rz3lqnjuazlrc3gh0sx10g9nwxlmg5p 0 264724 2832105 2831022 2026-09-07T20:28:33Z Scogdill 1331941 2832105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Dress worn by Queen Victoria at her wedding to Prince Albert in 1840}} = Sandbox = Page to draft revisions for Wikipedia articles. For Gwladys Robinson, see Gwladys Lowther Robinson, [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Marchioness of Ripon]] and, earlier, [[Social Victorians/People/Lowther|Countess of Lonsdale]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} [[Category:1840 works]] [[Category:Royal wedding dresses|Victoria Queen]] [[Category:1840s fashion]] [[Category:British royal attire]] [[Category:Dresses in the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom|Victoria, Wedding]] [[Category:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] = Victorian fashion = ==Women's fashion== == Men's fashion == (Some of this belongs in the general intro to both women's and men's fashion, and some should go here?) * evolving definitions of gender, both femininity and masculinity evolved as concepts. The changing definitions of masculinity affected men's clothing. For the growing and rising middle classes, gender roles became more and more rigid around the concept of the separate spheres, the public for men and the private sphere for women. * Shirts and collars separated: "by 1827 detachable collars became available"<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=The History of Costume: From Ancient Mesopotamia Through the Twentieth Century|last=Payne|first=Blanche|last2=Winakor|first2=Geitel|last3=Farrell-Beck|first3=Jane|publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman|year=1992|isbn=0-06-047141-7|edition=2nd|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (477) * Beau Brummell: "Men began to aspire to fine cutting, tailoring, and perfect fit in their clothes, flawless grooming and manners in themselves. The Englishman George Bryan (Beau) Brummell deserves much credit for the ideal of meticulous masculine appearance."<ref name=":25" /> (458) "From 1796 to 1816, the Beau set the pattern for cleanliness and liberal use of starch." (459) * The most sweeping change in men’s fashion before 1820 was the length of their pants. Trousers that went from waist to foot were so much more comfortable and popular than knee breeches that they replaced what had dominated men’s wear since the sixteenth century. And trousers have been worn for over two centuries now. * "During the 1820s and 1830s, men sometimes wore two waistcoats, in combinations like white velvet over rose-and-gold brocade."<ref name=":25" /> (474) Men's waistcoats (or vests) could be colorful and embellished so that they were the focus of the ensemble of dark colored fabric of the jacket and trousers. By the end of the 19th century waistcoats made from the same fabric as the trousers and coat dominated men’s fashion. Cultural sources for men's clothing and men's fashion: industrial revolution; expanding middle class; technological advancements; an association in the culture between outward appearance and inward nature; French Revolution; Albert Edward, Prince of Wales Sarah Gharmallah Alzahrani and Safia Abdelaziz Saroukh (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Safia-Saroukh/publication/385099194_The_Semiotic_Dimension_of_Men's_Fashion_in_Modern_Eras/links/671686fbd796f96b8ec4f90e/The-Semiotic-Dimension-of-Mens-Fashion-in-Modern-Eras.pdf):<blockquote>A study: (Historical, and Cultural Impact on the Costume Development) showed that depending on the functional and aesthetic characteristics, the division of clothing according to gender and age continued for centuries, whether informal or ceremonial, and varied according to gender, general style, nature of the jewelry, as well as family status, and stated that the traditional costume indirectly linked man to nature, as it was a gateway to the relationship between the body (the small world) and the world (the big world) [20].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alzahrani|first=Sarah Gharmallah|last2=Saroukh|first2=Safia Abdelaziz|date=2024|title=The Semiotic Dimension of Men's Fashion in Modern Eras|url=http://www.sciencepg.com/journal/ijla|journal=International Journal of Literature and Arts|volume=Vol. 12, No. 5|via=Research Gate}}</ref> (136) [20] Park, S.J., & Park, K.S. (2006). Semiotic Analysis on Advertisement Expression of Men's Toiletries. The Research Journal of the Costume Culture, 14(2), 234-246.</blockquote>Citation for Victorian Hell: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://victorianhell.substack.com/p/victorian-mens-fashion-history-and|title=Victorian Men’s Fashion History and Clothing Guide|last="It's Monty, Actually"|date=31 October 2025|website=Victorian Hell|access-date=7 September 2026}}</ref> ['''new content'''] “Tailored wool garments , originally inspired by the clothing of English country gentry, formed the backbone of men’s wardrobes in the early nineteenth century.”<ref name=":25" /> (458) Men’s clothing began to change from styles that were colorful and flamboyant in the eighteenth century to styles that emphasized cut over color. By the end of the century men’s clothing had settled into a kind of uniform with coats and trousers usually made of the same fabric, often with a vest or waistcoat of the same fabric. The uniform included a shirt with a stiff collar, a necktie and very little jewelry. It took the entire nineteenth century to change to a rather static style that is still worn today. Although women followed Paris fashion in Europe and America, London tailors led the way for men’s fashion. The Industrial Revolution actually impacted men’s fashion more than women’s.  Sewing machines in factories began mass producing cheap clothing for the largest group in the population, the working class. Ready-made clothing affected the social structure, the economy, and the gender differentiation. '''Romanticism''' placed men in the public sphere and women in the domestic sphere. More than that “the cult of youth . . . the secularization of sport and the influence of modern warfare in generating men’s fashions, the tendency to prefer modern ideas of comfort and convenience, and the transformation of fashion knowledge and fashion urbanism from print to hyperreality” (McNeil 1 or 411) changed the perceptions of masculinity and femininity.<blockquote>This sudden and profound shift in the style of men’s clothes was coined ‘The Great Male Renunciation’ by psychologist John Flugel in 1930. He argued that at the end of the 18th century, men gave up any claim to be considered beautiful and became instead “only useful.” [*Kirby, Carolyn. The invention of masculine fashion. ''Historia'' <nowiki>https://historiamag.com/invent-masculine-fashion/</nowiki>]</blockquote>Paper patterns, introduced in fashion magazines that targeted women, along with domestic sewing machines had more impact on women’s fashion than men’s. Haute couture was still being individually constructed by tailors or dressmakers or fashion houses like Maison Worth. === Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements === * the railroad * mass production of fabrics for working-class men's clothing ** Jacquard looms ** * industrial sewing machines * aniline dyes, including black === Expanding Middle Class === * gender roles getting more clearly defined and rigid (referring back to page overview) * The growing middle class involved among other things more and more jobs and careers for young men as clerks, office workers, they were junior, subordinate, and they were commuting on the railroads from suburbs. Carolyn Kirby:<blockquote>In western Europe the fashion for plain dark suits coincided with the rise of the affluent middle-classes in a world where the pace of industrialisation and the globalisation of trade was accelerating as never before. The sharp, dark business suit became the last word in male power-dressing. And so it remains to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historiamag.com/invent-masculine-fashion/|title=The invention of masculine fashion|last=Kirby|first=Carolyn|date=3 December 2025|website=Historia: Magazine of the Historical Writers' Association|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref></blockquote>Sarah Gharmallah Alzahrani and Safia Abdelaziz Saroukh (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Safia-Saroukh/publication/385099194_The_Semiotic_Dimension_of_Men's_Fashion_in_Modern_Eras/links/671686fbd796f96b8ec4f90e/The-Semiotic-Dimension-of-Mens-Fashion-in-Modern-Eras.pdf):<blockquote>The Industrial Revolution that began in the late 18th century had a great impact on the development of fashion in the 19th century, there was a clear change in men's clothing at the beginning of the 19th century, not only in style but also in the appearance of the English sewing machine, and from this date, English clothing became world-class, and this was not only for England but for all of Europe is undoubtedly due to the French Revolution that stripped Europe of its previous leadership of fashion, so the 19th century belonged to the English in terms of fashion [16]. [16]  Hussein, T. (2002). The History and Development of Fashion „Part III‟ Modern Times, Nahdet Misr for Printing and Publishing, Cairo.</blockquote> === French Revolution === David Kuchta:<blockquote>... since 1666, male gentility has been associated with modesty and plainness in dress. Eschewing fashion as an increasingly feminized realm Charles II's vest inaugurated a new and essentially modern era of masculine aesthetics, one that reversed a long-held association between elaborate display and high social status. Manly thrift now displayed elite status.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Three-Piece Suit and Modern Masculinity, England 1550–1850|last=Kutcha|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles}}</ref> (2)</blockquote>Sarah Gharmallah Alzahrani and Safia Abdelaziz Saroukh (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Safia-Saroukh/publication/385099194_The_Semiotic_Dimension_of_Men's_Fashion_in_Modern_Eras/links/671686fbd796f96b8ec4f90e/The-Semiotic-Dimension-of-Mens-Fashion-in-Modern-Eras.pdf):<blockquote>The 19th century started with a fashion landscape that was changing dramatically and rapidly from the styles of a generation earlier. The French Revolution brought fashions that had been emerging since the 1780s to the forefront. Neoclassicism now defined fashion as both men and women taking inspiration from classical antiquity. For women, the high-waisted silhouette in lightweight muslin was the dominant style, while fashionable men looked to the tailors of Britain for a new, refined look [17]. [17]  Franklin, H. (Aug 18, 2020). Published on Jun 25, 2020, Retrieved: <nowiki>https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1800-1809/</nowiki> 11/11/2023. Edited. ...</blockquote>Brent Shannon:<blockquote>"Costume," wrote Max Beerbohm in 1896, "enables us to classify any 'professional man' at a glance, be he lawyer, leech or who not" (24–25). A man's profession and class were read by his jacket, his hat, what he rode in, and how he carried himself. "Perhaps there is a tendency among Englishmen to judge a man too much by the shape of his hat or the kind of collar he wears," conduct author John Wanamaker confessed; "But one must remember that in England if you ''wear'' the wrong thing, you will probably ''do'' the wrong thing, and generally ''be'' the wrong thing" (1).<sup>11</sup> Such assertions were predicated on the powerful Victorian conviction that outward appearance reflected inner qualities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cut of His Coat: Men, Dress, and Consumer Culture in Britain, 1860–1914|last=Shannon|first=Brent Alan|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2006|location=Athens, Ohio}}</ref> (148)</blockquote> === Influence of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales === Albert Edward, Prince of Wales was very concerned with fashion and authoritative about it, with a very specific eye to small details. McNeil:<blockquote>When that great lover of pleasure, Edward VII, visited Marienbad incognito as the Duke of Lancaster, he was followed by tailors from Paris, Budapest, Vienna, and Berlin who photographed him and took notes about his clothes. Edward VII introduced many [423–424] novelties into men’s fashion. For the countryside such as at Sandringham, he permitted an informal dress code. The Henry Poole ledger marked as “HRH 1865” is for an evening coat without tails, the first “dinner jacket.” He is also credited with making fashionable the creased trouser in 1909 (his groom dried them with a board weight after heavy rain, resulting in the line), turned-up cuff trouser (after hitching his trouser bot- toms at a dirty racing track) and, as his girth grew, undoing the bottom button of his waistcoat.<ref>McNeil, Peter. "Men's Fashion: 1800–2022." Chapter 22. ''The Routledge History of Fashion and Dress, 1800 to the Present''. Routledge, 2024. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/182707/2/Men%27s%20Fashion%20200822_24_12_20_09_29_44.pdf DOI: 10.4324/9780429295607-27.</ref></blockquote>Virginia Cowles:<blockquote>It would be wrong to give the impression that the Heir Apparent was unhappy. If he could not work, at least he could play, and he did this very well. He loved being royal. He revelled in the rank and authority and privilege and luxury that accompanied the role of Prince of Wales. There were radicals who liked to lampoon him, and courtiers who wanted to reform him. But there was a much bigger group, a rich, fashionable, powerful society who adored him, fawned on him, gratified him, and copied everything he did. Paradoxically this adulation often increased the Prince’s freedom of movement. A contemporary writer states that it was possible for the Prince of Wales to walk along Piccadilly, or St. James’ Street or Pall Mall without being recognized. Why? Because photography was still undeveloped? Oh no. It was due to ‘the curious fact that there are in society several gentlemen who bear an extraordinary resemblance to him, and who take some pride in dressing and moving exactly like him, so that it is often very difficult to identify him as he passes in the street on foot or in a hansom cab. But the vogue of imitating the Prince did not stop at his beard, his clothes and his walk. Once when he had an attack of rheumatism in his shoulder, he was obliged to shake hands with his '''expo''' pressed stiffly to his side. Immediately this peculiar hand-shake was adopted by fashionable London. And when Alexandra [128–129] had a severe illness in the late sixties which left her lame for life, the smartest ladies in the land began to walk with a slightly halting gait, which became known as ‘the Alexandra Limp’. The aping of royalty was not considered vulgar. On the whole the Prince and Princess were amused and flattered by it, but every now and then someone went too far. On one occasion a rich manufacturer from the North drove in the Park with his horses wearing headbands of the royal scarlet used exclusively by the Prince. The Heir Apparent did not attempt to hide his displeasure. His blue eyes grew cold, and his lower lip protruded in the famous Guelph pout. As a sharp lesson to the perpetrators of this unforgivably bad taste he drove in the Park the next day with his horses wearing black headbands. The manufacturer’s wife and daughters could not fail to observe the significance of this slight, and left the Park in tears; and the Prince’s friends congratulated him on his clever rebuff. The Prince was not just ‘a swell’. In the jargon of the day he was ‘a heavy swell’, and apparently there was a world of difference between the two terms. A swell was a rich young aristocrat who lived in extreme comfort; but a heavy swell added showmanship to the comfort and lived in a stylish luxury that even the French were obliged to envy. And of course the heavy swell was the acme of sartorial elegance. The Prince did not mind changing his dress half a dozen times a day. He loved clothes, and since whatever he chose to wear became the prevailing fashion overnight, he soon was regarded as an expert on the subject. His tailor-in-chief made a fortune. For many years he patronised a Mr. Poole. He discovered this gentleman by accident. He went to the theatre one night to see a well-known actor by the name of Fecher playing ‘Robert Macaire’. As an impecunious adventurer [129–130] Fechter was obliged to wear a coat that was torn and dirty, but Bertie’s expert eye noticed the elegant cut. At the end of the performance he asked Fechter for the name of his tailor, and Mr. Poole’s future was assured. The Prince had so many clothes he could never travel with less than two valets; and two more valets were left at home cleaning, brushing and pressing his vast wardrobe. There were suits and coats for every variation of every climate the world over. There were over a hundred pieces of headgear; and since Bertie was an honorary admiral and an honorary general of most of the countries of Europe, there was an entire room devoted to uniforms, sashes, epaulettes, belts, buckles, swords, feathers and other regalia. As the years rolled on the Prince became an ever-increasing authority on dress. Tailors from all over Europe used to gather to study his clothes. Their favorite meeting place was Homburg, and later, Marienbad. Here they could catch a glimpse of the Prince half a dozen times a day, strolling along the promenade, or riding in an open carriage. Once Bertie dressed hurriedly and forgot to fasten the last button on his waistcoat; this became a permanent fashion. British manufacturers were not slow to realise what an asset they had in the Heir Apparent and kept a vigilant eye on his movements. Once, one of them declared in outraged tones that he was buying his gloves in France. A storm blew up of such proportions that the Prince’s secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, was forced to make a statement to the press. First, he declared that the Prince always had his gloves made in England, and second (and this was calculated to silence the critics) that His Royal Highness was very economical in the use of gloves and only found it necessary to order two dozen pairs a year. Men’s clothes became of such importance that new [130–131] shops sprang up like mushrooms in Savile Row, Clifford Street and Bond Street. Most of the Prince’s innovations were inspired by comfort and convenience. He altered the cut of the evening dress waistcoat, he shortened the tails on the tail coat, he left his frock coat open (due to an increasing girth), he introduced the black homburg, and he attended race meetings, not in the frock coat hitherto ''de regueur'' but in tweeds. He tried having his trousers creased down the sides rather than the front and back, in order to hide his bandy legs, but this idea did not catch on, and he soon discarded it himself. But the prince was not the only arbiter of men’s fashions. The band of  "heavy swells" who followed his lead gave him plenty of competition. Lord Raglan and Lord Petersham invented coats which are still named after them. Lord Dupplin the dinner jacket and Lord Cardigan the button-up sweater. But Lord Hardwicke made the most spectacular contribution. Men’s silk hats were made of beaver which was left in its original rough, shaggy state. Lord Hardwicke polished his hat until he could see his face in it, and consequently was known as "Glossy Top". He is responsible for the top hat as we know it today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gay monarch, the life and pleasures of Edward VII|last=Cowles|first=Virginia|publisher=Harper|year=1956|location=New York, New York|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/gaymonarchlifepl0000cowl/}}</ref> (128–131)</blockquote> === Overview of What Victorian Men Wore === ==== Men’s Clothing 1830 -1900 ==== Men’s clothing in the nineteenth century began to change from styles that were colorful and flamboyant to styles that emphasized cut over color. By the end of the century men’s clothing had settled into a kind of uniform with trousers and jacket usually made of the same fabric, often with a vest or waistcoat of the same fabric. The uniform included a shirt with a stiff collar, a necktie and very little jewelry. It took the entire nineteenth century to change to a rather static style that is still worn today. (this is middle-class men for day wear?) Overcoats became a significant fashion element and many styles were seen throughout the century. Jackets, trousers and waistcoats underwent many subtle changes as did neck treatments Breeches: Men’s bifurcated garment that ended just below the knee Trousers: men’s bifurcated garment that went down to the ankles or foot ==== Silhouette ==== The silhouette for men sometimes followed the same line as women’s clothing on the top half of their bodies.. For example, as women’s sleeves grew into the huge leg-of-mutton fullness, the shoulders of men’s coats also had added fabric to make a pouf at the shoulder, thus emphasizing a broad shouldered look across the front. Men’s silhouettes changed subtly without the exaggerated fullness of women’s skirts or the raising and lowering of the neckline. Once men began to wear trousers, they did not go back to formal knee breeches (except in European courts). (or for court wear for Victoria) ==== Coats and Shirts ==== Several styles of coats were available to fashion-conscious aristocratic and upper-middle-class men. Men’s suits in this period were tailor made, fitted to one specific man. The factories, however, knew that the vast majority of men were working class and began to manufacture and sell  ready-made shirts, coats and trousers. More clothes were available for working men and they cost less. The cheaper work clothes enabled upper-working-class men to own more than one set of clothes and to have more formal clothes for church or other events. Ready-made shirts were also available in generic sizes, small, medium and large. Generic sizing speeded up the mass production process and, since little of the shirts could be seen, they did not need custom fitting. Neck treatments (and shirt cuffs) ==== Trousers ==== This bifurcated garment was modified in specific places, like the length, the fullness over the hips or the width of the leg. In summer trousers were lighter in color–”grayish blue, aqua and pearl gray.” (Payne 505) in winter trousers mixed darker colors (like “steel gray and brown, black and brown, and black and green.” (Payne 505) Aristocrats and upper middle class men continued to have their suits tailored particularly for them. Working class men had to contend with small, medium, and large from mass production. ==== Waistcoats ==== Victorian men put all their creativity, color and specialty fabrics into their waistcoats. At the beginning of the century men had their waistcoats made from specialty fabrics, like velvet or brocade or a patterned silk. Often, men were seen wearing two waistcoats at the same time. Long after coats and trousers were made from the same dark wool, waistcoats continued to be colorful. By the end of the century, the coats and trousers were mostly made from the same fabric often including a waistcoat of the fabric. ==== Overcoats ==== Kay, Fiona and Neil R. Storey, ''Victorian Fashions for Women'', Pen & Sword History, Yorkshire - Philadelphia, 2022 ==== Notes & Quotes ==== Sarah Gharmallah Alzahrani and Safia Abdelaziz Saroukh (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Safia-Saroukh/publication/385099194_The_Semiotic_Dimension_of_Men's_Fashion_in_Modern_Eras/links/671686fbd796f96b8ec4f90e/The-Semiotic-Dimension-of-Mens-Fashion-in-Modern-Eras.pdf):<blockquote>Men's clothing during this century consisted of black, brown, blue (dark, shiny, or bright), olive green, and grey. The preferred beautiful colors for evening wear were blue, followed by brown and green, while the fabrics for summer trousers were dark grey or black (with blue coats), and for daywear were light colors such as white or beige (Hussein, T. 2002). [16]. [16]  Hussein, T. (2002). The History and Development of Fashion „Part III‟ Modern Times, Nahdet Misr for Printing and Publishing, Cairo.</blockquote> === 1830s and 1840s === ==== Silhouette ==== The line of men’s garments changed in smaller increments than women’s. Coats and trousers might fit tighter in some decades and looser in others. They were slim, then boxy, flared, then straight and evolved into the contemporary line we see on men today. ==== Coats and Shirts ==== Frock coats were introduced in the 1820s and worn throughout the nineteenth century with only minor changes to the line or fit. Sleeves were full at the top and waists were tight, creating an hourglass form. Initially frock coats were tightly fitted and closed with buttons. The more tailored frock coats had a waist seam and a flared skirt almost to the knees. On more formal occasions, a cutaway morning coat was worn with light trousers during the daytime, and a dark tail coat and trousers was worn in the evening. Shirts were made of linen or cotton with low collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide cravats or neck ties. Before shirts were mass produced, they were tailored for upper and wealthy middle class men. Shirts were considered underwear early in the century but by the end of the 1800s, they were becoming the outside garments popular in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. ==== Trousers ==== Trousers or long pants had been introduced and were eagerly accepted by men because they were more comfortable and looser than the tight-fitting knee breeches and coats from earlier in the century. They were originally tailored but began to be mass produced. Although the aristocracy were required to wear knee breeches at court, they wore trousers more than they wore breeches. Aristocrats and upper middle class could afford the well-tailored cut and fit of individually hand sewn trousers and coats. ==== Waistcoats ==== “Waistcoats (or vests) remained colorful, items in men’s wardrobes after the rest of their costumes had become plain.” (Payne 460-462) They could be  single- or double-breasted, with shawl or notched collars, and might be finished in double points at the lowered waist. Collars gradually lowered over the course of the two decades. Often the colorful vests were decorated with fur or velvet collars. ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1840s in fashion|1840s]], men wore tight-fitting, calf length [[frock coat]]s and a [[waistcoat]] or vest. Sleeves were full at the top and waists were tight, creating an hourglass form. Waistcoats were single- or double-breasted, with shawl or notched collars, and might be finished in double points at the lowered waist. For more formal occasions, a cutaway morning coat was worn with light trousers during the daytime, and a dark tail coat and trousers was worn in the evening. Shirts were made of linen or cotton with low collars, occasionally turned down, and were worn with wide [[Cravat (early)|cravat]]s or neck ties. Trousers had fly fronts, and [[breeches]] were used for formal functions and when horseback riding. Men wore [[top hat]]s, with wide brims in sunny weather. === 1850s === '''Silhouette''' '''Coats and Shirts''' “Although the frock coat was worn throughout the century, it lost its dominant position in the 1850s, when the morning coat began to replace it.”  ''Victorian Men’s Fashion History and Clothing Guide'' <nowiki>https://victorianhell.substack.com/p/victorian-mens-fashion-history-and</nowiki> A jacket shorter than the frock coat or morning coat that had visible pockets began to be worn in about 1850. By the 1860s, it had become the most popular casual coat. Cutaway tail coats were still reserved for formal occasions. All of these coats could be single or double breasted. During the 1850s, men started wearing shirts with high upstanding or turnover collars and four-in-hand neckties tied in a bow, or tied in a knot with the pointed ends sticking out like "wings". '''Trousers''' Trousers had fly fronts, and breeches were used for formal functions and when horseback riding. '''Waistcoats'''<br /> ==== Notes & Quotes ==== * transition from frock coats to ditto suits, 1850s (Payne, 463) According to Judith Flanders,<blockquote>While hackney drivers were also considered to be stereotypically shabby, hansom-cab drivers were generally represented as smartly dressed. A print in 1850 showed a driver in a snappy brown coat instead of the coachman’s heavy multiple-caped outfit, pale green striped trousers, short boots and top hat, the [167–168] reins held daintily in his gloved hands. Both cab and coach drivers wore top hats, but cabbies of a sporting bent later switched to bowlers, and in summer donned bright checked outfits.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London|last=Flanders|first=Judith|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2012|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (167–168 [of 972])</blockquote> ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1850s in fashion|1850s]], men started wearing shirts with high upstanding or turnover [[collar (clothing)|collars]] and [[necktie#Four-in-hand|four-in-hand necktie]]s tied in a bow, or tied in a knot with the pointed ends sticking out like "wings". The upper-class continued to wear top hats, and [[bowler hat]]s were worn by the working class. === 1860s === ==== Original Text ==== In the [[1860s in fashion|1860s]], men started wearing wider neckties that were tied in a bow or looped into a loose knot and fastened with a stickpin. Frock coats were shortened to knee-length and were worn for business, while the mid-thigh length [[sack coat]] slowly displaced the frock coat for less-formal occasions, with the overall effect of a looser silhouette. Top hats briefly became the very tall "stovepipe" shape, but a variety of other hat shapes were popular.[[File:Mens Coats 1872 Fashion Plate.jpg|thumb|upright|Drawing of Victorian men 1870s]] === 1870s === * To correct and prevent errors being made in court dress, in 1875 the Lord Chamberlain published ''Dress Worn by Gentleman at Her Majesty's Court'', "a summary of regulations for court uniform and dress."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dress_worn_by_Gentlemen_at_Her_Majesty_s/pvrbQCXq0MEC?hl=en|title=Dress worn by Gentlemen at Her Majesty's Court|last=Britain)|first=Victoria (Queen of Great|date=1875|language=en}}</ref> This is the kind of thing Bertie really cared about. ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1870s in fashion|1870s]], three-piece suits grew in popularity along with patterned fabrics for shirts. Neckties were the four-in-hand and, later, the [[Ascot tie]]s. A narrow ribbon tie was an alternative for tropical climates, especially in the Americas. Both frock coats and sack coats became shorter and more form fitting. Flat straw boaters were worn when boating. === 1880s === ==== Original Text ==== During the [[1880s in fashion|1880s]], formal evening dress remained a dark tail coat and trousers with a dark waistcoat, a white bow tie, and a shirt with a winged collar. In mid-decade, the dinner jacket or [[tuxedo]], was used in more relaxed formal occasions. The [[Norfolk jacket]] and tweed or woolen breeches were used for rugged outdoor pursuits such as shooting. Knee-length topcoats, often with contrasting velvet or fur collars, and calf-length overcoats were worn in winter. Men's shoes had higher heels and a narrow toe. === 1890s === ==== Original Text ==== Starting from the [[1890s in fashion|1890s]], the [[blazer]] was introduced, and was worn for sports, sailing, and other casual activities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Landow|first=George|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/costume/90s/2.html|title=Men's informal sporting dress, late 1880s and '90s}}</ref> Throughout much of the Victorian era most men wore fairly short hair. This was often accompanied by various forms of facial hair including moustaches, side-burns, and full beards. A clean-shaven face did not come back into fashion until the end of the 1880s and early 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/art/costume/nunn21.html|title=Victorian Men's Fashions, 1850–1900: Hair}}</ref> Distinguishing what men really wore from what was marketed to them in periodicals and advertisements is difficult, as reliable records do not exist.<ref name="shannon597">{{cite journal|last=Shannon|first=Brent|title=Refashioning Men: Fashion, Masculinity, and the Cultivation of the Male Consumer in Britain, 1860–1914|journal=Victorian Studies|year=2004|volume=46|issue=4|pages=597–630|doi=10.1353/vic.2005.0022}}</ref> === Notes === *Men's suits buttoned higher up than today (Payne, 467) * Norfolk jackets and sack suits (Payne, 471) * formal attire, tuxedos with tails, cutaways (Payne, 469) * Keith Middlemas (https://archive.org/details/storyoffiesta00huxf/page/200/mode/2up?q=fashion) *Brent Shannon. "Refashioning Men: Fashion, Masculinity, and the Cultivation of the Male Consumer in Britain, 1860–1914." Victorian Studies 46, no. 4 (Summer 2004): 597–630. == Hats and headwear == [[File:Ford.madox.brown.last.emma.study.jpg|thumb|''Emma Hill'' by [[Ford Madox Brown]] (1853), a woman wearing a later version of the [[poke bonnet]]]] [[File:Hoed,_objectnr_KA_1237.tif|left|thumb|Perched bonnet style of the early 1870s.]] Hats were crucial to a respectable appearance for both men and women. === Men's Hats === The top hat, for example, was standard formal wear for upper- and middle-class men.[Payne] According to Blanche Payne, "The high top hat, usually black or dark gray, had reached its characteristic shape by 1798 and dominated the entire nineteenth century." (457–58) Although top hats were the dominant hat in the 19th century, other hats became popular for working classes and lower income middle class. “The style of an individual’s hat varied, depending on fashion and their social position, as well as their profession or chosen activity..” ''Goodman 53 of 460'' Other hats that became necessary and popular include the Derby, the straw Boater, and a flat cap with a short brim. In many cases the class, work activity and income could be determined by what kind of hat was on the head of the wearer. For some men, a hat supporting a particular sport or team was important. The Derby or Bowler hat was designed by William and Thomas Bowler, brother shopkeepers in 1849. ''(Goodman 55 of 460)'' It cost less than a top hat but  lasted longer and was soon worn by middle class bankers and clerks. Straw boaters were worn by the aristocracy for casual events and working class factory workers and agricultural laborers. By 1901 working class men had changed their preference to the flat caps which became the most popular hat for the workers. Headdress for men was an essential part of dress for the entire period of the Victorian age, from the 1830s through the end of the century. Judith Flanders describes the hats worn by men in London, <blockquote>It is difficult to bear in mind the importance of hats as not only markers of class and income, but also as indicators of respectability. [509–519] [George Augustus] Sala commented that "every" man throughout the history of the world "must, necessarily and habitually, wear some kind of covering to his head". Postmen wore hats, small children wore hats, field labourers and market gardeners wore hats, cricketers, skaters — all sportsmen — wore hats. It was, self-evidently, impossible to go outdoors without one. ... Those in professional occupations wore pot hats, as did clerks and all those with pretensions to middle-class status. Even doctors' delivery boys wore battered hand-me-down pot hats: "the nap rusty, the band a mournful strip of tarnished lace; but still a Hat", which "stamps him as being associated, in however slender a manner, with a learned profession". Cloth caps were for labourers, for costers and for boys. ... Artisans wore caps made out of paper, which they folded [510–511] themselves and so could easily replace as they became dirty.<ref name=":23" /> (509–511 [of 972]) </blockquote>A pot-hat is a kind of derby or bowler in men's hats. (Lewandowski, 237) ==== Original Text ==== Hats were crucial to a respectable appearance for both men and women. The top hat, for example, was standard formal wear for upper- and middle-class men.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Steele |first=Valerie |url=https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee |title=Victorian Fashion. Fashion and Eroticism: Ideals of Feminine Beauty from the Victorian Era to the Jazz Age |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-19-503530-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee/page/51 51]–84 |url-access=registration}}</ref> For women, the styles of hats changed over time and were designed to match their outfits. === Women's Hats === For a discussion of the history of plumes and feathers, see [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Ostrich Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers in ''Victorian Things'']]. ==== Original Wikipedia Text ==== During the early Victorian decades, hats were modest in size and design, straw and fabric bonnets being the popular choice. [[Poke bonnet]]s, which had been worn during the late [[Regency period]], had high, small crowns and brims that grew larger until the 1830s, when the face of a woman wearing a poke bonnet could only be seen directly from the front. They had rounded brims, echoing the rounded form of the bell-shaped hoop skirts. Bonnets shrunk at the end of the 1860s and moved to a perched position in the early 1870s as hairstyles grew in scale and intricacy. This led to the popularization of hats, which became the headwear of choice for the remainder of the Victorian era.<ref name="g4223">{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=Cecil Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century |date=1990-05-01 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=0-486-26323-1 |publication-place=New York |page=}}</ref> [[File:The_London_and_Paris_ladies'_magazine_(Apr_1885)_03.png|thumb|Flower pot style hat of 1885.]] The 1880s saw a hat inspired by the top hat for women known as the flowerpot hat, and the 1890s saw the popularity of the boater. The hats of the late Victorian era were covered with elaborate creations of silk flowers, ribbons, and above all, exotic plumes; hats sometimes included entire exotic birds that had been stuffed. Many of these plumes came from birds in the Florida everglades, which were nearly made entirely extinct by overhunting. By 1899, early environmentalists like [[Adeline Knapp]] were engaged in efforts to curtail the hunting for plumes. By 1900, more than five million birds a year were being slaughtered, and nearly 95 per cent of Florida's shore birds had been killed by [[Plume hunting|plume hunter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everglades National Park|url=https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/parks/everglades/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927085907/http://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/parks/everglades/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2009|publisher=PBS|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> == Shoes == The women's shoes of the early Victorian period were narrow and heelless, in black or white satin. By 1850s and 1860s, they were slightly broader with a low heel and made of leather or cloth. Ankle-length laced or buttoned boots were also popular. From the 1870s to the twentieth century, heels grew higher and toes more pointed. Low-cut pumps were worn for the evening.<ref name=":4" /> == Cosmetics == [[Victorian-era cosmetics]] were typically less obvious than ours. However, small amounts of pale face powder or powdered blush were widely used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Ruth |title=How to be a Victorian |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-92136-2 |location=London}}</ref> Tints were sometimes added to face creams. Some cosmetics contained toxic or caustic ingredients like lead, mercury, ammonia, and arsenic {{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}. Hair color ==Mourning black== {{See also |Mourning stationery}} [[File:The royal children in mourning Mar 1862.jpg|thumb|Victoria's five daughters (Alice, Helena, Beatrice, Victoria and Louise), photographed wearing mourning black beneath a bust of their late father, Prince Albert (1862)]] [[File:Mourning dress MET 50.40.3a-b front CP4.jpg|alt=Black Victorian mourning dress|thumb|Mourning Dress, 1894–95]] In Britain, black is the colour traditionally associated with mourning for the dead. The customs and etiquette expected of men, and especially women, were rigid but evolving during much of the Victorian era. The expectations depended on a complex hierarchy of close or distant relationship with the deceased. (Davidoff) The closer the relationship, the longer the mourning period and the wearing of black. The wearing of full black was known as First Mourning, which had its own expected attire, including fabrics, and an expected duration of 4 to 18 months. Following the initial period of First Mourning, the mourner would progress to Second Mourning, a transition period of wearing less black, which was followed by Ordinary Mourning, and then Half-mourning. Some of these stages of mourning were shortened or skipped completely if the mourner's relationship to the deceased was more distant. Half-mourning was a transition period when black was replaced by acceptable colours such as lavender and mauve, possibly considered acceptable transition colours because of the tradition of [[Church of England]] (and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) clergy wearing lavender or mauve [[Stole (vestment)|stoles]] for funeral services, to represent the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Colors of the Church Year|url=http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/colors.htm|publisher=Consortium of Country Churches|access-date=6 November 2011|archive-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113075214/http://fullhomelydivinity.org/articles/colors.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mourning dress worn by Queen Victoria (below, right) "shows the traditional touches of mourning attire, which she wore from the death of her husband, Prince Albert (1819–1861), until her own death."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/155839?&searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&deptids=8&ft=queen+victoria&offset=0&rpp=20&amp;pos=2|title=Mourning Dress, 1894–95|last=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=7 September 2019|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Dating from 1894–95, Queen Victoria wore this dress as a result of the death of the eldest son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Eddy, in line to the throne. === Norms for mourning=== ''Manners and Rules of Good Society, or, Solecisms to be Avoided'' (London, Frederick Warne & Co., 1887) gives clear instructions, such as the following:<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|pages=378–83}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Relationship to deceased !! First mourning !! Second mourning !! Ordinary mourning !! Half-mourning |- | Wife for husband || 1-year, 1-month; [[bombazine]] fabric covered with [[Crape|crepe]]; [[widow's cap]], [[lawn cuff]]s, collars || 6 months: less crepe || 6 months: no crepe, silk or wool replaces bombazine; in last 3 months jet jewellery and ribbons can be added || 6 months: colours permitted are grey, lavender, mauve, and black-and-grey |- | Daughter for parent || 6 months: black with black or white crepe (for young girls); no linen cuffs and collars; no jewellery for first 2 months || 4 months: less crepe || – || 2 months as above |- | Wife for husband's parents || 18 months in black bombazine with crepe || – || 3 months in black || 3 months as above |- | Parent for son- or daughter-in-law's parent || – Black armband in representation of someone lost || – || 1-month black || – |- | Second wife for parent of a first wife || – || – || 3 months black || – |} The complexity of these etiquette rules extends to specific mourning periods and attire for siblings, step-parents, aunts and uncles distinguished by blood and by marriage, nieces, nephews, first and second cousins, children, infants, and "connections" (who were entitled to ordinary mourning for a period of "1–3 weeks, depending on level of intimacy"). Men were expected to wear mourning black to a lesser extent than women, and for a shorter mourning period. After the mid-19th century, men would wear a black hatband and black suit, but for only half the prescribed period of mourning expected of women. Widowers were expected to mourn for a mere three months, whereas the proper mourning period expected for widows was up to four years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|pages=378–9}}</ref> Women who mourned in black for longer periods were accorded great respect in public for their devotion to the departed, the most prominent example being Queen Victoria herself. It was not uncommon for a widow who did not remarry to wear half-mourning for the rest of her life, except when another death necessitated full mourning. For example, Alexandra, Princess of Wales wore half-mourning for the rest of her life after her eldest son Eddy died in 1894. Empress Elisabeth of Austria did the same, as did Empress Eugénie of France. They reverted to full mourning when appropriate, but they never wore less than half-mourning after their sons' deaths. Women with lesser financial means tried to keep up with the example being set by the middle and upper classes by dyeing their daily dress. Dyers made most of their income during the Victorian period by dyeing clothes black for mourning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flanders|first=Judith|title=The Victorian House|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|page=341}}</ref> == Technological advancement == The technological changes that affected the manufacture and consumption of clothing in the Victorian age included the following: * the mass production of fabrics — for example, "by the early 1850s there were thousands of steam-powered looms churning out millions of miles of fabric every year"  [62] * the invention of aniline dyes, which were much more vibrantly colored and resistant to fading than the natural dyes that had been used. — . Invented by chemist [[William Henry Perkin]] in 1856, the first aniline dye mauveine (or mauve) "wash[ed] the fashionable landscape in a haze of purple."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=The Dress Diary: Secrets from a Victorian Woman's Wardrobe|last=Strasdin|first=Kate|publisher=Pegasus Books|year=2023|location=New York, New York}}</ref> (247) Other intense and, to the Victorians, intensely exciting colors followed, but the new synthetic additions to fabric sometimes included chemicals harmful to their wearers. For example, a "bright-magenta hue was achieved by adding arsenical-based chemicals to existing aniline dyes, brightening the already luminous shades – but these left residues themselves, along with a toxic labour trail in their wake."<ref name=":22" /> (255) Perhaps the most famous of these is arsenic green, used on fabrics, wallpapers, and trim: "The craze for artificial foliage to adorn the heads and dresses of women of fashion in the mid-nineteenth century had seen the proliferation of flower workshops, where young women in their hundreds laboured to produce the lifelike green leaves and blooms that would make a fetching headdress or would trail becomingly across the bodice of a gown. The lushness of the green was achieved by the application of a powder, a pigment that was created by mixing copper and the highly toxic chemical, arsenic trioxide. The physical effects of working with this poisonous compound were horrific. Contemporary medical drawings depict the green hue of the skin and dreadful open lesions on the hands of the maker, whilst the daily gradual ingestion of the powder by the flower girls was eventually fatal."<ref name=":22" /> (255) * the invention of a sewing machine that could be used in the home. Although sewing machines were already in use in the clothing industry, in 1858 Isaac Merritt Singer began to sell "lightweight domestic machines" for home sewing, radically increasing women's control over their own dress.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Victorian Fashions for Women|last=Kay|first=Fiona|last2=Storey|first2=Neil R.|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2022|isbn=978 1 39900 416 9|location=Yorkshire and Philadelphia|pages=}}</ref> (91 [of 298]) * the spread of journalism for women and fashion journalism * the Jacquard loom: "French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard’s loom attachment mechanized the weaving of figured fabrics by 1804."<ref name=":25" /> (454) Perhaps not at the same scale as these but as important in 1850s designs was a technology that turned iron into steel, which could then be drawn into fine wires.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Culture of Fashion|last=Breward|first=Christopher|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|pages=145–180}}</ref> Steel was refined to a malleable state so that thin blades could be curved into concentric circles (called hoops) and connected with wires to form the cage. Technological advancements not only influenced the economy but brought a major change in the fashion styles worn by men and women. As the Victorian era was based on the principles of gender, race and class.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=P|title=The Victorian Era|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.261548|journal=Digital Library of India}}</ref> Much advancement was in favor of the upper class as they were the ones who could afford the latest technology and change their fashion styles accordingly. In 1830s there was introduction of horse hair crinoline that became a symbol of status and wealth as only the upper-class women could wear it. In 1850s there were more fashion technological advancements hence 1850s could rightly be called a revolution in the Victorian fashion industry such as the innovation of artificial cage crinoline that gave women an artificial hourglass silhouette without layers of petticoats, which was lighter and more hygienic.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shrimpton|first1=J|title=Victorian Fashion|publisher=Bloomsbury Shire Publications}}</ref> Synthetic dyes, such as [[mauveine]] (aniline purple), were introduced in 1856, adding bright colours to garments. In 1855's ''[[Haute couture]]'' was introduced as tailoring became more mainstream in years to follow.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aspelund|first1=Karl|title=Fashioning Society|publisher=Fairchild Books}}</ref> Charles Frederick Worth, a prominent English designer, became popular amongst the upper class though its city of destiny always is Paris. Haute couture became popular at the same time that sewing machines were invented.<ref name="Haute Couture">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard|last2=Koda|first2=Harold|title=Haute Couture|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> Princess [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugenie]] of France wore the Englishman dressmaker, Charles Frederick Worth's couture and he instantly became famous in France though he had just arrived in Paris a few years ago. In 1855, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Britain welcomed [[Napoleon III]] and Eugenie of France to a full state visit to England. Eugenie was considered a fashion icon in France. Queen Victoria, who had been the fashion icon for European high fashion, was inspired by Eugenie's style and the fashions she wore.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} Later, Queen Victoria also appointed Charles Frederick Worth as her dress maker and he became a prominent designer amongst the European upper class. Charles Frederick Worth is known as the father of the haute couture as later the concept of labels were also invented in the late 19th century as custom, made to fit tailoring became mainstream.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Saillard|first1=Olivier|last2=Zazzo|first2=Anne|title=Paris Haute Couture|publisher=Skira Flammarion}}</ref> By the 1860s, when made-to-fit tailoring was popular in Europe, crinolines were considered impractical. In the 1870s, women preferred more slimmer silhouettes, hence bodices grew longer and the polonaise, a skirt and bodice made together, was introduced. In 1870s the Cuirass Bodice, a piece of armour that covers the torso and functions like a corset, was invented. Towards the end of Victoria's reign, dresses were flared naturally as crinolines were rejected by middle-class women. Designers such as Charles Frederick Worth were also against them. All these inventions and changes in fashion led to women's liberation as tailored looks improved posture and were more practical.<ref name="Haute Couture"/> dressmakers, couturiers, modistes == Home decor == {{main|Victorian decorative arts}} Home decor started spare, veered into the elaborately draped and decorated style we today regard as Victorian, then embraced the retro-chic of [[William Morris]] as well as pseudo-[[Japonaiserie]]. == Myths and Oversimplifications == === Modesty === {{main|Victorian morality}} {{Original research|section|date=May 2008}} [[File:1868-skirt-lengths-girl-ages-Harpers-Bazar.gif|thumb|upright|"The proper length for little girls' skirts at various ages", from ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', showing a 1900 idea of how the hemline should descend towards the ankle as a girl got older]]Many myths and exaggerations about the period persist to the modern day. Examples include the idea of men's clothing is seen as formal and stiff, women's as elaborate and over-done; clothing covered the entire body, and even the glimpse of an ankle was scandalous. Critics contend that [[corset]]s constricted women's bodies and lives. Homes are described as gloomy, dark, cluttered with massive and over-ornate furniture and proliferating [[bric-a-brac]]. Myth has it that even piano legs were scandalous, and covered with tiny [[pantalette]]s. === Tight Lacing === Tight-lacing, which was not possible until the development of the grommet in 1828, was famously controversial in the Victorian age, generating many column inches of profitable newspaper copy, in part because it was (and still is) fetishistic and subversive in that adolescent girls used it as a means of rebellion and upper-working- or lower-middle-class shop girls saw it as a means of upward mobility.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=Fashion and Fetishism: Corsets, Tight-Lacing and Other Forms of Body-sculpture|last=Kunzle|first=David|publisher=History Press|year=2013|isbn=978 0 7524 9545 3|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|pages=}}</ref> (71 [of 1182]) No evidence exists that tight lacing was widespread or particularly dangerous.<ref name=":21" /> () In truth, men's formal clothing may have been less colourful than it was in the previous century, but brilliant [[waistcoat]]s and [[cummerbund]]s provided a touch of colour, and [[smoking jacket]]s and [[robe|dressing gown]]s were often of rich Oriental [[brocade]]s. This phenomenon was the result of the growing textile manufacturing sector, developing mass production processes, and increasing attempts to market fashion to men.<ref name="shannon597"/> Corsets stressed a woman's sexuality, exaggerating hips and bust by contrast with a tiny waist. Women's [[evening gown]]s bared the shoulders and the tops of the breasts. The [[jersey dress]]es of the 1880s may have covered the body, but the stretchy novel fabric fit the body like a glove.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gernsheim |first=Alison |title=Victorian & Edwardian Fashion: A Photographic Survey |year=1981 |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |page=65|edition=New |isbn=0-486-24205-6}}</ref> Home furnishing was not necessarily ornate or overstuffed. However, those who could afford lavish draperies and expensive ornaments, and wanted to display their wealth, would often do so. Since the Victorian era was one of increased social mobility, there were ever more ''[[nouveaux riches]]'' making a rich show. The items used in decoration may also have been darker and heavier than those used today, simply as a matter of practicality. London was noisy and its air was full of [[soot]] from countless coal fires. Hence those who could afford it draped their windows in heavy, sound-muffling curtains, and chose colours that didn't show soot quickly. When all washing was done by hand, curtains were not washed as frequently as they might be today. There is no actual evidence that piano legs were considered scandalous. Pianos and tables were often draped with [[shawl]]s or cloths—but if the shawls hid anything, it was the cheapness of the furniture. There are references to lower-middle-class families covering up their [[pine]] tables rather than show that they couldn't afford [[mahogany]]. The piano leg story seems to have originated in the 1839 book, ''A Diary in America'' written by Captain [[Frederick Marryat]], as a satirical comment on American prissiness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marryat |first1=C.B. |title=A Diary in America: With Remarks on Its Institutions |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans |location=London, England |volume=2 |pages=246–247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-VEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246}} From pp. 246-247: "I was requested by a lady to escort her to a seminary for young ladies, and on being ushered into the reception-room, conceive my astonishment at beholding a square piano-forte with four ''limbs''. However, that the ladies who visited their daughters, might feel in its full force the extreme delicacy of the mistress of the establishment, and her care to preserve in their utmost purity the ideas of the young ladies under her charge, she had dressed all these four limbs in modest little trousers, with frills at the bottom of them!"</ref> Victorian manners may have been as strict as imagined—on the surface. One simply did not speak publicly about sex, childbirth, and such matters, at least in the respectable middle and upper classes. However, as is well known, discretion covered a multitude of sins. Prostitution flourished. Upper-class men and women indulged in [[adultery|adulterous]] liaisons. == Gallery == {{gallery |2=A mid-Victorian interior: ''Hide and Seek'' by [[James Tissot]], c. 1877 Image:Winterhalter Elisabeth.jpg|3=Dress designed by [[Charles Frederick Worth]] for [[Elisabeth of Bavaria|Elisabeth of Austria]] painted by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]].|4=File:Frith A Private View detail.jpg|5=[[William Powell Frith]]'s painting of 1883 contrasts women's [[Aesthetic dress]] (left and right) with fashionable attire (center).|6=File:Tissot lilacs 1875.jpg|7=Day dress, c. 1875 [[James Tissot]] painting.|8=File:James Abbot McNeill Whistler 011.jpg|9=[[James McNeill Whistler|Whistler]]'s [[Portrait of Lady Meux]], 1882 Image:Jeanna_Samary-Renoir.png|10=[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir]]'s portrait of [[Jeanne Samary]] in an [[evening gown]], 1878|11=File:Melville_-_Queen_Victoria.jpg|12=Portrait by [[Alexander Melville (artist)|Alexander Melville]] of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], 1845|13=File:Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk.jpg|14=An artistic interior: [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] reading to [[Theodore Watts-Dunton]] in the drawing room at No. 16 [[Cheyne Walk]], 1882|15=File:Punch - Masculine beauty retouched1.png|16=Men's swimwear: Cartoon from ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' by [[George du Maurier]]}} == See also == * [[Emily Clapham]] * [[Victorian decorative arts]] * [[Victorian dress reform]] * [[Victorian morality]] * [[Victoriana]] * [[Women in the Victorian Era]] * [[Charles Frederick Worth]] === Time periods === * [[1830s in fashion]] * [[1840s in fashion]] * [[1850s in fashion]] * [[1860s in fashion]] * [[1870s in fashion]] * [[1880s in fashion]] * [[1890s in fashion]] === Women's clothing === * [[Corset]] * [[Corset controversy]] * [[Tightlacing]] * [[Bloomers (clothing)|Bloomers]] * [[Bodice]] === Contemporary interpretations === * [[Steampunk]] * [[Neo-Victorian]] * [[Lolita Fashion|Lolita]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |author=Phipps, Elena| title= ''From Queen to Empress: Victorian dress 1837-1877'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1988 | isbn=0870995340| url= http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/69547/rec/235 | display-authors=etal}} * Sweet, Matthew – ''Inventing the Victorians'', St. Martin's Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-312-28326-1}} == External links == * [http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-fashion Victorian Fashion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407223711/http://www.victorians.co.uk/victorian-fashion |date=7 April 2018 }} * [https://www.victorianvoices.net/topics/fashion/index.shtml VictorianVoices.net] – Fashion articles and illustrations from Victorian periodicals; extensive fashion image gallery * [http://www.cracked.com/article_19575_5-ridiculous-sex-myths-from-history-you-probably-believe.html Victorian myths] * [http://www.victorianstation.com/lifestylemenu.htm Victorian fashion, etiquette, and sports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103162620/http://www.victorianstation.com/lifestylemenu.htm |date=3 January 2018 }} * [http://www.thesmartset.com/article/article12180701.aspx Background on "A Diary in America"] * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P2_17_EN.html Form and Fashion] — the evolution of women's dress during the 19th century (many photographs) * [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/games/jeu2/ Educational Game: Mix and Match] — build a 19th-century dress using a virtual mannequin * {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/victorian-dress-at-v-and-a/ |title= Victorian Dress |work= Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories |date= 14 January 2011 |access-date= 2011-04-03}} *[http://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/creative-life/fashion-detective-fashion-fiction-and-forensics/ Fashion detective: Fashion, Fiction and Forensics in nineteenth century Australian fashion] on Culture Victoria {{Timeline of clothing and fashion|state=collapsed}}{{Victorian era|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Victorian fashion| ]] [[Category:19th-century fashion|*]] [[Category:1900s fashion]] [[Category:History of Western fashion]] [[Category:19th century in the arts]] =From ''Women in the Victorian era''= ===Victorian women's fashion=== {{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=March 2023}} {{more footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}|section=y}}{{Further|Victorian fashion}} The ideal Victorian woman was pure, chaste, refined, and modest. This ideal was supported by etiquette and manners. The etiquette extended to the pretension of never acknowledging the use of undergarments (sometimes generically referred to as "unmentionables"). The discussion of such a topic, it was feared, would gravitate towards unhealthy attention on anatomical details. As one Victorian lady expressed it: "[those] are not things, my dear, that we speak of; indeed, we try not even to think of them", in contrast to current norms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=C. Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-486-26323-6 |pages=20}}</ref> The pretence of avoiding acknowledgement of anatomical realities met with embarrassing failure on occasion. In 1859, the Hon. Eleanor Stanley wrote about an incident where the [[Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Duchess of Manchester]] moved too quickly while manoeuvring over a [[stile]], tripping over her large [[hoop skirt]]: {{blockquote|[the Duchess] caught a hoop of her cage in it and went regularly head over heels lighting on her feet with her cage and whole petticoats above, above her head. They say there was never such a thing seen – and the other ladies hardly knew whether to be thankful or not that a part of her undergarments consisted in a pair of scarlet tartan [[knickerbockers (clothing)|knickerbockers]] (the things Charlie shoots in) which were revealed to the view of all the world in general and the [[Aimable Pélissier|Duc de Malakoff]] in particular".<ref>{{cite book|last=Cunnington|first=C. Willett|title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations|year=1990|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-26323-6|pages=20–1}}</ref>}} However, despite the fact that Victorians considered the mention of women's undergarments in mixed company unacceptable, men's entertainment made great comedic material out of the topic of ladies' [[bloomers (clothing)|bloomers]], including men's magazines and music hall skits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cunnington |first=C. Willett |title=English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century: A Comprehensive Guide with 1,117 Illustrations |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-486-26323-6 |pages=22}}</ref> Victorian women's clothing followed trends that emphasised elaborate dresses, skirts with wide volume created by the use of layered material such as [[crinoline]]s, hoop skirt frames, and heavy fabrics. Because of the impracticality and health impact of the era's fashions, a [[Victorian dress reform|dress reform movement]] began among women. The ideal silhouette of the time demanded a narrow waist, which was accomplished by constricting the abdomen with a laced [[corset]]. While the silhouette was striking, and the dresses themselves were often exquisitely detailed creations, the fashions were cumbersome. At best, they restricted women's movements and at worst, they had a harmful effect on women's health. Physicians turned their attention to the use of corsets and determined that they caused several medical problems: compression of the thorax, restricted breathing, organ displacement, poor circulation, and prolapsed uterus.<ref name="O'Connor"/> Articles advocating the reform of women's clothing by the British National Health Society, the Ladies' Dress Association, and the [[Rational Dress Society]] were reprinted in ''The Canada Lancet'', Canada's medical journal. In 1884, Dr J. Algernon Temple of Toronto even voiced concern that the fashions were having a negative impact on the health of young women from the working classes. He pointed out that a young working-class woman was likely to spend a large part of her earnings on fine hats and shawls, while "her feet are improperly protected, and she wears no flannel petticoat or woollen stockings".<ref name="O'Connor"/> [[File:Bloomers.jpg|thumb|1850s illustration of a woman wearing [[bloomers]]]] [[Florence Pomeroy]], Lady Haberton, was president of the Rational Dress movement in Britain. At a National Health Society exhibition held in 1882, Viscountess Haliburton presented her invention of a "[[divided skirt]]", which was a long skirt that cleared the ground, with separate halves at the bottom made with material attached to the bottom of the skirt. She hoped that her invention would become popular by supporting women's freedom of physical movement, but the British public was not impressed by the invention, perhaps because of the negative "unwomanly" association of the style with the American [[Bloomers]] movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Janet Horowitz|title=Strong-Minded Women and Other Lost Voices from 19th Century England|year=1982|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|isbn=0-394-71044-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/strongmindedwome00jane/page/68 68–70]|url=https://archive.org/details/strongmindedwome00jane/page/68}}</ref> [[Amelia Jenks Bloomer]] had encouraged the wearing of visible bloomers by feminists to assert their right to wear comfortable and practical clothing, but it was no more than a passing fashion itself among radical feminists. The movement to reform women's dress would persist and have long-term success, however; by the 1920s, [[Coco Chanel]] was successful at selling a progressive, far less restrictive silhouette that abandoned the corset and raised hemlines. The new silhouette symbolised modernism for trendy young women and became the 20th century standard. Other Paris designers continued reintroducing pants for women and the trend was gradually adopted over the next century. Fashion trends, in one sense, travelled "full circle" over the course of the Victorian era. The popular women's styles during the [[Georgian era]], and at the very beginning of Victoria's reign, emphasized a simple style influenced by flowing gowns worn by women in [[Ancient Greek clothing|Ancient Greece]] and [[Clothing in ancient Rome|Rome]]. The [[Empire waist]] silhouette was replaced by a trend towards ornate styles and an artificial silhouette, with the restrictiveness of women's clothing reaching its low point during the mid-century passion for narrow corseted waists and hoop skirts. The iconic wide-brimmed women's hats of the later Victorian era also followed the trend towards ostentatious display. Hats began the Victorian era as simple [[Bonnet (headgear)|bonnets]]. By the 1880s, milliners were tested by the competition among women to top their outfits with the most creative (and extravagant) hats, designed with expensive materials such as silk flowers and exotic plumes such as ostrich and peacock. As the Victorian era drew to a close, however, fashions were showing indications of a popular backlash against excessive styles. Model, actress and socialite [[Lillie Langtry]] took London by storm in the 1870s, attracting notice for wearing simple black dresses to social events. Combined with her natural beauty, the style appeared dramatic. Fashions followed her example (as well as Queen Victoria's wearing of mourning black later in her reign). According to [[Harold Koda]], the former Curator-in-chief of the [[Costume Institute at The Met|Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/press-room/exhibitions/2014/death-becomes-her|title=Death Becomes Her: A Century of Mourning Attire : October 21, 2014-February 1, 2015|website=Metmuseuim.org|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> "The predominantly black palette of [[mourning]] dramatizes the evolution of period silhouettes and the increasing absorption of fashion ideals into this most codified of etiquettes," said Koda, "The veiled widow could elicit sympathy as well as predatory male advances. As a woman of sexual experience without marital constraints, she was often imagined as a potential threat to the social order." ====Evolution of Victorian women's fashion==== <gallery> File:Fashion plate December 1844.jpg|Ladies' December Fashions (1844). Hand-coloured steel engraving from a women's magazine. File:Thegalleryofhmscalcutta james tissot 1876.jpg|''[[The Gallery of HMS Calcutta]]'' by [[James Tissot]] (1876). [[Bustle]]s were fashionable in the 1870s and 1880s. File:Mrs lillie langtry george frederic watts 1880.jpg|''Mrs. Lillie Langtry'' by [[George Frederic Watts]] (1880). File:Five-women-on-queenslander-steps-r.jpg|Fashionable women in [[Queensland]], Australia around 1900. </gallery> {{Short description|Irish writer (born 1963)}} {{Use Irish English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox writer | name = Darach Ó Scolaí | image = Darach Ó Scolaí.JPG | alt = Man holding prize-winning book | caption = Ó Scolaí in 2019 | birth_name = Darach Ó Scolaí | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|df=y}} | birth_place = [[County Galway]], The Republic of Ireland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Writer, artist, publisher | alma_mater = [[University of Galway]] | years_active = 1998–present | genre = Novel, retelling, translation, play, screenplay, illustrated book for children and adults | other_names = | spouse = | children = 3 | awards = [[Awards and Honors received by Darach Ó Scolaí|Awards and Honors]] | signature = | website = }}[[File:Darach Ó Scolaí.JPG|thumb|Darach Ó Scolaí, holding ''Oileán an Órchiste'' (his translation of Robert Louis Stevenson's ''Treasure Island'')]] == Darach Ó Scolaí == Darach Ó Scolaí (<small>Irish:</small> [/ˈda.rax/ /oː/ /sˠkˠoː/l̪ˠəi/]; born 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portraidi.ie/en/darach-o-scolai/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=20 October 2017|website=Portráidí (Portraits of Irish-Language Writers)|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>) is an Irish author who works in a number of genres, from novels, plays and screenplays to illustrated books for children and adults. He began his literary career in 1998 writing screenplays, stage plays, retellings and translations; he began to publish novels in 2008. Ó Scolaí is widely recognized as a leading figure in contemporary Irish literature, known as “one of the most important Irish language writers of his generation”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poirtéir|first=Cathal|date=2022|title=? Suil an Daill: Constant Tensions and Shifting Allegiances|url=https://booksirelandmagazine.com/suil-an-daill-constant-tensions-and-shifting-allegiances/|journal=Books Ireland}}</ref> and "one of the great Irish language novelists [duine d’úrscéalaithe móra na Gaeilge]."<ref name=":17" /> His writing has been called “the high literature of the Irish language.”<ref>Ó Coimín, Maitiú. ''Nós'' 2 February 2018). Qtd. in "Táin Bó Cuailnge." ''Leabhar Breac''. Retrieved 25 August 2025.</ref> Much of his fiction is based on a knowledge of traditional Irish tales and narrative practices as well as Irish history. He specializes in literary and [[wikipedia:Historical_fiction|historical fiction]], or as novelist Alan Titley says, Ó Scolaí’s “peak (for now), or at least his greatest imaginative interest, is the historical novel [tá an chuma air gurb é a bhuaic (go fóill), nó ar a laghad, a mhórspéis samhlaíochta, an t-úrscéal staire].”<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Titley|first=Alan|date=Fall 2020|title=An Stíl Go Deo!: Soather Dharach Uí Scolaí (The style would be forever!: Worker Darach Ó Scolaí)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27046090|journal=Comhar|volume=80, No. 10|pages=27|via=JSTOR}}</ref> His retellings of old stories and tales from their original Middle and Early-Modern Irish into Modern Irish ([[wikipedia:Irish_language|Gaeilge]]) are respected for their accessibility to students and language learners as well as for their artistry. Ó Scolaí also regularly reviews books and lectures and writes on literature and culture. Beyond his writing, Ó Scolaí is a publisher and has co-produced a number of film, television shows and stage plays. == Life == Ó Scolaí was born in Dublin and raised in the Galway [[wikipedia:Gaeltacht#Galway Gaeltacht|Gaeltacht]] (Irish-speaking) regions of Cois Fharraige on the north shore of Galway Bay, in the Republic of Ireland, where he lives now with his wife and children in Lochán Beag (Indreabhán).<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=30 October 2024|title=Duais don úrscéal liteartha is fearr buaite ag Darach Ó Scolaí ag Oireachtas na Samhna|url=https://tuairisc.ie/duais-don-ursceal-liteartha-is-fearr-buaite-ag-darach-o-scolai-ag-oireachtas-na-samhna/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ní Scolaí|first=Aifric|date=2024|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|url=https://www.taiscecf.ie/ealaiontoiri?category=Scr%C3%ADbhneoir|journal=Taisce Chois Fharraige}}</ref> He graduated the [[wikipedia:University_of_Galway|University of Galway]] (then University College Galway) with a B.A. in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/darach-ó-scolaí-20026920/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|last=Ó Scolaí|first=Darach|date=August 2025|website=LinkedIn}}</ref> === Writing and Publishing === Ó Scolaí writes in Irish ([[wikipedia:Irish_language|Gaeilge]]), his native language, and lives in an area defined for the predominant presence of Irish as the vernacular language, the language spoken at home. Irish was the language of his parents' home and is the language of children as well. He is fluent in Irish and English and conversant in French. None of his works has been translated into English. ==== Leabhar Breac ==== In 1995 Darach Ó Scolaí and his brother Caomhán Ó Scolaí — a [[wikipedia:Typography|typographer]] and designer — founded the publishing house Leabhar Breac at Indreabhán (Inverin), County Galway. Their father “Séamas Ó Scolaí was an editor at An Gúm and worked on the Irish-English dictionary team [bhí a n-athair Séamas Ó Scolaí ina eagarthóir sa Ghúm agus d’oibrigh sé ar fhoireann an fhoclóra Gaeilge-Béarla].”<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/about-us/|title=About Us|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> Darach Ó Scolaí has been publisher and literary editor at Leabhar Breac since its founding. Named for [[wikipedia:An_Leabhar_Breac|An Leabhar Breac (The Speckled Book)]], Leabhar Breac publishing house has more than 140 books in print.<ref name=":0" /> Leabhar Breac aims to publish Irish-language books that meet “a high literary and artistic standard.”<ref name=":0" /> Besides the content, Leabhar Breac is known for the typically "superb [thar cionn]" quality of the design and production of the "physical book [leabhar fisiciúil]."<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Ní Mhuilneoir|first=Gráinne|date=30 July 2024|title=‘Bláthnaid’ – leabhar álainn i sraithín álainn faoi mhná|url=https://tuairisc.ie/blathnaid-leabhar-alainn-i-sraithin-alainn-faoi-mhna/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref> Its books regularly win awards for literary and artistic quality. Leabhar Breac also publishes translations for children and adults from various early versions of Irish as well as from French and English (and has published translations of books for young readers from Spanish, Catalan, and Italian as well). Leabhar Breac prints its books in Ireland. === Stage and Screen === ==== Rosg ==== In 1998 along with Ciarán Ó Cofaigh,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rosg.ie/en/about/History_6/|title=About Us: History|date=July 2025|website=Rosg|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Ó Scolaí co-founded the film and television production company [http://www.rosg.ie/en/ Rosg] and was co-director until 2006. Rosg produced Ó ScolaÍ’s films ''Cosa Nite'' (1999), ''An Leabhar'' (2001) and ''Na Cloigne'' (2010). He left Rosg in 2006 to devote his time to other artistic activities. ==== Ealaín ar Oileán ==== In 2004, along with Val Balance, Ó Scolaí co-founded the annual artists' symposium Ealaín ar Oileán (trans., Art on an Island). The Irish-language symposium was held annually in the Áras Éanna arts and cultural center on Inis Oírr ([[wikipedia:Inisheer|Inisheer]], the smallest of the [[wikipedia:Aran_Islands|Aran Islands]]) from 2004 to 2013. Ó Scolaí was its co-director from its founding<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darach_Ó_Scolaí.|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=3 February 2024|website=Vicipéid|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> until 2013. Besides being its co-director, Ó Scolaí has taken part in this conference as an artist<ref>{{Cite journal|date=16 January 2005|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116163252/http://bliainiris.com/authors/darach_oscolai.html|journal=Bliainiris}}</ref> and writer<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ealainaroilean.ie/ealainaroilean.html|title=The Conference|date=7 September 2013|website=Ealaín ar Oileán|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907083744/http://ealainaroilean.ie/ealainaroilean.html|archive-date=7 September 2013|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>. ==== Salamandar ==== In 2006 Ó Scolaí founded the stage production company Salamandar and directed his own play ''An Braon Aníos''. His plays ''An tSeanbhróg'' (2009) and ''Craos'' (2008) were also produced by Salamandar.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/darach-o-scolai/|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref> == Works == === Novels === * [[wikipedia:An_Cléireach|''An Cléireach'' (trans., ''The Clerk'')]], Leabhar Breac, 2007. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2007; The Ó Súilleabháin Award (Book of the Year) in 2008, and "named as ‘the best novel since the turn of the Century’ by Comhar."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/an-cleireach/|title=An Cléireach - Leabhar Breac - Irish language novel|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref> * ''Na Comharthaí'' (trans., ''The Signs''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * ''Súil an Daill'' (trans., ''The Eye of the Blind''), Leabhar Breac, 2021. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/suil-an-daill/|title=Súil an Daill|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Bódléar'', Leabhar Breac, 2024. The Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction, 2024<ref name=":7" />; The Ó Súilleabháin Award (Book of the Year) in 2025; featured in the 2025 Listen-Up Irish Summer Challenge for students of the Irish language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://connachttribune.ie/novel-approach-helps-people-learn-irish-in-a-creative-way/|title=Novel approach helps people learn Irish in a creative way|last=Murphy|first=Judy|date=3 October 2025|work=Connaught Tribune|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> === Retellings, Translations and Editions === The retellings and translations are into modern Irish. * ''Feis Tigh Chonáin'' (trans., ''The Feast of Conán's House''), Leabhar Breac, 2000; a retelling of a 15<sup>th</sup>-century tale from the [[wikipedia:Fenian_Cycle|Fenian Cycle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/feis-tigh-chonain/|title=Feis Tigh Chonáin|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An Ceithearnach Caolriabhach'' (trans., ''The Narrow-Striped Kern''), Leabhar Breac, 2002; a retelling from c. 1500, also illustrated by Darach Ó ScolaÍ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/fiction/an-ceithearnach-caolriabhach/|title=An Ceithearnach Caolriabhach|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' (trans., ''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''), Leabhar Breac, 2017, both a modern edition of an 11th-century epic and an annotated edition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/tain-bo-cuailnge-2-2/|title=Táin Bó Cuailnge|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> "''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' won the Aodán Mac Poilín Memorial Prize 2017."<ref name=":19" /> * ''Deirdre'', Leabhar Breac, 2023, a “picture book for adults” with artist Anastasia Melnykova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/deirdre/|title=Deirdre|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Part of the [[wikipedia:Ulster_Cycle|Ulster Cycle]], ''Deirdre'' is a retelling of the story of possibly the most widely known Irish figure from the early tales and sagas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology|last=MacKillop|first=James|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780198609674|pages=181}}</ref> * ''Bláthnaid'', Leabhar Breac, 2024, a “picture book for adults” with artist Anastasia Melnykova; “one of the great stories of the [[wikipedia:Ulster_Cycle|Ulster Cycle]].”<ref name=":4" /> * ''Sadhbh,'' Leabhar Breac, 2025, a picture book for adult readers, illustrated by Alé Mercado; a retelling of the medieval tale ''Ceasacht Inghine Ghuile (''trans., ''The Complaint of Guile's Daughter'').<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/tales-of-wonder/|title=Tales of Wonder|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Eoghan Béal'', Leabhar Breac, 2025, a picture book for adult readers illustrated by Alé Mercado<ref name=":5" />; a retelling of the medieval tale ''[https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithr%C3%A9im_Cellaig Cathréim Ceallaigh]'' from ''The Yellow Book of Leacan.''<ref name=":5" /> === For Young Readers === Ó Scolaí has written illustrated books for young readers (8–10 years old) in two series, the Fionn Series and the Scéalta Staire series, and translated a large number of classics and popular books for children of all ages. The number of these written and translated works suggests a commitment to children and their literacy in Irish. The Fionn Series “is a retelling ... of the great legends of the Fianna for the young Irish readers of today.”<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/8-9/doiteoir-na-samhna/|title=Dóiteoir na Samhna|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> [[wikipedia:The_Boyhood_Deeds_of_Fionn|Macgnímartha Finn (The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn)]] is a medieval story in the [[wikipedia:Fenian_Cycle|Fenian Cycle]]. * ''An Bradán Feasa'' (trans., ''The Salmon of Knowledge''), Leabhar Breac, 2010, “shortlisted for the Réics Carlo award 2010.”<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/8-9/an-bradan-feasa/|title=An Bradán Feasa|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Dóiteoir na Samhna'' (trans., ''The Halloween Burner''), 2010.<ref name=":6" /> * ''Bodach an Chóta Lachna'' (trans., ''The Churl in the Dun Coat''), 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/7-8/bodach-an-chota-lachna/|title=Bodach an Chóta Lachna|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> The Scéalta Staire (Historical Stories) series<ref name=":9" /> * ''Mánas Ó Dónaill'', 2000. * ''Seán Ó Néill'', Leabhar Breac, 2000. * ''Gráinne Mhaol Ní Mháille'', Leabhar Breac, 2003. * ''Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn'', Leabhar Breac, 2003. ==== Translations ==== * Robert Louis Stevenson, ''Oileán an Órchiste'' (trans. of ''Treasure Island''), Leabhar Breac, 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-06-19|title=Oireachtas na Gaeilge|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge&oldid=1296394643|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> * Robert Louis Stevenson, ''An Fuadach'' (trans. of ''Kidnapped''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. * Clement Clarke Moore, ''Cuairt San Nioclás'' (trans. of ''A Visit from St. Nicholas'', or "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"), Leabhar Breac, 2022. '''''The Corto Maltese Graphic Novels''''' Written in Italian by Hugo Pratt and translated by Ó Scolaí, both adults and teenagers read this series of Italian adventure graphic novels.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-07-01|title=Corto Maltese|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corto_Maltese&oldid=1298285365|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Ó Scolaí's '''translation of ''Corto Maltese''''' was listed in 2017 among "The 30 Irish books that Irish people love."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Murchú|first=Eoin P.|date=09/06/2017|title=Na 30 leabhar Gaeilge is fearr leis na Gaeil [The 30 Irish books that Irish people love]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/an-30-leabhar-gaeilge-is-fearr-leis-na-gaeil/|journal=Nós}}</ref> * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Port na Farraige Goirt'', Leabhar Breac, 2013. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: The Golden House in Samarkand'', 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Na Liopard-Fhir ó Rufiji'' (trans. of ''Corto: The Leopard Men of Rufiji''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: In Ainm Dé Uilthrócairigh'' (trans. of ''Corto: In the Name of God All-Merciful''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Tóraíocht Eile'' (trans. of ''Corto: Another Quest''), Leabhar Breac, 2014. * Hugo Pratt, ''Corto: Sa tSibéir'' (trans. of ''Corto: In Siberia''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. '''''Other Translations for Children''''' Ó Scolaí has translated into Irish six books from the ''Le Pavillon Noir'' (trans., ''Jolly Roger'') series by Alain Surget; four books from the ''Catalan First Steps'' series by Enric Lluch Girbés and the ''Caitlín & Cormac'' series by Joan Carles; three books from the ''Louisette le Taupe'' series by Bruno Heitz, and three books from the ''Loup'' series by Orianne Lallemand. === Plays and Screenplays === ==== Stage Plays ==== Ó Scolaí was writer and director of the original productions of two plays in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (trans., ''Three Drops'') trilogy; ''Coinneáil Orainn'' was directed by Darach Mac Con Iomaire and staged by An Taibhdhearc. All three plays have been published in book form by Leabhar Breac. * ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32553|title=Coinneáil Orainn|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904.|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The first play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy. [[wikipedia:Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe|An Taibhdhearc]], the national Irish-language theatre of Ireland, toured the country in 2005 with ''Coinneáil Orainn''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/coinneail-orainn/|title=Coinneáil Orainn|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Walter Macken Prize, 2005; BBC Stewart Parker Award, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/person/darach-scola|title=Darach Ó Scolaí|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904.|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Branwen'', 2006, by Darach Ó Scolaí and Ifor ap Glyn, in Irish, Welsh and English, co-produced by Project Arts Centre and Llwyfan Gogledd Cymru, toured the Republic of Ireland and Wales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32418|title=Branwen|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An Braon'' Aníos (trans., ''Rising Damp''), 2006, directed by Ó Scolaí.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32461|title=An Braon Aníos|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The second play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy. “The Salamandar company toured the country in 2006-07 with this play, and Salamandar also produced a radio version of the play for RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta in 2009.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/an-braon-anios/|title=An Braon Aníos|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Craos'' (trans., ''Gluttony''), 2008, directed by Ó Scolaí.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32867|title=Craos|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The third play in the ''Trí Bhraon'' (''Three Drops'') trilogy, it toured to Cork and Belfast.<ref name=":13" /> A review of the 2008 Salamander performance in the ''Irish Times'' says, “a humorous play which offers plenty to think about, fine acting, and sparklingly witty dialogue.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/darach-o-scolai/craos-2/|title=Craos|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> * ''A+E'', 2008, by Ríonach Ní Néill and Darach Ó Scolaí, "dance and music drama," co-produced by Ciotóg and Salamandar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=32962|title=A+E|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''An tSeanbhróg'' (trans., ''The Old Shoe''), 2009, produced by Salamander<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irishplayography.com/play?playid=33042|title=An tSeanbhróg|date=2025|website=PlayographyIreland: A Comprehensive Database of New Irish Plays Produced Professionally Since 1904|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> and staged in the Axis Arts Centre, Dublin, and the Letterkenny Arts Centre. * '''In ''Mhuir Fhíondorcha/The Wine-Dark Sea: The Homer Project'', Ó Scolaí's translation of Homer's Cyclops story, performed at the 2019 IMRAM festival'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/imram-a-festival-celebrating-the-irish-language-1.4047610|title=Imram: a festival celebrating the Irish language. Liam Carson reveals the myths and legends appearing in this year’s programme|last=Carson|first=Liam|date=11 October 2019|work=The Irish Times|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> ==== Screenplays ==== * ''Cosa Nite'' (trans., ''Washed Feet''), short film, 1998 (dir. Dearbhla Walsh, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg); "a prose version of ''Cosa Nite'' was published (Rosg 2000)."<ref name=":9" /> Nominated for an Irish Film and Television Award.<ref>{{Citation|title=Cosa Nite (Short 1998) - Awards - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0191917/awards/|accessdate=2025-08-25|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Na Glúnta'' (trans., ''The Generations''), 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iftn.ie/production/production_companies/production_sub/feature/?act1=record&aid=70&rid=3917&tpl=filmography_dets&only=1&force=1|title=Na Glúnta {{!}} The Irish Film & Television Network|website=www.iftn.ie|access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>, co-directors Ciarán Ó Cofaigh & Darach Ó Scolaí, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg. * ''An Leabhar'' (trans., ''The Book''), short film, 2000, (dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg) Rosg, 2000.<ref>{{Citation|title=An Leabhar|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0963767/|publisher=Bord Scannán na hÉireann / The Irish Film Board, ROSG|accessdate=2025-08-25|first=Robert|last=Quinn|others=Colm O&apos;Maonlai, Peadar O&apos;Treasaigh, Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair}}</ref> * ''Na Cloigne'' [trans., The Heads], 3-episide series, 2010 (dir. Robert Quinn, prod. Ciarán Ó Cofaigh, Rosg), TG4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1607924/|title=Na cloigne|date=2010|website=IMDb|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> === Nonfiction === Ó Scolaí's essays and lectures are published and his interviews are broadcast regularly, making for a large body of nonfiction critical and analytical work. Here are a few, almost all published in [https://comhar.ie/iris/scribhneoiri/darach-o-scolai/ Comhar]: * “Ceol Ciúin na nÉagmaise” (trans., “The Silent Music of Absence ['''the Fall?''']”), an essay on the 2014 Nobel Prize winner for literature, [[wikipedia:Patrick_Modiano|Patrick Modiano]], ''Comhar'', December 2014. * The Ó Cadhain Lecture: [https://leachtaiuichadhain.clo.ie/leachtai/2014 “Cuimhne agus Díchuimhne (trans., “Memory & Forgetfulness"]), 2014. * “Rithim agus Réim” ("Rhythm and Register"), a public lecture in the University College Dublin lecture series “Ó Thrácht go Twitter” (trans., "From Talk to Twitter"), 2014. * Review of Pádraig Ó Cíobháin’s ''Dréachta Chrích Fodla'', '''Comhar?, ??'''. * “Na Geilt i mBun an Tí” (trans., "The Madmen in Charge"), a talk at the Merriman Winter School, Comhar April 2012.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=http://darachoscolai.ie/beathaisneis.html|title=Darach Ó Scolaí: Beathaisnéis|website=darachoscolai.ie|access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref> * The EFACIS podcast: Síle Ní Choincheannain talks to Darach Ó Scolaí about the historical novel. == Critical Reception == Ó Scolaí’s style has been called “crisp and elegant, and rich in language while being highly readable,”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heussaf|first=Anna|date=Summer 2025|title=Bláthnaid—A tale of love, violence and sorcery retold for readers today|url=https://booksirelandmagazine.com/blathnaid-a-tale-of-love-violence-and-sorcery/|journal=Books Ireland}}</ref> with “an unsurpassed richness and precision of language.”<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Ó Cróinín|first=Breandán|date=Summer 2025|title=unknown|journal=The Limerick Leader}}</ref> “Whimsical, hilarious, and subtly learned” is how Éilis Ní Dhuibhne described his writing.<ref name=":20" /> === Original Works === Ó Scolaí’s first novel, the 2007 ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'') won two prizes and was described as “one of the great historical novels in the Irish language and among the best books written in the language since the beginning of this century.”<ref name=":12" /> Novelist Alan Titley says, “In ''An Cléireach'' Ó Scolaí creates the Ireland of war in the 17th century more fully than any other Irish writer on the subject of war since ''L’Attaque'' Eoghain Ó Thuairisc around 1798 [In ''An Cléireach'' cruthaíonn Ó Scolaí Éire an chogaidh san 17ú haois níos iomláine ná mar a dhein aon scríbhneoir Gaeilge eile ar ábhar cogaidh ó ''L’Attaque'' Eoghain Uí Thuairisc timpeall ar 1798].”<ref name=":11" />{{rp|25, Col. 1a}} Not all the reviews of this first novel were so positive, however; Proinsias O' Drisceoil says for the Irish Times says,<blockquote>This then is a novel in search of a plot, a story that attempts to attain a significance that eludes it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/a-disaffected-clerk-in-the-confederates-1.943070|title=A disaffected clerk in the confederates|last=O' Drisceoil|first=Proinsias|date=5 July 2008|work=The Irish Times|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref></blockquote> In the ''Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Fiction'' Pádraig Ó Siadhail analyzes rather than reviews ''An Cléireach'': <blockquote>In ''An Cléireach'', Ó Scolaí revisits the trauma of Cromwellian Ireland. The primary narrative device is once again the first-hand account, in this case by Tadhg Ó Dúbháin, a clerk and quartermaster in the Confederate Army in 1650. We sample the hardships, the friendships, the tensions, the rivalries, and the petty jealousies amongst comrades in arms, including remnants of the Gaelic literary class, as the Confederate soldiers, increasingly a rabble more than a cohesive unit, retreat in advance of Cromwell’s forces. ''An Cléireach'' concludes with the narrator and his family in exile in continental Europe. But along the retreat route, and central to the novel, members of the Confederate army camp, rest up, and tell versions of a story about the keeper of the treasured manuscript "Saltair an Easpaig" (The Bishop’s Psalter). Their versions raise issues about memory construction, the limitations of individual perspectives, personal agendas, and how minor changes in the telling of a story can alter our understanding of history, Thus, ''An Cléireach'' complements ''Fontenoy'' in moving beyond more realistic recreation of a historical event or period to interrogate the notion of history as construct.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Fiction|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Pádraig|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780198754893|editor-last=Harte|editor-first=Liam|pages=598–99|chapter=Contemporary Irish Fiction}}</ref> </blockquote> Of ''Súil an Daill,'' in ''Nós'', Cathal Seoighe says, "The book deserves a significant place among the collection of high-quality books published in recent years that would make you feel sorry for someone who does not speak Irish [Tá áit shuntasach ag dul don leabhar i measc an chnuasaigh leabhair ar ardchaighdeán a foilsíodh le roinnt blianta anuas a d’fhágfadh trua agat don té atá gan Ghaeilge]."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seoighe|first=Cathal|date=09/26/2022|title=‘Dar leathmhagairle an diabhail, is leabhar den scoth é seo!’ ['According to the devil’s half-wit, this is a great book!’]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/dar-leathmhagairle-an-diabhail-is-leabhar-den-scoth-e-seo/|journal=Nós}}</ref> ''Bódléar'', Ó Scolaí's most recent book, is a “beautiful novel. There is magic and craftsmanship in it. A small miracle of a book and it is highly recommended.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/bodlear-mioruilt-bheag-de-leabhar/|title=Bódléar: Míorúilt bheag de leabhar (Bódléar: A Small Miracle of a Book)|last=Ní Ghairbhí|first=Róisín|date=2024|website=Leabhar Breac|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Éilis Ní Dhuibhne in the ''Irish Times'' says,<blockquote>what a gem! An affectionately gentle satire of the Irish poetic scene during one creatively fluid 19th-century year, the story focuses on a Maigue poet and schoolteacher who goes on a trip to France and returns with camembert, a cafetiere, ‘Fleurs du Mal’, and a mission to convert the local traditionalists to la modernité. Whimsical, hilarious, and subtly learned, it’s absolutely delightful!<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Ní Dhuibhne|first=Éilis|date=30 June 2025|title=Éilís Ní Dhuibhne on the best Irish language books of 2025 so far: Including a history of the Gaeltacht Civil Rights Movements, a gem of a novel by Darach Ó Scolaí and Joe McHugh’s entertaining account of learning Irish|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/review/2025/06/30/eilis-ni-dhuibhne-on-the-best-irish-language-books-of-2025-so-far/|journal=The Irish Times|pages=22}}</ref></blockquote> === Retellings and Translations === ==== ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' ==== ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' [''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''] is a modern edition of an 11th-century epic into modern Irish.<ref name=":3" /> Gearóid Denvir reviewed ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' for ''Comhar'':<blockquote>Darach Ó Scolaí has ​​achieved a feat in this challenging reworking. He has found a high level of the Irish language to tell his story – as he has done before in his groundbreaking novel An Cléireach (2007, Leabhar Breac) and in his other prose works. This book is a decoration of the language, literature and culture of the Irish language, following the path of the old storytellers and writers and presenting material from the tradition to his own generation according to the understandings of his own time. The book will be a classic that will be of great interest to all readers of the Irish language, both ordinary readers, students, scholars and writers, and there should be a copy in every home in the country. [Tá éacht déanta ag Darach Ó Scolaí san athleagan dúshlánach seo. Tá réim ard den teanga Ghaeilge aimsithe aige lena scéal a inseacht – mar a rinne sé cheana ina úrscéal ceannródaíoch An Cléireach (2007, Leabhar Breac) agus i saothair eile phróis dá chuid. Is maisiú ar an teanga agus ar litríocht agus cultúr na Gaeilge an leabhar seo a leanas conair na seanscéalaithe agus na seanscríobhaithe agus ábhar de chuid an traidisiúin á chur i láthair a ghlúine féin aige de réir thuiscintí a linne féin. Clasaic a bheas sa leabhar a gcuirfidh léitheoirí uilig na Gaeilge, idir ghnáthléitheoirí, mhic léinn, scoláirí agus scríbhneoirí spéis thar na bearta ann, agus ba cheart cóip a bheith i chuile theach sa tír.]<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Denvir|first=Gearóid|date=April 2018|title=Táin Bó Cuailgne|url=https://comhar.ie/iris/78/4/leirmheas/|journal=Comhar|via=JSTOR}}</ref> </blockquote>Cathal Poirtéir says, "The freshness and richness of Ó Scolaí’s version are a joy …. The author delights us with the linguistic and stylistic richness of the ancient epic in a modern-Irish version that reflects the original’s spirit and language."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poirtéir|first=Cathal|date=May/June 2018|title=Leabhair Idir Lámha|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564180|journal=Books Ireland|pages=46–47|via=JSTOR}}</ref>{{rp|47}} Novelist and academic Alan Titley calls Ó Scolaí's "a wonderful gutsy telling" of ''Táin Bó Cuailnge''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/2023/03/11/the-tain-retold-maeve-and-ailills-spat-could-be-out-of-a-soap-opera/|title=The Táin retold: ‘Maeve and Ailill’s spat could be out of a soap opera’|last=Titley|first=Alan|date=11 March 2023|work=The Irish Times|access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> ==== ''Deirdre'' ==== Marie Whelton, in "Léann Teanga" ("Language Studies"), in the 2024 ''An Reiviú'' says,<blockquote>this version [of ''Deirdre''] by Darach Ó Scolaí succeeds in skillfully capturing and portraying the complexity of gender and power issues in the ‘Deirdre’ tradition [éiríonn leis an leagan seo le Darach Ó Scolaí castacht cheisteanna na hinscne agus na cumhachta i dtraidisiún scéal Dheirdre a ghabháil agus a léiriú go sciliúil]. … There is no doubt that this new version greatly contributes to the legacy of the story and that it revives that legacy thoughtfully and artistically [Níl amhras faoi ach go gcuireann an leagan úr seo go mór le hoidhreacht an scéil agus go ndéanann sé an oidhreacht sin a athbheochan go tuisceanach agus go healaíonta.].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tara.tcd.ie/tara8/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c20175a-7631-44b2-8b0f-f454edd712b4/content|title=An Artistic Retelling of Deirdre's Tale and the Defeat of Conor Review of Deirdre or the Ship of Mac Uisnigh by Darach Ó Scolaí [Athinsint Ealaíonta ar Oidhe Dheirdre agus ar Ansmacht Chonchúir Léirmheas ar Deirdre nó Loingeas Mhac Uisnigh le Darach Ó Scolaí]|last=Whelton|first=Marie|date=2024|website=The Review [An Reiviú], Language Studies [Léann Teanga]|access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref></blockquote> === Works for Young Readers === Meadhbh Ní Eadhra said of ''Bodach an Chóta Lachna'' that it was "Beautiful Irish, but easy to understand for young readers."<ref>Ní Eadhra, Meadhbh. In ''Gaelscéal'', qtd. in "Bodach an Chóta Lachna" https://leabharbreac.com/en/shop/oige-en/7-8/bodach-an-chota-lachna/.</ref> == Awards and Honors == Ó Scolaí's works are regularly nominated and make the short list for prizes, an honor in itself, but they are generally not listed here unless they are named as the first-place winner in their category. === Oireachtas Prize === The Oireachtas Prize is the literary prize awarded by [[wikipedia:Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge|Oireachtas na Gaeilge]], the annual arts festival dedicated to Irish language, arts and culture. Darach Ó Scolaí has won the Oireachtas Prize for Literary Fiction three times, once for ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'') in 2007, for ''Súil an Daill'' (''The Eye of the Blind'') in 2021 and for ''Bódléar'' in 2024. * 2007, for ''An Cléireach'' (trans., ''The Clerk'') — “(a special prize commemorating the 400th anniversary of the foundation of Coláiste na nGael in Louvain, awarded under the auspices of the Franciscan Province of Ireland). The prize of €10,000 was the largest prize ever awarded to an Irish language novel [(duais speisialta chomórtha 400 bliain bhunú Choláiste na nGael i Lobháin a bronnadh faoi urraíocht Phroibhinse Phroinsiasach na hÉireann). Ba é an duais €10,000 sin an duais ba mhó a bronnadh riamh ar úrscéal Gaeilge].”<ref name=":18" /> * 2021, for ''Súil an Daill'' (''The Eye of the Blind'') * 2024, for ''Bódléar'' === Ó Shúilleabháin Award, Irish language “Book of the Year” === The first prize of this award includes €5,000 to the publisher and €2,500 to the author of the winning work.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=15 August 2023|title=20 saothar san iomaíocht do ‘Leabhair Ghaeilge na Bliana 2023’|url=https://tuairisc.ie/20-saothar-san-iomaiocht-do-leabhair-ghaeilge-na-bliana-2023/|journal=Tuairisc}}</ref> * ''An Cléireach'' (''The Clerk'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http:/www.gaelport.com/uploads/documents/edition19.html|title=Eagrán / Edition 19 - 04 11 2008|date=4/11/2008|website=Internet Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525011340/http:/www.gaelport.com/uploads/documents/edition19.html|archive-date=25 May 2013|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> * ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'', 2018. * ''Bódléar'', 2025. ==== De Bhaldraithe Award ==== The Gradam de Bhaldraithe is awarded to the best work in translation.<ref name=":10" /> * ''Cuairt San Nioclás,'' a translation of Clement Clarke Moore's ''A Visit from St. Nicholas'', or "'Twas the Night Before Christmas."<ref name=":10" /> ==== Other ==== * Walter Macken Prize, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005 * Bháiteir Uí Mhaicín Memorial Award, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2005<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/gaeilge/tuarascail/duais-oireachtais-1.501571|title=Oireachtas Prize: Over €50,000 was awarded to writers in the Oireachtas Literary Competitions at an event in Dublin last night. Winners… [Duais Oireachtais: Bronnadh breis agus €50,000 ar scríbhneoirí i gComórtais Liteartha an Oireachtais ar ócáid i mBaile Átha Cliath aréir. Bhuaigh…]|work=5 October 2005|access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> * BBC Stewart Parker Award, for ''Coinneáil Orainn'' (trans., ''We'll Keep Going''), 2006 * The Aodán Mac Póilín Commemorative Prize, for ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' (trans., ''The Cattle Raid of Cooley''), 2017 == External Links == * Leabhar Breac website: https://leabharbreac.com/en/ * Leabhar Breac Facebook pages: * Rosg website: [http://www.rosg.ie/en/ <nowiki>http://ww</nowiki>w.rosg.ie/en/] * Art on the Island (Ealaín ar Oileán) website, archived at the Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20130601000520/http://ealainaroilean.ie/ 31 March 2012, 1 June 2013 and 8 January 2014 * Darach Ó Scolaí's website Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103456/http://darachoscolai.ie/ * Youtube video of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlP2AmSBzXc Breandán Ó Cróinin introducing Deirdre at the book launch] in the pub Tigh Mholly (Molly’s House). == Primordial Ooze == * Known for his sensitivity to language and voices. * Finish scanning through JSTOR * Scan through Irish Times, 56 hits * Check Goodreads * Check YouTube (In the spring of 2013, the arts programme Imeall interviewed the author on TG4.) * Check both Wikipedias for pages on the origins of the retold tales (like Deirdre) and link to this article * Propose link from University of Galway page once Darach’s is up * Write Irish National Biography (<nowiki>https://www.dib.ie</nowiki>) to propose an article about Darach once the Wikip article is done? See what they say. * Link to Ó Scolaí from the Wikipedia * Make sure links '''to''' Wikipedia in the actual encyclopedia work right === Not Placed Yet === * "So here are the books that Irish people love the most! [Mar sin seo iad na leabhair is gile leis na Gaeil!]" — "32. An Cléireach – Darach Ó Scolaí (2)" [18 books got 2 votes, and then they're alphabetized by author's last name, so the 32 of 34 doesn't signify the specificity it seems to]<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Ó Murchú|first=Eoin P.|date=9 June 2017|title=Na 30 leabhar Gaeilge is fearr leis na Gaeil. [The 30 best Irish books for Irish people]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/leabhair/an-30-leabhar-gaeilge-is-fearr-leis-na-gaeil/|journal=Nós}}</ref> * "Below is a list of those 111 works – a list that shows a great deal of diversity in the reading habits of Irish speakers.Here is a list of those 111 works – a list that shows a great deal of diversity in the reading habits of Irish speakers [Anseo thíos tá liosta den 111 saothar sin – liosta a léiríonn éagsúlacht an-mhór i nósanna léitheoireachta Gaeilgeoirí.Anseo thíos tá liosta den 111 saothar sin – liosta a léiríonn éagsúlacht an-mhór i nósanna léitheoireachta Gaeilgeoirí]." "Corto Maltese – Hugo Pratt (aistrithe ag Darach Ó Scolaí)"<ref name=":14" /> * "Ceann eile de bhuaicphointí na hÉigse a bheidh sa seisiún le Darach Ó Scolaí, duine d’úrscéalaithe móra na Gaeilge, agus duine de chomhbhunaitheoirí teach foilsitheoireachta Leabhar Breac. [Another highlight of the Éigse will be the session with Darach Ó Scolaí, one of the great Irish language novelists, and one of the co-founders of the publishing house Leabhar Breac.]"<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Nós|date=4 May 2023|title=Éigse na Bruiséile le filleadh i mí na Bealtaine. [Éigse na Bruséile to return in May]|url=https://nos.ie/cultur/eigse-na-bruiseile-le-filleadh-i-mi-na-bealtaine/|journal=Nós}}</ref> === Things Taken Out for Now === “’The play is a comedy about language, lies, bureaucracy and Gaeltacht grants, in the tradition of Myles na Gcopaleen,’ according to Norma-Jean Kenny in the ''Galway Advertizer'', ‘in which the author comments and criticizes the institutions of the Irish language in Ireland without ceasing.’" Supposedly a quotation by Gearóid Denvir reviewing ''Táin Bó Cuailnge'' for ''Comhar'' (but I don't find it in the article): This book has long been needed by Irish language readers and there is no doubt that it will become a classic in time and surpass Thomas Kinsella’s English version. This version remains faithful to the language of the original while at the same time finding an appropriate language in today’s Irish. Ó Scolaí masterfully overcomes the difficulties of the original’s rhetorical difficulties and the versions of the original poetic texts are extremely effective.[supposedly <ref name=":15" />] “The biggest prize ever awarded for a novel in Irish was presented at a special ceremony in the National Concert Hall in Dublin, today (Thursday, 4 October 2007). Darach Ó Scolaí, writer, artist & playwright from Casla, Co. Galway, was awarded €10,000 for his literary novel, ‘An Ardscoil’. This work, under the new title ‘An Cléireach’, will be launched at Oireachtas na Samhna in Westport in November. This is the first novel from his pen, a story set in the late seventeenth century. This competition was sponsored by the Franciscan Province of Ireland.” (archive, Oireachtas na Gaeilge site, 04 October, 2007) ''Súil an Daill'' (trans., ''The Eye of the Blind''), Leabhar Breac, 2021. number 2 in ''Comhar'' literary magazine’s list of best books of 2021. '''{6}.''' *William Shakespeare, ''Romeo agus Juliet'' (trans. of ''Romeo and Juliet''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. *Jonathan Swift, ''Camchuairt Ghuilivéir'' (trans. of ''Gulliver's Travels''), Leabhar Breac, 2016. *Hugo Pratt, ''Corto Maltese'' '''''Flag of Bones (Bratach na gCnámh) Series''''' Leabhar Breac published the Bratach na gCnámh series of books for young readers. Written in French by Alain Surget, illustrated by Annette Marnat and translated by Darach Ó Scolaí, this series uses the history of Caribbean Sea pirates<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/alain-surget/|title=Alain Surget Archives|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>: *Alain Surget, ''Éalú as Páras'' (''Escape from Paris''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''Oilean na Siorcanna'' (''Shark Island''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''Long na dTaibhsi'' (''Ship of the Ghosts''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2011. * Alain Surget, ''San Ochtapas Dubh'' (''In the Black Octopus''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. * Alain Surget, ''San Ionsai ar Veracruz'' (''The Attack on Veracruz''), Annette Marnat (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. '''''For "First Readers" (children to 6 years old or so)''''' These books were written originally in Catalan by Spanish author Enric Lluch Girbés and translated into Irish by Ó ScolaÍ: *Enric Lluch, ''Ag Péinteáil an Tí'' (''Painting the House''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''An Colúr Bacach'' (''The Lazy Dove''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''An Phluais'' (''The Cave''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''Madra Dhaideo'' (''Grandpa's Dog''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. *Enric Lluch, ''Fiacail Mháire'' (''Mary's Tooth''), Anna Clariana (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2017. '''''Bruno Heitz''''' Leabhar Breac published a series of 3 Heitz books for small children. Published originally in French, this series of three comic books is about a blind mole named Cáitín Chaoch in Irish (and ''Louisette la taupe'' in French).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leabharbreac.com/en/product-category/bruno-heitz-en/|title=Bruno Heitz Archives|website=Leabhar Breac|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref> Ó Scolaí translated these: *Bruno Heitz (author and illustr.), ''Práinneach'' (''Urgent''), Leabhar Breac, 2020 *Bruno Heitz (author and illustr.), ''Preab san Aer'' (''Bounce in the Air''), Leabhar Breac, 2020. '''''Books for Toddlers''''' Leabhar Breac has published 14 books written by French author Orianne Lallemand's and illustrated by Eleonore Thuillier, about Lallemmand's popular character Loup, Wolf. These are translated by Ó Scolaí: *Orianne Lallemand, ''An Mac Tire a Raibh Faitios an Domhain Air'' (trans. of ''The Son Who Saw the World in His Eyes''), Eleonore Thuillier  Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2018. *Orianne Lallemand, ''Macan agus an Goban'' (trans. of ''Macan and the Goblin''), Eleonore Thuillier (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2018. * Orianne Lallemand, ''A Mac Tíre a Chuaigh go Tóin na Farraige'' (trans. of ''The Wolf Who Went to the Bottom of the Sea''), Éléanore Thuillier  (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2019. '''''Board Books (for babies)''''' J. C. (Joan Carles) Girbés Aparisi is a Catalan author and editor. These books were written in Catalan and translated by Ó Scolai. *J. C. Girbés, ''An Phicnic'' (''The Picnic''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. * J. C. Girbés, ''An Chóisir'' (''The Party''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2013. *J. C. Girbés, ''Lá Mór Fada'' (''A Long Day''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2014. *J. C. Girbés, ''Tabhair Leat do Leabhar'' (''Bring Your Book''), Silvia Ortega (Illustr.), Leabhar Breac, 2014. ==== Gradam Réics Carló ==== The Réics Carló prize is awarded for the best book in the Irish language for young readers. It is named for one of the characters of 20th-century writer [[wikipedia:Cathal_Ó_Sándair|Cathal Ó Sándair (Charles Saunders)]]. * ''An Bradán Feasa'' was “shortlisted for the Réics Carlo award 2010.”<ref name=":9" /> == References == {{reflist}} 7cob87n0186ch4fsmu886d5wq2oas42 0 273808 2832125 2476863 2026-09-07T22:43:53Z Michael Ten 654933 added == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == (edited and curated) 2832125 wikitext text/x-wiki In this learning resource we address the approach of an Educational OpenSource Operating System. The learning objective of an Open Source Operating System is the tailored design of the operating system for a specific educational purpose. OpenSource idea allow the adaptation, improvement of source code for a specific need and learn about the basic components in an Operating System for specific educational objectives. == Mobile Devices - Desktop Computers == The learning content will be elaborated with existing Open Source operating systems: * for desktop computers it can be based on a Linux of your choice, that might be already used at the eduction already on Desktop PCs or * for mobile devices it will be elaborated on the Mobile operating system [[LineageOS]]. == Workflow == * The first step is to identify the requirements and constraints of the operating system for [[Digital Learning Environment]]s. * Open Source and Privacy - open source code and monitoring of privacy protection especially when data is used for learning analytics without sharing the local data to a remote server. What are the requirements and constraints to allow local adaptation to the demands of learner and how can the data be used locally for the benefit of the learner without sharing the data to remote server? == Linux Operating System for Educational Environments == Linux operating system can be configure and adapted to specific purpose (add specific apps, create specific API that create less vulnerability for the IT infrastructure the mobile devices should be used in (e.g. educational setting, schools, universities, ...). Analyse the concept of [[w:en:remastersys|Open Source Tool RemasterSys]] and explain how an infratructure must be designed to transfer that concept to Android! What are the requirements and constraints of such an approach. == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * Examine how educational operating systems might process learning measures and metrics locally with on-device artificial intelligence models rather than transmitting learner telemetry to centralized remote cloud servers. * Explore decentralized architectures built on top of (and possibly shipped with) or integrated into an operating system for peer-to-peer knowledge graphs and decentralized wikis that allow student collaboration without institutional central points of failure or gatekeeping. * Analyze how content-addressed, decentralized storage layers built on top of (and possibly shipped with) or integrated into an open source operating system can preserve student project portfolios and open educational resources against data loss. [[Category:Learning Analytics]] [[Category:Operating systems]] [[Category:Open-source software]] of7hfgzic7jxovc3jgnyzp1yq60px42 2 275491 2832029 2294641 2026-09-07T14:58:02Z DragonflySixtyseven 21251 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Veronoca.jpg]] → [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] spelling 2832029 wikitext text/x-wiki https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox =Header= ==Crisis Mangement== ==Else== =Body= ==ICE== ==pi== ==z00== ==Else== wikipedia? =Footer= ==Else== https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Flowgorithm {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_symbol ∞] || [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇] || K || Q || LL || X || 9 || 8 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 2 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( A )</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { er } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ l.〇 ] </span> |- || 〇〇〇 | colspan="7" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 i 愛 i i 愛 </span> | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂ i i m̂</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> i 人</span> | colspan="1" style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇</span> | colspan="1" style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> .</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/一 一] | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Observe and Interact</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/二 二] | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Catch and Store Energy</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/三 三] | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Obtain a Yield</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/四 四] | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Apply Self Regulation and Accept Feedback</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/五 五] | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/六 六] | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Produce No Waste</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/七 七] | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Design From Patterns to Details</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/八 八] | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> Integrate Rather Than Segregate</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/九 九] | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Small and Slow Solutions</span> |- || 〇〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十 十] | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Diversity</span> |- || 〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十一 十一] | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Edges and Value the Marginal</span> |- || 〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十二 十二] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Creatively Use and Respond to Change</span> |- || 〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十三 十三] | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> |- || 〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十四 十四] | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> |- || 〇[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/十五 十五] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- || 〇〇〇〇 || 〇〇〇〇 | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- || 〇〇〇〇 || 〇〇〇〇 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- || 〇〇〇〇 || 〇〇〇〇 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> |- || 〇〇〇〇 || 〇〇〇〇 | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |} =〇= {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- || K || Q || LL || X || 9 || 8 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 2 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( A )</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { er } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ l.〇 ] </span> |- | colspan="6" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 i 愛 i i 愛 </span> | colspan="4" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂ i i m̂</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> i 人</span> | colspan="1" style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇</span> | colspan="1" style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> .</span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89.m̂</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | colspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> |} studying (breaking & playing) this code from (deleted so it didn't look harmful - %praxis: learning wikiversity.world) [[Image:Students working on class assignment in computer lab.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Teaching and learning online]] {{it}} {{tertiary}} {{nonformal}} {{collection}} {{launch}} {{featured}} This resource is a collection of resources related to the major sub-division of elearning which deals with teaching and learning online. If you know of a resource on Wikiversity which deals with this topic, please add it to the list below. Feel welcome to develop any of these resources further. ==Topics== ''Please do not list self-reflective resources here. (Self-reflective resources relate directly to using Wikiversity). The coloured icons before each item indicate a very approximate estimate of the state of completion.'' * {{100Percent}} [[Topic:Instructional Design|Instructional Design]]. Course. A very large resource (about 130 pages). * {{100Percent}} [[Media Literacy]]. Course. 8 pages; detailed. * {{100Percent}} [[Open Educational Resources]]. Encyclopedic article. What is an open educational resource? Places emphasis on the economic and institutional aspects. * {{100Percent}} [[One Laptop Per Teacher]]. Academic paper. * {{100Percent}} [[Facilitating Online]]. * {{100Percent}} [[Flexible Learning]]. * {{50Percent}} [[Creating Accessible Courses]]. A model for creating a course online, using Wikiversity * {{50Percent}} [[Networked Learning]]. * {{50Percent}} [[Composing Free and Open Online Educational Resources]]. Ongoing collaborative course. * {{50Percent}} [[Introduction to Learning Objects]]. * {{50Percent}} [[Future Media Class]]. Unmaintained. Needs adoption. About 10 pages. * {{50Percent}} [[Collaboratively Building Concepts]]. An idea for an activity. * {{25Percent}} [[The Online Classroom]]. Lesson collection, with one completed lesson on [[Student Safety on the Internet]]. (Note: image copyright problems.) * {{25Percent}} [[Neil Postman: Five Things We Need to Know About Technological Change]]. Discussion - needs more points of view and involvement. * {{25Percent}} [[Lecture 2.0]]. Ideas for Lectures of the Future. * {{25Percent}} [[MOO Universities|The Rise and Fall of MOO Universities]]. Useful notes. * {{25Percent}} [[Web quest]]. Another Idea for Online Activities. *{{0Percent}} [[Web 2.0 Tools for Teaching and Learning]]. Slightly more than a stub. ----- == Self-reflective resources == ''This section lists some selected resources relating to the use of Wikiversity in teaching and learning online.'' * [[Developing Wikiversity through action research]] * [[Wikiversity learning model]] * [[Wikiversity:Learning resources]] * [[Help:How to write an educational resource]] * [[Help:101 things to do with your class on Wikiversity]] * [[Learning and learning about learning in Wikiversity]] (paper) * [[Educational technologies]] * [[Educational Technology Lesson Plans]] == Contributors == ''The page below lists major contributors to projects within the scope of the page.'' * [[/Contributors|Contributors to "Teaching and Learning Online" projects]] == See also == {{wikipedia|elearning}} ''These items are not strictly on teaching and learning online, but provide useful related information.'' * [[Web 2.0]] * [[Assistive Technology]] * [[Educational Technology]] * [[Open web publishing]] * [[w:History of personal learning environments|History of personal learning environments]] (Wikipedia) {{tlo}} {{Hitcounter}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- |style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] 🏳️ || || | style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚬ ] <span style="color:white"> 人 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi ⚬ ] <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> | style="background:#627778;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ⚬ ] <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || | style="background:#679498;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff on #000 ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || ◯⚬∘0 || ◯ || ⚬ || ∘ || 0 |- || white || lime || silver || pink || teal || hotpink || #000 || ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). || 0 |- || #fff || 00ff00 || c0c0c0 || ffc0cb || 008080 || ff69b4 || #000 || 1st google response on day searched circa 2021 |} Curses don't end, they are broken" m2 [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckunoshima#/media/File:Dokugasmuseum.JPG Faux Fort Baux Bragg :: Dr Stuart Brown "The smarter the animal, the more they play. It's very important for survival and for the adaptation in a constantly changing environment and world." "when we were young there was one enemy. we were all mending ourselves. United in trauma living on tinned meat. and I worry that the kids today are trying to find their identity by creating enemies everywhere, manufacturing trauma and actually they won't be able to cope when they're my age. All your friends have passed on. No one takes photos of you anymore or even listens to you. and i worry that they won't be able to actually cope when real life happens." Doris per Jayde Adams: Serious Black Jumper on Prime trevor noah said "if this comedy thing doesn't work out, i've got poverty to fall back on https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Main_Page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corita_Kent https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutzpah == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:2030 Rock.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 03:33, 17 February 2020 (UTC) ==How to add a license template== If you did not add the template at the time of upload, you must edit the image description page. Do not re-upload the image; you will not be able to update the licensing or source information that way. Instead, click the ''edit this page'' tab at the top of the page, and add in the template like this: <nowiki>{{Templatename}}</nowiki>. Be careful to note the case of template names; only the first letter is case-insensitive. <br /> {| style="border: solid #EE0000 3px; border-width: small; background-color: #FFC1C1;" |- || [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|50px|left|Wikimedia Commons]]<div style="padding-left:50px;"><big>'''Please note'''</big><br />It is strongly recommended that you upload free content to '''[[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]'''. Files hosted at Commons are accessible by ''all'' Wikimedia projects. An introduction to Commons can be found at [[commons:Commons:Welcome|Commons:Welcome]].</div> |} == Guilloche == Guilloche == giclée == giclée ==Wikimedia projects== ===Commons=== ===Wikibooks=== ===Wikipedia=== ===Wiktionary=== ===Wikiquote=== ===Wikisource=== ===Wikinews=== ===Wikispecies=== ===Wikivoyage=== ===Meta-Wiki=== ===Outreach=== ===MediaWiki=== ===Wikimania=== ===TheMetaWiki (local)=== == TODO - File Me == TODO - File Me https://ohs.org/ http://free-universe.myartsonline.com/literature.html https://unsplash.com/ https://on-this-day.com/ https://www.inaturalist.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Henke https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog http://www.naphcare.com/news-and-thoughts/press-releases/release/naphcare-awarded-new-contract-to-provide-medical-services-at-the-washington-county-jail-in-hillsboro-or/ How do we do this for our area? https://langkawigeopark.com.my/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9uBXrNKm0Y Faux Fort Baux Bragg {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+Table 1: Oregon Trail 85 |- ! Oregon Trail 85 ! |- |Beginning |End of The Oregon Trail at Fort Bragg in the Willamette Valley |- |Middle |Green |- |End |Bancrupt -> bought the moon |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+Table 2: War Against Wednesdays |- ! War Against Wednesdays ! |- |Beginning |End of The Oregon Trail at Fort Bragg in the Willamette Valley |- |Middle |Green |- |End |Bancrupt -> bought the moon |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+Table 3: Nice & Proper Business %Practic-ing for humans-tachi |- ! Xenoph ! |- |Beginning |End of The Oregon Trail at Fort Bragg in the Willamette Valley |- |Middle |Green |- |End |Bancrupt -> bought the moon |} style="width: 10%;" == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:2030 0001.png]] * [[:File:2030 0002.png]] * [[:File:2030 0003.png]] * [[:File:2030 0004.png]] * [[:File:2030 0005.png]] * [[:File:2030 0006.png]] * [[:File:2030 0007.png]] * [[:File:2030 0008.png]] * [[:File:2030 0009.png]] * [[:File:2030 Paper.png]] * [[:File:2030 Scissors.png]] * [[:File:2030 Y.png]] * [[:File:2030 b.png]] * [[:File:2030 o.png]] * [[:File:2030 po.png]] * [[:File:2030 r.png]] * [[:File:2030 rose.png]] * [[:File:2030 rose2.png]] * [[:File:2030 splash 12.png]] * [[:File:2030 splash.png]] * [[:File:2030 y.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 03:16, 21 February 2020 (UTC) == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:2030 0000.png]] * [[:File:2030 0010.png]] * [[:File:2030 0011.png]] * [[:File:2030 0012.png]] * [[:File:2030 0013.png]] * [[:File:2030 0014.png]] * [[:File:2030 0015.png]] * [[:File:2030 0016.png]] * [[:File:2030 0017.png]] * [[:File:2030 0018.png]] * [[:File:2030 0019.png]] * [[:File:2030 0020.png]] * [[:File:2030 0021.png]] * [[:File:2030 0022.png]] * [[:File:2030 0024.png]] * [[:File:2030 0026.png]] * [[:File:2030 0027.png]] * [[:File:2030 A.png]] * [[:File:2030 heart.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 19:40, 24 February 2020 (UTC) == https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=hZ1OgQL9_Cw&feature=emb_logo == https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=hZ1OgQL9_Cw&feature=emb_logo == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:--commons-f-fa-Daemonelix burrows, Agate Fossil Beds.jpg]] * [[:File:2030 0031.png]] * [[:File:2030 0046.png]] * [[:File:2030 0048.png]] * [[:File:2030 0050.png]] * [[:File:2030 0098.png]] * [[:File:2030 0099.png]] * [[:File:2030 0100.png]] * [[:File:2030 N square.png]] * [[:File:2030 playingcard.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 04:25, 5 March 2020 (UTC) == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:Portland Orange Splotch.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 02:37, 29 April 2020 (UTC) == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:Blue json.png]] * [[:File:Red json.png]] * [[:File:Yellow json.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 14:42, 2 May 2020 (UTC) == https://jsonschema.net/home == { "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema", "$id": "http://example.com/example.json", "type": "object", "title": "The Root Schema", "description": "The root schema comprises the entire JSON document.", "default": {}, "additionalProperties": true, "required": [ "uid", "2644", "User:VeronicaJeanAnderson", "diabeties", "myasthenia gravis", "von willebrand's disease", "ownedBy", "real", "faux", "i", "story_i_tell_myself", "愛", "solitaire", "war_against_wednesdays", "else" ], "properties": { "uid": { "$id": "#/properties/uid", "type": "string", "title": "The Uid Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "grave" ] }, "2644": { "$id": "#/properties/2644", "type": "string", "title": "The 2644 Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "+4" ] }, "User:VeronicaJeanAnderson": { "$id": "#/properties/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson", "type": "boolean", "title": "The User:veronicajeananderson Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": false, "examples": [ true ] }, "diabeties": { "$id": "#/properties/diabeties", "type": "boolean", "title": "The Diabeties Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": false, "examples": [ true ] }, "myasthenia gravis": { "$id": "#/properties/myasthenia gravis", "type": "boolean", "title": "The Myasthenia gravis Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": false, "examples": [ true ] }, "von willebrand's disease": { "$id": "#/properties/von willebrand's disease", "type": "string", "title": "The Von willebrand's disease Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "tbd" ] }, "ownedBy": { "$id": "#/properties/ownedBy", "type": "array", "title": "The Ownedby Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": [], "examples": [ [ "kp.org", "https://www.amnestyusa.org/", "https://www.un.org/" ] ], "additionalItems": true, "items": { "$id": "#/properties/ownedBy/items", "type": "string", "title": "The Items Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "kp.org", "https://www.amnestyusa.org/", "https://www.un.org/" ] } }, "real": { "$id": "#/properties/real", "type": "boolean", "title": "The Real Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": false, "examples": [ true ] }, "faux": { "$id": "#/properties/faux", "type": "boolean", "title": "The Faux Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": false, "examples": [ false ] }, "i": { "$id": "#/properties/i", "type": "string", "title": "The I Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "rock" ] }, "story_i_tell_myself": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself", "type": "array", "title": "The Story_i_tell_myself Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": [], "examples": [ [ { "carrot": "忍" }, { "忍": "patience" }, { "patience": "愛" } ] ], "additionalItems": true, "items": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items", "type": "object", "title": "The Items Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "carrot": "忍" }, { "忍": "patience" }, { "patience": "愛" } ], "additionalProperties": true, "required": [ "carrot" ], "properties": { "carrot": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/properties/carrot", "type": "string", "title": "The Carrot Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "忍" ] } } } }, "愛": { "$id": "#/properties/愛", "type": "array", "title": "The 愛 Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": [], "examples": [ [ { "beginning": "carot" }, { "middle": "pipe" }, { "end": "solitaire" } ] ], "additionalItems": true, "items": { "$id": "#/properties/愛/items", "type": "object", "title": "The Items Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "beginning": "carot" }, { "middle": "pipe" }, { "end": "solitaire" } ], "additionalProperties": true, "required": [ "beginning" ], "properties": { "beginning": { "$id": "#/properties/愛/items/properties/beginning", "type": "string", "title": "The Beginning Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "carot" ] } } } }, "solitaire": { "$id": "#/properties/solitaire", "type": "string", "title": "The Solitaire Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_(game)" ] }, "war_against_wednesdays": { "$id": "#/properties/war_against_wednesdays", "type": "string", "title": "The War_against_wednesdays Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "gg.gdkp.org" ] }, "else": { "$id": "#/properties/else", "type": "array", "title": "The Else Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": [], "examples": [ [ { "uid": "Cycle" } ] ], "additionalItems": true, "items": { "$id": "#/properties/else/items", "type": "object", "title": "The Items Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "uid": "Cycle" } ], "additionalProperties": true, "required": [ "uid" ], "properties": { "uid": { "$id": "#/properties/else/items/properties/uid", "type": "string", "title": "The Uid Schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "Cycle" ] } } } } } } == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:Ai yellow splotch.png]] * [[:File:Alice blue splotch.png]] * [[:File:Portland Orange Splotch.svg]] * [[:File:Portland oregon splotch.png]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 02:09, 5 May 2020 (UTC) == 05072020 == `靄_2644 { "uid": "grave", "2644": "draw +4", "User:VeronicaJeanAnderson": true, "diabeties": true, "myasthenia gravis": true, "von willebrand's disease": "tbd", "ownedBy": [ "kp.org", "https://www.amnestyusa.org/", "https://www.un.org/" ], "real": true, "faux": false, "i": "rock", "story_i_tell_myself": [{"carrot": "忍"}, {"忍": "patience"}, {"patience": "愛"}], "愛": [{"beginning": "carot"}, {"middle": "pipe"}, {"end": "solitaire"}], "solitaire": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_(game)", "war_against_wednesdays": "gg.gdkp.org", "else": [{"uid": "〇"}] } ¨島_1221 { "uid": "umalot", "1221": "B.O.S.S.-ya?!", "real": true, "faux": false, "libraries": ["http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Start_Here", "https://veronica-anderson-atr6.squarespace.com/config/pages", "https://stock.adobe.com/Member/LicenseHistory", "https://www.loc.gov/", "https://en.wikiversity.org/", "https://www.reddit.com/r/The_g00d_Game/"], "owned": [ "smallf333t.org", "gdkp.org", "bolterklick.com" ], "documents": [{"name": "beginning"}, {"name": "middle"}, {"name": "end"}], "protocol": [{"beginning": "carrot"}, {"middle": "stick"}, {"end": "drop"}], "schemas": ["beginning", "middle", "end"], "schemascarot": [{"a": "x"}, {"b": "y"}, {"c": "z"}], "schemascarotscout": [{"d": "u"}, {"e": "v"}, {"f": "w"}], "else": [ {"uid": "destination url"}, {"uid": "WIPserver url"}, {"uid": "domain registrar"}, {"uid": "handshake stuff"}, {"uid": "asthetics approved by"}, {"uid": "content approved by"}, {"uid": "Software Development Life Cycle"}, {"uid": "◎"}] } △ 青 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_blue ------------------------------- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson :: blacklisted from wiki=britannica links :: [https://www.google.com/search?q=polish+room&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS860US860&sxsrf=ALeKk02Zybvht1WYL7mP-XQxnIFEKufc3g:1588372161248&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPsMSz25PpAhUPFzQIHRECAF8Q_AUoBHoECA0QBg&biw=1485&bih=807 polish room] [https://www.google.com/search?q=pole+room&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS860US860&oq=pole+room&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j0l7.1839j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 pole room] was looking for creative [https://www.google.com/search?q=custom+shelves&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjOhJTz3JPpAhURg54KHY0FAdcQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=custom+shelves&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeOgQIABBDUP9GWLdQYNVRaABwAHgAgAFIiAGnA5IBATeYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZw&sclient=img&ei=U6SsXo6PBpGG-gSNi4S4DQ&bih=807&biw=1485&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS860US860 custom shelves] with [https://www.google.com/search?q=intermetro+custom+installation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwipst743JPpAhWzh54KHSOPAPwQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=intermetro&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIIxAnMgQIIxAnMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BQgAEIMBOgQIABBDUIv0Ali9lwNg0ZkDaABwAHgAgAFJiAGkC5IBAjI0mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=XqSsXqmLMbOP-gSjnoLgDw&bih=807&biw=1485&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS860US860 intermetro] :: what if-ing [https://help.netflix.com/en/node/2101 netflix llc] [https://www.google.com/search?q=vaudeville&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS860US860&oq=vaude&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.4633j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 vaudeville] 靄 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoshima,_Ehime The Portland_Orange_Round_Table: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLu3Au2LrjtLskfKjSZ9FYKzP04zSz2E-- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtIUcoKEdnfhjxfB6JFMFAg/playlists?view_as=subscriber irasshaimase2030 :: The Kids' Table https://discord.gg/rhcK9aS :: The Adults' Table: https://discord.gg/YdaZPz6 :: The Pedagogists' ParaTablebola: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/GGGG鯉恋 https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/start-here/ :: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Welcome https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/dlp/plasma-donations-from-recovered-covid-19-patients.html "I AM HERE"-netflix show Declaration of IntraDependence InterDependence FuDependence CoDependence Dependence In_dependence :: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:SMALLf333T/sandbox == 鯉恋_carpTner.json == [[File:JSON_vector_logo.svg|200px|thumb|right|JSON_vector_logo]] [[File:yellow_json.png|200px|thumb|right|yellow_json]] [[File:red_json.png|200px|thumb|right|red_json]] [[File:blue_json.png|200px|thumb|right|blue_json]] CHECK ME: http://jsonviewer.stack.hu/ HOW TO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON { "i_am": { "firstName": "Veronica", "lastName": "Anderson", "middleNames": "Jean", "isAlive": true, "birthDate": "8/27/75", "ageCalculated": true, "age": 44, "address": { "person": "Office of the Dean", "department": "Graduate School of Social Work", "organization": "Portland State University", "streetAddress": "Post Office Box 751", "city": "Portland", "state": "OR", "postalCode": "97207-0751" }, "phoneNumbers": [ { "type": "home", "number": "212 555-1234" }, { "type": "office", "number": "646 555-4567" } ], "children": [], "spouse": null } } { "filename": "OG_GG_gdkp.json", "location": "Growing_Genkiness://2020/05__2020", "json": true, "datawires_schema": false, "key": "value", "song_language": "gangsta paradise", "sentiment": "amazing grace", "GG_Beginning": " 〇 (maru: nothing) START HERE", "GG_Beginning_true": " ⋅⋅⋅ i.am (ᵔᴥᵔ) => goto ふ ; , ", "GG_Beginning_false": " 🝮 23N = zen ", "GG_Middle": " ", "GG_End": " ", } WIP "Veronicas_GGibberish": """ 〇 (maru: nothing) START HERE ⋅⋅⋅ i.am (ᵔᴥᵔ) => goto ふ ; , 🝮 23N = zen ふ (fu: hiragana) Am I in the 100s? ⋅⋅⋅ yes = 99 < VBG < 200 => goto フ ; , 🝮 no = I.C.E. フ (fu: katakana) Have I logged my VBG? ⋅⋅⋅ yes @ [https://ai.gdkp.org/ nuelog] => goto 人 ; , 🝮 no = chiLL 人 {nin: human) Am I 〇✠ ? ⋅⋅⋅ yes => goto 忍 ; , 🝮 no = ㄔi LL 亍 忍 (nin: patience} Am I ☉? ⋅⋅⋅ yes @ https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson => goto 富 ; , 🝮 no = chiLL => goto 富 Am I (fu: rich)? ⋅⋅⋅ Financially or in the meta? [http://localhost:8080/ http://localhost:8080/] [http://localhost:8000/ http://localhost:8000/] ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ Financially => goto ⬤ ; , 🝮 Ask 鯉恋 (koi koi: carpTner) how to earn your ¡¡¡ k333p !!! 0 Time To Talk To P333rs ⋅⋅⋅ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 ⬤ W.I.P. ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 ∞ W.I.P. ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 """ } 〇 (maru: nothing) START HERE ⋅⋅⋅ i.am (ᵔᴥᵔ) => goto ふ ; , 🝮 23N = zen ふ (fu: hiragana) Am I in the 100s? ⋅⋅⋅ yes = 99 < VBG < 200 => goto フ ; , 🝮 no = I.C.E. フ (fu: katakana) Have I logged my VBG? ⋅⋅⋅ yes @ [https://ai.gdkp.org/ nuelog] => goto 人 ; , 🝮 no = chiLL 人 {nin: human) Am I 〇✠ ? ⋅⋅⋅ yes => goto 忍 ; , 🝮 no = ㄔi LL 亍 忍 (nin: patience} Am I ☉? ⋅⋅⋅ yes @ https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson => goto 富 ; , 🝮 no = chiLL => goto 富 Am I (fu: rich)? ⋅⋅⋅ Financially or in the meta? [http://localhost:8080/ http://localhost:8080/] [http://localhost:8000/ http://localhost:8000/] ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ Financially => goto ⬤ ; , 🝮 Ask 鯉恋 (koi koi: carpTner) how to earn your ¡¡¡ k333p !!! 0 Time To Talk To P333rs ⋅⋅⋅ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 ⬤ W.I.P. ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 ∞ W.I.P. ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ; , 🝮 == 元気 Genki == Genkiness is simply a word I made up. 元気 (genki) means "healthy", "robust", or even "energy" in Japanese. I wanted my children to aim for wellness, and then go for a bit better. Genkiness came to mean "Wellness + a bit better". Growing Genkiness is a project for Marion County. The children of Cindy's Kids know it to include a Birth - GED curriculum meant to supplement contemporaneous studies and provide a common theme for families to enhance their existing commitments. I experienced some "bad stuff" and not long before I ended up in the ICU I asked Judge Heidi Strauch to protect my children. This 2030 Project will be informed by her court where I watched obviously impoverished parents penalized for having children who didn't want to attend classes in schools that I also knew to be unsafe. Rather than itemize the "bad stuff" I saw, I am working on a solution. === Sanctuary === Lyra and the Magisterium talk about "scholastic sanctuary" in His Dark Materials. The people who I grew up with sharing our Nazarene sanctuary would likely oppose my reference, but I've come to wonder what makes a Sanctuary. Animals have sanctuaries assigned to them by breed and happenstance. Perhaps what we need to create should be called a "Human Scholastic Sanctuary". Whenever I had a need, I knew where I could find help addressing it in my Nazarene church, but I've come to realize the privilege I've had and would like a chance to address that inequity in my community. Children at McKay should not be dying from homelessness and missing school, for whatever reason, should indicate an unmet need that community leaders should take time to address. I watched in Judge Heide Stauch's court as parents were punished for having children who needed what we have failed to provide: a safe education for all our children. JDRF's best lawyer counselled me that it was inevitable my children would have a low blood sugar seizure at their Salem School. How could that possibly be acceptable? We need to keep our children safe FIRST. Education can only follow safety. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs Maslow] already taught that to everyone my age and younger. I was born August 27th, 1975. We MUST do better. (This is a Work In Progress or WIP. Feel free to edit! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control Revision Tracking] is ON!) === Pandæmic === grey v gray v græy v GRÆY :: somewhere along the way I learned that grey was the English spelling and gray was the American spelling. While I'm a Viking intending to be a Night Hawk, I'll go back to my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British British] roots. This is the order we already naturally deal with problems. This isn't reinventing a new wheel, it's simply observations. My phd.thesis is simply this: 'If I engage with the good people in my community by playing [https://www.reddit.com/r/The_g00d_Game/ "The_g00d_Game"], we will quantifiably make Marion County a "bit better".' I think the best "emotional space" to do this is with gdkp in mind. More on that later. Most of my 44 years have been spent doing exactly what I wanted to do, but a trip to the ICU changes things a bit. This decade I plan to simply refine the notes I've already taken over twenty years of co-running Cindy's Kids and adding what I learn now that death isn't nipping at my heels. The sequence past green reflects the order I lost things, and hope to regain them. Let's see if Christmas 2020 allows me to get past ;punctuational genkiness . . . All I can do is my "best"! {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others |} === Definitions === 愛 (ai) = love :: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ Amnesty International] voir dire /ˌvwär ˈdir/ a preliminary examination of a witness or a juror by a judge or counsel. portmanteau /ˌpôrtˈmantō/ 1. a large trunk or suitcase, typically made of stiff leather and opening into two equal parts. 2. a word blending the sounds and combining the meanings of two others, for example motel (from ‘motor’ and ‘hotel’) or brunch (from ‘breakfast’ and ‘lunch’). coopetition /kōˌäpəˈtiSH(ə)n/ collaboration between business competitors, in the hope of mutually beneficial results. ameliorate /əˈmēlyəˌrāt/ make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better. #ArchieDay Charity fundraising event created by fans in celebration of Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor's birthday. “Everything is nothing with a twist,” -- Kurt Vonnegut 〇 0 ∞ “Never attribute to malice what can be attributed to stupidity,” -- 恋鯉 (koi koi) ふ (hiragana) フ (katakana) or 富 (kanji: rich) pronounced "fu" or "who" or "hoo" or "hu" === Definitions .json-ified === {WIP 愛 (ai) = love https://www.amnesty.org/en/ voir dire /ˌvwär ˈdir/ a preliminary examination of a witness or a juror by a judge or counsel. portmanteau /ˌpôrtˈmantō/ 1. a large trunk or suitcase, typically made of stiff leather and opening into two equal parts. 2. a word blending the sounds and combining the meanings of two others, for example motel (from ‘motor’ and ‘hotel’) or brunch (from ‘breakfast’ and ‘lunch’). coopetition /kōˌäpəˈtiSH(ə)n/ collaboration between business competitors, in the hope of mutually beneficial results. ameliorate /əˈmēlyəˌrāt/ make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better. #ArchieDay Charity fundraising event created by fans in celebration of Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor's birthday. “Everything is nothing with a twist,” -- Kurt Vonnegut 〇 0 ∞ “Never attribute to malice what can be attributed to stupidity,” -- 恋鯉 (koi koi) ふ (hiragana) フ (katakana) or 富 (kanji: rich) pronounced "fu" or "who" or "hoo" or "hu" } == genkiness == I didn't much pay attention to color as a tool until I had children. All three of my triplets knew all about primary, secondary, and even tertiary colors before their 1st day of public school, but all came home devastated the same day saying they didn't know their mom's favorite color. As a personal pet peeve, I simply did'nt like "favorites", but they convinced me in 1st grade that I needed one so we determined that the only color I had in EVERY home was green -- I loved my plants! One is dyslexic. He would draw the sky as often on the bottom of the page as he did on the top; fascinating at first, and difficult when learning letters and numbers, but deadly when combined with insulin. 522 and 225 require entirely different amounts of insulin; 522 requires immediate treatment while 225 might just need a bit more time for the bolus to kick in. White sitting together discussing this at Chang's where we could discuss which items are carbs and which weren't, we decided to write our protocols using color. But, which color first? and then which next? Primary colors are Yellow, Red, and Blue. We decided that diabetics, if anyone, should be allowed to YELL OW! 愛 = love in kanji and is pronouced "ai", just like "I" and thus ai yell OW! was the first definition for our growing genkiness lifestyle-curriculum. colors just are. Even though yellow looks a particular way to me, it might look very different to someone else! But, to know what the word means, someone took the time to point at something they called yellow and make sure we called it yellow. Sesame Street fascinated me because it was basically a bunch of little advertisements built up into an hour long show. As soon as one of my children suggested which dishwasher soap we should use, we went without cable for several years. I started a library of VHS and DVDs finding what became favorites by Sesame Street and others. When teaching little ones I started paying more attention to what advertisers were doing to compete with my attention. There are a lot of tricks with fonts and colors, along with spacing and shapes to "trick" us to pay attention. Even now that the children are off to college, I'm learning how sound can manipulate moods. I would evoke a different mood from my children when I put in Madagascar (friends don't eat friends and "I like to Move it Move it", than when I put in Sesame Street's "Peter and the Wolf". Even later in life we talked about how scary movies are more successful at getting our mind off something stressing us than a documentary about flowers blooming, which was great for a long day writing a paper. Genkiness, founded in colors, simply described the world as it was presented to us. Even if I don't personally celebrate Christmas, it mattered (more so in the 20th century than the 21st) if you counted on a gas station being open. In 2013 I skipped Christmas because I had medical problems and no one in the family was familiar enough with diabetes that I could trust them to watch over my diabetic children. It still happened, it simply happened while we were at home ensuring our Blood Glucoses weren't crazy. We had our meal plan on the wall so week to week we ate the same 7 day plan so that the children who needed to know how sugar and insulin affected their bodies, because it was a bit different for everyone, could get a grip on managing their diabeties in a world without help. The first week of middle school one was wrote up for having a low bg in math class (immediately after PE) and the other was in trouble on the bus for treating a low by eating a snack. I don't think we stayed in that school past the second week after JDRF's "best lawyer" explained that I needed to accept the reality that my child would be found unconscious in the bathroom eventually because THAT IS WHAT HAPPENS. To my knowledge, neither of my diabetic children were ever found unconscious in the bathroom at school, even in the four years they were at high school, but for that to be acceptable is unacceptable. I'm not putting time into this wiki-world to list wrongs... I am investing this next decade into this wiki-verse to educate. Because I believe information is one of the most important tools we have. The technology we possess greatly exceeds most of our needs, with the exceptions of old age and the occasional pandemic. I am intent on using this time to iterate these 12 colors over and over again, with the rest of world, adding bit by bit knowing that this job, like parenting and religion is intended to live long past my finite days. The colors were assigned by the end of 2015, when we then assigned Cindy's Kids grandkids each their own color and animal to ensure their privacy when we eventually published our efforts. primary problems come first, of course: yellow: physical; red: emotional; blue: social orange: occupational; purple: intellectual; green: environmental white: spiritual; black: factual; grey: nutritional pink: generational; cyan: miscellaneal; brown: punctuational # Emu # Bird of Paradise # Orangutan # Kangaroo # Pot Belly Pig # Elephant # Kitten # Puppy # Spider # Monkey # Swan # Yeti === The Adult Table === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ family |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:pink"> ∑ </span> || | colspan="15"| ƒ'''un'''ction of [ love { patience ( genes ) } ] |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:pink"> ∞ </span> || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ 愛 ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { 忍 } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( 人 ) </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> emu</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> bird of paradise</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> orangutan</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> kangaroo</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> pot belly pig</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> elephant</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> kitten</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> puppy </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> spider</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> monkey</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> swan</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> yeti</span> |} My dad frequently used the word "tabled" to describe the stuff we will talk about later... I use it now for it's intended purpose, and here! a bit tongue-in-cheek. . . The 91-92 academic year I spent in Ichikawa-shi Chiba-ken Japan 〒 272 where I learned Japanese on the one item grandpa Andy loathed: playing cards. I've discovered that while being a Nazarene is in my blood, being a protestant wasn't. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King represents 12 cards. Ace has the unique ability of being both high and low in many games. Joker is an easy wild card and in other more traditional card decks there is a card for Zero. We renamed Jack to JiLL, because of the double hockey sticks and generations of gender inequality and use X to represent 10, as the Romans did. Smallfoot inspired the name Smallf333T with a capital T inspired by THE Music Man, because afterall, T rhymes with P and that means Pool (rim shot, please). 333 for ee plays on polyrhythms - some of us just pace ourselves differently from others. ∞ is short hand for remembering the meta... the big picture. what comes *after? and how do we make our own lives sustainable so that those who follow can live at least as well as we did, and working on making things "better". Weird stuff happens when you consider that by *rank, King is #1. Qu333n is #2, and so forth. It kinda reinforces that 7 is the i.am card... === The Kid Table === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! K !! Q !! LL !! X !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! A !! R !! 0 !! ∞ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;"| <span style="color:#DECC9C;"> b 〇 x </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> emu</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> bird of paradise</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> orangutan</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> kangaroo</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> pot belly pig</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> elephant</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> kitten</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> puppy </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> spider</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> monkey</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> swan</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> yeti</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( 人 ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { 忍 } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ 愛 ] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;" | <span style="color:#DECC9C;"> - ∞ 〇 ∞ +</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">^breathe</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> #occupy</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Iname</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /learn</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .befriend</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @owned</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *be </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $limits </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %nurture </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :bequest </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _habituate </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;permaculture</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;"| <span style="color:#DECC9C;"> 〇 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^carot</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> #hash</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> |pipe</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /slash</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .dot</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @aT</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *star </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $dollar </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> % </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> : colon </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _ underscore </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ; semicolon</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( round ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { curly } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ square ] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;"| <span style="color:#DECC9C;"> 〇 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^I.C.E. </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> #pound</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> |pi|</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /forward slash</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .z00..</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> f00t</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> i.am </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> am.i </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> mai</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> mai</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> mai</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> mai</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (dodo) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {sudo} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:#87A96B;"| <span style="color:#DECC9C;"> ✠ </span> |} ==== ^ yellow ==== Stewards on a plane will tell parents that they are not able to help their child if s/he hasn't taken care of him/herself. What do I have to do to take care of myself first? # ^BREATHE :: asthma? myasthenia gravis? # |BG| :: diabetics learn calculus early... what is the rate of change of my BG? am I trending up or down or steady? # ... :: isolation is a thing. I remember the story of a military school graduate who had been bullied, not through words, but through the lack of interaction. #isolatedtogether might explore ways to be a community without seeing each other in person. The Hillsboro office by the Max has an address where we are encouraged to write to those who aren't able to get out to see others. # #occupation :: hashing things out, pounding away at a goal - how am I occupying my time? # /education :: how am I expanding my existing skills and what new skills should I be working on? For me, music composition seems to it. # @ where? :: wiki-world seems to be a great way to explore ideas with folks. Discord works on my phone. Is https://discord.gg/rhcK9aS the best place for me? # * who am I? well - we'll worry about that later when I have more control over my own decisions. *My children are grown - my job is to answer their call and be proactive with holidays and that only happens after my needs are met - *My Koi is here with me daily. Working together ensures we are both able to do more. {{Shades of yellow|yellow }} ==== # orange ==== How am I occupying my time? Effort matters. It seems to me that for me my life runs more smoothly when I have enough free time to raid weekly in wow. I'm sure there are other alternatives, but if I don't have time to rejuv myself, I'm not progressing properly. {{Shades of orange|orange }} ==== | red ==== Dialectical behavior therapy seems good for everyone. Basically, it's the mindfulness of Buddhism with a guide book. It is reasonable to have esteem for myself. Esteem comes from iterating specific tasks enough times to gain mastery. It requires feedback and interaction with real people - even if just in discord. {{Shades of red|red }} ==== / purple ==== {{Shades of violet|violet }} ==== . blue ==== manipulating people appropriately it isn't a "question" unless "no" is an acceptable answer... that would be a "demand" {{Shades of blue| blue }} ==== @ green ==== genki-ya {{Shades of green|green }} ==== * white ==== {{Shades of white|white }} ==== $ black ==== {{Shades of black|black }} ==== % gray / grey ==== I've heard the trick of remembering English use e and Americans use A. chrome extensions and more @ https://www.youtube.com/user/kylerobinsonyoung {{Shades of gray|gray }} ==== : pink ==== {{Shades of pink|pink }} {{Shades of magenta|magenta }} ==== _ cyan ==== {{Shades of cyan|Haint blue }} ==== ; brown ==== {{Shades of brown|brown }} == growing genkiness == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ growing_Genkiness |- ! King !! Queen !! Jack !! Ten !! Nine !! Eight !! Seven !! Six !! Five !! Four !! Three !! Two !! Ace !! Joker !! Zero !! ∞ |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞〇∞ |- || ^breathe || #occupy || Iname || /learn || .befriend || @owned || *be || $limits || %nurture || :bequest || _habituate || ;permaculture || ( ) || { } || [ ] || ∞ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 1</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 4 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5 </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9 </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10 </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11 </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15 </span> || ∞〇∞ |} === ^ 1 Primary === === # 2 Secondary === === | 3 Tertiary === === / 4 Quaternary === === . 5 Quinary === === @ 6 Senary === === * 7 Septenary === === $ 8 Octonary === === % 9 Nonary === === : 10 Denary === === _ 11 Undenary === === ; 12 Duodenary === === (13) Triodenary === === {14} Quadenary === {} in js = object {} in ruby = hash {} in python = dictionary === [15] Quindenary === == guchi genki games == === A 一 1 === === B 二 2 === === C 三 3 === === D 四 4 === === E 五 5 === === F 六 6 === === G 七 7 === === H 八 8 === === I 九 9 === === J 十 10 === === K 零 11 === === L 百 12 === === M 千 (13) === === N 羽 {14} === === O 鶴 [15] === === P 月 16 === === Q 火 17 === === R 水 18 === === S 木 19 === === T 金 20 === === U 土 21 === === V 日 22 === === W 者 23 === === X 振 24 === === Y 母 25 === === Z 父 26 === === birth 間 27. else === === death 善 28. f333d the g00d wolf=== === ‎‎¡ l333p ! 様 29. be yourself === === ◯ 皆 30. be inclusive === === K 王 31. who do I trust? === https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Diary/Growing_Genkiness_Dot_Me#Eons_of_Dung == old == [[File:Animated_phenakistiscope_disc_-_Running_rats_Fantascope_by_Thomas_Mann_Baynes_1833.gif | thumb | rats!]] [[File:Salem_banner_Oregon_State_Capitol.jpg | 1500px | Home!]] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Farwestern http://www.andersonandgirls.com/ http://ldjam.com/events/ludum-dare/46/$179518/in-china-a-group-of-people-made-a-game-in-the-past-20-days 逆行者 == 31 == https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_of_accounting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyOSqjIABe0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Principles_of_Yong ==丁 :: Ding! == My Name is Veronica Jean Anderson... and I. AM. this is where I will celebrate in 2020: [https://www.oregonzoo.org/visit/summer-concerts summer 2020 concerts] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson i.am on wikipedia.org] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta %pro.meta] [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Start_Here %priv.meta] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/sandbox Amigadachi/sandbox] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashiko -ko%ing] [[File:Daemonelix_burrows,_Agate_Fossil_Beds.jpg | thumb | The Devil's Screws were built by Beavers!]] ==20/20== https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history ==odoodem== {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ |- || [[File:2030_0001.png|100px|0001]] || [[File:2030_0002.png|100px|0002]] || [[File:2030_0003.png|100px|0003]] || [[File:2030_0004.png|100px|0004]] || [[File:2030_0005.png|100px|0005]] || [[File:2030_0006.png|100px|0006]] || [[File:2030_0007.png|100px|0007]] || [[File:2030_0008.png|100px|0008]] || [[File:2030_0009.png|100px|0009]] || [[File:2030_0010.png|100px|0010]] || [[File:2030_0011.png|100px|0011]] || [[File:2030_0012.png|100px|0012]] || [[File:2030_0013.png|100px|0013]] || [[File:2030_0014.png|100px|0014]] || [[File:2030_0015.png|100px|0015]] || [[File:2030_0016.png|100px|0016]] |- || [[File:2030_0016.png|100px|0016]] || [[File:2030_0017.png|100px|0017]] || [[File:2030_0018.png|100px|0018]] || [[File:2030_0019.png|100px|0019]] || [[File:2030_0020.png|100px|0020]] || [[File:2030_0021.png|100px|0021]] || [[File:2030_0022.png|100px|0022]] || [[File:2030_0023.png|100px|0023]] || [[File:2030_0024.png|100px|0024]] || [[File:2030_0025.png|100px|0025]] || [[File:2030_0026.png|100px|0026]] || [[File:2030_0027.png|100px|0027]] || [[File:2030_0028.png|100px|0028]] || [[File:2030_0029.png|100px|0029]] || [[File:2030_0030.png|100px|0030]] |- || [[File:2030_0031.png|100px|0031]] || [[File:2030_0032.png|100px|0032]] || [[File:2030_0033.png|100px|0033]] || [[File:2030_0034.png|100px|0034]] || [[File:2030_0035.png|100px|0035]] || [[File:2030_0036.png|100px|0036]] || [[File:2030_0037.png|100px|0037]] || [[File:2030_0038.png|100px|0038]] || [[File:2030_0039.png|100px|0039]] || [[File:2030_0040.png|100px|0040]] || [[File:2030_0041.png|100px|0041]] || [[File:2030_0042.png|100px|0042]] || [[File:2030_0043.png|100px|0043]] || [[File:2030_0044.png|100px|0044]] || [[File:2030_0045.png|100px|0045]] |} ==odoodem== word "totem" from Ojibwe word "odoodem" which means "his kinship group" 22 foot monumental gigantic https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/1000 {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0001.png|50px|0001]] </span> |- | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0002.png|50px|0002]] </span> |- | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0003.png|50px|0003]] </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0004.png|50px|0004]] </span> |- | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0005.png|50px|0005]] </span> |- | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0006.png|50px|0006]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;"| <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0007.png|50px|0007]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0008.png|50px|0008]] </span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0009.png|50px|0009]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0010.png|50px|0010]] </span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0011.png|50px|0011]] </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0012.png|50px|0012]] </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" |+ |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0012.png|50px|0012]] </span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0011.png|50px|0011]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0010.png|50px|0010]] </span> |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0009.png|50px|0009]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0008.png|50px|0008]] </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;"| <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0007.png|50px|0007]] </span> |- | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0006.png|50px|0006]] </span> |- | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0005.png|50px|0005]] </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0004.png|50px|0004]] </span> |- | style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0003.png|50px|0003]] </span> |- | style="background:white" | <span style="color:black"> [[File:2030_0002.png|50px|0002]] </span> |- | style="background:black" | <span style="color:silver"> [[File:2030_0001.png|50px|0001]] </span> |} ==Y^ Crisis Management: Am I Safe?== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | [ 1 ] | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | { 2 } | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | ( 3 ) | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | ^ | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | II | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | ... | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | ^breathe | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | Ibl00dI | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | .f.00d. | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | ^ | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | II | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | ... | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | ^ | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | II | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | ... |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] ==RI Problem Solving: Am I Ready?== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Yellow</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Orange</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Red</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Purple</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Blue</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Green</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 黄</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 橙</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 赤</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紫</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紺</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 緑</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 黄</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 橙</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 赤</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紫</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 紺</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 緑</span> |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] ==B. Balancing: Do I have a Sabbath?== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Monday</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Tuesday</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Wednesday</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Thursday</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Friday</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Saturday</span> || Sunday | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 月</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 土</span> || 日 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> MonArchy</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 土</span> || 日 |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] ==O: %PROgress!!! f(x)=y== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 王</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 女</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 混</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 気</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 家</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 引</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 猫</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 沌</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 忍</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 伝</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 子</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 遺</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> =人</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:teal"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:teal"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:teal"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:teal"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:teal"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:teal"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:teal"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:teal"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:teal"> A</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:pink"> K</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:pink"> Q</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:pink"> LL</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:pink"> X</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:pink"> 9</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:pink"> 8</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:pink"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:pink"> 6</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:pink"> 5</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:pink"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:pink"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:pink"> 2</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> A</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> #</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> /</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> .</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black">@</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ;</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ⬤</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> A</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> B</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> C</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> D</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> E</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black">F</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> G</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> H</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> I</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> J</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> K</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> L</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> M</span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> N</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> O</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> P</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Q</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> R</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black">S</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> T</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> U</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> V</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> W</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> X</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Y</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> Z</span> |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] ==P: Explaining The Deck== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 1</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 0</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 100</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 1000 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> feather </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> crane </span> |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] ==G: Stacking The Deck== http://yoursmallbusinesshub.com/about/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- ! -1 !! 0 !! 1 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> -1 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 0 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> +1 </span> |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] ==tables== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ growing_Genkiness |- | colspan="3" | Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" colspan="6" | CRISIS MGMT :: Am I safe? |- | rowspan="19" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Yellow</span> | rowspan="19" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Red</span> | rowspan="19" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Blue</span> | colspan="3" | Secondary | colspan="9" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | Am I sober & sane enough to solve problems? |- | rowspan="18" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Orange</span> | rowspan="18" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Purple</span> | rowspan="18" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Green</span> | colspan="3"| Tertiary | colspan="12" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | Balancing :: Am I %progressing? :: The Best, The Worst, & The Rest |- | rowspan="17" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> White</span> | rowspan="17" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> bLack</span> | rowspan="17" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> grEy</span> | colspan="3"| Quaternary | colspan="24" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | Enjoying!!! Which wolf am I feeding? |- | rowspan="16" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pInk</span> | rowspan="16" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Cyan</span> | rowspan="16" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> browN </span> | colspan="3"| 5 | colspan="13" | Am I leaving a mess? |- | rowspan="15" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ()</span> | rowspan="15" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {}</span> | rowspan="15" style="background:#BFBFBF;"| <span style="color:white"> []</span> | colspan="3"| 6 | colspan="13" | Explaining The Deck |- | rowspan="14" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( )</span> | rowspan="14" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { } </span> | rowspan="14" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ] </span> | colspan="3"| 7 | colspan="13" | Stacking The Deck |- | rowspan="13" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (·)</span> | rowspan="13" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {·}</span> | rowspan="13" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [·] </span> | colspan="3"| 8 | colspan="13" | A WAR Against Wednesdays :: AWaw |- | rowspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="12" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="12" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 9 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="11" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="11" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="11" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 10 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="10" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="10" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="10" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 11 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="9" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="9" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="9" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 12 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="8" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="8" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="8" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 13 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="7" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="7" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="7" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 14 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="6" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="6" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="6" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 15 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="5" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="5" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 16 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="4" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="4" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 17 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="3" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 18 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="2" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="2" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 19 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |- | rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 面</span> | rowspan="1" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂</span> | rowspan="1" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 </span> | colspan="3"| 20/20 | colspan="13" | DanZiG |} ==more tables== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ growing_Genkiness |- ! [ { ( 人 ) } ] ! King !! Queen !! Jack !! Ten !! Nine !! Eight !! Seven !! Six !! Five !! Four !! Three !! Two !! Ace !! Joker !! Zero !! ∞ |- | rowspan="15" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞〇∞ |- || ^breathe || #occupy || Iname || /learn || .befriend || @owned || *be || $limits || %nurture || :bequest || _habituate || ;permaculture || ( ) || { } || [ ] || ∞ |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 一</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 二</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 三</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 四</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 五</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 六</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 七</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 八</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 九</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 十</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 零</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 百</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 千 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 羽 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 鶴 </span> |- || Intro || Exe Sum || Comp Overview || Bus Desc || Mkt Analysis || OP || Mktg Plan || Fin Plan || Appendix || S^ Instr || S^ Paperwk || S^ P&L || A 501c3 || B coop || C -ya |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- || knaVe || w-1 crabby kitty || indeX uid || Y i || Zombie Koi || earth ai || stars || , || ! || haha || fu || ma || good || style || inclusive || kami-sama |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89. m̂</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 |} =X :: File= #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] physical genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] occupational genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] emotional genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] intellectual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] social genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] environmental genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] spiritual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] factual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] nutritional genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] generational genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] habitual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] punctuational genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] hu-man #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] Ninja Nazarenes style #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] transparently #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] humbly ==2== #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] occupational genkiness ===3=== #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] emotional genkiness ====4==== #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] intellectual genkiness =====5===== #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] social genkiness ======6====== #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] environmental genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] spiritual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] factual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] nutritional genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] generational genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] habitual genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] punctuational genkiness #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] hu-man #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] Ninja Nazarenes style #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] transparently #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] humbly =Y :: Rank= #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] Hearts #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] Spades #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] Diamonds #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] Clubs #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] YinYang #[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] Peace =.card= [[File:2030_o.png |thumb | 2030_o.png]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 3 X 4 = 12 |- ! A !! 〇 〇 1 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 2 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 3 〇 〇 |- |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> A </span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_A.png | 100px | 2030_A.png]]</span> |style="background:silver;"| B <span style="color:pink"> B </span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0001.png | 100px | 2030_0001.png]]</span> |- ! B !! 〇 〇 4 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 5 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 6 〇 〇 |- |style="background:silver;"| B <span style="color:pink"> B </span> |style="background:grey;"| C <span style="color:pink">[[File:2030_heart.png | 100px | 2030_heart.png]]</span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> A </span> |style="background:grey;"| C <span style="color:pink"> C </span> |- ! C !! 〇 〇 7 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 8 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 9 〇 〇 |- |style="background:grey;"| C <span style="color:pink"> C </span> |style="background:silver;"| B <span style="color:pink"> </span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> A </span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_heart.png | 100px | 2030_heart.png]] </span> |- ! D !! 〇 〇 10 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 11 〇 〇 !! 〇 〇 12 〇 〇 |- |style="background:white"| D <span style="color:pink"> D </span> |style="background:black;"| <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_0001.png | 100px | 2030_0001.png]] </span> |style="background:grey;"| C <span style="color:pink"> C </span> |style="background:white"| D <span style="color:pink"> [[File:2030_A.png | 100px | 2030_A.png]]</span> |} =.sub.card= {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] | style="background:white;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] | style="background:silver;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] | style="background:pink;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] | style="background:grey;" | [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] |- | style="background:black;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] | style="background:white;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] | style="background:silver;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] | style="background:pink;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] | style="background:grey;" | [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] |- | style="background:black;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] | style="background:white;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] | style="background:silver;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] | style="background:pink;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] | style="background:grey;" | [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] |} Δ =Z :: Depth by %= {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- ! i !! 〇 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! ∞ |- | style="width: 5%;" | i | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/yellow yellow] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/orange orange] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/red red] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/purple purple] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/blue blue] | style="width: 5%;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/green green] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/white white] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/black black] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/grey grey] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/pink pink] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/cyan cyan] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/brown brown] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/round round] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/curly curly] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/square square] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/meta meta] |- ! i !! !! ^breathe !! #occupy !! Iname !! /learn !! .befriend !! @owned !! *be !! $limits !! %nurture !! :bequest !! _habituate !! ;permaculture !! ( ) !! { } !! [ ] !! ∞ !! !! !! !! ∞ |- ||1 || [[File:2030_0001.png | 100px | 2030_0001.png]] || i am focusing on my BGs 1st; tsugu, || Introduction | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> || [[File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg | 100px | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Veronica#/media/File:Veronica Chapel on the Via Dolorosa, Jerusalem.jpg]] || [[File:2030_y.png | 100px | 2030_y.png]] || || || || || || || || | rowspan="100" | ∞ |- ||2 || [[File:2030_0002.png | 100px | 2030_0002.png]] || i report to Dan & 恋 + 3 ; 継ぐ , || Executive Summary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> || [[File:Estudante_Fisica.svg |100px| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estudante_Fisica.svg]] || [[File:2030_o.png | 100px | 2030_o.png]] |- || 3 || [[File:2030_0003.png | 100px | 2030_0003.png]] || i %pract-ice growing_Genkiness ; || Company Overview | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> || [[File:Church_in_Brenac_(2).jpg |100px| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_in_Brenac_(2).jpg]] || [[File:2030_r.png | 100px | 2030_r.png]] |- || 4 || [[File:2030_0004.png | 100px | 2030_0004.png]] || i want a waypoint in Marion County for online business & local food truck focused on special diets and at-cost subscriptions for nutritional therapy ; || Business Description | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> || || [[File:2030_p.png | 100px | 2030_p.png]] |- || 5 || [[File:2030_0005.png | 100px | 2030_0005.png]] || i ; || Market Analysis | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> || || [[File:2030_b.png | 100px | 2030_b.png]] |- || 6 || [[File:2030_0006.png | 100px | 2030_0006.png]] || i ; || Operating Plan | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> || || [[File:2030_g.png | 100px | 2030_g.png]] |- ||7 || [[File:2030_0007.png | 100px | 2030_0007.png]] || i ; || Marketing & Sales Plan | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> || || [[File:2030_w.png | 100px | 2030_w.png]] |- || 8 || [[File:2030_0008.png | 100px | 2030_0008.png]] || Financial Plan | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> || [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(1971_video_game)#/media/File:TheOregonTrail1971Gameplay.png |thumb| TheOregonTrail1971Gameplay.png]] || || [[File:2030_l.png | 100px | 2030_l.png]] || [[File:2030_0008.png | 100px | 2030_0008.png]] |- || 9 || [[File:2030_0009.png | 100px | 2030_0009.png]] || Appendix | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> || || [[File:2030_e.png | 100px | 2030_e.png]] || [[File:2030_0009.png | 100px | 2030_0009.png]] |- || 10 || [[File:2030_0010.png | 100px | 2030_0010.png]] || Start Up Instructions | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> || [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Love_2019/Results#/media/File:Christian_wedding_in_Russia.jpg x] || || [[File:2030_i.png | 100px | 2030_i.png]] || [[File:2030_0010.png | 100px | 2030_0010.png]] |- || 11 || [[File:2030_0011.png | 100px | 2030_0011.png]] || Start Up Paperwork | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> || || [[File:2030_c.png | 100px | 2030_c.png]] || [[File:2030_0011.png | 100px | 2030_0011.png]] |- || 12 || [[File:2030_0012.png | 100px | 2030_0012.png]] || Start Up Expected Profit & Loss | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> || || [[File:2030_n.png | 100px | 2030_n.png]] || [[File:2030_0012.png | 100px | 2030_0012.png]] |- || 13 || [[File:2030_0013.png | 100px | 2030_0013.png]] || [A] 501c3 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> || [[File:2030_0013.png | 100px | 2030_0013.png]] |- || 14 || [[File:2030_0014.png | 100px | 2030_0014.png]] || {B} c00peration | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> || [[File:2030_0014.png | 100px | 2030_0014.png]] |- || 15 || [[File:2030_0015.png | 100px | 2030_0015.png]] || (C) Brick & Mortar -ya | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> || [[File:2030_0015.png | 100px | 2030_0015.png]] |- || 16 || [[File:2030_0016.png | 100px | 2030_0016.png]] || knaVe | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> |- || 17 || [[File:2030_0017.png | 100px | 2030_0017.png]] || w-1 crabby kitty | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> || [[File:2030_0018.png | 100px | 2030_0018.png]] || |- || 18 || [[File:2030_0018.png | 100px | 2030_0018.png]] || indeX uid | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> || |- || 19 || [[File:2030_0019.png | 100px | 2030_0019.png]] || Y i oughta | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> || |- || 20 || [[File:2030_0020.png | 100px | 2030_0020.png]] || Zombie Koi | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> |- || 21 || [[File:2030_0021.png | 100px | 2030_0021.png]] || earth | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> |- || 22 || [[File:2030_0022.png | 100px | 2030_0022.png]] || stars | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> |- || 23 || [[File:2030_0023.png | 100px | 2030_0023.png]] || , | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> || |- || 24 X || [[File:2030_0024.png | 100px | 2030_0024.png]] || ! | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> |- || 25 Y || [[File:2030_0025.png | 100px | 2030_0025.png]] || mother-ly | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> || |- || 26 Z || [[File:2030_0026.png | 100px | 2030_0026.png]] || father-ly | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> |- || i || [[File:2030_0027.png | 100px | 2030_0027.png]] || between | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> || |- || i || [[File:2030_0028.png | 100px | 2030_0028.png]] || g00d | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> |- || i || (humbly) | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> |- || i || inclusion | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> |- || i || king/god | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- || i || female/woman | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> |- || i || mix/chaos | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> |- || i || air | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> |- || i || -ya | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> |- || i || pull | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> |- || i || cat | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> |- || i || endure | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> |- || i || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> |- || i || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> |- || i || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> |- || i || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> |- || i || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89.m̂</span> |- || i || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 91.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 92.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 93.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 94.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 95.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 96.</span> |- || i || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 97.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 98.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 99.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 100.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 101.</span> |- || i || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 102.</span> |} ==1975-== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- ! 1974 !! 0 !! Fayetteville :: Fort Bragg, NC |- || 1975 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> || born 8.27.1975! Parents paid extra so I would be born in Fayetteville instead of Fort Bragg. |- || 1976 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> || Baby coming! |- || 1977 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> || 1/30 Baby Brother arrives! |- || 1978 | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> || Salem, Oregon following B&B Anderson |- || 1979 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> || |- || 1980 | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> || |- || 1981 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> || 1/26 Baby Sister! |- || 1982 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> |- || 1983 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> |- || 1984 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> |- || 1985 | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> |- || 1986 | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> |- || 1987 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> |- || 1988 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> |- || 1989 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- || 1990 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 16.月</span> |- || 1991 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 17.火</span> || 8/26 Nippon ni ikimashita! |- || 1992 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 18.水</span> || 8/1x okairi! |- || 1993 | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 19.木</span> || 12/18/93 Married Tony Monroe Bathke! |- || 1994 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 20.金</span> |- || 1995 | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 21.土</span> |- || 1996 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 22.日 </span> |- || 1997 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 23.者</span> || My Emu! |- || 1998 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 24.振</span> |- || 1999 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 25.母</span> || My Goose & Monkey!! |- || 2000 | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 26.父</span> |- || 2001 | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 27.間</span> || My Orangutan & Elephant & Pot Bellied Pig! |- || 2002 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 28.善 </span> |- || 2003 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 29.様</span> |- || 2004 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 30.皆 </span> |- || 2005 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 31.王</span> |- || 2006 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 32.女</span> |- || 2007 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 33.混</span> |- || 2008 | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 34.気</span> |- || 2009 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 35.家</span> |- || 2010 | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 36.引</span> |- || 2011 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 37.猫</span> |- || 2012 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 38.沌</span> |- || 2013 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 39.忍</span> |- || 2014 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 40.伝</span> |- || 2015 | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 41.子</span> |- || 2016 | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 42.遺</span> |- || 2017 | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 43.人</span> |- || 2018 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 44.仮</span> |- || 2019 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 45.改 </span> |- || 2020 | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 46.黄</span> |- || 2021 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 47.橙</span> |- || 2022 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 48.赤</span> |- || 2023 | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 49.紫</span> |- || 2024 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 50.紺</span> |- || 2025 | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 51.緑</span> |- || 2026 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 52.白</span> |- || 2027 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 53.黒</span> |- || 2028 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 54.灰</span> |- || 2029 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 55.桃 </span> |- || 2030 | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 56.青</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 57.茶</span> |- || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 58.銅</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 59.銀</span> |- || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 60.色 </span> |- || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 61.北</span> |- || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 62.先</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 63.東</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 64.直</span> |- || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 65.南</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 66.西</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 67.此 </span> |- || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 68.方</span> |- || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 69.彼</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 70.年</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 71.週 </span> |- || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 72.何 </span> |- || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 73.後</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 74.今</span> |- || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 75.処 </span> |- || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 76.上</span> |- || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 77.毎</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 78.右</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 79.斜 </span> |- || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 80.下</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 81.左</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 82.朝</span> |- || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 83.晩 </span> |- || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 84.去</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 85.昨</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 86.再</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 87.週</span> |- || | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 88.面</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 89.m̂</span> |- || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 90.愛 </span> |- || | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 91.</span> |- || | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 92.</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 93.</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 94.</span> |- || | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 95.</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 96.</span> |- || | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 97.</span> |- || | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 98.</span> |- || | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 99.</span> |- || | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 100.</span> |- || | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 101.</span> |- || | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 102.</span> |} ==ToDo: File Me== [[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Grandma_Cinderella Grandma_Cinderella]] 百雷 hyakurai https://www.lwv.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnum_Burnum Hadaka Matsuri" in Japanese, is a wild and raucous festival held every year on the third Saturday of February at the Saidaiji Kannonin Temple https://muppet.fanNOTdomNOTcom/wiki/Muppet_Wiki https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ anon+us perhaps surrogate of pain https://www.pdinfo.com/pd-song-list/pd-song-list-best-w.php {| |+ |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/sandbox Amigadachi/sandbox] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson] |} https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Love_2019 [[File:Mount_St_Helens_Summit_Pano_II.jpg | 1500px | St Helens]] == 050720b == https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Developing_Wikiversity_through_action_research https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Diary/VeronicaJeanAnderson == https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zookeeper's_Wife_(film) == https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zookeeper's_Wife_(film) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%BBabi%C5%84ski https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Zoo https://www.oregonzoo.org/ https://japanesegarden.org/ https://omsi.edu/ == Files Missing Information == Thanks for uploading files to Wikiversity. All files must have source and license information to stay at Wikiversity. The following files are missing {{tlx|Information}} and/or [[Wikiversity:License tags]], and will be deleted if the missing information is not added. See [[Wikiversity:Uploading files]] for more information. {{colbegin|3}} * [[:File:Gg 0000.svg]] * [[:File:Gg rose.png]] * [[:File:Gg rose.svg]] {{colend}} [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] ([[User talk:MaintenanceBot|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MaintenanceBot|contribs]]) 16:16, 13 May 2020 (UTC) == Upload Block == The Wikiversity community is relatively accepting of unique content contributions as long as they don't generate more work for the rest of us. You have uploaded more than 150 files to Wikiversity but despite repeated warnings, you have only properly licensed three of them. The rest all had to be deleted by one of us for missing copyright or license information. You are therefore blocked from uploading files for one month. If this approach continues after the block expires, you will either be blocked from uploading for a much longer period of time or your account will just be blocked outright. Let me know if you have any questions. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 01:32, 15 May 2020 (UTC) == g! == gg! == 2021 == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- || [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Main_Page ⚬] || [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi ∘] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 0] || [https://growinggenkiness.me/index 人] || [https://gdkp.org/ ◯] || [https://sec7or.com 1] || [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ∞] |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff on #000 ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || ◯⚬∘0 || ◯ || ⚬ || ∘ || 0 |- || white || lime || silver || pink || teal || hotpink || #000 || ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). || 0 |- || #fff || 00ff00 || c0c0c0 || ffc0cb || 008080 || ff69b4 || #000 || 1st google response on day searched circa 2021 |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ boo hoo clu; ブー フー klo͞o |- || <div style="border:6px dashed pink"> #___gg___koan___ ::: When in doubt, get a [http://clu clu] </div> || <div style="border:1px dashed grey"> [http://clu/ http://clu/] needs a link to [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Main_Page http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Main_Page] & [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/sandbox https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/sandbox] </div> || <div style="border:1px dashed cyan"> [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion Transclusion] </div> |} == grandma cinderella + gdkp.org 2015 == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ primary genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! red !! blue |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ff0000 !! #0000ff |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 |- ! [] !! physical !! emotional !! social |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ secondary genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! #ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ tertiary genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green !! white !! black !! grey |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! #ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 !! #fff !! #000 !! #808080 |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) !! (255, 255, 255) !! (0,0,0) !! (128, 128, 128) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:white;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:grey;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental !! spiritual !! factual !! nutritional |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ quaternary genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green !! white !! black !! grey !! pink !! cyan !! brown !! |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! #ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 !! #fff !! #000 !! #808080 !! #ffc0cb !! #00fff !! #a52a2a |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) !! (255, 255, 255) !! (0,0,0) !! (128, 128, 128) !! (255, 192, 203) !! (0, 255, 255) !! (165, 42, 42) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:white;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:grey;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:pink;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:cyan;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:brown;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental !! spiritual !! factual !! nutritional !! generational !! miscelleal !! punctuational |} == butterfly-ese == === amiga-ez === https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/31782/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_(butterfly) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30740021/ dashboard: https://growinggenkiness.me autism connection: https://equimanagement.com/news/madigan-foal-squeeze-procedure-neonatal-maladjustment-syndrome-27269 == 0 == (this works on theMetaWiki (LAN) and i'm trying to understand how to appropriately make it work publicly - but i have to do some other stuff first) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:yellow]] </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:red]]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:blue]]</span> || |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:yellow}} </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:red}}</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:blue}}</span> || |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:orange]]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:purple]]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:green]] </span> || |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:orange}}</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:purple}}</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:green}}</span> || |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every.day habits |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:white]]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [[Color:black]] </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:grey]]</span> || |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:white}} </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> {{:Color:black}} </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:grey}} </span> || [[ae v æ & AE v Æ]] |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:pink]] </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:cyan]] </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:brown]] </span> || |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:pink}} </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:cyan}} </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:Color:brown}} </span> || |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> [[Color:round]] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [[Color:curly]] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [[Color:square]] </span> || |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> {{:color:round}} </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {{:color:curly}} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> {{:color:square}} </span> || |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others |- || Senary || [[Color:box]] || [[Color:o]] || [[Color:x]] || |- || Senary || {{:Color:box}} || {{:Color:o}} || {{:Color:x}} || |} ------------------------------------------------ https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=529180&aid=d601a191-f52b-4459-9fae-610784099720&invite=b696d7ef-e5b4-4462-b55b-adf10deba0ac&type=ByLink http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Color:meta (lan.d wiki) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Main_Page https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:School_and_university_projects [https://helpx.adobe.com/creative-cloud/kb/adobe-experience-design--xd--is-missing-from-the-list-of-applica.html?x-product=Creative%20Cloud%20Desktop%2F5.1.0.407&guid=35e6aa40-df70-4e0e-9fe4-799b90b2658c&x-product-location=Search%3ATopResults%3ASupport%2F0.6.1&code=eyJ4NXUiOiJpbXNfbmExLWtleS0xLmNlciIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.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.ILTOvND-V37LU4kPTfUudJpUoSXXamUA0rPrB7RrRh9Lj6w8bI9fXR1jQMNsKvza3crPu-FH9HknY3-ZFvQHqY_vNK0jbpMgk2QB3irLTUw4Xiip_Gx953oBxR_VbkYEuKbadExQr7g48Mh2zhUbjyMpufKZwyB9iVcbW36Y7JmBBAZC4vAS9xX5HKXrugSMtVV0CevSQH23iTGhABVBcJNZFEkJfQZgrwNrbLyGcrdNiKGWkT7V94CoChQal71T_KbSxvqkKPpAQoprqcFXVPKsInibEKxxvOZjnASWBhAGgGDs8rtmFAe5GD0EaBj7oYIZffmBfnFByik4bgoyKA xd] https://www.oregon.gov/highered/about/Pages/staff-directory.aspx https://www.nobsactive.com/ https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5p2A5mazEs {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others |} https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Diary/Growing_Genkiness_Dot_Me https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Diary/Sanctuary https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Diary/The_V http://jsonviewer.stack.hu/ https://jsonschema.net/home https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/sandbox == 図 zu== { "It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This!": "図" } == 図.json == { "It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This!": "図", "story_i_tell_myself": [{"carrot": "忍"}, {"忍": "patience"}, {"patience": "愛"}], } == 図.json.schema == { "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema", "$id": "http://example.com/example.json", "type": "object", "title": "The root schema", "description": "The root schema comprises the entire JSON document.", "default": {}, "required": [ "It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This!", "story_i_tell_myself" ], "additionalProperties": true, "properties": { "It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This!": { "$id": "#/properties/It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This!", "type": "string", "title": "The It's Dangerous to go alone... Take This! schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "図" ] }, "story_i_tell_myself": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself", "type": "array", "title": "The story_i_tell_myself schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": [], "examples": [ [ { "carrot": "忍" }, { "忍": "patience" } ] ], "additionalItems": true, "items": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items", "anyOf": [ { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/0", "type": "object", "title": "The first anyOf schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "carrot": "忍" } ], "required": [ "carrot" ], "additionalProperties": true, "properties": { "carrot": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/0/properties/carrot", "type": "string", "title": "The carrot schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "忍" ] } } }, { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/1", "type": "object", "title": "The second anyOf schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "忍": "patience" } ], "required": [ "忍" ], "additionalProperties": true, "properties": { "忍": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/1/properties/忍", "type": "string", "title": "The 忍 schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "patience" ] } } }, { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/2", "type": "object", "title": "The third anyOf schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": {}, "examples": [ { "patience": "愛" } ], "required": [ "patience" ], "additionalProperties": true, "properties": { "patience": { "$id": "#/properties/story_i_tell_myself/items/anyOf/2/properties/patience", "type": "string", "title": "The patience schema", "description": "An explanation about the purpose of this instance.", "default": "", "examples": [ "愛" ] } } } ] } } } } Maximum file size: 100 MB Permitted file types: tiff, tif, png, gif, jpg, jpeg, webp, xcf, pdf, mid, ogg, ogv, svg, djvu, oga, flac, opus, wav, webm, mp3, midi, mpg, mpeg. == 図_0000 == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz7SZygR1Go https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test "There could be no destination without a journey." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf#To_the_Lighthouse_.281927.29 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2030_i.am 愛 ⚙ ≈ ÷ © � 􏿾 ⌥ ⇧ ↵ ૱ “بسم الله” |- ! Q′ !! (-1) !! 00 !! 01 !! 02 !! 03 !! 04 !! 05 !! 06 !! 07 !! 08 !! 09 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 |- ! m̂ !! 人 !! 〇 !! 王 !! 二 !! 三 !! 四 !! 五 !! 六 !! 七 !! 八 !! 九 !! 十 !! 零 !! 百 !! 千 !! 羽 !! 鶴 |- | colspan="6" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 i 愛 i i 愛 </span> | colspan="9" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂ i i m̂</span> | colspan="1" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> i 人</span> | colspan="1" style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇</span> | colspan="1" style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> .</span> || || || || |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> King </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Observe and Interact</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Queen </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Catch and Store Energy</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Jack </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Obtain a Yield</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Ten </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Apply Self Regulation and Accept Feedback</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Nine</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Eight </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Produce No Waste</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Seven</span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Design From Patterns to Details</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> Six</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> Integrate Rather Than Segregate</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> Five</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Small and Slow Solutions</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> Four</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Diversity</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Three </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Edges and Value the Marginal</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Two</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Creatively Use and Respond to Change</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> Ace </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Joker </span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> Zero </span> | colspan="3" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( 面 )</span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { m̂ } </span> | colspan="12" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ 愛 ] </span> |} == hajimemashite == 1st Things First {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- |style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] 🏳️ || || | style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚬ ] <span style="color:white"> 人 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi ⚬ ] <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> | style="background:#627778;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ⚬ ] <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || | style="background:#679498;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2021:Submissions https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2021:Submissions/Guidelines https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2021:Submissions/Help_desk https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions/Guidelines https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions/Help_desk Wikimania 2021 will be the 16th in the series of annual international conferences discussing the Wikimedia projects, the Wikimedia Communities, and the Free Culture movement. It's the first-ever virtual Wikimania and it will be held from August 13-17th. Program submissions will open on May 27th - June 18th. Proposals can be submitted as a Movement Group, Affiliate, Individual or as a Collective of individuals. Guidelines on submission are available, if you need help or have any questions please ask at 2021:Wikimania Submission help desk. [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/Talk:Main_Page#hajimemashite ¡はじめまして!] Irrational number is denoted by '''''i''''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Marion_County,_Oregon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Marion_County,_Oregon] Customarily, the set of irrational numbers is expressed as the set of all real numbers "minus" the set of rational numbers, which can be denoted by either of the following, which are equivalent: R∖Q, where the backward slash denotes "set minus". R−Q, where we read the set of reals, "minus" the set of rationals. [[File:Helmholtz pitch notation c.svg|200px|left|thumb|Prime, double prime and triple prime]] R == real numbers Q == irrational numbers Q′, ″, ‴, ⁗ == Q [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(symbol) prime], double prime, triple prime, quadruple prime U+2032 ′ PRIME (HTML &#8242; · &prime;) (lower case p) U+2033 ″ DOUBLE PRIME (HTML &#8243; · &Prime;) (upper case P) U+2034 ‴ TRIPLE PRIME (HTML &#8244; · &tprime;) U+2035 ‵ REVERSED PRIME (HTML &#8245; · &backprime;, &bprime;) U+2036 ‶ REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME (HTML &#8246;) U+2037 ‷ REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME (HTML &#8247;) U+2057 ⁗ QUADRUPLE PRIME (HTML &#8279; · &qprime;) U+02B9 ʹ MODIFIER LETTER PRIME (HTML &#697;) U+02BA ʺ MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME (HTML &#698;) U+0022 " QUOTATION MARK (HTML &#34; · &quot;, &QUOT;) (often misused as double prime) U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE (HTML &#39; · &apos;) (often misused as a single prime) "In physics, the prime is used to denote variables after an event. For example, v_A′ would indicate the velocity of object A after an event. It is also commonly used in relativity: the event at (x, y,  z, t) in frame S, has coordinates (x′, y′, z′, t′) in frame S′." v_A′ The prime is said to "decorate" the letter to which it applies. The same convention is adopted in functional programming, particularly in Haskell. ` == (back tic); ' == (quote); " == (double quote); ~ == (tilde); “ == ; ” ==; {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2030_i.am 愛 ⚙ ≈ ÷ © � 􏿾 ⌥ ⇧ ↵ ૱ “بسم الله” |- ! Q′ !! (-1) !! 00 !! 01 !! 02 !! 03 !! 04 !! 05 !! 06 !! 07 !! 08 !! 09 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 !! 27 !! 28 !! 29 !! 30 !! 31 |- ! m̂ !! 人 !! 〇 !! 王 !! 二 !! 三 !! 四 !! 五 !! 六 !! 七 !! 八 !! 九 !! 十 !! 零 !! 百 !! 千 !! 羽 !! 鶴 |- | colspan="6" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 愛 i 愛 i i 愛 </span> | colspan="9" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> m̂ i i m̂</span> | colspan="1" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> i 人</span> | colspan="1" style="background:silver" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇</span> | colspan="1" style="background:black" | <span style="color:white"> .</span> || || || || |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> King </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> 01.一</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> Observe and Interact</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Queen </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 02.二</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Catch and Store Energy</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Jack </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 03.三</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> Obtain a Yield</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Ten </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 04.四</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> Apply Self Regulation and Accept Feedback</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Nine</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 05.五</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Renewable Resources and Services</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Eight </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 06.六</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> Produce No Waste</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Seven</span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 07.七</span> | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Design From Patterns to Details</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> Six</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 08.八</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> Integrate Rather Than Segregate</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> Five</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 09.九</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Small and Slow Solutions</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> Four</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 10.十</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> Use and Value Diversity</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Three </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 11.零</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> Use Edges and Value the Marginal</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Two</span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 12.百</span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Creatively Use and Respond to Change</span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> Ace </span> | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> 13.千 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> Joker </span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 14.羽 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> Zero </span> | colspan="3" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> | colspan="12" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 15.鶴 </span> |- | colspan="3" style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( 面 )</span> | colspan="3" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { m̂ } </span> | colspan="12" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ 愛 ] </span> |} == hajimemashite == 1st Things First {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ == |- ! == !! ∑ !! ∙ |- ! "set = to" !! sum !! of |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ◯ ☩ |- ! ◯ !! ❌ !! ☩ |- ! "ok. Right. Perfect" !! "no. incorrect. wrong" !! cross of JeruSalem |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ « ℱ » |- ! ○ !! ∘ !! ⚬ !! ◯ !! « !! » !! « |- ! ℱ !! & !! ∙ !! ⚪ !! « !! » !! « |} 0 == empty set. nothing. the meaning behind the word zer0 X == X as in X, Y, Z x == X as in x, y, z ⚪ == white circle 🔴 == "This icon shows a bright red circle. This emoji could mean a ball, a stoplight, or a general red sphere. It could be used to decorate a text message, or as a symbol for a kickball." ⬤ == font color circle ○ == "A female family member in a family tree." ⨳ ⨻ ✛ ⨷ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- ! [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFXlWfzW9Uo 🧡 ] ! #fff ! #00ff00 ! #c0c0c0 ! #ffc0cb ! #008080 ! #ff69b4 ! #000 ! [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFXlWfzW9Uo 🧡 ] |style="background:white;" | span style="color:#000" black /span |colspan="2"|◯ | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- ! [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFXlWfzW9Uo 🧡 ] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⬤⚪🔴] white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime ⚪🔴⬤</span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver ⬤⚪🔴</span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink ⬤🔴⚪</span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal ⬤🔴⚪ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon ○] hotpink ⬤🔴⚪</span> || [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa ◯] black || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5glDAaCaazc 🧡] |style="background:white;" colspan="3"| 🌈🏳️‍🌈(⚬⃔⚬N ⚬⃔ ⚬ )◯⬤🔴⚪🔴🟡🔵⚪🟢🟤🔴🟠🟡🟢🔵🟣🟤⚫⚪🔴🟥🧡🟠🟧💛🟡🟨💚🟢🟩💙🔵🟦💜🟣🟪🤎🟤🟫🖤⚫⬛🤍⚪⬜💟❣️💔❤️🧡💛💚💙💜🤎🖤🤍💯💢💥💫💦💨🕳️💣💬👁️‍🗨️🗨️🗯️💭💤🔴🟠🟡🟢🔵🟣🟤⚫⚪🟥🟧🟨🟩🟦🟪🟫⬛⬜◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️🔶🔷🔸🔹🔺🔻💠👍 👎 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- ! [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFXlWfzW9Uo 🧡 ] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> hotpink </span> || ○ || 🧡 |style="background:white;" | style="background:white;" || ⚬ || ∘ | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- ! [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFXlWfzW9Uo 🧡 ] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff</span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || #000 || 🧡 |style="background:white;" | ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |} == black and white == black and white is binary black is either the absence of light or the ∑ ∙ aLL color white is either the absence of all colors or the ∑ ∙ aLL light Grey == everything in between. GrEy is typically used by England while GrAy is typically used in the USA. My personal protest to Trump was using grEy in my academic work. When it doesn't feel like I'm cleaning up Trump's mess, I'll consider changing my habit. Personally, I think I identify more with "Ring of Fire" around the Pacific Ocean than our recently widowed queen of England, but I'm paying attention now that I'm considering application of a faux royalty that comes with the obligation they must feed our wayward soldiers and the orphans Republicans around the world are still creating. Andrew is a real boy whose now deceased father invested in social structure rather isolate himself from it. Nazarenes are faith community around the world named after a city whose state didn't exist until the holocaust. As far as I can tell, Jews were hated less for their religion and more for their willingness to avoid conflict. They were the original refugees. Before whatever Christ was to you came to live, he was a Jew. -------------------- {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- |style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] 🏳️ || || | style="background:black;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚬ ] <span style="color:white"> 人 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi ⚬ ] <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> | style="background:#627778;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ⚬ ] <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || | style="background:#679498;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff on #000 ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || ◯⚬∘0 || ◯ || ⚬ || ∘ || 0 |- || white || lime || silver || pink || teal || hotpink || #000 || ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). || 0 |- || #fff || 00ff00 || c0c0c0 || ffc0cb || 008080 || ff69b4 || #000 || 1st google response on day searched circa 2021 |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi/start_here | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} did aunt diane on netflix consume mouthwash thinking it'd help with the abscess? A = Amiga 〇不人 I am putting the ふ back in (hu)man or 人. I found it reassuring while "bad stuff" was happening to think that my growinggenkiness dot me praxis was at times putting the FU フ back in human... sometimes the h00 ふ back in human... sometimes instead of "to be" it is "NOT to be" represented with 不 ... and the exploration of "who" I am makes what kind of human I am is both always the same and always changing... {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2019_i.am 愛 |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||πr²=A :: A = Area :: A = Anderson :: The Scottish Clan named Anderson is inclusive and means "servant of Andrew" |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ふ ふ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/フ フ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/不 不] || ふ フ 不 are all pronounced fu/hu/who/h00 ふ & フ are phoenetic while 不 is a kanji |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]|| hiragana is used for Japanese words while katakana are used for foreign words. Kanji are generally understood by Chinese even when spoken language isn't |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson VeronicaJeanAnderson] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Jeanieandie Jeanieandie] || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi amigadachi] |} A is for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_(disambiguation) Amiga] # & = .edu applied ... has documentation in private # gg = .gov applied ... has documentation in public # 愛子∞ = dot me applied ... has a GPS (NorS a° b' c")(EorW x° y' z") {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 2020 |- ||{ || & || gg || 愛子∞ |- || ( || iam || mai || aim |- ||. ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇] ||. |- ||. ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ふ ふ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/フ フ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/不 不] ||. |- ||. ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人] ||. |- || || iam || mai || aim || ) |- || || & || gg || A&子 || } |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 愛 2020_i.am 愛 |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/〇 〇]||πr²=A :: A = Area :: A = Anderson :: The Scottish Clan named Anderson is inclusive and means "servant of Andrew" |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ふ ふ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/フ フ] ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/不 不] || ふ フ 不 are all pronounced fu/hu/who/h00 ふ & フ are phoenetic while 不 is a kanji |- ||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]||[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/人 人]|| hiragana is used for Japanese words while katakana are used for foreign words. Kanji are generally understood by Chinese even when spoken language isn't |} John Adams said, "Don't Panic" Jayne Adams paraphrased, "we just need a bunch of people to make sure everyone else is alright" Koi has to admit that the "get a clu..." server is dilapidated. It's ok if this never happens, but I want to explore the possibility of taking normalized images from wikimedia and combine them with curated educational bits and embellished with friendly tribal/team bits that can be printed at makeplayingcards.com or other publishers for permaculturistic use. That means using templates in wikis. Perhaps collaborate with publishers for standards. Perhaps collaborate with scouts/npo/churches and discuss what church is when it can't discriminate based on religion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiUDtMW7z8c :: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfqKS5trngs myasthenia gravis pseudoparallytica? vacationed til 7/6/21; updating private index b4 public info for database: 45 animal names from Future Man & Sagamihara victims (19+26) { very very important to treat this project respectfully } # tiger 虎 # wolf 狼 # owl 鴞 # dingo ディンゴ or 犬 # beaver 海狸 # fox 狐 # weasel 鼬 # anteater # emu # toad # # https://github.com/naked-mole-rats/2021_Project/wiki {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- |style="background:black;" | 🏳️ ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] 🏳️ || || | style="background:black;" |<span style="color:pink"> 人 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson 人 ] <span style="color:pink"> 人 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" |<span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi 垂 ] <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ふ ] <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 不 ] <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" |<span style="color:teal"> フ </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox フ ] <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox 🦄 ] <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} how do i control color on links? does html work? {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- |style="background:black;" | 🏳️ ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] 🏳️ || || | style="background:black;" |<span style="color:pink"> 人 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚬ ] <span style="color:pink"> 人 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" |<span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi ⚬ ] <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ⚬ ] <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" |<span style="color:teal"> フ </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox ⚬ ] <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-grand-unified-theory-of-rogue-waves?utm_source=pocket-newtab <-- what does this SOUND like? [[File:Presentation_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|right|133px]] [https://www.google.com/search?q=supplication&client=ubuntu&hs=60p&channel=fs&sxsrf=ALeKk02I2F_vvexO9pVz4AdqoHk95wgAZA%3A1623278963646&ei=c0XBYK3yJpf--gSMtoKQCw&oq=supplication&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyCAgAELEDEJECMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQMyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BwgAEEcQsAM6CAgAEAcQChAeOgcIABCxAxAKOgQIABAKUM3ZAViR3QFg1OMBaAFwAXgAgAFTiAGaApIBATSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz&ved=0ahUKEwjt9_6v0YvxAhUXv54KHQybALIQ4dUDCA4&uact=5 0] ' musix tells me how to behave ' 97305 - 〒272 〶 〠 🏣 [https://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/postcodes.htm 👓] supplication Time Allocation: Track vs Format There is a difference in how time is being allocated per track. Different formats will be receiving a difference in time allocation. We’ll explain the differences below. Lecture-based session: 20 mins presentation + 10 mins of Question & Answer Discussion (roundtable, panel): 45 mins Workshops + Tutorials: 45 mins Celebrations/Entertainment: 30 mins Fireside chat / interviews: 30 mins Lightning talks: 10 mins [[Category:Wikimania 2021|Submissions]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa?usp=sharing 2021 drive] </span> | style="background:black;" colspan="9" | https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson <span style="color:white"> v ] ◯ ⚬ ∘ 0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> || ◯ |- | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2021:Submissions ◯ ] mania[Submissions] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:silver"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions ⚬ ]◯ ⚬ ∘ vjab[index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions/Guidelines ∘ ]◯ ⚬ ∘ [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:teal"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions/Help_desk 0] [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:black"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:white"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:silver"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:grey"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:yellow"> 18 June 2021 </span> | style="background:#000;" rowspan="9" | <span style="color:white"> 21-June-2021 - 2-July-2021 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" rowspan="9" | <span style="color:yellow"> 5 July 2021 - 9 July 2021 </span> |- | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon2021:Submissions ◯ ] MarionCountyOregon2021:(Submissions) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:pink"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:teal"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.kra) </span> |- | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Amigadachi ◯ ] (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:teal"> [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Tracks T] (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.svg) </span> |- | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry#LEGIT ◯] (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:pink"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.png) </span> |- | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [https://www.w3schools.com/ ◯] {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:lime"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:silver"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:pink"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:teal"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:black"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:white"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:silver"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:grey"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:yellow"> 18 June 2021 </span> |- || = ◯⚬∘0 = |- || ◯ |- || ⚬ |- || ∘ |- || [https://gdkp.org/ https://gdkp.org/] | style="background:black;" colspan="9" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ ⚬ ∘ 0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> || ◯ |} [[File:Presentation_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|right|200px]] Marion County Family Names [https://archive.org/details/portraitbiographwvor00chap/page/n13/mode/2up Corbett] [https://gdkp.org/ https://gdkp.org/] == The home url of the real life location in Marion County Oregon that will include the wiki-verse as one of our sustainable habits. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa?usp=sharing 2021 drive] </span> | style="background:black;" colspan="9" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ ⚬ ∘ 0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:silver"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:pink"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:teal"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:black"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:white"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:silver"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:grey"> [index.html] </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:yellow"> [index.html] </span> |- | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:pink"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:teal"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.kra) </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.kra) </span> |- | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:teal"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.svg) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.svg) </span> |- | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:lime"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:pink"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:black"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:white"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:silver"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:grey"> (gg.png) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:yellow"> (gg.png) </span> |- | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:lime"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:silver"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:pink"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:teal"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:black"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:white"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:silver"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:grey"> {gg.css} </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:yellow"> {gg.css} </span> |- || = ◯⚬∘0 = |- || ◯ |- || ⚬ |- || ∘ |- || [https://gdkp.org/ https://gdkp.org/] | style="background:black;" colspan="9" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ ⚬ ∘ 0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |} ... [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa?usp=sharing 2021 drive] is accessible from Linux box & Mai_Box + ... i'm pretty sure this link will break: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa?usp=sharing {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff on #000 ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || ◯⚬∘0 || ◯ || ⚬ || ∘ || 0 |- || white || lime || silver || pink || teal || hotpink || #000 || ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). || 0 |- || #fff || 00ff00 || c0c0c0 || ffc0cb || 008080 || ff69b4 || #000 || 1st google response on day searched circa 2021 |} yes, this is Veronica Jean Anderson ODL#5213106. I have multiple ids because I'm working a project for the Attorney General of Oregon (Ellen Rose), and we are doing a real hajimemashite event on 7/23/21 this year and I have a power of attorney who is helping me and that is the week we've set aside for in person reconciliations. Like I've said elsewhere, this is a 2030 Hiroshima Project endorsed by numerous local non profits and educators for a common place to commune and artfully document contemporaneous history along with whatever we discover along the way. I even have a probation officer in Washington County because of my civil disobedience after becoming a refugee from Marion County with a story that I don't wish to make public because I have children. So, we are creating the safe place where people who are not me will be able to collaborate on computers I'll use for PSU and NNU to develop a sustainable habit including this marvelous wikiverse I'll be at a pre-op Monday 4/19 at OHSU and there is an international event happening near the Enchanted Forest on July 23, 2021 for Armistice, Birthday Bash, and Celebration of Life l'chaim for Trinity Watt and others fresh on our mind. I plan to clean up my scaffolding <3 2021 drive has .png .svg .kra ... 2021 drive is accessible from Linux box & Mai_Box + ... i'm pretty sure this link will break: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa?usp=sharing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 🟡 🔴 🔵 🟠 🟣 🟢 ⚪ ⚫ 🥳 🦄 💠 🟤 (ふ) {フ} [不] 人 図 🌐 垂 危 機 👍 👎 🐸 〇 𓆏 🌱 🍃 ÷ × ∨ 🌟 ∑ 🐉 ∥ ◯ (❌) {❤️} [💯] 〒 〶 〠 🏣 👓 🏁 ◯ ⚬ ∘ 0 ○ X 祖 Q′ ″ ‴ ⁗ ‷ ‶ ‵ ʹ ʺ " ' 愛 2030_i.am 愛 ⚙ ≈ ÷ © � 􏿾 ⌥ ⇧ ↵ ૱ “بسم الله” ⬤ m̂ 人 〇 王 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 零 百 千 羽 鶴 面 ☩ « ℱ » ∙ ⚪ ⨻ ✛ ⨷ 密率 [[File:Diaorifa.GIF|thumb|right|Fractional approximations to [[pi|{{pi}}]].]] 🌈🏳️‍🌈(⚬⃔⚬N ⚬⃔ ⚬ )◯⬤🔴⚪🔴🟡🔵⚪🟢🟤🔴🟠🟡🟢🔵🟣🟤⚫⚪🔴🟥🧡🟠🟧💛🟡🟨💚🟢🟩💙🔵🟦💜🟣🟪🤎🟤🟫🖤⚫⬛🤍⚪⬜💟❣️💔❤️🧡💛💚💙💜🤎🖤🤍💯💢💥💫💦💨🕳️💣💬👁️‍🗨️🗨️🗯️💭💤🔴🟠🟡🟢🔵🟣🟤⚫⚪🟥🟧🟨🟩🟦🟪🟫⬛⬜◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️🔶🔷🔸🔹🔺🔻💠👍 👎 '''''i''''' middle = c' C1, C, c, c', c' ', c' ' ', c' ' ' ' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- ||[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page ⚬ ] |style="background:black;" | 🏳️ || || || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚬ ] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 人 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:Amigadachi ⚬ ] | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> 垂 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:MarionCountyOregon ⚬ ] | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> ふ </span> || || || || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚬ ] | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> 不 </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:Amigadachi/sandbox ⚬ ] | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> フ </span> || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User_talk:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox ⚬ ] | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> 🦄 </span> || || || || || 🌈🏳️‍🌈 || || || || || || 🏁 |} +1 = -(-1) == 1 (-1) tenet 👍 """in a world full of heroes, ignorance is our strength""" 👎 "john david" washington 人 tenet 🟡 🔴 🔵 :: {"yellow":"physical", "red":"emotional", "blue":"social"} 🟠 🟣 🟢 :: {"orange":"occupational", "purple":"intellectual", "green":"environmental"} ⚪ ⚫ 🥳 :: {"white":"spiritual", "black":"factual", "grey":"nutritional"} 🦄 💠 🟤 :: {"pink":"generational", "cyan":"habitual", "brown":"punctuational"} (ふ) {フ} [不] :: {"ふ":"hiragana", "フ":"katakana", "不":"kanji"} :: {"()":"direct object", "{}":"verb", "[]":"noun"} 🌐 inverters == -(1) == (-1) :: {"-(1)":-1, "(-1)":-1, "-(-(-1))":-1} .json == {"name":"John", "age":31, "city":"New York"} drejka ==hajimemashite== 👍👎 🟡 🟠 🔴 🟣 🔵 🟢 ⚪ ⚫ 🥳 🦄 💠 🟤 ([http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ふ]) {[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User:MarionCountyOregon フ]} [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Oregon 不]] 🌐 :: +1 == -(-1) ==dozoyoroshiku onegaishimasu== ==aishiteiru otokonoko -tachi == [https://www.amazon.com/Japanese-Custom-Stationery-Chinese-Various/dp/B07RR9YXBH/ref=sr_1_6?dchild=1&keywords=kanji+wood+stamp&qid=1620789122&sr=8-6 hanko] [https://www.amazon.com/Branding-Durable-Leather-Including-Woodworking/dp/B07VXNW5D2/ref=sr_1_14?dchild=1&keywords=kanji+wood+stamp&qid=1620789122&sr=8-14 brand] [https://www.amazon.com/Custom-Large-Embosser-Design-Personalized/dp/B07ZLK7LR1/ref=sr_1_26?dchild=1&keywords=company+seal&qid=1620789459&sr=8-26 embossed seal] [https://www.amazon.com/Classic-Wooden-Alphabet-Initial-Sealing/dp/B084ZCKC8X/ref=sr_1_22?dchild=1&keywords=company%2Bseal&qid=1620789482&sr=8-22&th=1 wax] [https://www.amazon.com/Corporate-Embosser-Inking-Stamp-2-Items/dp/B082P8DBSR/ref=pd_di_sccai_1?pd_rd_w=K9xXl&pf_rd_p=c9443270-b914-4430-a90b-72e3e7e784e0&pf_rd_r=842F3J50S1SMV40FZ2EQ&pd_rd_r=d7bdfa00-8a38-42c6-a1d4-f8c814b28f64&pd_rd_wg=DvCpZ&pd_rd_i=B082P8DBSR&psc=1 pink] [https://www.amazon.com/Square-Japanese-Chinese-Stationery-Various/dp/B08CDR6YGY/ref=pd_di_sccai_1?pd_rd_w=q7PRs&pf_rd_p=c9443270-b914-4430-a90b-72e3e7e784e0&pf_rd_r=NZHBBAGX2MTJHFFGHCZ6&pd_rd_r=3737eacd-bc83-4835-941b-7236fcc5a8ae&pd_rd_wg=jm7QA&pd_rd_i=B08CDR6YGY&psc=1 square hanko] (-1) tenet 👍 in a world full of heroes, ignorance is our strength 👎 "john david" washington 人 tenet 🟡 🔴 🔵 🟠 🟣 🟢 ⚪ ⚫ 🥳 🦄 💠 🟤 (ふ) {フ} [不] 🌐 inverters == -(1) == (-1) 👍👎 🟡 🟠 🔴 🟣 🔵 🟢 ⚪ ⚫ 🥳 🦄 💠 🟤 (ふ) {フ} [不] 🌐 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 🐸 7/23/2021 +&-子 in Marion County, OR 🐉 |- ! 👍👎 !! 🟡 !! 🟠 !! 🔴 !! 🟣 !! 🔵 !! 🟢 !! ⚪ !! ⚫ !! 🥳 !! 🦄 !! 💠 !! 🟤 !! (ふ) !! {フ} !! [不] !! 🌐 |- ! 🌐 !! 🟡 !! 🟠 !! 🔴 !! 🟣 !! 🔵 !! 🟢 !! ⚪ !! ⚫ !! 🥳 !! 🦄 !! 💠 !! 🟤 !! (ふ) !! {フ} !! [不] !! 👍👎 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 🐸 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:yellow">〇</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:yellow">𓆏</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">🌱</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">🍃</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">÷ </span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">× </span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">∨ </span> | style="background:#74725c;" | 🌟 | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">∑</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | 🐉 | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:#ff4681">∥</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">◯</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(❌)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{❤️}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[💯]</span> |- | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:yellow">〇</span> || 一 |- | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:yellow">𓆏</span> |- | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">🌱</span> |- | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">🍃</span> |- | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">÷ </span> |- | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">× </span> |- | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">∨ </span> |- | style="background:#74725c;" |<span style="color:yellow"> 𓃠 </span> |- | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">∑</span> |- | style="background:#7b7f15;" | 🐉 |- | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:#ff4681">∥</span> |- | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">◯</span> |- | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(❌)</span> |- | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{❤️}</span> |- | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[💯]</span> |- ! 🐸 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 7/23 !! 💯 !! 👍👎 !! 🐸 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 人 !! 14 !! 15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> o0O </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> i </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> iv </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> LL </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Q </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (do) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {v} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [n] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> o0O </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> y </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> o</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> r</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> p </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> b</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> g </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> w </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> l </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> e </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> i</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> c </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> n </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (hu) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {how} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [what] </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1-11 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 人 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 !! 25 !! 26 |- ||o O|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1-11 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 💥 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:#ff4681">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(〇)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{∘}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[°]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 🐉 </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1-11 |- ! 15 !! 14 !! 13 !! 12 !! 11 !! 10 !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! 1 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [🐉] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (🌀) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟫</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 🎬 </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 🏳️‍🌈 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" |🤢 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> ⬛ </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> ⬜ </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟩 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" |🟦 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" |🟪 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" |🟥 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟧</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" |🟨 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white">👍👎 </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1-11 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white">👍👎 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">🟡</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">🟠</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">🔴</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟣</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">🔵</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟢</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">⚪</span> | style="background:#74725c;" |⚫ | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">🥳</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">🦄</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">💠</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟤</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(ふ)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{フ}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[不]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [🌐] </span> |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |- ||0 ||+1 ||+2 ||+3 ||+4 ||+5 ||+6 ||+7 ||+8 ||+9 ||+10 ||+11 ||+12 ||+13 ||+14 ||+15 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 1-11 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [🌐] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {☩} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (💫) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤎</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 🔶 </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 🌈 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 🥰 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 🖤 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤍 </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 💚 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💙</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 💜</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💔</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 🧡</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">💛 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 🐸 </span> |} == old new == goosfraba :: I f333l Pretty! {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ <span style="color:#a020f0">⚬</span> genkiness <span style="color:#a020f0">⚭ °</span> |- ! [https://dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-terms/#StillImage Metadata] !! |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [n] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {v} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (do) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> Q </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> LL </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 9 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 8 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 7 </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 6 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 5 </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 4</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 3</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 2</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">a </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> o0O </span> ||& ||2 ||3 ||4 ||5 ||6 ||7 ||8 ||9 ||X ||LL ||Q ||() ||{} ||[] |- ||o||n||m||l||k||j||i||h||g||f||e||d||c||b||a||o O|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 💥 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:#ff4681">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(〇)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{∘}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[°]</span> |- ! !! !! !! !! 11 !! 10 !! 9 !! 8 !! 7 !! 6 !! 5 !! 4 !! 3 !! 2 !! 1 !! ⚭ !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [🐉] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (🌀) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟫</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 🎬 </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 🏳️‍🌈 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" |🤢 | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> ⬛ </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> ⬜ </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟩 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" |🟦 | style="background:#FFF2E6;" |🟪 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" |🟥 | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 🟧</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" |🟨 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white">👍👎 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">🟡</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">🟠</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">🔴</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟣</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">🔵</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟢</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">⚪</span> | style="background:#74725c;" |⚫ | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">🥳</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">🦄</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">💠</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">🟤</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(ふ)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{フ}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[不]</span> |- ||-15 ||-14 ||-13 ||-12 ||-11 ||-10 ||-9 ||-8 ||-7 ||-6 ||-5 ||-4 ||-3 ||-2 ||-1 ||0 ||+1 ||+2 ||+3 ||+4 ||+5 ||+6 ||+7 ||+8 ||+9 ||+10 ||+11 ||+12 ||+13 ||+14 ||+15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [🌐] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {☩} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (💫) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤎</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 🔶 </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 🌈 </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 🥰 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 🖤 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤍 </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 💚 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💙</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 💜</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💔</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 🧡</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">💛 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 🐸 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:yellow">◯</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:yellow">𓆏</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">🌱</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">🍃</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">÷ </span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">× </span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">∨ </span> | style="background:#74725c;" | 💢 | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">∑</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | 🐉 | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:#ff4681">∥</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">◯</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(❌)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{❤️}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[💯]</span> |} == . == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️🎬 🌐 🐉▫️▪️◽◾◻️◼️ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🌀] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💛] </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 💔]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💙]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🧡] </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💜] </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💚] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤍] </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🖤]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥰]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌈]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔶]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤎] </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈] ] </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🐸] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ </span> || ¡ i a m ! | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ </span> || ... m a i ... | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🌱] </span> || a m i ? | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🍃] </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💛] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^ </span> || Breathe | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^ </span> || physical | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟡] </span> || inkscape | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟨] </span> || How am I breathing? What does the air taste like? Where is the wind coming from and going? |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 💔]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> | </span> || bl00d | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> | </span> || emotional | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 🔴]</span> || krita | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 🟥]</span> || Am I sober enough to make %pro-gress? Sometimes this means taking drugs. Sometimes this means abstainence. |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAyqGCEIFGU 💙]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> . </span> || b333 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> . </span> || social | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔵]</span> || blender | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟦]</span> || Where did I feed a public library? |- || |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🧡] </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> || kp.org | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> || occupational | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟠] </span> || atom | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟧] </span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💜] </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> / </span> || wikiversity | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> / </span> || intellectual | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟣] </span> || visual studio code | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟪] </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💚] </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @ </span> || gdkp.org | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @ </span> || environmental | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟢] </span> || TeamCity | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟩] </span> |- || |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤍] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> || Nazarene | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> || spiritual | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚪] </span> || 501c3 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⬜] </span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🖤]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> || MAPS | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> || factual | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚫]</span> ||fit-for-pro | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⬛]</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥰]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> || diabeties | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> || nutritional | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤢]</span> || 501c4 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥳]</span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌈]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> || andrew's servaUnts | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> || generational | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈]</span> || +&-子 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🦄]</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🎬]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> || bolterklik | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> || miscellaneal | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌐]</span> || [https://tailwindcss.com tailwindcss.com] | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💠]</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤎] </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ; </span> || [http://www.barclaypress.com/ barclay press] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ; </span> || punctuational | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟤] </span> || F 7/23/2021 3:33 pm for 3'33" | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟫] </span> |- || |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( </span> || ふ | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ) </span> || tribe | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> || buLLfrogs | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { </span> || フ | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> } </span> || mascot | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> || Royal Scot | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💠] } </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈] ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ </span> || 不 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ] </span> || boundaries | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 👍 👎] ] </span> || hawk | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💥] ] </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️🎬 🌐 🐉▫️▪️◽◾◻️◼️ |- || MarionCountyOregon@gmail.com || MarionCountyOregon@outlook.com || MarionCountyOregon@MarionCountyOregon.org || gdkp.org@gmail.com || vavongeist@gmail.com || vbathke@gmail.com || smallf333t@gmail.com || || || || || || || || || || || |} ok, now that I've got access to this page from numerous places I am going to reset all accounts and list them here because it seems prudent with so many governining agencies knowing me with different addresses from work done while living as a refugee in Hillsboro, OR and studying at Portland State University with intentions of finishing graduate work at Northwest Nazarene University. Salem Police Department knows me, specifically, as the unicorn of Marion County and I'm creating a safe place for a fictional child Daegory Gene with the help of bolterklik, NICH@OHSU, LifeWorksNW (Hillsboro & Beaverton sites), Connections 365, Salem Pastoral Counselling, and others because we have witnessed the abuse of power locally that enabled 1/6/21 to be memorialized as an embarassing day.... almost as embarassing as whe then President Bush vomited on the Prime Minister of Japan while I was living a year immersed with Japanese families. prudent. google says, "About 99,500,000 results (0.59 seconds) adjective. wise or judicious in practical affairs; sagacious; discreet or circumspect; sober. careful in providing for the future; provident: a prudent decision. Prudent | Definition of Prudent at Dictionary.com" v make j basic tailwind page template & download asp app on stream for pixel art ∥ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️🎬 🌐 🐉▫️▪️◽◾◻️◼️ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🌀] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💛] </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 💔]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💙]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🧡] </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💜] </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💚] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤍] </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🖤]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥰]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌈]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔶]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤎] </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈] ] </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🐸] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ </span> || ¡ i a m ! | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯ </span> || ... m a i ... | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🌱] </span> || a m i ? | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🍃] </span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💛] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^ </span> || Breathe | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ^ </span> || physical | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟡] </span> || inkscape | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟨] </span> || How am I breathing? What does the air taste like? Where is the wind coming from and going? |- | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 💔]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> | </span> || bl00d | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> | </span> || emotional | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 🔴]</span> || krita | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E 🟥]</span> || Am I sober enough to make %pro-gress? Sometimes this means taking drugs. Sometimes this means abstainence. |- | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAyqGCEIFGU 💙]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> . </span> || b333 | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> . </span> || social | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔵]</span> || blender | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟦]</span> || Where did I feed a public library? |- || |- | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🧡] </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> || kp.org | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> # </span> || occupational | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟠] </span> || atom | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟧] </span> |- | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💜] </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> / </span> || wikiversity | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> / </span> || intellectual | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟣] </span> || visual studio code | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟪] </span> |- | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💚] </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @ </span> || gdkp.org | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> @ </span> || environmental | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟢] </span> || TeamCity | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟩] </span> |- || |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤍] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> || Nazarene | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> *</span> || spiritual | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚪] </span> || 501c3 | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⬜] </span> |- | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🖤]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> || MAPS | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> $</span> || factual | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⚫]</span> ||fit-for-pro | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ⬛]</span> |- | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥰]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> || diabeties | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> %</span> || nutritional | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤢]</span> || 501c4 | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥳]</span> |- || |- | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌈]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> || andrew's servaUnts | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> :</span> || generational | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈]</span> || +&-子 | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🦄]</span> |- | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🎬]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> || bolterklik | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> _</span> || miscellaneal | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌐]</span> || [https://tailwindcss.com tailwindcss.com] | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💠]</span> |- | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤎] </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ; </span> || [http://www.barclaypress.com/ barclay press] | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> ; </span> || punctuational | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟤] </span> || F 7/23/2021 3:33 pm for 3'33" | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🟫] </span> |- || |- | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( </span> || ふ | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ) </span> || tribe | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> || buLLfrogs | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> |- | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { </span> || フ | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> } </span> || mascot | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> || Royal Scot | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💠] } </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈] ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ </span> || 不 | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ] </span> || boundaries | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 👍 👎] ] </span> || hawk | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💥] ] </span> |} ∨ v ∨ \/ [ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsnYB6EiSCE "Put your manners back in"] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 🏳️‍🌈 |- ! 💯 !! 🟡 !! 🟠 !! 🔴 !! 🟣 !! 🔵 !! 🟢 !! ⚪ !! ⚫ !! 🤢 !! 🏳️‍🌈 !! 🔶🔷🔸🔹 !! 🟤 !! 👍 👎 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> |- ||-15 ||-14 ||-13 ||-12 ||-11 ||-10 ||-9 ||-8 ||-7 ||-6 ||-5 ||-4 ||-3 ||-2 ||-1 ||0 ||+1 ||+2 ||+3 ||+4 ||+5 ||+6 ||+7 ||+8 ||+9 ||+10 ||+11 ||+12 ||+13 ||+14 ||+15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [n] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {v} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (do) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> o0O </span> ||A ||2 ||3 ||4 ||5 ||6 ||7 ||8 ||9 ||X ||LL ||Q ||() ||{} ||[] |- ||o||n||m||l||k||j||i||h||g||f||e||d||c||b||a||o O|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O |} ==1== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ❌ marks the spot |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- !🔺🔻 !! 💛 !! 💔 !! 💙 !! 🧡 !! 💜 !! 💚 !! 🤍 !! 🖤 !! 🥰 !! 🌈 !! 🔶 !! 🤎 !! 💫 !! ❌ !! 🏳️‍🌈 |- | style="background:black;" colspan="16"| |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 🔺🔻 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">💛 </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 💔</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💙</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> 🧡 </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> 💜 </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> 💚 </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤍 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> 🖤</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> 🥰</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> 🌈</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> 🔶</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> 🤎 </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( 💫 ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ☩ } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ 🏳️‍🌈 ] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZhyQqfGfS4 ☩]</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]</span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩]] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔺🔻] </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💛] </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💔]</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💙]</span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🧡] </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💜] </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💚] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤍] </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🖤]</span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🥰]</span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🌈]</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🔶]</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🤎] </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 💫] ) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ☩] } </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox 🏳️‍🌈] ] </span> |} ==2== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 🦄 |- ! 💢 !! 🟨 !! 🟧 !! 🟥 !! 🟪 !! 🟦 !! 🟩 !! ⬜ !! ⬛ !! 🥳 !! 🦄 !! 🔸🔹 !! 🟫 !! 💥 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ 🥰 |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 |- | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🔺🔻 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💛 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🧡 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💔 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💜 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💙 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💚 | style="background:#445a5e;" | [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 🤍] | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🖤 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🥰 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🌈 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🔶🔷 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 🤎 | style="background:#445a5e;" | 💫 |- ! #fff ! #00ff00 ! #c0c0c0 ! #ffc0cb ! #008080 ! #ff69b4 ! #000 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> ∘ lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> ⚬ silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇 pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> ◯ teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ○] hotpink </span> || [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa ◯] black |style="background:white;" colspan="5"| |colspan="2"|◯ | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> hotpink </span> || ◯ || || ⚬ || ∘ || || || || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || #000 |style="background:white;" | || || || || || || | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ == |- ! == !! ∑ !! ∙ |- ! "set = to" !! sum !! of |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ◯ ☩ |- ! ◯ !! ❌ !! ☩ !! × !! x !! X !! ÷ |- ! "ok. Right. Perfect" !! "no. incorrect. wrong" !! cross of JeruSalem !! Multiplication sign !! x, y, z !! X, Y, Z !! division |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ƒ ( 〇 ) |- ! ○ !! ⚬ !! ∘ !! ◯ !! 〇 !! « !! » !! « !! ⚫⚪ |- ! ℱ !! & !! ∙ !! ⚪ !! 〇 !! « !! » !! « !! ⚫⚪ |- ! ⚫ !! !! !! ⚫ !! 〇 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Veronica Color Palette 28986 by fairyloid @ https://www.color-hex.com/color-palette/28986 |- ! 💯💢💥💫 !! 💛🟡🟨 !! 🧡🟠🟧 !! 💔❤️🔴🟥 !! 💜🟣🟪 !! 💙🔵🟦 !! 💚🟢🟩 !! 🤍⚪⬜ !! 🖤⚫⬛ !! ⬛⬜◼️◻️◾◽▪️▫️!! 🌈🏳️‍🌈 !! 🔶🔷🔸🔹 !! 🤎🟤🟫 !! 🔺🔻💠👍 👎 |- ! #fff ! #00ff00 ! #c0c0c0 ! #ffc0cb ! #008080 ! #ff69b4 ! #000 |- ! ⚪ !! ∘ !! ⚬ !! 〇 !! ◯ !! ○ !! ◯ !! ◯ !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 |- ! ⚪ !! ∘ !! ⚬ !! 〇 !! ◯ !! ○ !! ◯ !! ◯ !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ⚪] white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> ∘ lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> ⚬ silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> 〇 pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> ◯ teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon/sandbox ○] hotpink </span> || [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa ◯] black |style="background:white;" colspan="1"| |colspan="2"|◯ | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> hotpink </span> || ◯ || || ⚬ || ∘ | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff</span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || #000 |style="background:white;" | ◯ (まる) symbolizes “O.K., Right," Perfect," while X（ばつ）symbolizes "No," "Incorrect," and "Wrong." The test method that requires the testees to answers in Yes (○) / No (X) format in school examinations and the written examination of driver's license is called ”まるばつ式テスト.” || A genealogical symbol found in Unicode indicating engagement. || The circle ∘ is the symbol for composition of functions. In General, if you have two functions g:X→Y and f:Y→Z, then f∘g is a function from X to Z. For x∈X one has (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress |- || Senary || b || 〇◯◯⚬∘0 || x || This reflects influencing others |} == grandma cinderella + gdkp.org 2015 == == #fff on #000 == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! black !! white |- ! #000 !! #fff |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [#000] </span> | colspan="15" style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> white on black == #fff on #000</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {white} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (f9f9f9) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> f2e0ce</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> e6ffff </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> ffe6fb </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> f2f2f2 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> bfbfbf </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> white </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> e6ffea </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> f2e6ff </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> fff2e6 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> e6eaff </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ffe6e6 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ffffe6 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- ! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |} == #000 on #fff a020f0 bdc500 0066c5 afb42a a1a33c 939249 848253 74725c 636363 7b7f15 d8d86f ff4681 (bdc500) {d4de00} [abb114] [mono] == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [#000] </span> | colspan="15" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> black on white == #000 on #fff </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">a020f0</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">bdc500</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">0066c5</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">afb42a</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">a1a33c</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">939249</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">848253</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">74725c</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">636363</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">7b7f15</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">d8d86f</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">ff4681</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(bdc500)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{d4de00}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[abb114]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- ! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |} == Duron Humorous Green #bdc500 a020f0 bdc500 0066c5 afb42a a1a33c 939249 848253 74725c 636363 7b7f15 d8d86f ff4681 (bdc500) {d4de00} [abb114] [mono]== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [#000] </span> | colspan="15" style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> black on white == #000 on #fff </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">a020f0</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">bdc500</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">0066c5</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">afb42a</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">a1a33c</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">939249</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">848253</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">74725c</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">636363</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">7b7f15</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">d8d86f</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">ff4681</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(bdc500)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{d4de00}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[abb114]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> |- ! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |} == pink on grey == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:#black;" | <span style="color:#white"> [#000] </span> | colspan="15" style="background:grey;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink on grey == #fff on #000</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> |- ! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ !! ◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson ◯] white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:MarionCountyOregon ◯] hotpink </span> || [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oDkiZbqk51Y0YEQUzcjJNxviiZD86DUa ◯] black |style="background:white;" colspan="9"| (◯) {⚬} [∘] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- ! #fff ! #00ff00 ! #c0c0c0 ! #ffc0cb ! #008080 ! #ff69b4 ! #000 ! ◯ ! ⚬ ! ∘ ! X | colspan="5" | (◯) {⚬} [∘] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> white </span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> lime </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> silver </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> pink </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> teal </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> hotpink </span> || ◯⚬∘0 |style="background:white;" | || ⚬ || ∘ | colspan="6" | (◯) {⚬} [∘] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> #fff</span> | style="background:#445a5e;" | <span style="color:lime"> [445a5e] </span> | style="background:#627778;" | <span style="color:silver"> (627778) </span> | style="background:#679498;" | <span style="color:pink"> (679498) </span> | style="background:#a7c1be;" | <span style="color:teal"> (a7c1be) </span> | style="background:#dfdfdf;" | <span style="color:hotpink"> {dfdfdf} </span> || #000 |style="background:white;" | ◯ || ⚬∘ || ∘ | colspan="6" | (◯) {⚬} [∘] | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> |} name - value key pair :: stackoverflow { "0": "#fff on #000", "1": "#00ff00 on #445a5e", ... , "last": "#000 on #fff" } ==1: Primary #000 #ffff00 ff0000 #0000ff== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! red !! blue |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! ff0000 !! #0000ff |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 |- ! [] !! physical !! emotional !! social |} ==2: Secondary (0,0,0) (255, 255, 0) (255, 165, 0) (255, 0, 0) (128, 0, 128) (0,0,255) (0,128,0)== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental |} ==3: Tertiary #808080== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green !! white !! black !! grey |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 !! #fff !! #000 !! #808080 |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) !! (255, 255, 255) !! (0,0,0) !! (128, 128, 128) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:white;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:grey;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental !! spiritual !! factual !! nutritional |} ==4: Quaternary generational miscellaneal punctuational== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- ! black !! yellow !! orange !! red !! purple !! blue !! green !! white !! black !! grey !! pink !! cyan !! brown !! |- ! #000 !! #ffff00 !! #ffa500 !! ff0000 !! #800080 !! #0000ff !! #008000 !! #fff !! #000 !! #808080 !! #ffc0cb !! #00fff !! #a52a2a |- ! (0,0,0) !! (255, 255, 0) !! (255, 165, 0) !! (255, 0, 0) !! (128, 0, 128) !! (0,0,255) !! (0,128,0) !! (255, 255, 255) !! (0,0,0) !! (128, 128, 128) !! (255, 192, 203) !! (0, 255, 255) !! (165, 42, 42) |- |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:yellow;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:orange;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:red;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:purple;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:blue;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:green;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:white;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:black;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:grey;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:pink;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:cyan;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |style="background:brown;"| ◯◯◯◯◯◯ |- ! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 |- ! [] !! physical !! occupational !! emotional !! intellectual !! social !! environmental !! spiritual !! factual !! nutritional !! generational !! miscelleal !! punctuational |} ==5: Quinary[mono] {koto} (o/wo)== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [black] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {white} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (f9f9f9) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> f2e0ce</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> e6ffff </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> ffe6fb </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> f2f2f2 </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> bfbfbf </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> white </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> e6ffea </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> f2e6ff </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> fff2e6 </span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> e6eaff </span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ffe6e6 </span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> ffffe6 </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">a020f0</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">bdc500</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">0066c5</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">afb42a</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">a1a33c</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">939249</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">848253</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">74725c</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">636363</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">7b7f15</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">d8d86f</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">ff4681</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(bdc500)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{d4de00}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[abb114]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ◯⚬∘0 </span> |} == Senary b 〇 x== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others |} ==7 [n] {v} (do)== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ genkiness |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [mono] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {koto} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (o/wo) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> 0 </span> | style="background:#a020f0;" | <span style="color:white">A</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:white">2</span> | style="background:#0066c5;" | <span style="color:white">3</span> | style="background:#afb42a;" | <span style="color:yellow">4</span> | style="background:#a1a33c;" | <span style="color:yellow">5</span> | style="background:#939249;" | <span style="color:yellow">6</span> | style="background:#848253;" | <span style="color:yellow">7</span> | style="background:#74725c;" | <span style="color:yellow">8</span> | style="background:#636363;" | <span style="color:yellow">9</span> | style="background:#7b7f15;" | <span style="color:yellow">X</span> | style="background:#d8d86f;" | <span style="color:yellow">LL</span> | style="background:#ff4681;" | <span style="color:yellow">Q</span> | style="background:#bdc500;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">(◯)</span> | style="background:#d4de00;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">{⚬}</span> | style="background:#abb114;" | <span style="color:#a020f0">[∘]</span> |- ||-15 ||-14 ||-13 ||-12 ||-11 ||-10 ||-9 ||-8 ||-7 ||-6 ||-5 ||-4 ||-3 ||-2 ||-1 ||0 ||+1 ||+2 ||+3 ||+4 ||+5 ||+6 ||+7 ||+8 ||+9 ||+10 ||+11 ||+12 ||+13 ||+14 ||+15 |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [n] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {v} </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (do) </span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> xii</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> xi </span> | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> x </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> ix </span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> viii </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> vii </span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> vi </span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> v </span> | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> iv</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> iii</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> ii</span> | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black">i </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> o0O </span> ||A ||2 ||3 ||4 ||5 ||6 ||7 ||8 ||9 ||X ||LL ||Q ||() ||{} ||[] |- ||o||n||m||l||k||j||i||h||g||f||e||d||c||b||a||o O|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O |} ctovk7vdtm8n6vxshb6q4odfcdpdgi2 10 281429 2832183 2385109 2026-09-08T06:46:56Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832183 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> {{Infobox |bodystyle = background-color:#f8f9fa;{{Text default color}}; width:100%; float:none; font-size:medium; |abovestyle = background-color:#006499; color:white; padding:0.25em; text-align:center; |headerstyle = background-color:#006499; color:white; padding:0.25em; text-align:center; |labelstyle = padding:0.5em 0; |datastyle = padding:0.5em 0; |belowstyle = background-color:#d9d9d9; text-align:center; |name = Template:Eventmath lesson plan overview |above = Lesson plan overview |label1 = Title |data1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}} |label2 = Assumed knowledge |data2 = {{#if: {{{assumed-knowledge|}}} | {{{assumed-knowledge}}} | Not yet provided.}} |label3 = Activities |data3 = {{#if: {{{activities|}}} | {{{activities}}} | Not yet provided.}} |label4 = Class time |data4 = {{#if: {{{class-time|}}} | {{{class-time}}} | Not yet provided.}} |header5 = Source |data6 = {{cite web | website = {{{source-website|}}} | title = {{{source-title|}}} | date = {{{source-date|}}} | url = {{{source-url|}}} | archive-url = {{{source-archive-url|}}} | archive-date = {{{source-archive-date|}}} }} |below = '''Want more lesson plans? [[Eventmath/Lesson plans|Browse]]''' }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{class-time|}}}| [[Category:Eventmath lesson plans requiring {{{class-time}}} in class]]|}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{source-date|}}}| [[Category:Eventmath lesson plans with source date {{#invoke:string|sub|{{{source-date}}}|1|7}}]]|}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> <div style="float:right; margin:2em;">__TOC__</div> ==Template overview== This template provides an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Infobox overview box] for Eventmath lesson plans, built with the {{tl|Infobox}} meta template. The overview box template helps both visitors and contributors to the lesson plan. For visitors, this template... * Provides an at-a-glance overview of each lesson plan. * Displays a prominent "Browse" link to help in finding other lesson plans. * Categorizes lesson plans so that visitors can browse by class time and source date. For contributors, this template... * Structures the data that must be provided in a clear and intuitive way. * Protects wikitext that should not be changed (namely the infobox headings and labels). * Automates redundant tasks. Specifically, the template... * Pulls the lesson title from the full page title so that it's prominently displayed without requiring it to be typed in manually. * Reuses the data supplied by the contributor to automatically place the lesson plan in two subcategories (this not only saves contributors the trouble of typing in the same information multiple times, but also prevents errors due to typos in the category tags). * Calls {{tl|cite web}} so that the user doesn't need to deal with nested templates or manually type out proper citations. ==Complete example== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 }} </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 }}}} </div> ==Example without an archived URL== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }} </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }}}} </div> ==Example with empty parameter values== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = |activities = |class-time = |source-website = |source-title = |source-date = |source-url = |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }} </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = |activities = |class-time = |source-website = |source-title = |source-date = |source-url = |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }}}} </div> Note: The lesson plan title is automatically pulled from the page title, via <nowiki>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</nowiki>. Since this template page has no subpage, the lesson plan title is given the value of the template page name. ==Inline usage instructions== To make this template easy to use for absolute beginners, the following instructions will be provided in the preloaded wikitext supplied by the [[Template:Eventmath lesson plan|Eventmath lesson plan template]]. <pre> <nowiki> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn.--> |class-time = <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). Article example: | source-website = Huffington Post | source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. | source-date = 2016-11-10 | source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 Post example: | source-website = Twitter | source-title = Remember: Germany is supposed to be a SUCCESS STORY. | source-date = 2020-12-22 | source-url = https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223064324/https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-date = 2021-02-16 Notes: 1. To ensure lesson plans can be sorted by date, please enter all dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD, including leading zeros: January is 01, not 1, for example. 2. If you cannot find a date, use n.d. as the date (no date). 3. To ensure that the article/post will remain accessible for educators and students... a. Archive it at https://archive.org/web/ (use the "Save Page Now" form to generate a permanent URL). b. Paste that URL here as the source-archive-url. c. Enter the date you archived the source as the source-archive date. 4. Linking to a website helps the site. If the lesson plan is debunking disinformation, you may avoid spreading disinformation by omitting the url of the original site entirely. In that case, use the URL of the archived version as the value of source-url, and omit values for archive-url and archive-date. --> | source-website = | source-title = | source-date = | source-url = | source-archive-url = | source-archive-date = }} </nowiki> </pre> ==Category suppression== On this page, {{tl|suppress categories}} is used as a simple way to show examples without categorizing the template page itself as a lesson plan by class time and source date. This doesn't require modifying the Lesson plan overview template. However, there are other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_suppression approaches to category suppression]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Suppress_categories Docs for the "suppress categories" template] can be found on Wikipedia. <strong>Note:</strong> Removing {{tl|suppress categories}} in the source does show that the categorization works for this example, but categories should be suppressed after testing. [[Category:Eventmath templates]] [[Category:Infobox templates]] </noinclude> 4cwqqonbxv8zpuvzk63rz3ei9prye7a 2832184 2832183 2026-09-08T06:48:06Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832184 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> {{Infobox |bodystyle = background-color:#f8f9fa;{{Text default color}}; width:100%; float:none; font-size:medium; |abovestyle = background-color:#006499; color:white; padding:0.25em; text-align:center; |headerstyle = background-color:#006499; color:white; padding:0.25em; text-align:center; |labelstyle = padding:0.5em 0; |datastyle = padding:0.5em 0; |belowstyle = background-color:#d9d9d9;{{Text default color}}; text-align:center; |name = Template:Eventmath lesson plan overview |above = Lesson plan overview |label1 = Title |data1 = {{SUBPAGENAME}} |label2 = Assumed knowledge |data2 = {{#if: {{{assumed-knowledge|}}} | {{{assumed-knowledge}}} | Not yet provided.}} |label3 = Activities |data3 = {{#if: {{{activities|}}} | {{{activities}}} | Not yet provided.}} |label4 = Class time |data4 = {{#if: {{{class-time|}}} | {{{class-time}}} | Not yet provided.}} |header5 = Source |data6 = {{cite web | website = {{{source-website|}}} | title = {{{source-title|}}} | date = {{{source-date|}}} | url = {{{source-url|}}} | archive-url = {{{source-archive-url|}}} | archive-date = {{{source-archive-date|}}} }} |below = '''Want more lesson plans? [[Eventmath/Lesson plans|Browse]]''' }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{class-time|}}}| [[Category:Eventmath lesson plans requiring {{{class-time}}} in class]]|}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{source-date|}}}| [[Category:Eventmath lesson plans with source date {{#invoke:string|sub|{{{source-date}}}|1|7}}]]|}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> <div style="float:right; margin:2em;">__TOC__</div> ==Template overview== This template provides an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Infobox overview box] for Eventmath lesson plans, built with the {{tl|Infobox}} meta template. The overview box template helps both visitors and contributors to the lesson plan. For visitors, this template... * Provides an at-a-glance overview of each lesson plan. * Displays a prominent "Browse" link to help in finding other lesson plans. * Categorizes lesson plans so that visitors can browse by class time and source date. For contributors, this template... * Structures the data that must be provided in a clear and intuitive way. * Protects wikitext that should not be changed (namely the infobox headings and labels). * Automates redundant tasks. Specifically, the template... * Pulls the lesson title from the full page title so that it's prominently displayed without requiring it to be typed in manually. * Reuses the data supplied by the contributor to automatically place the lesson plan in two subcategories (this not only saves contributors the trouble of typing in the same information multiple times, but also prevents errors due to typos in the category tags). * Calls {{tl|cite web}} so that the user doesn't need to deal with nested templates or manually type out proper citations. ==Complete example== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 }} </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 }}}} </div> ==Example without an archived URL== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }}F </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = Basic arithmetic, proportions, and ratios. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College. |activities = Students design several ways to measure individual voter power of residents in US states and calculate each type of measurement, using data they collect in a spreadsheet. They compare their findings to those of the source article. |class-time = 60-90 minutes |source-website = Huffington Post |source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. |source-date = 2016-11-10 |source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }}}} </div> ==Example with empty parameter values== ===Code=== <pre> <div style="width:50%;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = |activities = |class-time = |source-website = |source-title = |source-date = |source-url = |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }} </div> </pre> ===Output=== <div style="width:50%;"> {{suppress categories| {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = |activities = |class-time = |source-website = |source-title = |source-date = |source-url = |source-archive-url = |source-archive-date = }}}} </div> Note: The lesson plan title is automatically pulled from the page title, via <nowiki>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</nowiki>. Since this template page has no subpage, the lesson plan title is given the value of the template page name. ==Inline usage instructions== To make this template easy to use for absolute beginners, the following instructions will be provided in the preloaded wikitext supplied by the [[Template:Eventmath lesson plan|Eventmath lesson plan template]]. <pre> <nowiki> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn.--> |class-time = <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). Article example: | source-website = Huffington Post | source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. | source-date = 2016-11-10 | source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 Post example: | source-website = Twitter | source-title = Remember: Germany is supposed to be a SUCCESS STORY. | source-date = 2020-12-22 | source-url = https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223064324/https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-date = 2021-02-16 Notes: 1. To ensure lesson plans can be sorted by date, please enter all dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD, including leading zeros: January is 01, not 1, for example. 2. If you cannot find a date, use n.d. as the date (no date). 3. To ensure that the article/post will remain accessible for educators and students... a. Archive it at https://archive.org/web/ (use the "Save Page Now" form to generate a permanent URL). b. Paste that URL here as the source-archive-url. c. Enter the date you archived the source as the source-archive date. 4. Linking to a website helps the site. If the lesson plan is debunking disinformation, you may avoid spreading disinformation by omitting the url of the original site entirely. In that case, use the URL of the archived version as the value of source-url, and omit values for archive-url and archive-date. --> | source-website = | source-title = | source-date = | source-url = | source-archive-url = | source-archive-date = }} </nowiki> </pre> ==Category suppression== On this page, {{tl|suppress categories}} is used as a simple way to show examples without categorizing the template page itself as a lesson plan by class time and source date. This doesn't require modifying the Lesson plan overview template. However, there are other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_suppression approaches to category suppression]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Suppress_categories Docs for the "suppress categories" template] can be found on Wikipedia. <strong>Note:</strong> Removing {{tl|suppress categories}} in the source does show that the categorization works for this example, but categories should be suppressed after testing. [[Category:Eventmath templates]] [[Category:Infobox templates]] </noinclude> ebg0xjdbno6oypt99eiti9s1v4djjbh 0 282686 2832025 2479572 2026-09-07T14:07:17Z ~2026-48520-00 3110716 2832025 wikitext text/x-wiki HGAPS hosts a speaker series every semester, featuring noted experts in the field of clinical psychology and other related fields. These talks are typically for education and intellectual enrichment, and are offered to UNC-Chapel Hill students as well as the general public. Some of these presentations will be targeted for career professionals, offering continuing education (CE) credits for licensure maintenance. Completed series are then added to HGAPS’s online presence through [[Helping Give Away Psychological Science|Wikiversity]] and [https://www.youtube.com/c/HGAPSHelpingGiveAwayPsychologicalScience/videos YouTube]. This SOP will describe the procedure for planning and executing a speaker series, as well as contain notes for securing and distributing CE credit for certain talks. = Speaker Planning = The UNC-Chapel Hill chapter of HGAPS has secured funding for the speaker series through UNC’s Student Government Association (SGA). Planning begins over the summer by identifying a number of potential speakers, budgeting for the talks, and adding the series into the larger HGAPS funding application. Other HGAPS chapters hosting speakers will likely use a similar process and timeline. == Pre-Semester Planning == === Initial planning === * identify potential speakers, semester speaker series topics/themes, and other priorities for the series * Get approval on speakers from Dr. E. Youngstrom (or local chapter advisor) and the HGAPS Board === Funding === * You must fill out the grant proposal to be submitted to the student senate and create a funding presentation to be presented to the student senate * [[Helping Give Away Psychological Science/Standard Operating Procedures/ Officer Roles/ Treasurer Instructable|SOP for SGA funding]] === Contact Speaker(s) === * Should be done 2-3 months prior, ideally in the prior term or during the summer * Confirm: ** Date & Time ** Length ** In-person v. Zoom or other videoconferencing platform ** General topic of presentation ** Whether presentation will be for continuing education credit * If the funding request is still under review by SGA, discuss with the Executive Director and/or Faculty Advisor about how to address potential honorarium available. May have to ask for tentative commitments, or commitments independent of whether an honorarium can be given. * Ask if speaker needs assistance with travel arrangements (i.e., hotel, flights, ground transportation) === HGAPS Google Drive and Organization === Create new [https://drive.google.com/drive/u/6/folders/1mwuXJeysH13XeMAXSjpaChKtJnVGhFVg drive folder] for each speaker using the [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11h0zzeeEZ_zbkJlUD3vzc3B6HFobQvkb?usp=sharing speaker kit], which contains blank revisions of the forms below: * <u>IRS W9 Form</u> - government tax information form, asking for social security number and other financial information for HGAPS tax filing. Must receive from every speaker receiving any form of payment from HGAPS.Collecting a completed Form W-9 before payment allows organizations to verify taxpayer information and properly document speaker payments for year-end tax reporting requirements.<ref>https://w9form.org/how-to-fill-out-a-w9/</ref> * <u>HGAPS Speaker Series Cx Form</u> - contract for services with HGAPS as an independent contractor. Lists expectations, pay, and basic information about the presentation to be given. Will also contain a Speaker Release Form. * <u>HGAPS Speaker Release Form</u> - media waiver, allowing HGAPS to use recordings of presentations without needing permission or approval from the speaker going forward. * <u>HGAPS Non-CE Speaker Planning Sheet (Non-CE)</u> - place to collect information about the speaker, for internal use. Don’t necessarily need to fill in each item. * ''<u>NCPA Co-Sponsorship Application</u> - application form to secure CE credit for speaker event, used by NCPA (see below). Speaker Kit also contains HGAPS IRS approval letter as an attachment for this application form''. Collect following information from the speaker: * Speaker bio * Speaker photo/image * Speaker CV * Presentation title and description * 3-4 Learning Objectives for the presentation * Preferred zoom if hybrid or online: this could be their personal zoom, the Treasurer or President's zoom, or Dr. Youngstrom's zoom. === Speaker Financial Information === * Send speaker an Independent Contractor Services Form (pre-filled), Speaker Release form, and IRS W9 form ** '''<u>Note</u>''': W9 <u>should not</u> be sent back over email - these contain social security numbers, which are sensitive information. Encourage secure file transfer, secure submission software (i.e. Quickbook, or a different secure file transfer link), or traditional mail where appropriate. === Social Media and Advertisement === * The Social Media Team should should begin broadcasting as soon as details are finalized (date/time, lineup, location/remote session link) * ''For continuing education'': ** Advertisements should not begin until NCPA co-sponsorship is confirmed ** Advertisements should mention NCPA and availability of CE credit and cost (or that CE is free) ** Social media posts for CE talks should include the objectives and purpose of the talk == Pre-Presentation Planning == Identify someone to introduce the speaker at the beginning of the talk * Ensure SGA is mentioned during talk, and that the UNC-NC logo appears somewhere in the presentation === Social Media and Advertisement === * Approximately 2 weeks in advance all of the following advertising material should be created and ready to send out or publish: ** Canva poster, following either previous formats or using an original format. It should include: date and time of the event, location (zoom, hybrid, or in-person), speaker's picture with a sentence or two about the speaker (their position or anything to establish credibility), and the talk title with a sentence about the talk. Add in that this is for CLE credit if CLE credit has been confirmed--if it hasn't, we often obtain it anyway, so it's a safe bet to include. ** HeelLife should include the following and can be created by Social Media, the President, Treasurer or Secretary: *** Title of the event: previously done in the format of "HGAPS Speaker Series: Talk with Dr. Mandy Jensen-Doss!" but other formats are ok. *** Brief info, here's a template from past events but feel free to use another method: **** '''Title:''' Title of the presentation **** '''With who?''' Brief description of the Speaker to establish credibility. Don't use whole bio, just use their most recent position or what they are known for. Best to say "Professor at University specializing in this type of research". **** '''Who is this for?''' Highlight that it's open for everyone. If it's a specific topic, like measurement-based care, note usefulness for graduate students. Perhaps add how it's not specific to Psychology or Neuroscience majors. **** '''What is it about?''' Copy paste talk description from the professional. This can be substituted with learning outcomes. **** '''Benefits:''' Coincides with who it is for, but here you can list that it's a great networking opportunity for any undergraduates as well. **** Additional Information (separate from above with underscores): ***** '''A little more about Professional:''' Add what remains of their speaker bio excluding the previous description. *** Theme: typically we choose "Learning" *** Categories: can include Lecture, Career Exploration & Professional Development, or others such as Health and Well Being. Use best judgement. *** Perks: select Free Food if it's in person or hybrid! *** Organization RSVPing: Allow respondents to represent an organization but don't make it required. This hasn't been used much in the past, but there's no harm since it can increase networking. *** Event evaluation questions: These are optional, but speakers typically enjoy hearing feedback on the presentation. Questions include: **** *** Photo preview: Use the Canva poster and duplicate it. Then, get rid of their bio info and just leave event information, it should come out to about half a page and fit the HeelLife photo requirements. *** Campus Life Experience (CLE) credit: **** Description: UNC's graduation requirements as of Fall 2023 require incoming and transfer students to attend at least two Campus Life Experiences per each semester they are enrolled. These include a variety of cultural and intellectual events and must be sponsored by a student organization or department with attendance tracked on HeelLife. **** === Travel Arrangements with Speakers === * A week or two prior, confirm travel plans with speaker (flights, hotels), doublecheck if they need pickup from the airport or hotel, or if parking needs to be arranged on/near campus === Equipment Needs === * A few days before speaker arrives, confirm equipment needs: ** Video camera/broadcasting equipment (i.e., for live-casting an in-person event on zoom for hybrid events) ** Lapel mike ** Laptop ** Presentation clicker/pointer ** Any adapters === Food and Room Reservations === * Food ordering placeholder * Room Reservation placeholder == Day-Of Planning == Arrive early for setup. Double check food orders and room reservations, and ensure all materials are printed/reviewed and available prior to meeting. ===Technology Test === Do a technology test run to troubleshoot issues in advance * The speaker should be there (if possible) * Test sound and connectivity * Ensure all equipment is working properly and there are no additional adapters or accommodations needed. * If the talk is over zoom, schedule a test with the speaker in the location they will be in during the event. === Recording === * The best results would be to have the host of the zoom meeting recorded in the cloud.  Before doing this, make sure the following settings are enabled. ** Under the settings page in the browser (not the app) Got to “Recording” Tab ** Under Cloud Recording, make sure that following settings are checked: *** [x] Record active speaker with shared screen *** [x] Record active speaker gallery view and shared screen separately **** [x] Active speaker **** [x] Gallery View **** [x] Shared Screen *** [x] Save chat messages from the meeting/ webinar ** Under Advanced cloud recording settings: *** [  ] Add a timestamp to the recording (unchecked) *** [x] Audio transcript ** [test first] Allow cloud recording sharing * Upload video file MP4 to the appropriate speaker folder in the Google Drive == After Presentation == === Financial Documents === * Double check that all financial documents have been collected and follow-up as needed * Ensure payment to each speaker in the amount listed on the Independent Contractor Services Agreement, through Zelle and the email address the speaker provides === Presentation Recordings === * Upload videos to YouTube folder on the Drive for editing and uploading * Post MP4 files to HGAPS YouTube page ** Send private links to board, Eric for review ** After a week or all parties have reviewed, switch link to public and send courtesy link to all speakers who appear in the video = Continuing Education Credit Additional Planning = Like with standard speaker presentations, Continuing Education (CE) credit events should be planned well in advance with funding from the relevant Student Government Association or body from the host school. However, these events require a professional co-sponsoring organization accredited to provide CE certificates for event attendance. UNC-Chapel Hill has historically used the [https://www.ncpsychology.org/ North Carolina Psychological Association] (NCPA), but other organizations may serve as well. These organizations will have their own rules about event attendance, and may require information from HGAPS, the event speaker, and event attendees. CE Speakers are more expensive than regular speakers since co-sponsoring organizations will typically charge a fee per certificate issued. == Pre-Semester Planning == === NCPA Co-Sponsorship Application Form === * Refer to the [https://www.ncpsychology.org/assets/docs/CE%20Co-Sponsor%20Manual%20March%202022%20%20WITH%20Appendices.pdf NCPA CE Manual] for guidance on filling out application * Will require: ** Speaker bio ** Speaker contact info ** Lecture title and abstract ** 3-4 references ** 3-4 Learning Objectives (LOs): 3-4 LOs for a 1-3 hour program; 5-6 LOs for a 4-7 hour program * Should be submitted 1 month or greater prior to date of presentation where possible * Submit finalized form to Eric Youngstorm to sign, send signed form to Karen Gray (Director of Membership and Continuing Education): karen@ncpsychology.org at NCPA, cc’ing Eric Youngstrom === Additional Materials === NCPA requires verifications of attendance and engagement in order to award CE credit. To assist with processing attendance, the following forms should be prepared prior to the presentation, and linked in the presentation form itself (either as a slide in the speaker's PowerPoint or as an endplate slide): * Sign-in, Sign-out Sheets * [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Wrx_uZIlEf1QSOnyPvJtyU2RFaJzvS_B/view?usp=sharing Qualtrics survey] to collect feedback about fulfillment of learning objectives and other comments NCPA requires attendees to have signed in, signed out, and completed the survey to receive for CE credit, though exceptions are made if attendees have completed two of the three. == Week Prior to Presentation == * Get copy of speaker slides from speaker, if available * Have bookend slides for PowerPoint presentations with QR code for Sign-In Sheet, sign-out sheet, and Qualtrics survey (at least by 24 hours prior) == Day-Of Extra Steps == * Whoever introduces speaker should verbally explain this at beginning and end of presentation * Have an extra person who can be co-host in case the host loses signal to ensure the recording continues * Have someone available on zoom to moderate questions == After Presentation == * Send reminder emails to attendees to complete Qualtrics survey a few days after the presentation. All surveys should be complete by one week after the presentation date. * Get a final count on the amount of attendees requesting CE credit and send it to Dr. Youngstrom to process payment to NCPA for certificates * Merge sign-in, sign-out, and Qualtrics survey form into one document and send to Karen Gray, cc’ing Dr. Eric Youngstrom. Allow 2 weeks for NCPA to complete surveys === CE Certificates === * NCPA will send personalized certificates to Dr. Youngstrom and the designated point of contact * Certificates should be sent to attendees individually using an HGAPS email account {{quotation| Sample email: <blockquote> Dear Colleague, Attached please find your CE certificate for attending [SPEAKER NAME]’s seminar and completing the attendance and follow-up survey. Thank you for your patience as we worked with NCPA to provide the CE certificates. We also appreciate the help from Karen Gray at NCPA in facilitating the logistics. We are already beginning plans for next semester’s speaker series, and we look forward to implementing some of your suggestions for topics then. Thanks for all you do for your clients and families, and thanks for your continued interest in HGAPS! Best regards, Eric Youngstrom & the HGAPS Team </blockquote>}} cf8c769rasdsxfz2ayl8gvni767rxo1 0 285380 2832019 2831476 2026-09-07T12:44:42Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2832019 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260907.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> 9zhrwcfkne5jx8pq5oaci515ubk37ki 2832220 2832019 2026-09-08T08:42:34Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2832220 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260908.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> egtnecmxtnth6u90javwlqosfnaj5lg 0 285439 2832111 2810405 2026-09-07T21:02:16Z Michael Ten 654933 added == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == 2832111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{politics}} '''Socialism''' is a [[wikipedia:Left-wing_politics|left-wing]] to [[wikipedia:Far-left_politics|far-left]] [[wikipedia:Economic_ideology|economic philosophy]] and [[wikipedia:Political_movement|movement]] encompassing a range of [[wikipedia:Economic_system|economic systems]] characterized by the dominance of [[wikipedia:Social_ownership|social ownership]] of the [[wikipedia:Means_of_production|means of production]] within the economy and [[wikipedia:Workers'_control|worker participation]] in the management of [[wikipedia:Production_(economics)|productive enterprises]] as opposed to [[wikipedia:Private_property|private ownership]]. [[File:Puño y rosa.png|right|50px]] {{right| <small>-- ''from [[Wikipedia: Socialism]]''</small>}} * See also [[Libertarian socialism]] <br> ;<big>Call for contributions</big> {{Warning|Don't worry about giving your essay or article the wrong name because we can change the name later.<br> But all content must be your own work. Do not copy/paste from other sites. Include references for all sources.}} [[Wikiversity:Introduction|'''Set education free''']] by contributing to '''{{PAGENAME}}'''. Create a space where you can work by entering a title that is not already on the list below. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}<inputbox> summary= A NEW INVITED ESSAY HAS BEEN CREATED!!! type=create width=110 buttonlabel=Create subpage break=no prefix={{FULLPAGENAME}}/ placeholder=Title of subpage </inputbox>{{RoundBoxBottom}} ===List of contributions=== {{Special:Prefixindex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|hideredirects=0|stripprefix=1}} [[Category:Open essay collections]] </br> ---- ===== Categories ===== <categorytree mode="categories" showcount="on">Socialism</categorytree> == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * If socialized ownership replaces private companies, what mechanisms can prevent the concentration of managerial power into a new bureaucratic ruling class? * Explore whether ruthless capitalism accelerates the demand for socialist alternatives by (in a dehumanizing way) treating human labor purely as an extractive resource. * Can voluntary decentralized economic models (and other alternative economic models) such as member-owned cooperatives, ESOP's, benefit corporations, and credit unions achieve the core objectives of socialism without relying on economic coercion by governments? * How does ethical capitalism, specifically through worker profit-sharing, member own co-ops, and employee ownership models compare to formal state socialism in distributing economic productivity dividends and net income? * Evaluate the risk of artificial scarcity and reduced innovation when market price signals are suppressed in favor of collective resource planning. [[Category:Socialism]] gvv8zuaajllv4hoobd4hna9tfuicln2 0 286532 2832185 2416274 2026-09-08T06:48:25Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832185 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--CONTRIBUTOR INSTRUCTIONS 1. This text is a comment: it'll be hidden from the published lesson plan, so it's just for you! If you see unfamiliar code, look for an explanation in a comment like this. 2. Heads up: you'll find a comment at the bottom with simple instructions on adding "category tags," which will help people find this lesson plan. Please follow them :) --><!-- DON'T MESS WITH THIS BIT --> {{Eventmath draft header}} <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF;{{Text default color}};padding: 1em; overflow:hidden;"> <div style="overflow:hidden;"> <div style="width:50%; margin-right:4em; float:left;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview <!--EDIT BELOW THIS LINE ONLY--> <!-- The summary below is displayed as a guide for visitors and contributors. You can publish without it, but it's required for removal from draft status.--> |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> Basic knowledge of percents and simple calculations of a weighted average |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn.--> Based on a contingency table (cross-tabulation) of 2020 Presidential voting choices and voter age categories, calculate the percentage of voters that voted for Biden without knowing the actual number of votes cast. |class-time = <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> 00-15 minutes <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). 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To ensure lesson plans can be sorted by date, please enter all dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD, including leading zeros: January is 01, not 1, for example. 2. If you cannot find a date, use n.d. as the date (no date). 3. To ensure that the article/post will remain accessible for educators and students... a. Archive it at https://archive.org/web/ (use the "Save Page Now" form to generate a permanent URL). b. Paste that URL here as the source-archive-url. c. Enter the date you archived the source as the source-archive date. 4. Linking to a website helps the site. If the lesson plan is debunking disinformation, you may avoid spreading disinformation by omitting the url of the original site entirely. 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For example, if you have a lesson plan for differential equations, you might decide to include that under the calculus category. It's up to you. --> [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] [[Category: Eventmath arithmetic]] [[Category: Eventmath politics]] l269od4285jcmo163nr0eqcpftuhfys 0 287227 2832162 2609003 2026-09-08T04:01:54Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:The_Freedom_Press_Logo.png|The_Freedom_Press_Logo.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 31 August 2026. 2832162 wikitext text/x-wiki = The New Definitions. = '''Written 2010''' PREFACE All of the work in this book is done in concert with my wife Jean Caldwell McMillan whose love and support had its own special effect. The purpose of this small book is to offer a new method of definition that was especially helpful to me in understanding better the concept examples given, concepts that I, normally, in the past, took for granted. It is a book about a new and very simple process of definition that provided me with the means to discover, and use, the relationship between words on a page, and how they affected my thought processes, and indeed processes beyond thought that I contend are triggered somehow by particular concepts, concepts that can be categorised as being Primary or Secondary.       There is no doubt that the implicit meaning contained in them can be readily interpreted through definition, but their real purpose is to overcome the bonds that prevent true human development. In approaching such a weighty subject such as language and definition I make no claims other than to offer a new and simple method of definition with no other references than those found in most dictionaries. The concept subjects I have randomly chosen to redefine are basically simple outlines of the definition process, and are meant purely to focus attention on the contrast between dictionary given definitions, and the new definitions. I am sure any reader would be astute enough to recognize that I am not pretending to present these concepts with any knowledge other than those dictated by dictionary given definitions. As I presume a universal use of the same word construction and their concepts with varying degrees in the language in which they are spoken, and how the concepts are defined, as a layperson I will presume also that there exists a kind of universality that will allow any reader the potential to experience the radical change in understanding that was my good fortune to achieve.     [[File:Perfect Moment (4264212093).jpg|center|thumb|Used as an epiphany experience.]] [[File:Sunset at Land's end in San Francisco.jpg|center|thumb|Additional explanation of an epiphany experience.]] Perhaps my perception of the concepts, and their new definition process might not evoke the same cognition response to reality for the reader. That of course can only be speculative on my part, but only by attempting to have this book published can it be put to the test. It may be that my initial experience is responsible for the construction I now place on the new definitions. Given that possibility, it may be that the reader will have to undergo the same cognitive experience that I did. Indeed the only credentials I have to offer are my own subjective experiences of what facts are, and I may say that achieving that experience is not necessarily found down the path of so-called 'logical thinking'. What I did was to find a relatively easy context in which the definitions obviously apply, and from experience, that comes about by ‘seeing’ what is. Match up your definition to any area or activity of life, and it is my hope that you will begin to see the reality as I did. We do define ourselves through our actions. It will be said that these definitions can be made to apply to almost everything, as though this diminishes their value. It is true that they apply to every aspect of life, but the relevant implicit principles involved were, I am now sure, not understood.                                                                                                                         Albert Einstein said `we cannot solve the problems we have by the thought that created them`. I take that to mean that we must find new ways of learning, new ways of understanding, new ways of experiencing, that will provide us with the means to resolve the many issues that confront us. Too numerous for me to mention, there have been many academic, scholarly writers, and poets who have clearly embraced the height of human consciousness in touching reality, but their experiences may not necessarily have been born out of academic achievement alone, but perhaps because of their intense interest in their use of language.                                                                                                                                                                                        It has been my experience in dealing with some of the concepts outlined in this book that redefining them in the manner shown, opened up areas of cognition that I had never before been aware of, and that certain words on a page, and the new meaning I derived from them made me conscious of the strong relationship between language and thought. Indeed is there any separation between them?   What is set out here is not the presentation of a belief system, certainly not theism, nor do I pretend that it is remotely related to any scholarly attempt at linguistics, or semantics. You may find the whole presentation mundane, and hardly worthy of your attention. This was exactly my initial reaction to the subject of definition, but the more I concentrated on the relationship between the principles, and realised how it affected my thinking, an understanding of their importance became clear. When we can understand the principles, or factors involved in any manifestation, then we should conclude that the basic premises were the same. With every manifestation it is axiomatic that the precursor is the Original Cause. The value of this presentation could be likened to the difference you can experience between a Model T Ford, and a Rolls Royce. You may come to the end of this book having ridden in a Model T, or you may emerge having ridden in a Rolls Royce. Viva la difference! If you do proceed, and if and when you arrive at any experience through definition, it will be important for you to keep it in 'mind', for you can then go on exploring the concepts for yourself without the necessity of seeking other opinions, or be influenced unduly by historical opinions that may well be less than factual. I found it to be part of the heuristic principle. In effect you will discover for yourself whatever value you can draw out of it. There are of course well established linguistic disciplines whose complexity is beyond my humble efforts and it is not my intention to make a virtue out of lack, but to state simply and honestly my experiences, and express them to the best of my ability Go back again to the observation that we must learn to understand in a new way. Linear thinking became for me a constant process of repetition, and fragmentation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   My objective was to look at the vertical scale as a ladder we must climb to escape from that process. The linear process is, as I see it now, a deterministic movement in mechanicalness, which when considered, changes nothing. The only thing that changes that process, and our attitude to it, is the way we see, and experience it, and for most of us, I suspect, that requires something new that has the potential to make sense of the kaleidoscope. [[File:Jacob's Ladder - geograph.org.uk - 3708925.jpg|center|thumb|A vertical scale]] It would be foolish, and indeed stupid, to address the lower extremes of the vertical scale, and current dictionary definitions as being of no consequence, but they are a reality better addressed I found through the transposition of definition, to offer for me, any chance of lasting development, or understanding. Think of the individual in conventional circumstances who complains that if only he, or she, could be somewhere else, or with someone else, everything would be so much better. No doubt you are well aware of such an individual, and you will also know that moving, or changing partners for that person did little to change their attitude to life. We carry with us our personal history, emotional baggage, and prejudices, and we constantly repeat them without being aware of how mechanical we are. MY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DISCLOSURE. My search throughout my adult life was always toward philosophical, psychological, and religious ideas. Never finding any real satisfaction, it seemed that metaphysical questions like, ‘Who am I’ were unanswerable, or too complex for a layman's mind. This kind of searching, and self-worship I later came to acknowledge, was the actual barrier to any form of real understanding. Utilising the idea that you could link concepts together in language to compose new definitions became for me a most valuable exercise that continuously formed new realisations. The most beneficial being that we are obliged to address the reality that ‘we are’, and in the process of re-defining concepts this affirmation becomes an inescapable conclusion, and the road to decisive cognitive development.These concepts were recognised some thousands of years ago. Notably by Heraclitus and Chinese schools of thought. Heraclitus with his “Unity of Opposites” and his famous quotation: “No man crosses the same river twice” [[File:Wilkin River close to its confluence with Makarora River, Otago, New Zealand.jpg|center|thumb]] Chinese schools of thought recognised that everything is in scale with the primary position at the top and a descending scale below. In all things if we ask the wrong questions we come up with the wrong answers, or no answers at all.   This small book is all that I have to offer, not in the sense that I can give you anything – there is nothing to give that you do not already have. It became clear to me that looking for what you already have, is a soul-destroying futile quest! Nothing that anyone can sell you, or that you can buy, will deliver up for you what you already have. The greatest knowledge you can ever have is your own. Therefore all I can do is compile and formulate the factual concepts, and principles that have always existed, that they might allow you to achieve the same understanding. Somewhere along the way I will seek professional help in finishing its layout, and composition, for the benefit of the readers. My main objective is to leave behind some written evidence of the ideas formulated through my experiences, and complement them through general ideas expressed in available literature that resonated with my own understanding, and hopefully put it in the public domain so that others may make the best use of it they can. It is not my intention to try and monopolise this material, but to make it available for others to reconstruct, develop, and improve. Over an adult lifetime, most of the material found in this book has been the result of the aforementioned experiences. At the outset it should be stated that this book is about a new process of defining concepts in contrast to dictionary given definitions, however dictionary given definitions were defined. Like any process of learning something new it may take a little time to recognize the relationship between the concepts we use, and how to derive benefit from re-defining them. In contrast to any belief system, this material essentially seeks to draw attention to the hardening beliefs and ingrained behaviour passed on to us primarily through language. Our greatest necessity is awareness of our condition – the blissful acceptance that we are fully conscious. [[File:Carl Jung.jpg|center|thumb|Carl Jung]] In each of the random subjects I have chosen to define, these are simply brief examples of my interpretation of the headings of the chosen matter. As each of the subjects would require a massive computer in its own right to examine such a vast literature, what I have endeavoured to point out is the basic principles that adhere to each of the subject headings, and these for me are best expressed in terms of ‘necessary factors’. Scholars in these subjects may choose to explore their chosen field utilising the techniques of new definitions to promote a new awareness of the subject. Any endeavour should always operate with the basic assumption that all basic principles are interrelated, the same, and equal. That expansion is all derived from a very general source, as the concept of definition has a universal derivative readily available to anyone interested in the subject matter. The idea of ‘New Definitions’ is based on a very simple basic premise ‘we are’. All of the definitions, and all of the connected links have this proposition as an absolute. If you do proceed, and any reader should find the compilation of material of interest in their own particular field, please feel free to use it in whatever manner you consider would best suit your personal needs. Copy it, debate it, disseminate it, and extend it. I may say that from experience, and my understanding of the basic concepts, it is futile to use this material other than for the greater good. Self-interest, aggrandisement, profiteering, are all of themselves the very barriers to real understanding. But I may say that by its proper use, experience tells me that we are capable of realising the wonder of our everyday existence. It may be of interest for readers to know that quite late in my adult life I attended a four year Liberal Studies course at Canterbury University, New Zealand, from which I graduated. One of the tasks in English literature was to write an essay on ‘The Millstone’ by Margaret Drabble. Having left school at 14 years of age, this was my first attempt at an assessment of any literary work. Using the techniques of definition I had acquired I went through every chapter and defined all the concepts that were used, shaping my essay around the definitions. The result of this exercise was that as a male it gave me a profound emotional, and practical insight into the life of a young single mother, with a young child, and all that that means. The astonishing result was that I got an ‘A’ plus pass, which established in me the validity of using new definitions in any endeavour.   If you have read “The Millstone” you may wonder how it is possible for the concept of ‘necessary factors’ to be the least beneficial in relating to the very sensitive and humane portrait of a young single mother as written by Margaret Drabble. Words on a page in and of themselves have no real poetic or emotional content unless we understand their real meaning. It is the underlying universal relationships between them that offers us true guidelines to the very nature of who we are. [[File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg|center|thumb|A vision of wrong words]] The lists that are offered seem of themselves to be of a very pedantic nature, and as they are, it is doubtful if they will evoke strong emotional, meaning that enlightens, but linking them together and using conjunctions to connect them do provide a pathway to our true consciousness. New definitions are the transforming power to new knowledge. As far as I know I have not infringed copyright law in any part of this material, and would encourage any reader to freely adapt it to any enterprise they may see fit. Nothing is ever rejected, everything that is, everything that we are, is a measure of ‘necessary factors’. Conventional definitions, which include negativity are not discarded as useless. They are used as stepping-stones to a greater reality. When they are placed on a reality scale they can then be correctly measured for what they are. It is that basic recognition that allows us to go beyond the conventionally accepted definition. Because of this acceptance we are where we are – it is time to move on.                 The process of investigating opposites in terms of definition was by itself very interesting, and has been the referred subject matter of many philosophies, the most contemporary one that I know, one GI Gurdjieff, as expressed by Dr Maurice Nicoll in his Psychological Commentaries on the teaching of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky.         That material had some parallels to that which I will endeavour to express.                                                                The following is essentially my report, and my extended interpretation, and I have since concluded that only because of my dramatic change in perception through the medium of that which we call conscious experience, would it have been possible for me to attempt to write about this subject. Although words on a page will never be a substitute for direct experience, I am compelled to try.   '''''Lost Shadows''''' '''''The shadows move''''' '''''Lost in confusion''''' '''''Lost in despair''''' '''''Imagination shrouds the Real''''' '''''Looking back''''' '''''Looking forward''''' '''''Is this the Centre?'''''         [[File:Long shadows of "alien" friends.jpg|center|thumb]] All conditions of mechanicalness were for me extremely difficult to recognize, or accept, but once that viewpoint was accepted through experience, (and conviction comes through experience) it offered me a stepping-stone to that which is real. Lost Shadows is my commentary on the general human condition as I came to understand it, and there are of course many exceptions. This condition is acquired, from my understanding, through socially and culturally determined habits, and attitudes, and there is an apocryphal story that lends itself to the value of shock that allows one to contemplate that condition first hand. The story tells of an intermediary stage after death, where a dozen or so people of varying race, colour and religion, find themselves in limbo, wandering around knowing that they are dead, and expecting to move onto a higher plane.                                     On their travels they each meet characters that are quite distasteful to them -- they see them as mean, avaricious, cruel, stupid, and pretentious, which fills them with hatred, and anger. After some time they group together, seek out an attendant, and demand to know who these people are, and why they are allowed on the same plane as them, instead of being banished to Hell as they rightly deserve!   With a wicked satisfying look the attendant turns to them and quietly repliesː ‘Oh don’t you worry my dears they are already in Hell. There are no others here, what each of you sees, and experiences, are mirror images of your own character. In a very, very long time you might get to be like me, I suffer no reflections’. "Oh wad some power the giftie gie us, to see oursels as others see us"<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567684806.ch-002|title=‘O wad some Pow’r the giftie gie us, To see oursels as others see us!’|last=Barclay|first=John M. G.|date=2020|publisher=T&T Clark}}</ref> (Robert Burns 1759-1796)                                                                                   The question is would we welcome the truth about ourselves? Language is a code, and it has taken about one thousand years to secure the modern day dictionaries we have. The purpose of dictionaries is essentially to offer meaning. We reach for a dictionary to have defined for us certain concepts, and we take, more or less for granted, the definitions provided. Obviously much of this information has been instrumental in us progressing as we do - but to understand this progress I needed to seek new and more constructive methods of defining, and for me the idea that you could redefine for yourself these concepts and give them new life and meaning was indeed a revelation. In utilising this new way of defining, it has established for me consistent realities that are the precursors to creative enlightened cognition.                                                                                                                                                                                                     However complex, or diverse human societies may be - could it be argued that they all may have basic fundamental principles that are recognisable, and available to be evaluated? Is it possible to address these basics, and draw some reasonable conclusions that can provide direction, and understanding? Is it possible for any fellow human to experience a reality beyond, and above their everyday existence through their use? My answer to the above questions, is an emphatic yes! - otherwise I would not focus my remaining years in this endeavour.                                                                                                                                                                       When experienced, true knowledge is at once transcending, and unquestionable. It establishes reality in the present time, and allows us the potential to see all values in absolute terms. It is a momentary realization of our innate essence, our natural self, without adornments, and it has a momentary flash of sweet terror to realise what we really are. Any intellectual, scientific, or technological development throughout mankind's history depends entirely on some basic understanding of truth, either laboriously worked through to conclusion, or a Eureka moment when that which is, is recognized, and acted upon. When we contemplate that every moment of existence has implicit within it a Eureka experience, then it implies to me that our conscious level is more or less, nonexistent. We in effect conduct our lives in a state of sleep, living with the illusion that we are fully conscious aware beings. The New Definitions as I have outlined them are a form of translation that will allow the reader to make sense of who we are. Living as I believe we do, in such an ossified state, we continually perpetuate a very presumptuous attitude that does nothing to penetrate to a higher conscious level. My own early experiences in working through the simple processes I will outline, allowed me to see some of the reality that surrounds us.                                                                                                       The most significant experience I had as a young man happened when I temporarily worked in a processing factory on a night shift. It was a very noisy, and dirty environment. The smell of hot machine oil in the stale air, the workshop lit by fluorescent lighting, and the incessant pounding of the machines stamping out metal components was not an atmosphere conducive to experiences of enlightenment. Throughout the working shift one had to break from the tedium and noise of the machinery, stand up and stretch your body to give it some relief. Walking to the end of the row of machines I worked on, I came across a female co-worker kneeling down brushing up metal shavings. I knew her to be an elderly spinster with a reputation in the factory of not being very communicative, nor of being very sociable. Have read over the years various accounts of enlightenment experiences (epiphanies), but nothing then, or since, has matched what took place. The best and mostly deeply moving interpretation of what happened will never do it justice, and for the moment my simple explanation is all that is available. The environment around me did not change in any way, but my association with this world was altered forever. There was no sense of my individuality, or personality, only unification with everything there is.     Somehow I was in an eternal timeless state observing the elderly woman at her task, and she became the epitome of "pure action" conveying to me the innate, and fundamental love, compassion and connection that is part of our human existence. The realisation was not only of her true being, but that of my own. 'It was ‘pure communion’. It was clear to me that the concepts of separation and division were the constructs of the human brain, and bore no relation to that which is real. The most simplified construction I can put on that experience is that that which we conventionally call natural, became supernatural. In that experience our being ness is Universal, and totally removes the mythical concept of individualism, and separation. We live a Primary, and Secondary existence, where the Primary (that which is Real) is rarely experienced. Throughout my experience there was no concept, or appeal toward any dichotomy. They did not exist. That certainly only takes place when we return from the experience, and our brain and the intellect take over again in their attempt to explain the experience, which leads one back to a world of fragmentation, and the usual conformity to mythical constructs. When such experiences abate, and we return, as we must to our secondary state, inevitably we conform to our own ingrained prejudices and opinions, which by degrees can be transformed by our attention to the new definitions. This experience and action acts in slow parallel with the process that automatically occurs after any vision of Reality. Fortunately for the ‘experiencer’ there seems to be a measured retention of values in which a characteristic change takes place where standards and ethics are developed. There is also a sense of freedom, and a release of positive energies hitherto held captive within us. How long in numerical time the experience lasted, I do not know, probably no more than a minute, but I knew (and of a knowing that I had never experienced before) that I had been in the presence of something that is eternally ours, and infinite, and throughout the many years that have passed since then, I have had varying degrees of cognition that ensured in me that other reality. At that moment it was clear that all that my personal life span had experienced was for nothing, and I was left with nothing, other than that incredible experience which dissolved all conflict. Because of that experience I now endeavour to disseminate the concepts that may, or may not be useful for others.  Throughout these pages there will be some references to mind, and thought. These are commonly taken to be the highest products of man's existence, and indeed thought appears to have taken precedence over "real experience", and seems to dominate all human activity.                            In the 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes said, "I think, therefore I am".  It seems to me now, given the experiences I've had, that this must have had a very detrimental, polarising effect, on most Western philosophies. It must be emphasised that for me thought, when properly controlled, is essentially used only to guide us to what I consider, a reality beyond thought.   I have given credence to its limitations, as I understand it, and tried not to allow it to take such a dominant place in my life, although admittedly, that is easier to say than do. It seemed clear to me that thought processes by themselves will never give us real understanding - that only comes (I contend) when it seems as though thought stops, and natural intuition, and inner essence knowledge takes over. [[File:A land called Honali (35674382201).jpg|center|thumb|In a land called Honali.]] The simple exercises I have constructed in new definition techniques introduced to me a new reality, and allowed me to penetrate beyond the barriers of day-to-day thinking, and for me it's stultifying mechanicalness. Breaking through the thought processes, and experiencing something that seemed to be other than thought, I became aware of the limitations of our so-called mind, and in that experience there is a kind of peaceful release. What success you may have if you use these simple techniques depends, I believe, on how much the process may attract you, and if so, its continuous use by you. I can only say that it is possible to find relevance, and real meaning in words. Truth is not a deeply religious or philosophical mystery! Just know that "everything is"! As I understand it, most religions, and schools of philosophy make reference to the question of opposites. The very term itself creates divisions, and where there are divisions there is ambiguity. My concern in introducing these new definition concepts is to allow the reader to create for them a true relationship to reality, without that ambiguity. The negative sides of dichotomies to me are not meaningless, in the conventional construct we use them, but I did acquire a new understanding of their place in our lives and found it useful to treat them as myths, and search for a better construct in language that would give me a positive basis to extend from.  The lists of words I've chosen are simply irrefutable principles that are the basis to form any reasonable extension. If we expose the myth of dichotomies through awakening to the facts, then we no longer need to address them as being real.                               8                                                                                                                                                                                 Language is also a social event that should be used for everyone's benefit and put into a simple context that will help convey real knowledge and understanding.  Because we are born into a world where language precedes us, in general most of the conceptual meaning in language is taken for granted. That circumstance has such a powerful hold on us that it is almost impossible to break through. An example is the idea that we can be independent! It is a concept that is constantly encouraged - yet it is a myth! I came to realise that no one can be independent, and that no one ever was! You can be responsible for your own actions - but that is a far cry from the mistaken view that you can live in this world, and be independent.                 Please stop for a while and examine this assertion. From the moment you were conceived you required air, food, and water. You were administered to, and cared for, through to an age when you could provide your own sustenance. Extrapolate from that to where you are now, and see if you can honestly accept the idea that you as a being could ever be independent. Chapter One. = Dependent. = [[File:Baby sleeps the hours after being born at Norsup Hospital on Malekula Island, Vanuatu. (10676480595).jpg|center|thumb|The essence of dependence.]] My putting forward the proposition that there are no dichotomies may well be difficult to comprehend, given their place in our consciousness, but taking for granted such conceptual myths is similar to being a captive in Plato's cave - being chained to the floor watching shadows of real life cast beyond the firelight on the cave walls, unable to turn round, and see outside the cave - believing that life consists only of those shadows. To define any concept using the list you compile (do not be limited to the list I have offered), use any two that you consider form part of the basic construct of the principle involved, and which will establish for you a 'correct meaning'. This provides you with the potential to evaluate, understand, and recognize your true relationship to that basic principle. Throughout the process the reader may find it easier to recognize the relationship between the concepts. Indeed philosophically you may come to accept that they each have a profound relationship, one to the other. To come to the realisation that being dependent is our basic condition, and a positive one, nullified the idea that I had a choice in the matter, and it gave me a proper alignment to extend from. This material is about simple basic concepts in language - not about grammar. Each individual, or group, can make grammatical adjustments as found necessary. There is a need for information that is less academic - information that is common to us all - correct - and available to anyone who wishes to use it. Because opposites exist in language, we take them for granted  - but when you actively explore what is real, you may find there is something more fundamental. When we establish facts, we establish what is! Nothing is hidden! The facts that we can establish are necessary for true definition. Everything is in scale! Everything that is - is a measure of these factors. My acknowledging my dependence on everything external for sustenance was a step towards realisation, but it did require my commitment to accept that change in perception, until I experienced its reality. In the following pages I will use the list of  'necessary factors' to redefine the concept of dependence, so that it might become an observable fact that you may be able to accept, more readily so, when you yourself come to make up your own definition. It may be appropriate at this time to point out the value of a good dictionary, and a good thesaurus. A dictionary provides us with definition, and meaning. For example if we want to understand what the word 'definition' means, the Oxford dictionary states ' a statement about the precise meaning of a term'. So when we want to understand the precise meaning of a term - we consult a dictionary. A thesaurus on the other hand is distinct from a dictionary in that it provides us with thousands of synonyms, and antonyms.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Synonyms are words that can be substituted without losing or affecting meaning - for example: modest - timid - shy could all be easily used to substitute each other.                                                                          Antonyms are words that have an opposite meaning - for example: War - peace, hate - love, rough - smooth. The dictionary given definitions I found rarely utilise any of the principles implicit within the concept that would offer greater precision, and direction. This new form of definition using basic principles has the potential to provide us with that precision, and direction.                       Dictionary: 'dictionary given definition' -   'book containing usually in alphabetical order the words of a language with their meaning, and usage, or equivalents in another language, or the terms proper to a subject with explanations, or a number of biographies, or other homogeneous articles'. Key factors: order, meaning, usage, equivalent, proper, explanations, homogeneous. Above is the dictionary given definition of the word 'dictionary'. In each chapter I will introduce a concept in this way as I used it, and point out the key factors as they are expressed. The process, I suggest, is to then go on to re-define, and enhance that dictionary given definition, so that meaning has the best chance to be made transparent to the reader. Below is the new definition that will be outlined as we progress. Dictionary: New definition:   'Organised principles that establish meaning of true standards, designed to provide information that is correct, and trustworthy'. Key factors: organise, principles, establish, meaning, true, standards, design, provide, information, correct, trustworthy.                                             For me anyway this definition is noticeably improved, and in a fashion that is self explanatory in that it has universal meaning, and above all makes acceptable commonsense. "Necessary factors" are positive concepts that we hold in common, and we construct our lives around their everyday use, and to repeat, we have compiled dictionaries in our historical attempt to understand their full meaning. That they can be expressed in the grammatical sense as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and by using the two words "We are" to precede them, was for me a simple method to enable their best use, and an extension to conventional use. Standard definitions are never wholly rejected; they are the stepping-stones toward newer, and broader definitions. Within them we can identify "necessary factors" that can make up powerful additions. It would seem logical to me to utilise their use and further extend the definition process. All that I intend to do is place before the reader my personal viewpoint on this subject matter, and how I interpret it. You may agree with these interpretations or not. Certainly there is no expectation on my part that you accept anything I present as being self-evident, and it will become clear that this is not a scholarly or academic attempt at linguistics or semantics. It may be helpful to consider how we have arrived at the definitions we have in standard dictionaries, and why we believe them. When we read the definitions contained in them, do they have any real meaning for us? Would it be presumptuous to consider that we could improve on them, and find a meaning that resonates within us? Meaning for me is a conscious experience that has relevance in my life, and the pool of basic simple words I have compiled were again the stepping-stones to a new and simple process of definition that made the definitions relevant.                                      Chapter 2. = PRINCIPLE. = The dictionary definition of principle is: ‘A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning’ Key words: fundamental, truth, use, basis, and reasoning. In my attempt to construct the following chapters as examples that were relevant to me, I have utilised basic methods that were effective for me to recognise that which is implicit within each concept, which allowed me to go beyond conventional concepts. Academia by its very nature imposed on me severe limitations on my ability to assimilate critical information, and I personally have found these simple methods of definition infinitely rewarding in allowing me to understand the concepts that were of vital importance to me. In reality I discovered there are no dichotomies.                How we come to that realisation is, I believe, a developmental process, and in that process we can be a little humble in any approach to new ideas. Just because we find the definition of words in a dictionary, it does not necessarily follow that we derive meaning from them, or learn anything about the concepts involved. My experience through this simple form of defining was that meaning was amplified through another understanding of the basic principles involved. In essence there was an elementary association of principles, and that association may only become clear for others when there is the temporary complete destruction of personal history and knowledge as I experienced it.  In the initial introduction, the word 'principle' deserved more attention, and a particular presentation to establish its worth in our language.   Archimedes (2nd cent AD) in a Eureka moment understood the principle of leverage, and throughout history since we have applied that principle to many applications, and to a very sophisticated degree. It is a question whether anyone using it now has the same understanding that Archimedes had! The dictionary given definition of 'principle' is: 'A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning' Key words: fundamental, truth, use, basis, and reason. I extended the above definition to read: 'A fundamental truth used as a basis of reasoning to produce understanding' I believe that these two added concepts (produce & understanding) are implicit within the definition. [[File:Shakespeare.jpg|center|thumb|William Shakespeare.."so much understanding"]] It would be safe to say that most of us are interested in what makes sense, and would want to locate the factors to achieve that. Correlated facts make sense, that is why the above definition for me, is so important. It groups together a set of 'necessary factors' that are relatively easy for any one of us to recognize, identify with, and use. They seem to offer a sense of safety, and security, and if that is a common truism, we should ask ourselves why? To put this definition into a simple context, if you are reading this, then you are conscious of its content. It is then a fundamental truth that you are present, and you are located. It would follow from that, that you can use basic reasoning to some degree, to identify that you have knowledge, understanding, and awareness. In essence, you have followed the implicit instruction within the definition. All valid definitions should have implicit within them these fundamental factors, factors that we hold in common. Correlating these 'necessary factors' that provide correct definitions, starts to make sense of the things that are important to us.     [[File:Plato's allegory of the cave.jpg|center|thumb|Plato's allegory of the cave]]     For me, now, the facts that I put together and define, offer a new dimension that has never before been brought to my attention. Do educational processes actually begin by examining what is? We cannot examine that which does not exist. We must give credence, and refer, to what is. Are there fundamental truths that we can use as a basis of reasoning? Would it be better to find out what sanity is, rather than insanity? Given the above definition, (which to me is a very good one) I sought to extend the analysis further. It is hoped that this example will provide the reader with techniques for developing and evaluating what I consider to be correct definitions. Although the definition seems self-explanatory, it is useful for the purposes of assimilation to break it down further, so that we can take some action with it, and seek some predictability concerning those actions. Key words, or concepts implicit within the definition: fundamental, truth, use, basis, reason, understand, produce.  So grouping the basic concepts together into a simple sentence using conjunctions, I now read the new definition of 'principle' as: 'Use fundamental truths to produce a reasonable basic understanding' Therefore, to me, in seeking out 'principles', or 'necessary factors', we must take into account their definition, and determine if what is being examined complies with that definition. Any discipline I should think of necessity, must conform to that prescription, or it falls short of the mark. The good farmer will always use fundamental truths about good soil, irrigation, and fertilisation, to promote healthy crops. In that process, he must be reasonable in his application, and rotation of his crops. In all of that application, he in time acquires a basic understanding of the laws of nature. He, like the many other good farmers on this planet, has conformed to the principles within the definition (whether aware of it, or not), and has provided food for an ever growing population. Although this may be elementary information on the principles of good farming it only became available to me through the process of definition as expressed above, and I used the farmer analogy to express it in this form. [[File:Brinkle Spring Lane - geograph.org.uk - 89559.jpg|center|thumb|Natural farming.]] You will note that I have offered up the term 'necessary factors' as an alternative to 'principle’. My reason for this is that words, as we know, can become clichés when constantly repeated over time, and their value, and proper use, can become lost, and they can in fact be misused. The continuous adoption of cliché terms then becomes the reality for many, however false that reality is. The term 'necessary factors' has more chance I believe of retaining its value, and is less likely to be misused.                                       It would be suggested that you keep adding to your list of 'necessary factors'. They will allow you to extend your own definitions, and apply them as outlined above, to your own needs.                                    Try relating your definitions to whatever resolves you are seeking.   To make these concepts a reality for me it was helpful to utilise as discussed before the two simple words 'we are' to head the initial list using nouns, verbs or adjectives to complete any sentence. We, is the plural noun of I – it determines there is more than one. It is inclusive, it neither discriminates, nor excludes. Are means ‘to continue to be’. The term ‘We are’ then is used in a complementary fashion to highlight its inclusiveness, its permanence, and above all, its evident reality in conjunction with ‘necessary factors’. It provides us with an easily identifiable forerunner to the list of ‘necessary factors’. It is never judgmental, and whenever any principle is redefined using the complementary implicit relationship with all other principles it reveals a self-evident reality, which in turn offers a new direction in consciousness. The process of linking these ‘necessary factors’ through conjunctions can create a new language that addresses that which is. Although this material never directly addresses any religious doctrine, the reader may experience a better understanding of the particular belief system they depend on, and will be able to make adjustments accordingly. WE ARE: COMMUNICATING       PRODUCTIVE       SUPPORTIVE   SUCCESSFUL          DISCIPLINED      ACTIVE HONEST          RESPONSIBLE     SECURE                               INTELLIGENT         CONNECTED           PROGRESSING         COOPERATING                                           PRESENT   LOCATED             Basic positive principles, or ‘necessary factors’ were for me easy to understand. They affirmed the very fundamentals of human existence, and provided true ‘measuring’ sticks for identifying what is. Whatever subjective processes may come into play, it is the attempt to deny the existence of any of the above that creates problems. It is self-evidently true that ‘we are communicating”. It is self-evidently true that “we are successful” at doing just that, in many forms. Simple basic realities, but unless we recognize, and constantly utilise their existence, we can go off at a tangent. Dealing with dichotomies as being reality, removes us from the very life source that sustains us. It would indeed be stupid to reject outrightly the negative dichotomies in terms of everyday reality that we experience. Hatred, prejudice, fear, stupidity, ignorance, sickness and disease are constant reminders that in our present state we are less than we can be by a very significant margin. What is necessary to experience is that they are in fact mythical constructs that have become accepted reality, and as such must be recognized for being just that.   Doctors should not, and do not I believe, address sickness as a reality, but calculate how healthy a person is, and extend on that to make the patient healthier. Again this is not a process where any ludicrous leap of faith is expected to grasp the proposition. If a doctor approached a patient who was totally devoid of any sign of health – there would be nothing that he or she could do. We know that even under the most dire circumstances a responsible doctor will look for any sign of life, and attempt to resuscitate the patient. They address (in awareness or not) health. When a person is pronounced clinically dead, we see doctors using every means available to resurrect them. They are not to my mind trying to bring back the dead – they are trying to retrieve whatever health signs are available to bring them to recovery. This is not my personal attempt to convert anyone to my particular view-point, it is only to express how I now see many aspects of life. It is critical to note that it is possible to view life experiences in a more than conventional way – and assess them accordingly. When we deliberately focus our attention on what is – it is only focusing attention on an evolutionary process. We are by degrees already doing it, and we will continue to do so. Archimedes did not invent the power of leverage, it was already in existence everywhere. He saw and experienced  the reality and the principle involved, and was able to make statements about it. We see evolving miraculous new insights into the constructs of the human body – DNA and GENETICS, which have the enormous potential to improve human well-being. These are not the property of any one person or group – they are discoveries of what is, and must only be developed, and used correctly by appropriately skilled agencies. Locating the true level of philanthropy and honesty will be an evolving reality we hope we can witness very quickly, but however quickly it does happen, it will evolve.   This is a small beginning, the term WE ARE is inclusive, it implies relationship, and is self-evidently true. Finding out through definition the measure of truth in the terms added on, was for me a process of self-education, and affirmation. Actively identifying these factors in this simple fashion was part of the stepping stone activity toward a better understanding of whom, and what we are.    [[File:What will the Future of Education Look Like?.png|center|thumb]]       I am sure you will be able to identify a measure of any of these factors operating in your own life. No matter how little, that is where you begin. Although these may seem very elementary observations I found it essential to re-establish them if for no other reason than to recognize their existence through the methods provided.   To identify 'necessary factors' it is instructive to look at their so-called opposites, for instance: Health - Sickness Wealth - Poverty Law    - Disorder Success- Failure Our conscious relationship with these concepts is, I consider for most people, normally taken to be unquestionable, and may well be very difficult to challenge given the extremes of condition that we can experience through our senses. We consequently accept these as the only reality available, and so long as we accept that there is no other reality, then it will always remain so. As explained in the preface above there was for me a new consciousness, a new way of experiencing what is, and this is my endeavour to share that experience. All negative dichotomies now appeared to me, to be denial of what is. Any complaint, or problem, was the denial of a 'necessary' factor. If this were so, then it seemed logical to address what is. That for me was the only basis from which I could extend. I found that before we can extend, we must establish reality. Everyone is a success to some degree. Trying to improve on something that does not exist (failure), is chasing shadows! If we believe in myths - then we become subject to that belief. Below I have compiled a supplementary list that might allow you to make some progress. They have been chosen simply because their opposites could not provide me with any guidance (try it).  Use them in whatever grammatical form you find most comfortable. INTERDEPENDENT     RATIONAL   INFORMED INCLUDED   AWARE   AGREEMENT   CERTAIN   PROOF   SHARING   STRONG   CONFORMING   VISIBLE   EVIDENCE   FOR   ACCURATE   HONEST BALANCED   RELATED   CLEAR   UNDERSTANDING   COMFORT   GOODNESS   ORGANISATION   STANDARDS   PRINCIPLES   COMMUNITY   STABILITY   IDENTITY   EQUALITY   SOURCE   ALIGNMENT   RELIABLE   CONSTANT   DISCOVER   PEACE   CORRECT   RESOLVE   KNOWLEDGE   RELEVANT   POSITIVE   ACHIEVEMENT TRUST   SUSTENANCE   UNITY   REALITY   GAIN   EFFECTIVE   BASIC   EASY   SENSIBLE   DUPLICATE   CONSISTENT   ORIGINAL   ENERGY   ACCEPTABLE   EXPRESS   ACCOMPLISHMENT   PRECISION   JUSTICE POSSIBLE CONTROL. The list I have compiled of 'the necessary factors' have in common the collective term 'generalisation'. The processes of definition that will be applied, makes the use of each of them a guide to that which is implicit.                                                                                              It was easy for me then to identify through their application, the very specifics required in any discipline that is normally taken I suspect, to be a function of conscious awareness. The education process can then be seen to be implicit within the generalisations. The process of definition in this manner makes it very easy to make the transfer from that which is a generality, to that which is quite specific. All of the 'necessary factors' have connectedness to each other, and we can in essence, use the combination of any two of them to define any one. True definition has the potential to create internal balance, which in turn, alters perception, so that direct relationship with what is, is a unifying experience. In this connection it should be observed that we really do not know what consciousness is, or how we arrive at the various states. Standing on a foreshore on a beautiful summer's evening, watching the sunset, can alter anyone’s state of consciousness. It is my contention (derived through experience) that powerful new concepts initiate the same processes. Conversely watching a child being hurt can offer the other extremes of consciousness.                                           The dictionary definition of dependent. 'dependent or contingent on or upon, in the position of a dependent or subject, relying on another person, thing etc, for support' Key words: contingent, upon, position, rely, another, support. In the introduction, I classified as a myth the wide held assumption that it is possible to be independent.   The Oxford dictionary defines 'independent' as  'not dependent on others for validity '.               This definition for me, presumes a kind of magical individuality, and invisibility!                         It is an impossible task, to define something that does not exist. The fundamental basis for individuality is that it paradoxically depends on at least one other individual for its very essence -- its being -- its validity! Two is the basic number. To further examine that assertion I have chosen 'dependent' as a 'necessary factor,' that which is creative, positive, and importantly, universal. Grouped in pairs, are six factors chosen from the list that will form a definition which I believe is real -- that is true --  and that it makes good sense, and it is useful! In utilising the list to define any concept, there is a personal awareness level that assists in developing the definition. My choice from the list is: CONSTANT SUPPORT COMMUNITY COOPERATION SHARING PRODUCTS In linking these together as I have done, they spell out conditions that are for me desirable, and readily recognized as realities in our lives, when we pay attention to them. The first two factors 'constant support' are easily identified in all our lives as a reality we are all dependent on. We need the constant support of the sun -- the rain -- the crops, for basic food, and drink.           The second two  'community cooperation' clearly spells out conditions that are desirable, and to some degree or other, is available in every community. Each individual in that community is dependent on cooperation for his or her well-being, and survival -- so implicit within these two factors there is real dependence. 'Sharing products' are two factors that clearly identify the social interaction we are all dependent on. We share -- food, money, technology, education, and most of all language. Without language, no knowledge could be passed on. Therefore, in combining all of these factors I have formed a new definition that provides us with evidence of its validity.                                                                               To be dependent within this new definition [using conjunctions] means for me: 'CONSTANT SUPPORT FROM A COMMUNITY WHICH COOPERATES IN SHARING PRODUCTS'.     It is easily identified as being true. It confirms our condition, and I would contend, has a universally acceptable meaning. Using the above definition go into your local supermarket and see if you can consciously apply it in relation to your own needs. These are simple methods that can offer you direction in proper awareness of your own beingness, as they did for me. There is a nice analogy that might highlight our present condition -- the belief that we can be 'independent’. Take a piece of blank paper -- imagine that to be a world of two-dimensional beings. Push a pencil through the centre of that world, and all the inhabitants could see, would be the cross section of the pencil. They never could describe to you what a whole pencil was, and it would be impossible for you to try to describe it to them. So long as we live in an artificial restricted dimension, we can never see the whole reality. Consider again the concept of independence, and individuality, and hypothetically take the view that we can be independent self-reliant individuals. Taken to extreme (and we can find attempts to conform to these concepts at many levels), it essentially means that we deny, or negate, how dependent we are, and any attempt to deny how of necessity we are social beings. That kind of activity, with all of its ramifications, I feel can be corrosive and destructive. When we give credence to any negative activity, it gains reality from the belief we place in it, and clearly at this time of writing we endorse so much that is inhuman.                                                                                                                                                                                                      We are all very busy extending our belief systems -- the only problem lies in the accuracy of those beliefs! That we are social beings in no way diminishes our personal responsibility, and humanity. There are doctrines that would have us conform to propaganda designed primarily to instil belief systems that are dehumanising on a social scale. What I am attempting to do is offer open information for anyone to address, and to explore it, for theirs, and others benefit.     My approach is to address correct sources. Give credence to the fact that there is a source. Source is the plural "We are". That statement I believe is sensible, and difficult to deny. No one individual is the master of his, or her, own destiny -- we are. Any attempt to be independent is a kind of denial of all that it means to be dependent (as we have already defined it). We see only sections of it -- never the whole -- but that is where our true strength, and value lie. By all means 'be responsible for your own actions' but always within that context. The most difficult thing we can do is attempt to be independent. We are brought into this world without any active will on our part, and introduced to an existence in which we are wholly dependent, despite wholesale propaganda to the contrary exhorting us all to be ‘independent’. It is my contention that complete realisation of these circumstances will paradoxically provide greater freedom, and a true understanding of our place in the community.                                      Clearly today in most societies, there is an imbalance in personal responsibility, and dependence. In its extreme form, it is most detrimental within the drug culture -- both legal and illegal.   Through attempts to gain relief from conditions that are as I see it, the result of a mechanical view of life, there is created a dependence that can lead to a lifelong addiction. The consequence of that is that personal responsibility, and health, can recede to the point of oblivion. With a new way of understanding I believe it is possible to put greater  order into those circumstances, and utilise the responsibility factor in conjunction, and in balance with the society we live in, and depend upon. When we are over dependent it takes courage, and discipline, to change that structure, but each step taken allows the responsibility factor to grow -- so nurture it gently, and carefully -- I  am sure it will be found to be worthwhile. As human beings we can all be subject in varying degrees to passionate opinions, whether it be about politics, religion, ecology, nationalism, or economics. There is a desperate need I believe for those passions to be tempered by a factual understanding of the relationships necessary for them to be realised on an equitable, fair, and just basis.                                                                                                                                                                        Redefining 'necessary factors’ is the methodology to expand our awareness levels.                                We are, all of us, interdependent -- we do not have any choice in the matter -- other than accept it as a blessing. Do not persist with passionate beliefs that are detrimental to your true nature, and well-being.   Be very careful of the drumbeat you march to! Chapter 3. = Reality: = 'what is' or, 'likeness to the original'. Key words: likeness, original, is. All of the 'necessary factors' I have listed are basic components of the recognition process. We cannot recognize anything unless we already have information that agrees with that which is presented. As all of the 'necessary factors’ are equal, the only distortion of value exists in our inability to recognize them as a reality. Much of that distortion can be attributed to the belief we have in dichotomies. Everything is a problem unless it can be addressed for what it is. Stupidity is a problem, unless we see it as the measure of intelligence, which it is. Poverty is a problem, unless we see it as the measure of wealth, which it is. Failure is a problem, unless we see it as the measure of success, which it is.                                             No one is an absolute -- complete -- total failure! When we can recognize that as the true reality, then we essentially deal with what is. That is the point -- the basics from which we can develop -- then there is no mystery! We are at once in harmony with reality. Reality then dictates correct policy, not ideology. As you proceed through this book, you will recognize various references that you are familiar with. Quite simply that comes about because all human endeavour is the result of the nature of language, and the compilation of 'necessary factors' implicit within it. Words are of little consequence, unless we have the means to extract meaning from them - meaning which illuminates the mind, and allows us to see reality in all its wonderful manifestation. Through correct meaning we can begin to 'understand' one other, because we then have a common-meeting ground of agreement.   [[File:2015 Wikimedia Foundation Annual report.pdf|center|thumb]] When you give credence to negation, and use it as a basis to work from, that is, if we deal with stupidity -- poverty -- failure, it can gain reality for you from your belief, then, in extension as you deal with that, you are wide of the mark.                                                                                                                                      In that process, you lose sight of that which is real, and deny yourself the opportunity to deal with reality. There is an apocryphal story of a young graduate medical student, hopping freight trains to head home for annual holidays. Jumping on to a good's wagon, he slams the sliding door closed when he realises it is a wagon used for transporting frozen goods. He immediately tries to slide the door back, but it is locked solid. When the train reaches its destination, the guards unlock all the wagons and find the young student frozen to death on the wagon floor. No one can understand how such a thing could happen, as the refrigerating units on all these old wagons had been disconnected for years!  We can construct a hypothetical answer to the puzzle faced by those who found the young student. The internal conclusions, and beliefs, the young student operated on, were based on knowledge he had acquired throughout his medical training, and the effects of freezing on the human organism. He believes he is trapped in a freezer, and despite the reality of the situation, he succumbs. This is an extreme hypothetical example where paradoxically knowledge, and belief, has been the young student's downfall, but it is offered as a tool to expedite recognition of the common mechanical condition of knowledge, and belief, that we are all subject to. Human tension as I now understand it, is the need for experience of True Reality. We have an underlying innate knowledge that we do not experience or realise our true identity, or potential.      We originate I believe from a timeless source where all values, standards, and ethics were complementary. They are still an innate part of our very being, and it is our obligation to unfold them through mutual growth. If we were looking for the means to progress, it would seem to be good sense to address those standards that will provide the right direction.  We must go from basic to basic. A complete cleaning cycle is effectively addressing that instruction. There is no completely filthy dirty item. Washing exposes the cleanliness that already exists. The cleaning cycle goes from cleanliness to cleanliness. As the language we are brought up with conditions us all, it instils habitual thought patterns (some good -- some not so good). We now need the ability to recognize that, and distinguish between them.                                         The dictionary given definition of reality  " what is" or, "likeness to the original" is important. Pay attention to both parts of this definition, it points to direct cognition of something you already know. That knowledge is an innate part of our psyche, and it would appear that through many, various psychological, and spiritual disciplines we attempt to reveal that spiritual reality which constantly exists.  Overlaying and nullifying those disciplines, is the contemporary drive toward self-indulgence, the present technological acceleration which in its wake breeds a kind of human apathy, and disregard for human reflection, and real exploitation of human feelings, and emotions.  We are a collection of races of ever increasing masses overcrowding this planet, and creating an intensity of living together that promotes pathological conditions, Racism, nationalism, criminality, political and economic structures that never address the real needs that will support human beings to progress in saner, more civilised societies. Paradoxically the only place, the only environment where we can address, and recognize these values, standards, ethics, is here. They all exist within the societies we live in, and function primarily beyond our awareness level. They are the manifestations of our innate properties, the very things we aspire to, but do not give credence to, or recognize. It would be easy to speculate that unless we take stock of this present situation, reach for the reality that is present, and learn contentment through real knowledge, we will continue to function at a level that is very dangerous for the continuing survival of the species. Western societies especially live in an ever-increasing culture of competition, decadence, fear and greed, disregarding sound scientific information that tells us we are overexploiting the resources of this planet to the point of extinction. That commonsense does not prevail is a tribute to the hypnotic, and desensitised state we are in.    You will note my above narrative is in a very negative vein. This is quite deliberately done to highlight the common relationship of negativity that exists around these subjects. Certainly, they paint a very bleak outlook for our future, and there is no question that the problems are very real. It is important to put these into a perspective that will give us a basis for hope. No dichotomies mean exactly that, there are no dichotomies!! The correct narrative we seek, is already available, it is present.  Everything is in scale, and must be measured accordingly. We must see corruption, as the level of honesty, which it is. We must see weakness, as the level of strength, which it is. A baby can exhibit strength when it grasps your finger. All 'necessary factors' exist on a vertical scale. To date humanity's knowledge is that attempt to manifest a reality which of itself can never be recognized by the terms we impose on it. Consider the hypothesis that everything that ever was, ever will be, is in a constant state of existence. That nothing ever was created by man, nothing ever could be, or ever will be; therefore, ownership would be a dangerous mythical concept. That circumstance reduces man to no more than an instrument to manifest whatever is. The real wonder of that is lost, because mechanical ego is paramount, and devotes itself to its own idea of progressive change, without ever realising that inherent subjective reality, that inherent obligation to manifest whatever is, for the sake of all. Whatever is, is for the benefit of all. What could possibly be wrong with everyone being well off in every way?                                                                     From the list I have chosen six factors and grouped them into pairs, thus: TRUE RE - PRODUCTION VISIBLE STANDARDS CONSTANT BASIC From that I formed a new definition for reality. 'A TRUE RE - PRODUCTION OF VISIBLE STANDARDS THAT ARE CONSTANT AND BASIC '.  As an exercise, find a vantage point and look down on your own city, town or village. See if you can recognize 'visible standards '. Is there community accomplishment? Is there an effective organisation? Is there evidence of reliability? When we focus our attention on what is, it allows us to see reality, it is a matching process, and it is the complete cycle.                                           Measure the peace in your society, not the violence. Measure the law in your society, not its criminality. Measure the sanity in your society, not its psychosis. Measure the success in your society, not its failures. The real road to progress is, I feel, accurate recognition of what is -- it provides true yardsticks required for correct measurement. There are still many cultures and societies where 'necessary factors 'may be more than difficult to recognize, primarily where the rights of its people are denied them by cruel and autocratic rule where men, women and children are forced into abject slavery. What we must recognize is that victims of such cruelty are dependent on saner, more responsible cultures providing them support to deliver them freedom. That will be more forthcoming when people realise continuing development depends on us all acquiring that measure of freedom that creates natural balance, and allows us all to grow with the equality that is rightly ours.  Where there is pure recognition of what is, then the observer is in direct relationship with that which is authentic. There is no question concerning the validity of that experience. It is the most powerful insight, an insight that exposes the observer to an original state of being.                                                               The process of becoming that again, and achieving that reality, is the prime object of living. The process of becoming that, whilst being that, is the philosophical paradox. [[File:Cave painting in Doushe cave, Lorstan, Iran, 8th millennium BC.JPG|center|thumb|Cave painting thousands of years old.]]  Authentic experience exposes mythical, life-long held perceptions that you are fully conscious, and harbour no illusions about values you hold dearly. We have already discussed the social source of many of these illusions, and perceptions. Concerning our state of consciousness, the catastrophic human events that impinge on all our minds, mass starvation, ethnic cleansing, nuclear pollution, pollution of land, seas, rivers, the air we breathe, all of these are of the order of things we know, and feel, and in the main, totally helpless in the face of their enormity. However bleak that knowledge is, it is essential for us to recognize that as we are, there is no hope that we can change. We are in fact the architects of all that we survey, and only the realisation that our present mode of existence is in real measure responsible for these human catastrophes, will open new pathways of thought.  We must address the basic concepts we work from. If they are not couched in positive terms, or do not have universal positive outcomes, then, they are in error, and must be re-addressed, realigned, re-focused.   Concepts that breed nationalism, superior ethnicity, divisive religions, monetarism, class division, all go to make up the potpourri of thought processes that suppress human consciousness. The 'individual', who constructs their lives on any of these mistaken concepts, will never find peace of mind essential for that authentic relationship we all seek.  Harmony, love, co-operation, peace, can only be realised when the barriers to achieving them are exposed. Whenever reality in its authenticity is experienced, the desire to be that might well be understood to be one of the barriers to its manifestation. That initial understanding of that which we are, is the catalyst for a human steady progression toward living within that reality, and its prescriptions. Chapter 4. = Health. = Dictonary given definiton of healthː 'Soundness of body or mind; freedom from disease or ailment': Key factors: soundness, mind, and body freedom. The dictionary given definition of health relates to an ideal condition that is more predominant for its absence.  On the gradient scale of health, we would find that definition occupying the top place, but all of us to some degree also occupy a place on that scale - that is our measure of health. Some clearly have more than others, and that to a large degree is dependent on economics, age, location, education, good medicine, and communal welfare.  It was vitally important for me to discover that our sustenance comes not only from our food, water, and the air we breathe, but also from the myriad of impressions that we are confronted with daily.      [[File:HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT.jpg|center|thumb|Healthy environment]] In the main these are taken in, in a mechanical fashion without any real awareness of their benefit, or otherwise. Only if we, for instance, witness a horrible accident do we become aware of how that has affected us, or we may come across a beautiful sunset, and be overwhelmed by its beauty. These are extreme examples that go to make up the experience that such impressions have on us - with little awareness of the constant influx of everyday impressions that are there mostly for our benefit. New definitions did provide me with a new world – view,  it depends on you, how you now view that world!  Given the introduction I have given to this chapter I will redefine the concept of health as I now understand it, and see if it offers you the reader a new realisation.                                     Choosing again six factors from the list in Chapter two; Sustenance. Stength. Comfort. Clear. Principles.Reliable. New definition of health; "The clear understanding that reliable sustenance and disciplined principles that will provide comfort and strength". Take a starting point each day, and walk towards an arrival point 15 minutes away, and return. The 1/2-hour you have chosen, the walking, and the locations, display all the elements of the instruction given in the definition. You have conformed to the instruction within your own capacities. [[File:Exercise silhouettes.svg|center|thumb|Healthy physical training.]] This definition not only describes what health is but also provides instruction and the merits of that instruction to meet our personal needs. Remember you were asked to head your list of  ' necessary factors ' with two simple words  ' We are '. When we add the concept of health to this i.e., ‘we are healthy’, this is an inclusive statement. In your society look for health operating as I have defined it, or as you have defined it with your new knowledge.  Health then is a factor that we all share  - the more you see the reality in operation, the more you will understand what health really is, much, much more than our conventionally accepted understanding. We must be specific and address what is! Where does the new definition apply? It applies in industry. All of the products it manufactures for our well being - clothing, food, technology. It applies at home. The health of any household and its occupants is determined by cleaning, dusting, washing, cooking etc. - generally a thankless, and taken for granted occupation. It applies in education. Without it, the health of any community is depleted. We need healthy minds, to have healthy bodies. There also exists biological dictates of particular health straits that evolve genetically. Also Nature in its evolutionary march provides serious health issues that require contemporary science to constantly evaluate and make transparent healing solutions for both situations. It applies in all aspects of medicine, nurses, doctors, and hospitals. When we have a restricted viewpoint,  (people used to believe the earth was flat) we view our life for less than what it is - we do not view the whole. We have a right to  'see’ our health factors operating at every level. There is  'disciplined action of constant value that supports reality’ When you have knowledge of reality  - knowledge of that which is, then the imaginary field you have constructed  (or has been constructed for you) will in time, and with gentle discipline dissolve, and no longer be necessary.                                                                                                                                      Pay attention to any information, which confirms your new knowledge, and you will build strength on that. Keep confirming health at every level. Keep addressing the definitions for guidance, they constantly point to reality. We know that to condemn someone to solitary confinement is a cruel form of punishment. We have through past agreements isolated ourselves from the factors that are necessary for that ‘soundness of mind and body'.  Perhaps a quiet acceptance of many of our health problems could be the very therapy that provides its own improvement. Certainly every new medication, every new therapy, and each new technology is ther to contribute to our health. No doubt we are living longer, but the expectations of a life free from the ravages of all disease, may well be only realised when there is a complementary, mental, and physical approach.  One of the great motivators towards every new form of treatment apparently is fear! It can attack us at any time, and its main function (for its own protection) seems to be to hide itself from view. Whenever we have an attack of fear, we attempt to dispel it, because we are afraid of its presence. We are not afraid of the moment, but of the consequences of the original thought, or feeling, that has brought on the fear. If we have a pain in the stomach, and we worry that it is cancer, we immediately think of the consequences if our diagnosis is true! How long have I got to live? What will my family do if I die?  By focusing on these mostly imaginary consequences, all of these secondary fears only compound the problem. The initial fear goes underground, and there, does its finest work, and it would be easy to speculate that it contributes to many illnesses. Fear must be confronted as soon as it appears, for whatever reason. Hold it there, and by admitting that it is the fear itself you are afraid of, its power to hold sway over your life will be diminished.  Most important though for our general well-being, is to see health functioning in society. Observing the definition in action can do that.  There is on the horizon at this time of writing, a New Millennium technology, the Internet. One could speculate that  it has the potential resources to correlate, and disseminate information that is reasonable, and factual. It of course also has the potential to wreak havoc with misuse.                                                There certainly is a need for global knowledge to expedite the measures necessary for the human society to survive another millennium with a large portion of its health intact, and the retention of all the advances in social health management to date.  The universal cultivation of knowledge, and information that prescribes interdependent unity, will best be done when we can celebrate the 'differences' between us, as so-called 'individuals'. Concomitant with that we must rejoice in our 'sameness' one to the other.  True relationships, and the basic feeling of interdependence between us, is the most important part of our lives, and the most direct road, to true health. Chapter Five. = PRODUCTIONː = Production:' a thing produced by human activity '. Key factors: production, thing, activity, and human.  The dictionary given definition of production is factual enough, as far as it goes, but of little consequence with regard to the reality of production, and its meaning. It would be beneficial if we could provide a definition that clearly provides direction, and a clearer understanding of the basic components necessary for successful outcomes that are in practice. We are obviously very interested in production given the abundance of products the human race now has at its disposal. Consequently I have chosen the primary factors.:   ORGANISATION SOURCE EFFECTIVE ALIGNMENT SUCCESS ACHIEVEMENT Linking these together and forming the new definition: 'Organisation from source then effective alignment through to successful achievement'    [[File:The Production of Clothing in Britain, 1914-1918 Q28648.jpg|center|thumb]] A definition I believe that makes it easy to identify the principles implicit in every aspect of human production.It would be true to say that any manifestational effect emanates directly from an understanding and knowledge of the cause, or source, hence correspondence, and inevitably human production. Think of any item in the room you sit in. Does its presence match up with the definition? Consider the cause, and effect. In industry and engineering we depend on this planet for source minerals - organise them into materials suitable for manufacture, their effective alignment toward the particular product, and all the engineering procedures necessary - through to successful achievement of all the things we utilise - ships - aeroplanes - trains - motor cars  - computers – food. Be aware that all of these things have always existed in the environment. It has been the application of the definition that brought them into existence. In education continuing development throughout the decades lies in language. We constantly use the source material  - reorganise it, and align it effectively into its specialised categories  - into schools, and universities, for dissemination. That we have successfully achieved that is evidenced by the measure of human progress - however mechanical. All production whether it is in industry  - education - science - philosophy, must reach for source material, there is no such thing as nothing - something is, all the something's are  'necessary factors '. Unless we establish those, we can have difficulty with production. Once established their organisation is necessary, their effective alignment means successful achievement. [[File:Opal Pool YNP2 filtered noise.jpg|center|thumb|The source.]] All of us must produce to some degree - because without production there is no support.  That we continually produce so much is evidence of the support we provide. There is an abundance of everything, but clearly given the millions of human beings who die of starvation on this planet there is a critical need for 'organised distribution'. Just as clearly as most Western cultures enjoy the benefits of an abundance of products, which are in turn distributed in an organised fashion, the means of extending that service is already available. We know it can be done - why don't we provide more support? When we understand the true value of 'necessary factors', then our production ratio will rise accordingly. Production relates not only to things and our use of them, but to our ability to control, and nurture the planet that supplies all our needs. We are constantly seeking information that will produce outcomes that improve our situation, and provide us with certainty.  At this time it would appear that unless we adhere to a balanced sustainable form of production we are in danger of denying ourselves the means of existence.                                                             Our dictionaries of the present day are a prime example of our search for meaning, and direction. That meaning, and direction, was implicit in the words used to find them - but they were not recognized!          We need to accept, and understand from experience, that the essential things that will produce commonsense outcomes are 'necessary factors', and their use in defining what is. At this time Mother Earth that we so much depend on, groans under the exploitation, and destruction of its resources. Remove the greed, and avarice that drives much of that exploitation, and it appears that this planet has provided enough sustenance to feed, clothe, and house the world's population, and would continue to do so, with proper management.   [[File:Munich for Future 2019-07-21 6372.jpg|center|thumb|Ohǃ So true.]] The correct organisation, and distribution of all that is manifest, would be humankind working in harmony with natural law. Also the correct organisation of established principles to create societies that equitably share the abundance this planet has to offer. With accurate, and correct information, this will guide us toward sustainable production.  We must realise that 'production' in the form and manner it is manifested at this time is in the main, a corruption of the concept, primarily driven by profit motive, and ownership.    We have the ability, and expertise, to work in harmony with nature, and to have a true association with the resources that are still available, and to resurrect them. It is in fact our moral obligation to correct the imbalance that is at present causing so much global misery. The greatest potential danger we have, I believe, is the acceleration of technological development without the protection of standards that can control the information so that it is used for the benefit of all. We exist in an era where Western Governments opt for the privatisation of essential services. Privatisation is essentially the transfer of citizen’s common property (power, water, technical communications etc, all the essential services required for a civilised society to function) to multinational corporations whose main criterion for existence is profit. Governments proclaim that they are no longer equipped to handle these services for its citizens, so they conveniently pass these responsibilities on to private multi-national corporations, and take away the rights of its citizens to that common property, and then allow them to be charged exorbitant rates for the use, and supply of their own services. Governments in essence break their agreements with its citizens, and if the elected representatives are not fit and responsible persons to manage the affairs of Government they should summarily be removed. Knowledge, and its manifest production of new technological, and scientific concepts, must bring with it ethics and standards that will exercise control over their use, and the recognition of the responsibility we must exercise.     Common sense tells us that we cannot continue to produce at the rate we do – but the application of common sense to restrict unnecessary production, and the consequential irreversible environmental decay, is at the moment, predominant for its absence. Over the years, the greatest frustration in writing this material were the constant references to this truth that came from every source of communication, without the overall recognition of complementation, and the need for convergence of principles, and their universal ability to create equilibrium.                                               Fundamental principles are all the same; let the mathematician talk to the artist, the engineer to the chemist, and the farmer to the philosopher. Let there be commonality, and a real convergence of understanding, for beneficial outcomes.  Younger minds will find it easier to accept the concepts of production we are exploring. Where there are entrenched views in the older generation, overcoming such barriers can be a less than easy task, and so it has always been. New generations will come to recognize, and further develop the fundamental principles that are the foundation for any progress; it seems a natural law that these principles are always in the ascendancy. We must be thankful for that! There are unfortunately many pseudo creeds, with quite bizarre credentials, and practices, who use brainwashing techniques to exert control over a person's mind, and their pocketbooks, and put them in the quite desperate position of being over dependent on the source of influence. To exert that kind of influence over anyone, and restrict his, or her, natural freedom, can never be condoned. To insulate one from the dangers of such cults, observe how your attitudes change as you work with 'necessary factors'. They are the guidelines, the standards that offer you strength, and security. They reform so-called negative states, and allow a healthy reproduction of your true self. The process of becoming, and making transparent that reality is our human obligation, to manifest and produce what we are. You may note the repetitive use of this term, repetition is the best means of getting the message across.                                         Lies do not persist, but truth does.                      Our very existence, and progress, gives the truth to that process (oftentimes in spite of our history). You will note the paradoxes – timelessness, and history – constant, and becoming. Human evolution is as I see it, the process of becoming what we are, the ultimate paradox! Although technology, and science, have in the past, and will in the future, provide many benefits, (given the chance); they will never by themselves resolve the problems that human consciousness has created.                                               It would certainly be beneficial if there was a critical shift from so-called 'thinking' to a new awareness of our very special, and pure reality. It is there we will find the universal agreements necessary for us to survive. To be able to awaken to that essential reality, will automatically evolve new, creative attitudes to address the plethora of problems we have created. It is essential to recognize the danger we are in. It is also essential to recognize that we are the architects of our own suffering. Only when we can honestly, and with discipline, unravel the erroneous belief systems that control us, will we emerge as whole human interrelated beings.   Necessity is the mother of invention, all production should be based on that simple premise, and everything produced that is not necessary for humanities health, and well-being, and this planet's survival, should cease. Production today is driven primarily to satisfy what people believe they need, which is controlled by their desire and the persuasive powers of advertising, and propaganda. This process has no conceivable peaceful end that would provide fulfilment, both in terms of human emotion, and material production.       What we really need goes to the very heart of our natural being-ness, and will only produce outcomes that will create the peace, and harmony we desire. Closely researched 'necessary factors', and the new definitions, will all point to our basic essential needs. What do we need?   Responsible production.     Healthy production. Balanced production.                                                                                                                                     Can we produce knowledge that sustains? Can we produce original standards? Can we produce honest activity? How will this all be achieved? It won't come through a radical revolution by the masses. It can only come, when you the reader recognize the erroneous belief systems that bind, and blind you. Recognition will be the incentive to explore a new consciousness, which sees reality, as it is. Your attitude towards the world will then change, your actions toward it will change, and consequently the world will change. With everyone you contact there will be an infectious transference of your realisation – to some degree. That is real production – a healthy, bloodless, revolution. Chapter 6. = Intelligence:  =                                                     There is mechanical intelligence, and there is creative intelligence - they are the same, but on different gradient levels. There is a world of difference in scale between the two. As it is our lot to be born into a world where language precedes us, and mechanical intelligence predominates, it carries with it the burden of attitudes that permeate all societies, and cultures. This gives us a generalisation, but we need much more information on how that process is achieved.   [[File:Global brain.jpg|center|thumb|All and everyting.]]                                                   You will recall that it was mentioned in the preface that we must learn to think in a new way, other than that which we have acquired from birth. The measures of our thought processes determine our attitudes, and they in the main become fixed, and can be intractable - hence we have problems with race, religion, and politics.             Ingrained attitudes, and beliefs, no matter how noble or justified you believe them to be, are the barriers to new information becoming available to you. It is in effect a loss of consciousness, a loss of part of us that is necessary for our well-being, and growth. You, as an individual in this society can learn to be aware of your attitudes, become vigilant in their effect upon you  - then there is the possibility that you can change, and make room for creative intelligence to begin its work. Let go of attitudes you don't really need  - it releases creative energy .For however long you have lived in this world you have acquired attitudes that dominate your life. It will require measured useful discipline in your daily understanding of  'necessary factors ' to begin the change. That you are being successful in that, will be measured by the new insights (epiphanies) you experience as you progress. As you progress you will realise that the work you are engaged in is about a fundamental change in you. Life external to you, and your experience of it, can only change when you begin to understand - then you will include more, where before you may have tried to exclude! [[File:Easy to read Logo.jpg|center|thumb|Definitions that are easy to read.]]                                                 With intelligence comes knowledge, which can be creative, or destructive. There is absolute knowledge that continually highlights the development of human progress.          It is said that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Immediate knowledge of a comprehensive truth is the basis of any new learning process. The knowledge you will acquire in defining these factors is not of a mechanical nature, but of a higher order of understanding, and every cognition becomes part of your very nature, and the fertile soil that will produce real knowledge. No matter how little that is, it is the comprehensive truth that our being thirsts for. Immortality is not a continuous extension of mechanical life, it is the experience of living an eternity in the moment, a complete, and unambiguous experience of the truth.                                                                         We can be very cynical about scientific achievements, and the wake of destruction that knowledge has brought - from the atomic bomb, and its horrors, to the constant threat of nuclear warfare, and the deadly residue of nuclear waste polluting this planet. But if we must have a belief system to maintain us, let us believe in ourselves, and the miracle of who we are. The greatest miracle of all is that there is innate knowledge that we all share, and when we begin to utilise our intelligence, and communicate that to each other, we then begin to understand the nature of our being, and that understanding is essential for knowledge to reach for dimensions that are equally essential for our survival.  It is necessary to use common terms like concepts, realisation, transcendence etc, if we are to approach a point of recognition that will in effect free us from their mechanical usage. Our ego finds a great deal of satisfaction, and fascination with terms, that if they ever become a reality will undermine ego's stranglehold on our true spirituality. Its protection is to take a great deal of interest in all of these terms so that they can be converted to its own use. The investment that is made in developing the personality we have will not be surrendered easily. If the terms, concepts, or 'necessary factors' were not available to some degree, we could not do anything about it. But they are, and through this new discovery of definition we can remove the blindfolds, and begin to see what is, by bypassing the restrictions of ego. Ego also devises unrealistic lofty notions of what spirituality is, which quite cleverly takes us off in a direction far removed from what we are. Following these so-called spiritual paths leads us further and further into the darkness – witness present day ethnic, and religious violence. The words or symbols that we use to describe true perception come about because of agreement. No one becomes spiritual from a blank page, it is innate spirituality made transparent through agreement with reality.           Scientific, religious, and philosophical minds would be advised to take as their base line the fact that ‘We Are’. It is indisputable, undeniable. Try saying that we are not! [[File:Me we co.jpg|center|thumb|The transposition is easy.]] For understanding to grow between us, we need to know what every other being is subject to. We need to understand what being here means. What are the correct premises that we can use to create functional wholesome human structures that celebrate the manifestation of sane, reasonable, development. The only location to discover these premises is here. Understand what is implicit in this situation from the viewpoint that we are not going to learn anything. We already know. Use 'necessary factors' to recognize, and observe. So that we can understand and amplify the concept of intelligence, I have again chosen a group of factors to form a new, and comprehensive definition: RECOGNITION PRINCIPLES REASONING ASSOCIATION UNDERSTANDING SOURCE Thus we can define intelligence to be:                     'the recognition of principles for reasoned association and an understanding of source ' There is a lovely story that seems to fit this definition very well. A farmer died, and in his will he left a herd of 17 very valuable pedigree cows. He had three sons and he left a 1/2 of the herd to one son, a 1/3 of the herd to another, and a 1/9 to the other. 3 sons - 17 cows. 1/2 - 1/3 - 1/9. As they want to keep the animals intact this equation won't work .One of the sons, realising the solution to the problem, went to a neighbouring farm, and borrowed a cow. He added it to the herd and made the equation.                                               One son had a 1/2 of 18 = 9 One son had a 1/3 of 18 = 6 One son had a 1/9 of 18 = 2                   Total  = 17 After making the equation he returned the spare cow he had borrowed! The son recognized a simple principle of mathematics; you cannot do something that does not add up. He reasoned by association, you must add something to it. He understood the source, there must be balance. This was creative intelligence in action. It does not mean that the farmer was conscious of the definition in reality, but when we understand through a valid definition then we can recognize the process in action. All of the factors can be applied at any level to anyone to measure the creative intelligence available. From that point useful and simple techniques can be devised to extend what is available.   When we are controlled by habits of thought, opinions, traditional ways of acting, or reacting, to a situation, it is easy to understand why ethnic, religious and racial hatreds have persisted to the present day. We need to find the means to think for ourselves if any transformation is to take place, and correct solutions found. All the difficulties we have lie in the construction of false basic premises, perpetuated by the use of dichotomies in our language.                                           We suffer from the things we are not willing to make known, and the individual damage this does when it is a social consensus is horrendous. Human suicide rates point to the terrible suffering the individual goes through because they are not willing to make known (for whatever reason) the 'differences' in their basic natural approach to life. Our history tells us of the terrible wrongs that have been inflicted on fellow human beings, because sections of society use wrong basic premises to judge others. We should question the democratic credo that the majority rules if the premises it operates on are wide of the mark. Misdirection in education of whom, and what we are, and our relatedness, one to the other, has driven us to our present mechanical, near mindless state, where our spirituality is stifled. There are too many 'stupid' opinions that are given credence. Re-establish what is right through recognition of 'necessary factors', and let every human being take their rightful place in the society, and culture in which they live. We are fundamentally all equal; no one is above any other. We must be 'for' that basic principle, and all other premises, which have as their basis, truth, responsibility, sharing, love, and understanding. How else will we progress? The understanding of basics, and the knowledge that they are a constant reality, waiting to be made manifest, is vital to secure progress at all levels. Engaging ourselves in awareness of our condition, realise we are less than we can be, and that our spiritual capital is being monopolised by powerful forces that seem bent on misusing it for monetary profit alone, and in that process bring about the destruction of this planet. The use of ‘necessary factors’ is the use of a universal language, and of itself it is not governed, or limited, by any opinion. It has the potential to promote pure thought that is of your own making, in that process it will be realised that it can only be achieved when there is implicit relationship based on fundamentals.                                   Chapter 7                                                                                 = Law. = ' rules established among a community enjoining or prohibiting certain action' Key words: rules, establish, community, enjoining, certain, action. All social law based on moral precepts, is a system of fundamental agreements designed to protect the citizens who come under its authority. Law in a democratic society can only be designed when a government is elected by a clear mandate to design laws, which offer safety, and security, for all its citizens Law whether in the form of natural law, or manufactured laws, is ever present, it is a process! To be alive requires us to conform to specific disciplines to maintain our existence. We must eat, we must drink, we must breathe, and we must sleep. Any serious detraction from any of these specifics, for whatever reason, threatens that existence. In the same manner, man-made laws designed in a democratic society should meet standards that are created for everyone's protection. This presupposes that our fundamental condition of being as such, is dependent on the social character of any society we live in.   [[File:No Justice No Peace Poster by A. Lecuna.jpg|center|thumb]] This is clearly the case historically, where so many people, in so many nations, have lost their lives because democratic practices were less than ideal. Every human being is entitled to the protection of just, and equitable laws that are easy to conform to, and produce the natural order required for any society to live in harmony. Consider that your personal manifest entity is a product of natural evolution. In the process of evolving there is an abundance of natural laws required to function for you to exist. That supposition is then the same for all of us. We must conform to laws consciously, or otherwise, to survive. Given that that kind of formation is equal to us all, it is axiomatic that we have basic obligations toward each other to conform to laws that are universal. It is in the recognition of such truths (I believe), that we have a prescription for harmonious social evolution. Reaching this present millennium, it is clear that the inherent obligations we have inherited, have a long way to go before there is exposure to a reality that reflects the truths that require to be made manifest.     To be wholesome each 'individual' should have freedom within just laws to promote democratic ideals that benefit all societies. Any self-centred approach, contrary to natural law, will by its very nature, be the catalyst for failure, and against ethical, and moral standards. Self-centred dogmas develop only alienation from any real sense, and feeling of 'community'. We have already spoken of the effect of withered emotions in this respect, and how in this state, we are unable to communicate directly with what is. Unless we establish that we are a fundamental natural reality, then we do not understand that we all inevitably come under the same laws, and are all equally subject to them. The process of inner evolution to me begins when we can address that reality – that is the only basis from which we can extend.  Be careful in your use of 'necessary factors'. To identify a factor, and then use it in a negative fashion to judge how wrong a person is, is a misuse of the principle. It is a useless waste of energy to find out how wrong a person is, (a predominant mechanical attitude), no one can extend on what is wrong. Society should find the area in which the individual is right (however little), and build on that.  Remember the washing cycle. This chapter for me is about the pressing need to understand how we apply our basic laws. The need for differing law systems of the world to integrate into an acceptable understanding of what justice really is, is imperative. That proposition would have a necessary predisposition that the species Homo sapiens all have the same innate desire to establish ethical laws that will produce sane, and healthy societies. [[File:Justice.tif|center|thumb|Justice and Equality defined.]] The distinction between 'individual' and social behaviour patterns has been a universal debate seeking an endeavour to unite the differences. There is the argument that questioning the individuality of a person is tantamount to questioning their right to freedom of expression, and association. Nothing could be further from the truth, as it is only in social interaction for, and with society, that we can grow, and flourish, as healthy individuals. Where criminality is concerned we continue to build bigger, and better prisons, and we continue to treat the individual on the basis of how wrong they have been. That only compounds the felony, with subsequent heavier, and heavier taxation to meet the ever-increasing cost of imprisonment. Hardened, violent, psychotic criminality requires considerable attention, but those less conditioned can be more readily rehabilitated if the emphasis is on where their true strength lies.                                        We need a profound change in societies attitudes that will promote safer communities  - coupled with that; we need a definition of law that will support that change. There is a constant yearning for humanities laws to match up with contemporary society. To generate just and moral laws to provide more peace, and more understanding. Where there is law there is freedom, and commensurate with that there is responsibility - there can be no freedom without law, and responsibility! We will redefine law using the list of factors, and see if it is possible to be specific about laws that will produce mutually acceptable outcomes.                                                                                                                           My choice from the list is: STANDARDS    DISCIPLINE EFFECTIVE    CONTROL COMMUNITY    VALUES The new definition reads ‘standards of discipline that effectively control community values'. Although all factors are equal, look closely at the concept of values. What do we really value in life! Do we value correctness - we do. 1 + 1 = 2. That is correct, so we can move on. 2 + 2 = 4. That is correct, so we have advanced. Until we have correct values established nothing makes sense! The only correct basics are 'necessary factors' - that is all there is. To negate any of them in any individual is to deny them. A consequence of that is that we deny them in ourselves, which then allows us to practice condemnation, and punishment. It is well documented that we can kill each other much easier if we put a condemnatory title on the people we classify as being enemies, or subhuman. On that basis it is evident we are able to commit the most heinous crimes. No one is above another - we are all equal. Every man, woman, and child is entitled to that basic recognition. Investigate the list of factors to make sense of what is available in conjunction with the new definition. Let the law use these factors to evaluate, (evaluate means, 'find what is right'),and then judge the criminal. Appropriate means can then be taken to design programs that will be more effective in rehabilitating the so-called individual depending on where they are found on the scale. Where on the scale of values in the new definition does the 'criminal' measure up? Locating that measure will quite effectively provide us with information on the level of conformity to the complete definition. This is not an exercise to identify an automaton, but a realistic search to find that which we truly value. We are finding today that despite all the technological, and scientific advances, there is an abundance of criminality that for many imposes severe restrictions on their freedom. There is a moribund stupidity to consider that there is such a thing as "free speech". You pay a penalty or derive praise from the calibre of your speech. One Dr Josph Goebbels paid a horrendous penalty for his historical propaganda. Sophisticated, and sensitive education in 'necessary factors’ should be societies aim for future generations, and that means unfolding what is.   The more we understand, and disseminate that which is right, the more freedom we shall all have. Unless there is an increasing awareness of  ‘necessary factors'  - that which is of critical value, and will provide enlightenment  - societies will continue to choose so-called solutions based on wrong premises. You may recall the chapter on dependence, and the conclusion through the correct definition that we are interdependent. Unless there is a consciousness of this condition there is misguided conditioning to seek and secure ' individual freedom '. Just as independence is a myth, so too is the concept of individual freedom, and attempts to achieve that are denials of our true orientation. The more energy we put into that form of production, the less peace, and security, we have. We have already touched on this problem with regard to cruel punishment  - solitary confinement. It is against the nature of human beings to be alone - there is a fundamental need to be related. From that essential point, we can establish laws that will be just. Our search is for more productive, objective, and subjective education in 'meaning'. Only when we can communicate with each other in a language, which has implicit meaning within its real meaning, will we begin to understand that we are related, and that the justice, and security we seek lies in that inclusive relationship. The meaning that presides in language is not private - it is free, it is universal, and it is, quite rightly, the domain of everyone. Chapter 8 = Awareness. = Awareness: The dictionary given definition of awareness is,  'conscious, not ignorant of '. Key words: conscious. It will be emphasised again that all matters dealing with 'necessary factors' are assessed on a vertical scale, and that whatever you attempt to measure, will of necessity be from that basis. There will be the tendency then for you to shift your viewpoint from a linear dimension to one that is transcending.  Your new 'awareness' will only encompass that which is - but it will be seen in all its wonderful manifestation in the present moment. In that moment you will know that nothing is hidden, everything is visible, and you have the right, and the ability, to see what is. That experience can never be achieved in isolation, but only in relation to the world external to you. [[File:The Golden Hour as Dawn Awakens.jpg|center|thumb|The Golden Hour as Dawn Awakeness]] In the world in which we ordinarily exist linear time is the process of fragmentation, and in that process we never see the whole, or rarely experience the moment, and our ordinary self, can, and does act as a barrier to prevent us from experiencing other dimensions. What we see is life in fragmentation -- which is conducive to denial, negation, and consequently mechanicalness. There is evident evolutionary progress, and this is important to recognize, but we need to develop an awareness of our individual, and social contribution to substantiate its validity, for unless we can experience that relatedness, we become victims to time, and its fragmentation. If our conception of what is, or what is universally eternal, is not realised by any secondary manifestation then we should find it in its original, and primary state, which can only contain elemental Truth, the substance of all ‘necessary factors’ We are now able to achieve through correct definition a true awareness, and realisation of real self-knowledge, and our relationship to everything that is. That is the only basis from which we can extend. To take us as individual separate I's is the wrong basis, and any attempt to extend from that only leads to greater error. If the back and front sights of a rifle are in error (not aligned correctly) then in extension the bullet is wide of the mark. The only correct basis to extend from lies in the use of 'necessary factors'. Remember that you were born into a world where the concept of time preceded you; you therefore became subject to that world and experienced its fragmentation. My choice from the list to redefine awareness is: Precise Information True Value Accurate Recognition The new definition now reads,  'precise information, that is recognized as being accurate, and of true value ' In essence, to view wholesomeness you must reach for another dimension that will provide you with a correct view - proper awareness. In that experience you will know that Truth is not subject to time. True awareness is and can only be a matching process, you must find agreement within yourself to that which is external  - you cannot become aware of something that does not exist. Beauty could not exist for you unless you already knew what the concept was. There is no such thing as nothing, something is! What are the something's? There is: Mutual Agreement "     "  Constant Support "     "  Responsible Action You have that innate knowledge - let it become a conscious matching reality, and awareness is achieved. The only criteria for acceptance of this material is your own personal experience of its validity, and the awareness levels that you reach. True awareness allows recognition of your own 'higher reality', and is indisputable. It is the springboard from which you can achieve an understanding of your true self, and which will allow you to accept your own reality, and that is a qualitative change in conceptual awareness, and a conviction of your own being. It is a valid question to ask for 'proof' to support the contentions laid out before you. You are reading this material external to you, and to some degree you are assimilating this information. Is that 'communication '? [[File:Horse drinking at Quy Water - geograph.org.uk - 675317.jpg|center|thumb]] Also the most evident proof all life provides is that we need Air - Food - Water. In that communication, according to the definition, you seek precise information through 'necessary factors '. In motorised transport is there 'mutual agreement ' on the roads? Is there  'constant support’ for universal improvement on the roads? Is there 'responsible action' on the roads? Utilise all the evidence that is available within these context examples, it removes any ambiguity.   Supposition, denial or negation, is no substitute for objectivity. Affirming this form of definition goes a great deal toward increasing conscious control, and general awareness. Discipline yourself, and be patient in your observation of these definitions in action, and awareness will be a reality. Relate whatever definitions you create to that which is external, and it will automatically relate yourself to the vertical scale, and to a true moment of experiencing NOW. All vertical scale experiences have of themselves higher, and lower dimensions, so that awareness can be a momentary fleeting insight, or a sense of that which is, that seems to last an eternity.  These new thoughts, new experiences, are beyond conventional thought, and allow you to see the inner meaning, and significance of everything that is interrelated, and interdependent. These new techniques interrupt conventional thought patterns, and your adaptation to them will depend on how quickly you recognize their validity as being something, which is quite fundamental, that allows you to think in a new way. Perhaps the term 'to think' is a bit misleading, as your new experiences are just that, something quite new.   To become aware of that which is, it is necessary to become aware of the habits, and attitudes, that act as barriers to that reality. When we talk of 'higher levels', and 'ascending', it may confuse the reader into thinking that there will be a remove to something other than what is. 'Necessary factors' work to address exactly what is, here, and now. They are the instruments that dismantle the belief systems that deprive us of true experience. When we experience what is, our erroneous beliefs are irrelevant. We are already fully aware! It is your relationship to what is, that determines your experience. Dichotomies are the only barrier to true awareness.  With true awareness, there is an immediate insight to what is, and then we can legitimately address it, for what it is. This is a reversal from ordinary perception, which conceptualises the object, and puts up an instant barrier to what is. Once there is realisation, you have a beginning, but that does not mean there is nothing else to do. When you do experience what is, upon reflection you will know that something other than mind, and thought, registered that experience. My energies gradually became focused on what is factual, on what is present. Therein lies the secret of what really interests you. You will become more in tune, and alive to your basic 'needs', the means to liberate your consciousness. The new exchange between you, and what is, will make it easier for you to expand. Although it can be interesting working with groups who confirm the same realities, it is not necessary that you have a teacher or guru to give you what you already have. Revelation becomes a natural process, and you have a right to that understanding, for your own, and everyone else's benefit.  True strength lies in the free conscious realisation that we are gifted with faculties that are miraculous. That form of realisation validates our being, and our life. How we use these faculties, as they were intended to be used, is all part of our re-orientation process. Realisation frees up the restrictions that have been mechanically imposed on us. The correct use of these faculties is expressed in many ways through all facets of the social spectrum. Their misuse is also expressed in many ways, and we pay a terrible price for not recognizing them for what they are.   There are many ancient disciplines designed to overcome our inability to see that which is significant, the most recognized being the Eastern dominated cultures, and traditions. Any form of healthy concentration, or focus of attention (meditation) allows significance to appear when parameters are removed, the primary intention of those who practice these disciplines. The need for these disciplines is required to overcome the mechanicalness imposed on most societies throughout history that develop with fictitious belief systems, which has the effect of preventing that form of enlightenment which is our natural heritage.   [[File:Awakening (109541355).jpeg|center|thumb|Enlightenment]]                                                         It is beyond the scope of this writer to analyse the vast array of information on this subject, but only to say that the material you have before you has the potential to secure the same enlightenment attributes, over and above its educational value. New definitions have the capacity to create new disciplines for objective and subjective needs. Its success is subject only to the effort each individual, or group, is able to apply to the process of definition, and the proper utilisation of their outcomes. Honesty is a factor, which cannot be misused. Given the accelerating rate of plant, animal, and human habitat destruction that goes on this planet, there can be no greater need for such integrated understanding, and awareness, to halt the destruction.   The boundaries we created around ourselves were boundaries of darkness that cast no shadows. Perhaps as shadows, there is at least hope. Chapter 9. = Honesty = Agreement: 'mutual understanding '. Key words: mutual, understanding. Once again, before you embark on any disciplined effort to appraise this material, and to measure its effect upon you, you must come to an honest agreement within yourself, that you will be willing to look at new ideas. Bear in mind that however long you have existed on this planet you have a vested interest in the psychological pattern that makes up your being, and your personality. Be willing also to accept that whatever psychological profile you maintain also colours your view of the world, and humanity.                  The world, and people external to us, only change when we see them in a new light, and it can only be the introduction of new ideas that have the potential to improve our vision. Recall Einstein's edict:           'that we cannot solve the problems we have by the thought that created them'. There are philosophies, and religions, which place a great deal of importance on the existence of opposites, and indeed will attempt to use them as the groundwork to explore the human condition, and also offer them as a solution to many of humanity's ills. With some justification, because of historical conditioning that they exist, the so -called opposites take on a perplexing reality through a mistaken belief in their substance. Opposites are a myth! The barrier to establishing real agreement is dealing in opposites – denying what is. To overcome such conditioning a new educational approach would require the application of 'necessary factors' at all levels, so that conscious connections to reality become the norm. [[File:Honesty (Lunaria annua) - geograph.org.uk - 2872804.jpg|center|thumb|Our greatest challenge is keeping up with Natures honesty]] There are differences, and these make up the wonderful panorama that provides exquisite beauty, but they are not 'different'. We each in our own unique way manifest the human possibility. The potential is limitless – this is the beginning – there is no end! If you choose to continue researching this material, you will have your own unique approach according to your own level of development, and the way you receive these concepts. It is of vital importance that you consciously evaluate the quality of agreement that exists in your society, for that is a reflection of the personal qualities that are always available to you. It must be recognized as a reality, that there is existing agreement, before we can improve agreements between people. Is there consistent duplication of rational standards that express conformity? Look at this question in the context of education – schools, universities, teachers and pupils. The dedication to the production, and transfer of knowledge. Look at it in the context of industry – workers, scientists, and engineers. The dedication to the production of commodities, which we use. Look at it in the context of agriculture – farmers, agricultural scientists, food production. Dedication to the production of that which sustains us. Individual and social problems arise when we do not recognize factors that are productive of agreement. As you progress in the work of finding 'necessary factors' you will find new meanings that will broaden your scope of understanding. They will develop in you an automatic mechanism for honest evaluation. You will begin to find that all life offers meaning, when we begin to consciously evaluate what is.  Mechanical applications toward life do not project real meaning, but when we experience real meaning, then we are in agreement with implicit principles. We have discussed the difference between creative, and mechanical intelligence, and the predominance of mechanical attitudes that have such a powerful hold over the way societies are structured.                                  We need to give credence to the value of mechanical agreements in society - without them life would be quite chaotic! Governments, schools, universities, hospitals, legal systems, trade etc., could not function unless we had these secondary agreements. The dictionary given definition of agreement 'mutual understanding' has creative potential but we will as usual add to this definition dimensions that allow us to recognize factors necessary to go a little further up the scale. From our list I have chosen: Co-operative Resolve Support Rules Proof   Effective This quite easily translates into our new definition: 'Co-operative resolve to support rules that prove effective’ To reach beyond our mechanical appreciation requires self-discipline, discipline that directs you toward your level of 'agreement' in the community where you live. Constant affirmation of that, produces a new view that transcends our ordinarily held mechanical viewpoint. With the means you now have to redefine, you will be able to provide definitions that you, yourself, can clearly agree to.                                                      Given the above definition, how much agreement can you find in the society in which you live, and how much support can you recognize that you contribute? Do you agree with the idea that there is some 'cooperative resolve ' in the community where you live? Could you agree to the idea that 'rules are supported ' to some degree in the community where you live? Could you agree to the idea that they to some degree 'prove effective'? Look for these forms of agreement according to the definition, and the context that you find them, and when you truly recognize them, you will be looking at an internal, and external reality. That measure of agreement is a transforming experience. Become conscious of the fact that all that you are, comes about by your measure of agreement with what is. The problems we have in the present time are the result of past secondary agreements. Observe for yourself the nature of the problems you now have  - keep remembering them, and you will gradually become aware of the kind of agreements you have had in the past. Always measure these agreements in terms of your new understanding of  'necessary factors ' remembering that there are no dichotomies. You will of course still hold as valid all of the negative terms that are part of our mechanical language structure, but you must begin to transpose them, so that consciously you create a vertical scale that allows you to locate your measure of agreement. Convertː   Did you lie to someone in the past? That is the measure of how truthful you have been! Did you cheat someone in the past? That is the measure of how honest you have been! You cannot measure what isn't! The concept of opposites mean fragmentation – it would be productive to resurrect the components of unity. As we are mechanically conditioned to believe in opposites they provide ambiguity, and hold us in a state where we can attempt to negate, and deny what is. The fact of the matter is we do not have the ability to negate anything. We must affirm what is, with more strength, and conviction. Establish what is - and move on.  [[File:Grafts.jpg|center|thumb|Establish new life.]]                             The basic agreement factor has been fundamental in our developmental processes, whether they are mechanical, or creative. Secondary agreements, which hold us in a condition of denial, need realignment. Know that secondary agreements can be changed - basic agreements, the stuff of 'necessary factors' cannot. What is of vital importance to us all is to recognize the agreement factor functioning in all our relationships, and its potential benefit for real 'mutual understanding'. When we grow in agreement with this work through quiet discipline, and practice, that agreement allows us to be free to express, and be in tune with our essential nature. There is no loss in sharing, only a strengthening of our relationships. It is vital that we recognize, and agree, that much industrial, and scientific development has meant a diminution of emotional life. Western cultures mostly look for emotional crutches in the form of entertainment, and the acquisition of material goods. We then go on to build up, at an inappropriate cost, measures to protect what we believe we own. It cannot be emphasised enough, that this planet is a finite resource, to be nurtured and cared for, not a possession to be criminally misused, and destroyed. Human cultures the world over abound with contracts to construct, and solidify the concept of private ownership. Our mechanicalness is bound up with concepts of ownership – there can be no real freedom in our physical, and emotional relationships so long as we are fettered by agreements that are detrimental to self-realisation. There is abundance, but it must be a shared abundance, so that no one is denied the right to become, to grow, and develop toward a healthy, happy, human being. [[File:Lively Souls Foundation says Sharing is Caring.png|center|thumb]] Younger minds, I believe, have greater potential to revert back to fundamental agreements. They have not as yet acquired all the bad habits of a consumer based society, and can be much more open, and honest about their current values. The goal of any educational principle should be the merging of the best from each generation. Passing on these basics will break down old ideologies, and the constructs of monetary system agreements that are patently ridiculous, criminally dangerous, and destructive. Our attitudes towards an equitable distribution of this planet's wealth must not be governed by envy, but by honestly addressing, and recognizing what is revealed in your new definitions on wealth, and agreement. The powerful political, and economic propaganda of most Western cultures implores its citizens, and their societies, to keep on growing, and in the main to seek monetary wealth. It seems to me that using such propaganda can be fundamentally wrong, and not the basis for a healthy and constructive human society. Can we develop new   agreements based on compassion, and a sensibility that will encompass the best of our mechanical agreements, and use them?  Use them knowing we can change secondary agreements; we can make things better, through a shared consciousness of what is.                            The key to universal agreements that will bring about radical changes to contemporary societies lies in the complete recognition that ’we are’. Negativity, or condemnation of societies present evolutionary trends is not productive. Find the beneficial factors, establish their reality, and use them to build new cultures free from avarice, and greed. All property must be used so that its benefits are not monopolised by a very select few. Remember that Truth is not an individual possession, nor does it emerge because of our individual desires, or wants. Only when there is authentic real communion through honest endeavour, will we realise the source of our own being. Will it be an easy transition?                             It will be a lot easier if we have a universal understanding that we are on the right path. Agreement about our common goal (returning to source) as the true reality means that we share a universal dependency, one to the other, to achieve that objective. There is no other impulse so universal that is available to us, and we are obliged, always, to act on it. [[File:River source of Taksebt Dam in Algeria.jpg|center|thumb|Nature is always the source.]] There is predictability because of fundamental principles that cannot be changed. To presume that human nature is not rested on fundamental principles, and therefore has an unpredictable future is to deny all of the evidence that is available to confirm the progress of Homo Sapiens. Sanity and truth depends on us having identity, and that can only be evident when we are in the company of at least one other. In exchange of identity there is agreement at that level, and at its most qualitative it comes in the form of original agreement with all the complementation that makes truth recognizable, and the eternal standard. Our source is Universal, and that form of consciousness is not separate from that which is manifest. That common obligation, that common impulse, is neither a free will, nor a deterministic act, which reaches for spiritual unification; it is the expression of us as we are. In its fulfilment, it is a re-experience of beginning. There can only be 'agreement' when it is an honest, and active expression toward what is. Then our relationship to what is, meets the criteria for true human involvement. In that circumstance, it is not a deterministic, or free will act that requires any deliberation – it just is.      When you are blessed with that insight, and ongoing knowledge, you can engage in life with a newfound pragmatism, with the knowledge that truth is expressed in everything, and everyone.                                   A word of caution, your insight to life as it is, may make you want to shout it from the rooftops, but unfortunately, for the moment, those in the street will not be able to hear you. Take a quiet disciplined approach to sharing information. Making known exposes misguided myths that hold us in a state of confusion. The inevitable, valid question must arise concerning how it is possible for us to 'know' such a fundamental, and basic beginning. That question can only be answered by your own experience of reality. To define is to validate what is. Insight that transforms the 'individual' comes only through relationship with the basic, and true relationship of one other. That transformation can be the catalyst for social changes that act on the basic premise that we are all interdependent. Dismantling myths that are less than beneficial will reveal truths that can bring about healthy social change.                                                           Chapter 10. = Life. = Life: 'individuals manner of existence'. Key words: individuals, manner, and existence. In a previous chapter I have stated that there are no deep religious, or philosophical mysteries. This makes it incumbent on me to try to answer the inevitable questions that arise from such a profound stance. The answers of course will surely lie in each individual's experience of life, as it must eventually be seen in the process of gradual enlightenment. Clearly all religions, all philosophies, have their own measure of relevance, but whatever they may be, they require a formula providing a transparency that allows the individual to make correct interpretations that lead to that enlightenment. Remember the analogy of the pencil, and two-dimensional beings, and how all forms of three-dimensional existence would be a 'mystery' to them. To exist in a two-dimensional state a three-dimensional description of a pencil would be to those beings a most profound mystery. In such a case the 'mystery' is then a matter of scale, which is resolved when there is momentary movement to a third dimension. Experiencing another dimension may be interpreted as a removal from your present experience, and circumstance, to 'somewhere else'. That is quite definitely not the case. Heaven or Hell does not exist above or below. Every possibility of the purest enlightenment, or the deepest misery, exists here and now. We have the innate potential to rise above the worst of human misery. Mysteries only appear to be so when we cannot see what is! The only thing we can have trouble with is a mystery; something we cannot understand. When we establish what the truth is (truth is not a problem), then we have understanding. [[File:Creative-dimensions.png|center|thumb|How important they are.]] The tools you are using here are critical for us to identify the rewards that life has to offer, before we lose sight of them altogether. There is the danger of a generation divide, where the good language structures we have developed for survival, and development are further being distorted between the young, and the old. Valuable cultural traditions in all societies are breaking down between generations, with the loss of identity between them, leading to alienation. Unless we can halt this process, there seems to be a kind of inevitability that intolerance of race, religions or ethnic groups, will extend to intolerance of different age groups. Observe the 'necessary factors' in action in your life and the mysteries will resolve themselves - 'necessary factors ' are the rungs on the dimensional ladder. Life is its own reward, and we need the appropriate strength through recognition of its values to support, and contribute, to all facets of its manifestation. Because of my interest in new definitions I have come to believe in the existence of universal natural law – law that cannot be broken. This would seem paradoxical given the apparent transgressions humankind is capable of, but the awareness of the existence of natural law was for me governed by the measure of my perception. It seems that life may be likened metaphorically to the lifespan of that most honest fish, the salmon. As a fingerling, it leaves its source, and heads downstream to the ocean where it grows, and matures, lives its life, surviving whatever hazards it may encounter. It then takes on the terrible journey back to source, deposits its eggs, and dies. Human evolution may well be seen as such a journey back to source, back to our origins, where at the end of the journey what must die is ego! [[File:Chinook salmon leaping Los Gatos Creek 2018-12 Mike Tamaro.jpg|center|thumb|Salmons leap.]] Our dictionary's given definition of  'life' provides little information on that which we need to provide us with the transparency we seek. Let us use our list and see if we can develop a definition that offers us some insight to that which is of critical importance to our well-being. My choice is: PRESENT EVIDENCE               ORIGINAL AGREEMENT                 SHARE PRINCIPLES     A new definition of 'life':  'present evidence of original agreement to share principles'. Could you find any evidence at the present time that we share principles? Let us look at some major human activities and see if that is a proposition, bearing in mind that we need correct definitions to evaluate such a proposition. We need correct definitions that we can agree upon, and that make sense! We have already discussed our ability to break secondary agreements - we now need to know the transforming power of original agreements. These are the agreements that cannot be broken, and under which we all have a binding obligation to meet, at some level. Below is listed a number of headings of major 'life' activities, and their at present dictionary given definitions alongside, let's see if you could agree to the new definitions that will be provided, as being more revealing, as they were to me. Dictionary given definitions of: ART: 'exercising human skill'. SCIENCE: 'principle of systematic and formulated knowledge'. PHILOSOPHY: 'the pursuit of wisdom '. MATHEMATICS: ' the science of space and numbers in the abstract '. RELIGION: ' system of faith and worship '. PSYCHOLOGY: 'the study of the human soul, and mind' As they are, the relationship between them is tenuous, and fragmentary - we should see if we can strengthen that relationship that conforms to our definition of what life really is, and how the major components provide us all with so much support. In each case I will again choose six 'necessary factors' to compose our new definitions. [[File:HGM Seitenraum der Ruhmeshalle, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien 0362 3 4 5 6.jpg|center|thumb|Strong Supports.]] ART: Creative Activity     Communicate Awareness     Basic   Reality New definition of art: ' a creative activity that communicates an awareness of basic reality '. SCIENCE: Product Information                                                                                                                                       Develop Understanding         Basic Principles New definition of science: 'produces information on basic principles that develop understanding ' PHILOSOPHY: Discover Values             Basic Correct             Provide Progress New definition of philosophy: ' to discover values that are basically correct which provide progress '. MATHEMATICS: Principles Balance             Create Stability               Accurate Standards   New definition of mathematics: ' principles of balance that create stability through accurate standards '. RELIGION:  Community Agreement           True Value           Produce Benefit New definition of religion: ' community agreement that true values produce benefit '. PSYCHOLOGY: Location Standards             Duplicate Reality             Evaluate Agreements   New definition of psychology: ' locates standards by duplicating reality through evaluating agreements ' These new definitions point to the things that we attempt to do, to provide greater understanding in our life. They offer more transparency in their interpretation. It is how we 'use' these definitions, for the benefit of all, that offer us the best chance for continuing development. Compare them now with the dictionary given definitions. Note that the dictionary definitions seem to have no direct or systematic relationship, there does in fact seem to be a disconnect which does not allow complementation. Now compare our new definitions one to the other, and I'm sure you will see that although the terminology has been transposed, the meanings are the same. The principles used for defining 'necessary factors', are not different – science, and philosophy, do not operate on 'different 'principles - principles are all the same! When we know, and apply these principles, then there can be a community of understanding - we will in effect be operating on the same wave- length toward that harmony that is critical to all our well-being, and the fulfilment of our obligation. What we have done is identify the principles implicit in life's activities that have the means to extend our conscious activity. Linguistic habits create for many of us, a mechanical disposition toward negativity, despite the very obvious advances human society has made.  This condition is also directly related to our intellect, how we act or react emotionally in our relationship with the people, and the culture we live in. We need to firmly establish who we are within that context to promote our own well-being, and that is best done by addressing, affirming, and supporting what is. Attempts to understand life, and its meaning, are attempts to understand source, or beginning. When we appreciate that everything is, that this is a source, then we can make progress toward greater realities. Beingness is contained in all matter, all energy, all space, and all time. Use 'necessary factors' to create an activity that will enhance your understanding of what is. Wherever you are use two 'necessary factors' to complete a question of your choosing, e.g., Is ........................... manifest?   (orderly control) Do ..........................manifest?  (mutual agreements) Is ............................manifest?  (stable support) Any two principles you choose to complete your question equals any other statement in terms of 'necessary factors'. The act of repetition provides certainty; the message carries across, especially, when you are dealing with the truth. We need to explore the proposition that human problems are denials of what is, negating that 'necessary factors' exist in a person's life. We have the human problem of the corrupt use of what is manifest. That translates to ill health, criminality, war, and all the activities that deviate from true human expression. The only place we will find answers, will find the truth, is here. When we establish that, we can then make progress. To go away from a source looking for answers, is counter productive. Our new definition of life addresses  'original agreement ' - that is the agreement, which cannot be broken. Throughout history, we could trace the natural fulfilment of that agreement to some degree, eg., the ongoing development of positive human endeavour. We now have the means through the correct definition to become aware of it in action. Incorrect concepts in our language system create the illusion of reality, and have the power to deny us a deeper, and more truthful level of that reality. When the ideas that control us are inadequate, we can become subject to self-deception, and human activity in all its manifestations suffer. To live a truly full human life we should address the factors that will provide a healthier, and saner mentality. [[File:Rally to Restore Sanity (5132938280).jpg|center|thumb|Rally to restore sanity.]] Layer by layer the belief systems that control us effectively mask our true identity, and it is each individual's task within the social structure to unmask that identity, and live a full and wholesome life, and that is expressed through rational cooperative activity, in awareness. With that awareness, there is then real communion, and within the structure of that communion, we are able to communicate in a language that has real meaning, and provides direction. Mechanical thought patterns offer little hope in addressing those belief systems that bind us to a way of life that clearly needs a new direction. Since we take these illusory belief systems as being reality we go to great lengths to make them ever more solid. It is important to appreciate that language has implicit within it many levels of experience, and when we utilise the definition process as outlined; we can begin to recognize the outcomes as a living experience. True enlightenment, (so called) is agreement with what is. In defining the factors, your thoughts on them can of course be different to your 'experience' of them. It is the creative experience that gives the concepts life. Focus your attention on 'Lost Shadows', and address that in relation to yourself.   The value of this book is not dependent on my interpretation of the truths inherent in it, or indeed, whether or not it has made any impression on the reader. It has already been stated that this material is not created based on any opinion of mine, the material has always been there and it has only been my good fortune to have recognized, and directly experienced the value of definition as it was presented to me as a young man. The simplicity of definition as described does provide us with correct information, which in turn locates new pathways of thought. Certainly others, in future, as they progress, will create greater successes in developing this information. My success lies only in my personal interpretation, and there will no doubt be many verbal inconsistencies, but these will not mar the fundamental truths that will allow the reader to apply them, as they are able. Language does not have any boundaries - it can for the better expose you to new outer, and inner dimensions. We have opened up a whole new world - a realisation of beginning. All of the list of principles are infinetly interchangeable and with them you can create infinite truthful definitions. As a member of a universal society you have a fundamental right to your real identity - good luck to you! It may be of interest for readers to know that quite late in my adult life I attended a three year Liberal Studies course at Christchurch University, New Zealand from which I graduated. One of the tasks in English literature was to write an essay on ‘The Millstone’ by Margaret Drabble. Having left school at 14 years of age, this was my first attempt at an assessment of any literary work. Using the techniques of definition I had acquired I went through every chapter and defined all the concepts that were used, shaping my essay around the definitions. The result of this exercise was that as a male it gave me a profound emotional, and practical insight into the life of a young single mother, with a young child, and all that that means. The astonishing result was that I got an ‘A’ plus pass, which established in me the validity of using new definitions in any endeavour.   The End. j331mxwecexoy95191bnpw4bi9ake01 0 305659 2832055 2831929 2026-09-07T17:29:20Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* One Solar Radius */ 2832055 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to orbit a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the orbit of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16th 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 67e2el4vy1b31c08snvwu0ydg03ias4 2832056 2832055 2026-09-07T17:30:48Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Heliosphere */ 2832056 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 9newzb38e6n5flyej0bphyapeow6mrb 2832057 2832056 2026-09-07T17:32:22Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Stars */ 2832057 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \approx 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] sdd9l16xg33spo4wfzqscjdbv8p8f22 2832059 2832057 2026-09-07T17:34:41Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Stars */ 2832059 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 9newzb38e6n5flyej0bphyapeow6mrb 2832061 2832059 2026-09-07T17:36:20Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Bully Milky Way */ 2832061 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 0y9vba1zjf6uycbg16kwg45hna565bi 2832063 2832061 2026-09-07T17:39:48Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Bully Milky Way */ 2832063 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 5kby4orqq1jfh97gele6r17dr0uzdgi 2832064 2832063 2026-09-07T17:40:35Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Stars */ 2832064 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 7em7jqbzdxjo6jbgvt8a0d9axs6f7og 2832065 2832064 2026-09-07T17:42:24Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Bully Milky Way */ 2832065 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] at08juc0p14jfw7cs353nd26ptrq6hc 2832066 2832065 2026-09-07T17:42:51Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Bully Milky Way */ 2832066 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] k2fsyqhk2phd4oppndkdt6e5e2qadji 2832086 2832066 2026-09-07T18:55:41Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Idealized Galactic Weeks */ 2832086 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. The table shows the Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved in this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] n0bu6mnyxbu5k0tpqihycs7tqoxzxwi 2832087 2832086 2026-09-07T18:57:20Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Idealized Galactic Years */ 2832087 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250 million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 4nkgeb6ysat9l6iggegbjcugtjlfkoo 2832088 2832087 2026-09-07T18:59:29Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? */ 2832088 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 1ltl4mewugkjg2d2kdd74q2d7k64fp2 2832089 2832088 2026-09-07T19:01:44Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Is the Bully system internally consistent? */ 2832089 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small> Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 0j4xe7nnpvbtjv21uoarlhkwuptj6um 2832090 2832089 2026-09-07T19:03:01Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Is the Bully system internally consistent? */ 2832090 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]] where it intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was "sweetheart". The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, "lover". Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | quote = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] jfeovc1sxlzfabswzm0r8psefwz2cl2 2832091 2832090 2026-09-07T19:06:16Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Anchoring Bully Timestamps */ 2832091 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 (2<sup>15.666224</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 (2<sup>15.666040</sup>) parsecs of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 477txj9hov792cipt5llv11wnjzu0ej 2832092 2832091 2026-09-07T19:09:20Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* A surrogate for the Sun */ 2832092 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| quote = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] pe39tz1fptokunp31mihjz5vi4kdy7q 2832093 2832092 2026-09-07T19:10:14Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* A surrogate for the Sun */ 2832093 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | quote = {{ordered list | The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. | The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] llb7pcqu9zxlwt9hpefs8a2toxwr0nt 2832094 2832093 2026-09-07T19:12:43Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832094 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 5tq6t05ah6phcu141ktv2hjm7rabucw 2832095 2832094 2026-09-07T19:13:10Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832095 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] m7x452i88d0sph7vkc03vcz21gn011v 2832096 2832095 2026-09-07T19:13:40Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832096 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] lpq8csewkjoi2agke816qvkq8fsefst 2832097 2832096 2026-09-07T19:14:11Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832097 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 36vtgnsh1xydy9o4n7qastc26ptvirn 2832098 2832097 2026-09-07T19:15:05Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832098 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|430px|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] g7l5a1bdm3y1gogtfspr1aqg44n8pmu 2832099 2832098 2026-09-07T19:16:28Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility */ 2832099 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; max-width:300px;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] nl14lkl2ezil7amujksahfddmz23806 2832100 2832099 2026-09-07T19:17:07Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* A surrogate for the Sun */ 2832100 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic |Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | quote = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. <ol> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE.</li> <li>Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE.</li> </ol> }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] csc52s70085q7u1zdtga9nffqoeaqxk 2832101 2832100 2026-09-07T19:19:45Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Earth and Moon */ 2832101 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic|Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | text = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE. }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23 in 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle as illustrated in the following list: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> July 23 New Moons * July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B''' * July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238''' * July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] ip7b24mibmdij73wwl2bdqx2bawb1hg 2832102 2832101 2026-09-07T19:26:21Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* The Metonic cycle */ 2832102 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic|Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | text = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE. }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23, 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle, as illustrated below: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688; line-height: 1.6;"> '''July 23 New Moons:'''<br /> • July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B'''<br /> • July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238'''<br /> • July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] noppp9b4ukr4ioz5k8ebw8wjhpuvnfp 2832103 2832102 2026-09-07T19:27:46Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Bully Timestamp Realization */ 2832103 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic|Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | text = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE. }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23, 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle, as illustrated below: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688; line-height: 1.6;"> '''July 23 New Moons:'''<br /> • July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B'''<br /> • July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238'''<br /> • July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3,055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950s, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic timekeeping (1958 AD – present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] p0ksfk4ocubod6dm8bc66i1qp9thso2 2832118 2832103 2026-09-07T21:29:02Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Is the Bully system internally consistent? */ 2832118 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Solar orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Solar orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Solar orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic|Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | text = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE. }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23, 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle, as illustrated below: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688; line-height: 1.6;"> '''July 23 New Moons:'''<br /> • July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B'''<br /> • July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238'''<br /> • July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3,055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950s, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic timekeeping (1958 AD – present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] kxq52mvfplok52blrnpzap0jc50v3kq 2832121 2832118 2026-09-07T21:43:23Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Is the Bully system internally consistent? */ 2832121 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The '''Bully Metric Timestamp''' system is an alternative timekeeping framework that utilizes the Sun's orbit around the Milky Way Galaxy to mark the passage of time. A new successive Bully timestamp occurs each time the Sun advances by roughly one solar radius along its path through the cosmos. Using '''12-digit''' [[w:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] timestamps, the Bully system has enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future. The total capacity of the system is: &thinsp; :<math>16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ sec} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion years}</math> [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|upright=2.2|center|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] == One Solar Radius == The Sun hurtles around the Milky Way Galaxy at a blistering 0.076% of the speed of light ([https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]). Yet, even at this staggering pace, it takes about five-sixths of an hour for the Sun to traverse a distance equal to its own radius. This highlights the truly colossal size of our star, which boasts a radius of 2.3206 light-seconds (695,700 kilometers). '''Figure 1''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 ED00 0000''' is defined to have occurred at exactly '''12:00:00 TAI (International Atomic Time) on June 21, 1998'''. The sequential timestamp, '''8209 ED00 0001''', occurred exactly 3,055 seconds later at '''12:50:55 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. During each '''3,055-second''' period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over '''2.33 light-seconds''', which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 2.33 \text{ ls} \gtrapprox R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === The Heliosphere === The heliosphere, it turns out, is not actually a sphere. As shown in '''Figure 2''', it is a vast, oblong, bubble-like region that extends from the Sun into surrounding space. While somewhat analogous to Earth's atmosphere, the latter is a comparatively thin layer of gas held near the planetary surface, whereas the heliosphere is a plasma constantly blasted into space by the Sun's extreme heat and energy. [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>4</sup> Bully timestamps.]] The heliosphere is so vast that if it were truly spherical, it would take the Sun roughly 6.344 years to travel a distance equivalent to the heliosphere's diameter. The digit in the '''fifth position''' of a Bully timestamp represents this orbital distance. Figure 2 illustrates the motion of the Sun (Sun not drawn to scale) over a period of 6.344 years. Timestamp 8209 ED00 0000 is defined to have occurred at exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Timestamp '''8209 ED01 0000''' therefore occurred roughly 6.344 years later at '''18:34:40 TAI on October 24, 2004'''. Incidentally, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed into the heliosheath, as shown in Figure 2, on December 16, 2004. Both Voyager spacecraft (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) have since crossed entirely out of the heliosphere and entered the surrounding interstellar space. During each 6.344-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 306 \text{ AU} \gtrapprox 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Stars === '''Figure 3a''' illustrates the physical movement of the Sun (not to scale) across 16<sup>8</sup> successive Bully timestamps. Timestamp '''8209 0000 0000''' corresponds to approximately 383,000 B.C., while timestamp '''820A 0000 0000''' is estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D., representing a total time lapse of '''416,000 years'''. The stacked histogram in Figure 3a has a cyan dashed line marking 100 parsecs. The Sun travels a little less than this distance during each 416,000-year interval, which is tracked by the digit in the '''ninth position''' of the Bully timestamp. Because a large percentage of naked-eye stars sit within this 100-parsec radius, the appearance of Earth's night sky changes completely over this timeframe. [[Bully_Metric_Naked-Eye_Stars|Learn More About the Meaning of Naked-Eye Stars]] [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the Sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the Sun than 100 parsecs, which is the distance the Sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this 100-parsec travel distance of the Sun.]] During each 415,792-year period, the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \gtrapprox 97 \text{ pc} \gtrapprox 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; ==== The Bully Milky Way ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3e''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid). Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000'''. These represent the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D., respectively, assuming a full orbital path around the Milky Way of roughly 50,000 parsecs. In the lower half of the image, cyan lines further divide a single yellow sector into 16 equal subsectors. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center in Figure 3e, corresponding to the 6 o'clock position, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle of the Sun at Bully timestamp 820A 0000 0000, estimated to occur around 33,000 A.D. The nine cyan grid lines to the right of the red line mark the Sun's polar angle for Bully timestamps 8201 0000 0000 through 8209 0000 0000. Meanwhile, the five cyan grid lines to the left of the red line indicate the polar angle for timestamps 820B 0000 0000 through 820F 0000 0000. &hairsp; :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} \approx 212.9 \text{ million years} </math> :<math> 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} \sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} </math> &hairsp; [[Bully_Metric_Math_and_Mnemonics|See Full Calculations]] &hairsp; == The Galactic Calendar == [[File:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4a''':Inferred orbits of 6 stars around the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way's center<ref name="Eisenhauer">{{cite journal|last=Eisenhauer|first=F.|display-authors=et al. |title=SINFONI in the Galactic Center: Young Stars and Infrared Flares in the Central Light-Month|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=July 20, 2005|volume=628|issue=1|pages=246–259|doi=10.1086/430667|bibcode=2005ApJ...628..246E|arxiv=astro-ph/0502129|s2cid=122485461 }}</ref>]] [[W:Andrea Ghez|Andrea Ghez]] and [[W:Reinhard Genzel|Reinhard Genzel]] were jointly awarded one-half of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of a supermassive compact object—now universally known as the black hole Sagittarius A*—at the center of the Milky Way. Using the world’s largest telescopes, both teams observed stars whipping around an invisible, incredibly heavy mass at extreme speeds. One star, labeled S2 in '''Figure 4a''', completes an orbit in just 16 years. Their calculations revealed that an entity of roughly 4 million solar masses is packed into an area no larger than our solar system, offering definitive evidence of a supermassive black hole. By meticulously mapping the complete 3D elliptical orbits of stars over decades, Reinhard Genzel's research team calculated the exact distance from the Sun to the Galactic Center to an unprecedented degree of accuracy. They narrowed the measurement down to [https://www.mpe.mpg.de/6588951/The-black-hole 8,275 parsecs] (or 26,990 light-years), with a margin of error of less than 1%. If the Sun were assumed to follow a perfectly circular orbit around Sagittarius A*, with a constant radial distance of 8,275 parsecs, the total circumference of that ideal orbit would be determined by multiplying the radius by 2π: &hairsp; :<math>\begin{align} {\text{Circumference}} &= 2\pi \times 8,275{\text{ parsecs}} \\ &\approx 51,993{\text{ parsecs}} \\ \end{align}</math> &hairsp; If we divide this '''roughly 52,000-parsec''' idealized orbit into "Galactic Weeks", where each week represents 1,000 parsecs of orbital travel, then a full Galactic Year would consist of 52 weeks. This beautifully mirrors the structure of an Earth year, which is also composed of roughly 52 weeks. ==== Idealized Galactic Weeks ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Weeks_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|'''Figure 3f''': Division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks of solar travel (yellow grid).]] '''Figure 3f''' illustrates the division of the Milky Way into 52 equal galactic weeks (yellow grid). Each week represents 1,000 parsecs of solar travel, which in this plot is assumed to be traversed by the Sun in roughly 4.09 million years. Three of the grid lines are labeled as Bully timestamps '''8200 0000 0000''', '''8280 0000 0000''', and '''8300 0000 0000''', respectively, indicating the estimated polar angle of the Sun at approximately 4.1 million years B.C., 49 million years A.D., and 102 million years A.D. The cyan lines in the lower half of the image further divide one sector into 10 equal subsectors of 100 parsecs each. The Sun is currently located directly below the Galactic Center, at the 6 o'clock position in Figure 3f, and orbits in a clockwise direction. A red grid line represents the polar angle the Sun had during Bully timestamp 8209 D89D 89D8 (approximately 31,000 B.C.), which is 1,000 parsecs of travel beyond the yellow line representing timestamp 8200 0000 0000. The nine cyan lines to the left of the red line represent the polar angles of the Sun after traveling 1,100 through 1,900 parsecs beyond timestamp 8200 0000 0000. === Idealized Galactic Years === Within the context of Bully timekeeping, an idealized '''Bully Galactic Year''' is defined to have a duration of exactly '''2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps''' (approximately 213 million years), and the Sun is assumed to follow an orbital path of exactly 52,000 parsecs. The table in '''Figure 4b''' illustrates the division of an idealized Galactic Year into 52 equal portions. It outlines the specific Bully timestamp at which each 1,000 parsecs of travel distance would be achieved across this idealized orbit. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |+ '''Figure 4b:''' The 66th Bully Galactic Calendar |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|1st Quarter}} || {{nowrap|2nd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|3rd Quarter}} || {{nowrap|4th Quarter}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 0}} || {{color|blue|''0 parsecs''}} <br/>'''{{nowrap|8200 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8280 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8300 0000 0000}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8380 0000 0000}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 1}} || {{color|blue|''1000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''14,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8289 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''27,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8309 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{color|blue|''40,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8389 D89D 89D8}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 2}} || {{color|blue|''2,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''15,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8293 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''28,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8313 B13B 13B1}}''' || {{color|blue|''41,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8393 B13B 13B1}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 3}} || {{color|blue|''3,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|821D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''16,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|829D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''29,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|831D 89D8 9D89}}''' || {{color|blue|''42,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|839D 89D8 9D89}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 4}} || {{color|blue|''4,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8227 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''17,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82A7 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''30,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8327 6276 2762}}''' || {{color|blue|''43,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83A7 6276 2762}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 5}} || {{color|blue|''5,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8231 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''18,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82B1 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''31,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8331 3B13 B13B}}''' || {{color|blue|''44,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83B1 3B13 B13B}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 6}} || {{color|blue|''6,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|823B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''19,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82BB 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''32,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|833B 13B1 3B13}}''' || {{color|blue|''45,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83BB 13B1 3B13}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 7}} || {{color|blue|''7,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8244 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''20,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''33,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8344 EC4E C4EC}}''' || {{color|blue|''46,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83C4 EC4E C4EC}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 8}} || {{color|blue|''8,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|824E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''21,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''34,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|834E C4EC 4EC4}}''' || {{color|blue|''47,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83CE C4EC 4EC4}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 9}} || {{color|blue|''9,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8258 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''22,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82D8 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''35,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8358 9D89 D89D}}''' || {{color|blue|''48,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83D8 9D89 D89D}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 10}} || {{color|blue|''10,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8262 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''23,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82E2 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''36,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8362 7627 6276}}''' || {{color|blue|''49,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83E2 7627 6276}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 11}} || {{color|blue|''11,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|826C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''24,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''37,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|836C 4EC4 EC4E}}''' || {{color|blue|''50,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83EC 4EC4 EC4E}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|Week 12}} || {{color|blue|''12,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8276 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''25,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82F6 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''38,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|8376 2762 7627}}''' || {{color|blue|''51,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83F6 2762 7627}}''' |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | End of Quarter || {{color|blue|''13,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|827F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''26,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|82FF FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''39,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|837F FFFF FFFF}}''' || {{color|blue|''52,000 parsecs''}} <br/> '''{{nowrap|83FF FFFF FFFF}}''' |} Timestamps in the range '''8200 0000 0000''' through '''83FF FFFF FFFF''' indicate that the system is recording time within the '''66th Bully Galactic Year''' of the Universe. However, the Sun (and our solar system) did not come into existence until the 45th Bully Galactic Year, meaning our solar system is only '''21 Bully Galactic Years old'''. ==== Is the Galactic Calendar Realistic? ==== [[File:Sun_in_orbit_around_Galactic_Centre.gif|thumb|right|300px|alt=Diagram showing multiple stars moving along their respective orbital paths around the Galactic Center over a span of 250 million years.|'''Figure 4c:''' Stars orbiting around the Galactic Center during a 250-million-year time period.]] The duration of time required for the Sun (or any other star) to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is not a fixed constant, but rather depends on the path a particular star follows as it orbits (see Figure 4c). Stars closer to the center orbit much more quickly than those on the outer edges. The stars shown in '''Figure 4c''' all eventually localize near the Sun despite having vastly different orbital trajectories, visually illustrating the long-term subtlety of galactic orbits. Because the Sun’s deep-time trajectory is slightly chaotic and unpredictable, an operational offset will always exist between the passage of Bully time and physical observations of the Sun's galactic displacement. Therefore, while the table in Figure 4b states that the galactic week beginning on timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' corresponds to 1,000 parsecs of displacement, this relationship must be understood as an estimate. In practice, even if the system were calibrated so that timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' perfectly aligned with the exact moment the Sun traveled 1,000 parsecs, this precise alignment would immediately begin to decay. The subsequent milestone at timestamp '''{{nowrap|8213 B13B 13B1}}''' would almost certainly not occur at the exact instant the Sun reached the 2,000-parsec mark. ==== Is the Bully system internally consistent? ==== In Figure 3a and Figure 3e, the Sun is shown to travel less than 50,000 parsecs per galactic year. However, the Bully Galactic Calendar shown in Figure 3f assumes exactly 52,000 parsecs of orbital travel per galactic year, introducing a distinct discrepancy in both galactic scale and calculated orbital velocity. Because the long-term orbital dynamics of the Sun are subject to complex gravitational perturbations, standard stellar movement is neither perfectly uniform nor entirely predictable. Consequently, the Sun's true orbital velocity remains a subject of ongoing discovery and refinement. The conjectured values used in Figure 3e and Figure 3f should be viewed as '''practical assumptions''' rather than a reflection of a stable, long-term physical reality; the idealized Bully Calendar is a '''conceptual model''' designed to help visualize the immense scale of the galactic orbit. The table in '''Figure 4d''' illustrates how scaling the assumed baseline velocity from 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp up to 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps aligns the highest digits with rounded integer multiples of the parsec length. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif;" |+ style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px;" | '''Figure 4d''': Distance Conversions to Parsecs ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Bully Timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Sun's Galactocentric orbital distance in parsecs assuming 1 solar radius per Bully timestamp</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Sun's Galactocentric orbital distance in parsecs assuming 100 parsecs per 16<sup>8</sup> Bully timestamps</small> ! style="background-color: #f2f2f2;{{Text color default}}; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | <small>Sun's Galactocentric orbital distance in parsecs assuming 52,000 parsecs per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps</small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>11</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>18.597453</sup> ≈ 396,635 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.6438562</sup> ≈ 409,600 </small> | <small>2<sup>18.666224</sup> ≈ 416,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>10</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>14.597453</sup> ≈ 24,789.7 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.6438562</sup> ≈ 25,600.0 </small> | <small>2<sup>14.666224</sup> ≈ 26,000.0 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>9</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>10.597453</sup> ≈ 1,549.36 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.6438562</sup> ≈ 1,600.00 </small> | <small>2<sup>10.666224</sup> ≈ 1,625.00 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''16<sup>8</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>6.597453</sup> ≈ 96.8348 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.6438562</sup> ≈ 100.0000 </small> | <small>2<sup>6.666224</sup> ≈ 101.5625 </small> |- style="background-color: #e6f2ff;{{Text color default}}; font-weight: bold;" ! colspan="4" style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | Off-Nominal Values |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>41</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>15.597453</sup> ≈ 49,579 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.6438562</sup> ≈ 51,200 </small> | <small>2<sup>15.666224</sup> ≈ 52,000 </small> |- | style="text-align: left; padding: 8px;" | '''2<sup>26</sup>''' | <small>2<sup>0.597453</sup> ≈ 1.513043 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.6438562</sup> ≈ 1.562500 </small> | <small>2<sup>0.666224</sup> ≈ 1.586914 </small> |} == Anchoring Bully Timestamps == To establish a rigid temporal framework, the Bully system is anchored by selecting timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' to coincide precisely with '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998'''. Following this initial anchoring, the progression of all subsequent Bully timestamps is maintained uniformly via terrestrial atomic clocks, advancing by exactly one unit every '''3,055 TAI seconds'''. The following subsections will explain why timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected and anchored near the '''June solstice in 1998'''. === The Galactic Ecliptic Node near Sagittarius === '''Figure 5a''' depicts the 6.98-degree angular separation that exists between Sagittarius A* (the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way) and the descending node of our Solar System’s [[W:Invariable_plane|Laplace invariable plane]], where the plane intersects the Galactic equator. [[File:Sagittarius_A*_and_adjacent_Galactic_Ecliptic_Node.png|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=An educational image illustrating the 6.98-degree separation between Sagittarius A* and the adjacent Galactic Ecliptic Node. The Node, moving in concert with the Sun, shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination.|'''Figure 5a:''' A diagram showing the 6.98-degree angular separation between Sagittarius A* and the descending node of the Solar System's Laplace invariable plane.]] ==== Bullies in the Bully System ==== A planetary system's Laplace invariable plane passes through its barycenter (center of mass) and is strictly perpendicular to its total angular momentum vector. In our Solar System, the four giant planets account for 98% of this total angular momentum: Jupiter contributes the bulk at 60.3%, followed by Saturn (24.5%), Neptune (7.9%), and Uranus (5.3%). The individual descending node of each giant planet's ecliptic where it intersects the Galactic Equator is shown in Figure 5a: * '''Invariable Plane Node (+)''': Marked with a large plus sign. * '''Jupiter (♃)''': Positioned slightly to the right of the invariable plane's node. * '''Uranus (⛢)''': Positioned to the right of Jupiter. * '''Saturn (♄)''': Positioned on the inner left. * '''Neptune (♆)''': Positioned on the far left. As noted in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word "bully" had a positive connotation through much of history: {{Blockquote|text=The earliest meaning of English bully was “sweetheart”. The word was probably borrowed from Dutch boel, “lover”. Later bully was used for anyone who seemed a good fellow, then for a blustering daredevil. Today, a bully is usually one whose claims to strength and courage are based on the intimidation of those who are weaker. “Bully.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bully. Accessed 19 Aug. 2026.}} Large astronomical objects—such as Sagittarius A*, the Sun, and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn—can be thought of as bullies, both in the historical meaning of "excellent" or "beautiful" and in the modern meaning of being intimidating and threatening. {{Quote box| align = center | width = full | title = The "Bully" Name | text = The specific "bullies" in the "Bully" timestamp system are [[w:Sagittarius A*|Sagittarius A*]], the [[w:Sun|Sun]], and the Solar System's [[w:Giant planet|giant planets]].}} === A surrogate for the Sun === As the Sun orbits the Galactic Center, the Galactic Ecliptic Node of the Solar System's invariable plane—moving in concert with the Sun—shifts away from Sagittarius A* at a rate of 2.70 mas (milliarcseconds) per year in right ascension and 5.60 mas per year in declination. From the perspective of the Sun, the node appears to be stationary, and the supermassive black hole appears to be moving in the opposite direction. In reality, it is the Solar System and the node that are moving. The path of the node can be used as a surrogate to track the motion of the Sun. The node is currently located 6.9803° away from Sagittarius A*. The Sun's orbital travel distance is calculated by multiplying 6.9803° by the orbital radius (8,275 parsecs) and the ratio of radians to degrees (2π / 360°): <math> \begin{aligned} d &= 8,275 \text{ pc} \times 6.9803^\circ \times \left(\frac{2\pi}{360^\circ}\right) \\ &\approx 1,008.14 \text{ pc} \end{aligned} </math> Based on this calculation, the Galactic Ecliptic Node—and by extension, the Sun—has traveled 1,008.14 parsecs in its orbit around the Galactic Center. According to the reference table in '''Figure 4b''', this 1,008.14-parsec distance falls beyond the 1,000-parsec milestone associated with timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''', indicating that we have completed the zeroth week of the 66th Bully Galactic Year. To pinpoint a more exact location, the table in '''Figure 5b''' provides a finer-grained increment. Our Sun's 1,008.14-parsec travel distance is larger than the '''1,007.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''', but it is smaller than the '''1,008.87 parsecs''' corresponding to timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}'''. (Note: Figure 4a assumes an idealized travel distance of exactly 52,000 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666224</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps, whereas Figure 5b uses the calculated distance of 51,993 parsecs (or 2<sup>15.666040</sup>) of orbital travel per 2<sup>41</sup> Bully timestamps.) {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 20px auto 40px auto; text-align:center;" |+ '''Figure 5b:''' Week one, 66th Galactic Year |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 3px; font-size: large;" | Year 66 <br /> Galactic || {{nowrap|Bully timestamp}} || Solar Distance Traveled in parsecs |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|One Week}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 D89D 89D8}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''999.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.007 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EA42 7B32}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1006.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.008 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 ECC7 C23E}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1007.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.009 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 EF4D 094B}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1008.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.010 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|8209 F1D2 5058}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1009.87''}}}} |- style="font-size: small; background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|1.100 Weeks}} ||'''{{nowrap|820A D4AD 4AD4}}''' || {{nowrap|{{color|blue|''1099.86''}}}} |} {{Quote box| align = center| width = full| title = Bully Timestamp Anchor| text = Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' was selected to be the timestamp anchor of the entire Bully system because it closely aligns with the 1,008.14-parsec orbital travel distance of the Sun (see table in Figure 5b).}} === The Earth and Moon === The motions of the Earth and Moon are not suitable for precise, long-term time measurement due to deep-time gravitational interactions. For example, tidal friction gradually slows the Earth's rotation and causes the Moon to drift farther away, making legacy day and month units unstable over millions of years. While the Bully timestamp system is not directly anchored to the motions of the Earth and Moon, it was developed with these motions in mind and incorporates a few of their unique characteristics. {{Quote box| align = center| width = 100%| title = Bully Timestamp Duration | text = Justification: # The Sun orbits approximately one solar radius per Bully timestamp. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's sidereal year. # The Bully timestamp is a divisor of Earth's Great Year. }} ==== Earth's sidereal year ==== The duration of Earth's sidereal year is '''31,558,149.76 seconds'''. While gravitational perturbations from neighboring planets cause this value to vary by 20 to 25 minutes annually, the averaged century-over-century lengthening is a mere 9.6 milliseconds. Given this relative stability, using a clean divisor of the sidereal year as the fundamental unit of the Bully timestamp system offers significant utility. Specifically, 3,055 seconds is an exact divisor of 31,558,150 seconds, meaning Earth's sidereal year—rounded to the nearest second—equals '''exactly 10,330 Bully timestamps'''. ==== Earth's tropical year ==== Earth's tropical year, which measures the complete cycle of seasons between successive vernal equinoxes, spans '''31,556,925.2 seconds'''. Due to axial precession, the tropical year is roughly 2/5 of a Bully timestamp shorter than the sidereal year. ==== Earth's Great Year ==== With Earth's sidereal year (<math>P</math>) spanning 10,330 timestamps and the tropical year (<math>a_{t}</math>) spanning 10,329.6 timestamps, a full precessional cycle requires a number of years, <math>N</math>, where the cumulative annual difference equals exactly one year: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} N &= \frac{1}{P - a_{t}} \\ &= \frac{1}{10,330 - 10,329.6} \\ &= \frac{1}{0.4} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Expressing this duration in terms of sidereal years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times a_{t} \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,329.6 \, P \\ &= 25,824 \, P \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; Alternatively, expressing the cycle in terms of tropical years yields: &hairsp; <math> \begin{aligned} 1 \, \text{Great Year} &= N \times P \\ &= \frac{5}{2} \times 10,330 \, a_{t} \\ &= 25,825 \, a_{t} \end{aligned} </math> &hairsp; The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps. * [[Bully Mnemonic|Learn More About The Bully Mnemonic]] ==== Earth's Seasons and Milky Way Visibility ==== In 1998 in the Northern Hemisphere, winter lasted 89 days, spring lasted 92 days and 18 hours, summer lasted 93 days and 15 hours, and autumn lasted 89 days and 21 hours. Summer was nearly five days longer than winter that year. As shown in '''Figure 5c''', this duration discrepancy will continue to increase for the next 1,500 years until summer is a full 94 days long and winter is less than 89 days. The Earth's orbital speed varies throughout the year, moving slowly during [[W:aphelion|aphelion]] and quickly during [[W:perihelion|perihelion]]. Consequently, whichever season is aligned with aphelion ends up being the longest because the Earth is moving slowly and takes longer to get through that season. As shown in Figure 5c, '''winter''' was the longest season in the Northern Hemisphere (aligned with aphelion) back before 5,000 BCE. It took approximately 5,250 years to cycle to '''spring''' being the longest season, and another 5,250 years to '''summer'''. While it is just beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that all four seasons will complete a full cycle once in a little over '''21,000 years'''. [[File:Earth_Seasons_and_Milky_Way_Visibility_Shifts_Over_Time.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|alt=Graph showing how the lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.|'''Figure 5c''': The lengths of Earth's seasons, and the season with best Milky Way visibility, shifts over time.]] Currently, the Milky Way is easy to view during Northern Hemisphere summer months (which are winter months in the Southern Hemisphere). Going back in time prior to 1998, there was an era when the Milky Way would have been more visible during spring months in the north. Going even further back, the Milky Way would have been best viewed in northern winter (or southern summer). These seasonal shifts in Milky Way visibility are correlated with large dots in Figure 5c. The transition from '''spring to summer''' is correlated with a large '''green dot''' and a green banner indicating that astronomer Jean Meeus identified May 1998 CE as the precise moment when the Galactic Equator crossed the solstice points. A large '''red dot''' appears in 8329 CE to indicate the approximate crossing from '''summer to autumn''', and a large '''blue dot''', back in 4495 BCE, indicates the approximate crossing from '''winter to spring'''. The red and blue dots represent epochs when the coordinate latitude of the Sun, as viewed from Earth, is nearly zero in the ecliptic, celestial, and galactic coordinates at the same time. These large dots representing Galactic Equator crossings occur about once every 6,500 years. While it is beyond the range of the graph, it is clear that the Milky Way passes through all four seasons during a time period of roughly '''26,000 years''' (1 Great Year ≈ 25,824 sidereal years ≈ 25,825 tropical years). {{Quote box | align = center | width = 100% | title = Bully Time Anchor | text = The time anchor of the entire Bully system was selected to be '''12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998''', which is near the 1998 June solstice. This date was selected as the anchor because it occurred near the May 1998 CE date that Jean Meeus identified as a Galactic crossing. All of the Galactic crossings shown in Figure 5c, at 4495 BCE, 1998 CE, and 8329 CE, are roughly correlated with rounded Bully timestamps. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 E900 0000}}''' aligns with 4500 BCE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}}''' aligns with 1998 CE. # Bully timestamp '''{{nowrap|8209 F100 0000}}''' aligns with 8494 CE. }} ==== The Metonic cycle ==== The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the Moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. For example, a New Moon occurred on July 23, 1998, and nineteen years later, in 2017, a New Moon again occurred on July 23. The last four hex digits of the Bully timestamp complete approximately three cycles per one Metonic cycle, as illustrated below: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688; line-height: 1.6;"> '''July 23 New Moons:'''<br /> • July 23, 1998 — 8209 ED0'''0 038B'''<br /> • July 23, 2017 — 8209 ED0'''3 0238'''<br /> • July 23, 2036 — 8209 ED0'''6 00EA''' </div> [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|Learn More About the Metonic Cycle in Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Realization == Each Bully timestamp is '''realized''' exactly 3,055 seconds TAI after the previous one. However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950s, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an '''estimate''' of how time might have transpired in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Similarly, any assignment of future timestamps should be viewed as an estimate of what may occur, rather than a realization. Bully timestamps should only be considered "realized" when time is measured with an accuracy of 10<sup>-10</sup>. There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the era of modern atomic timekeeping (1958 AD – present). [[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Learn More About Realized Bully Timestamps]] == Bully Timestamp Estimation == [[File:History-of-the-Universe With Bully Timestamps.jpg|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 6a: History of the Universe with a few example Bully timestamps shown in red.]] For the purpose of time estimation, the Bully system's time range is divided into three distinct sets: ==== First Set ==== * ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate time during the universe's formative period ('''Figure 6a'''), spanning roughly 3 billion years beginning with the Big Bang. The following list highlights key events from selected timestamps during this formative era: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * First timestamp: ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Cosmic_inflation|Cosmic Inflation]] ** [[w:Baryogenesis|Baryogenesis]] ** [[w:Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis|Nucleosynthesis]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0000 EA00 0000}}'' ** [[w:Decoupling_(cosmology)|Decoupling]] ** [[w:Recombination_(cosmology)|Recombination]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0100 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Star_formation|First Star Formation]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|0297 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:MoM-z14|Oldest Observed Galaxy]] </div> ==== Second Set ==== * ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'': Used to estimate cosmic look-back time ('''Figure 6b'''), spanning from approximately 10.4 billion years ago to exactly 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998. Key milestones from the presolar through geological eras include: <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|3B00 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Murchison_meteorite|Oldest Presolar Grains]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5720 9000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Hadean|Hadean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|5C2A 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Archean|Archean Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|6A8C 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Proterozoic|Proterozoic Eon Begins]] * Approximately: ''{{mono|7D56 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Phanerozoic|Phanerozoic Eon Begins]] </div> [[File:Geologic time scale - spiral - ICS colours (light) - path text.svg|frame|center|text-bottom|alt=Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life.|thumb|Figure 6b: The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a [[w:Logarithmic_spiral|log-spiral]] with some major events in Earth's history. A [[w:megaannum|megaannum]] (Ma) represents one million (10<sup>6</sup>) years.]] ==== Third Set ==== * ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'': Used to estimate (and realize) future events. This set begins at precisely 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998, and progresses forward for approximately 13.4 billion years. <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #009688;"> * Approximately: ''{{mono|B000 0000 0000}}'' ** [[w:Sun#Life_phases|Death of Sun (main-sequence)]] </div> === Time Estimation Using Cosmic Redshift === In [[w:physics|physics]], a '''redshift''' is an increase in [[w:wavelength|wavelength]] (or a decrease in [[w:frequency|frequency]]) of [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. Cosmological redshifts are driven directly by the [[w:expansion of the universe|expansion of the universe]]. The redshift value is denoted by {{math|''z''}}, where the ratio of observed to emitted wavelength is {{math|1 + ''z''}}. If the original wavelength of a radiation source is known, its cosmological redshift can reveal the light travel time. However, mapping redshift precisely to elapsed time requires an exact cosmological model. Ongoing measurement tension surrounding the [[w:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]] introduces uncertainty into calculations of the exact [[w:Age of the universe|age of the universe]] and distant stars. This cosmological uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of assigning Bully timestamps. The table in Figure 6c contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. One column applies the local distance ladder framework from the '''SH0ES Team''' (corresponding to a younger universe estimate of 12.7 Gyr). The other utilizes cosmic microwave background data from the '''Planck Collaboration''' (yielding an older universe estimate of approximately 13.8 Gyr). Larger z values correspond with the more distant past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6c: Bully Timestamps for Selected Redshift Values Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;{{Text color default}};" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Redshift z <br /> (z = ∞ to 2) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};”" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = ∞ || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0000 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 18.0 || {{nowrap|01CC 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|01F4 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 15.0 || {{nowrap|0253 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0287 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 12.0 || {{nowrap|032D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|0374 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 9.0 || {{nowrap|04B5 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|051E 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 6.0 || {{nowrap|0809 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|08BB 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | z = 3.0 || {{nowrap|1285 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1420 0000 0000}} |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;;{{Text color default}};" | z = 2.0 || {{nowrap|1C4D 0000 0000}} || {{nowrap|1EC2 0000 0000}} |} The forward-progressing timestamps ''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'' are illustrated in Figure 6d (bottom of figure). By convention, these timestamps are assumed to begin at the Big Bang and progress forward for approximately three billion years. [[File:Redshift-by-universe-age-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6d: Age of the Universe plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] Timestamps ''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' through ''{{mono|8200 0000 0000}}'' (top of Figure 6d) measure "lookback" time anchored at timestamp ''8209 ED00 0000''. Because the total age of the universe is unfixed, the precise mathematical relationship between universal age and lookback time remains indefinite. Two different possible universe ages are shown with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. The data illustrated in Figure 6e is the same as is shown in Figure 6d, but Figure 6e plots against lookback time on the x-axis, so in this plot the universe age is unfixed with the Planck Collaboration shown in red and the SH0ES Team shown in blue. [[File:Redshift-by-lookback-time-H0-comparison.png|frame|center|alt=A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.|Figure 6e: A cosmic lookback plot showing Bully timestamps mapped to cosmic redshift.]] The table in Figure 6f is similar to the table in Figure 6c, in that it contrasts two estimation tracks based on competing cosmological datasets. However, whereas the data in Figure 6c was for large z values, Figure 6f shows small z values. Smaller z values correspond with the recent past. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; font-size: small; font-family: monospace, monospace;" |+ Figure 6: Redshift Values for Selected Bully Timestamps Given Different Universe Age Estimates |- style="background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}}; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;" ! style="padding: 10px; font-size: large;" | Bully Timestamp <br /> (z = 1 to 0) || SHOES Team <br /> (12.7 Gyr) || Planck Collaboration <br /> (13.8 Gyr) |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|4000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.925134 || z = 0.796535 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|6000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.342787 || z = 0.308619 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8000 0000 0000}} || z = 0.016418 || z = 0.015093 |- style="font-size:small:small;background-color:#ffffff;{{Text color default}};" | style="font-weight: bold; background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text color default}};" | {{nowrap|8209 ED00 0000}} || z ≈ 0.000000 || z ≈ 0.000000 |} === Time Estimation Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations === What does it mean when cosmologists state that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old? According to Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, time passes differently for each observer depending on their path through spacetime and the gravitational forces in their vicinity. How, then, can the universe have a single age? Shouldn't its age depend entirely on the observer's frame of reference? The "age of the universe" cited by cosmologists is actually its maximum possible age. Among all paths an observer could take through spacetime, one specific trajectory maximizes elapsed time. This privileged frame of reference belongs to an observer who remains at rest relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and resides in a region of space with negligible matter. We will refer to this as the "CMB rest frame." Importantly, Bully timestamps are divided into three distinct sets, with only the first set (''{{mono|0000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|1FFF FFFF FFFF}}'') utilizing the CMB rest frame. Timestamps in the third set (''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|FFFF FFFF FFFF}}'') are realized using atomic clocks at sea level on Earth. Due to relativistic time dilation, these terrestrial clocks run slower than identically constructed clocks placed at rest in empty space. All "realized" Bully timestamps from 1958 to the present conform to Earth's sea-level frame of reference. Furthermore, the "estimated" Bully timestamps in the second set (''{{mono|2000 0000 0000}}'' — ''{{mono|8209 ED00 0000}}'') are typically derived from the radioactive decay of samples found on or within the Earth; thus, these samples decay at a rate comparable to Earth's sea-level frame. The oldest timestamps in this second set come from presolar grains, which formed in different star systems prior to the emergence of our solar system. Because some of these samples may have traveled through space in frames of reference drastically different from Earth's current sea-level frame, the accuracy of these cosmic estimates is inherently limited. [[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| Learn More About Relativistic and Cosmological Considerations]] == Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time == Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is "contextual" because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic "leaps" (seconds and years). In '''Figure 10''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted with leap seconds to track UT1. In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to "true time" at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 10''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures. [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 10: Modern Time Keeping]] The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively "frozen" in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds. The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 10''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this "legacy offset" confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret. [[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Learn More About Contextualized vs Decontextualized time]] == Why do we need Bully timestamps? == All the timestamps in '''Figure 11''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Figure 11: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps. |- ! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps] |- | rowspan = 3 | [[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0| June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 pm (JST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 7:59:29 pm (CST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 2:59:29 pm (EEST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)</br> June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 8:59:29 am (BRT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 4:59:29 am (PDT)</br> June 21, 1998 at 1:59:29 am (HST)</br> ]] || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)<br/> 06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)<br/> 06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS) ]] |- ! Bully Timestamp |- || [[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 ED00 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]] |} ==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ==== The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 11''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain "cluttered" by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several "leap" seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time. For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains "tethered" to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome "hybrids" that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation. ==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ==== The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 11''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 ED00 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time. Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format: [http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com] [https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com] [http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com] == The Foundations of Bully Metric == The Bully Timestamp System was derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to <math>10,330 \times 3,055</math> SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the Bully timestamp system. The name "Bully" is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, "bully" means '''"beautiful" or "excellent,"''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of "bullies" like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system. * [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Learn More About The Foundations of Bully Metric]] * [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Learn More About The Bully Metric Coordinate System]] 7u8tmwkl1fseuqb10kl82hrdje5u0k9 6 307212 2832113 2748712 2026-09-07T21:08:27Z Unitfreak 695864 Unitfreak uploaded a new version of [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to rubber seconds.png]] 2644352 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 316385 2832214 2831985 2026-09-08T08:35:46Z Michael Ten 654933 2832214 css text/css /* Change font color to white body, #content, .mw-body-content { color: #00091A !important; }*/ /* Change main text color to white body, #content, .mw-body-content { color: #00091A !important; } */ /* Change link colors to ... was 4ebfbb .. and white before then 02ddc4 */ a:visited { color: #02ddc4 !important; } /* Change link colors was 0289dd then 059dfc */ a { color: #057cfc !important; } /* Optional: Change hover color if desired */ a:hover { color: #86cafe !important; /* Light gray on hover, adjust as needed */ } /* Reduce spacing between links in the sidebar */ #mw-panel .portal, #mw-panel .body, #mw-panel .vector-menu-content { margin: 0 !important; /* Remove outer margin if any */ padding: 0 !important; /* Remove outer padding if any */ } #mw-panel a, #mw-panel .vector-menu-content a { margin: 2px 0 !important; /* Adjust to control vertical space */ padding: 2px 5px !important; /* Adjust padding */ line-height: 1.2 !important; /* Adjust line height for tighter spacing */ } /* trying Make the sidebar less wide .vector-column-start { width: 10em !important; }*/ .mw-enhanced-rc { font-size: 1.15em !important; } .mw-enhanced-rc-nested { font-size: 1.15em !important; } /* Uncreated page links (red links) */ a.new, a.new:visited { color: #ff2222 !important; } /* Optional: distinct hover for uncreated links */ a.new:hover { color: #cc0000 !important; } /* Compact left sidebar */ /* @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .mw-page-container-inner { grid-template-columns: 10rem minmax(0, 1fr) !important; column-gap: 1rem !important; } } */ /* @media screen and (min-width: 1200px) { html.vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-enabled .mw-page-container-inner { grid-template-columns: 10rem minmax(0, 1fr) !important; } } */ .vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-enabled .mw-page-container-inner { grid-template-columns: 10rem minmax(0, 1fr) !important; } html body .mw-parser-output a.external, html body .mw-parser-output a.external:visited, html body .mw-parser-output a.external *, html body .mw-parser-output a.external:visited * { color: #02ddc4 !important; -webkit-text-fill-color: #02ddc4 !important; filter: none !important; } img[src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikiversity-wordmark-en.svg"] { filter: invert(50%) !important; } .mw-logo-icon { filter: invert(70%) !important; } .oo-ui-toolbar-tools .oo-ui-iconElement-icon, .oo-ui-toolbar-tools .oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator { background-color: transparent !important; filter: brightness(0) saturate(100%) invert(80%) sepia(50%) saturate(2000%) hue-rotate(85deg) brightness(110%) !important; } /* Invert only the toolbar SVG icons and indicators to white */ .wikiEditor-ui-top .oo-ui-iconElement-icon, .wikiEditor-ui-top .oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator, .wikiEditor-ui-top .tool-button span { filter: invert(100%) !important; } /* Invert enhanced changes toggle arrows */ .mw-enhancedchanges-arrow { filter: invert(1) !important; } 1i6ova6aeahinonxfagk8vw5zd2iq6e 0 322040 2832104 2829718 2026-09-07T20:27:20Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Rubber Seconds (1958 - 1971) */ 2832104 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class=table style="width:100%;" |- | {{Original research}} | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page <small>Development <br/>Area</small>] |} [[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> There have been over 700,000 realized Bully timestamps during the more than 65 years of modern atomic time keeping (1958 AD ... present). Given the availability of atomic clocks, it is anticipated that Bully timestamps will continue to be realized with great regularity for the foreseeable future. Each Bully timestamp should be considered "realized" after it occurs and is measured using precise clocks with an accuracy of <math>{10}^{-10}</math> or better. === Leap Seconds (1972 - Present) === The below table (derived from the Wikipedia "[[W:Leap Second|Leap Second]]" article), lists all leap second insertions that have occurred since the introduction of leap seconds in 1972. For each leap second insertion, the below table lists the preceding Bully timestamp (that had been "realized" immediately prior to the leap second insertion), and the subsequent Bully timestamp (that was "realized" immediately after the leap second insertion). A few details are worth noting in the table. The TAI and UTC already differed by 10 seconds at the beginning of 1972 due to rubber seconds ([https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps#Rubber_Seconds_(1958_-_1971) see discussion below]), so when Bully Timestamp 8209 ECFB E7FB was realized, the TAI time was 1972-06-30 23:34:45 TAI, whereas UTC time was 1972-06-30 23:34:35 UTC. An additional 27 leap seconds were inserted into UTC during the period between 1972 and 2016, making a total of 37 leap seconds difference, so when Bully Timestamp 8209 ED02 EBC0 was realized, the TAI time was 2017-01-01 00:32:00 TAI, whereas UTC time was 2017-01-01 00:31:23 UTC. Notably, Bully timestamps are always realized during TAI times with a seconds value ending in five or zero. The Bully timestamp and TAI both measure elapsed time as determined by atomic clocks at sea level on Earth, so these systems will always have this simple relationship. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Announced leap seconds to date |- ! Year !! 30 Jun !! 31 Dec !! Bully Timestamp !! International Atomic Time (TAI) !! Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) |- ! 1972 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFB E7FB <br /> 8209 ECFB E7FC <br /> 8209 ECFB FC4F <br /> 8209 ECFB FC50 || 1972-06-30 23:34:45 TAI <br /> 1972-07-01 00:25:40 TAI <br /> 1972-12-31 23:45:05 TAI <br /> 1973-01-01 00:36:00 TAI || 1972-06-30 23:34:35 UTC <br /> 1972-07-01 00:25:29 UTC <br /> 1972-12-31 23:44:54 UTC <br /> 1973-01-01 00:35:48 UTC |- ! 1973 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC 24A2 <br /> 8209 ECFC 24A3 || 1973-12-31 23:57:50 TAI <br /> 1974-01-01 00:48:45 TAI || 1973-12-31 23:57:38 UTC <br /> 1974-01-01 00:48:32 UTC |- ! 1974 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC 4CF4 <br /> 8209 ECFC 4CF5 || 1974-12-31 23:19:40 TAI <br /> 1975-01-01 00:10:35 TAI || 1974-12-31 23:19:27 UTC <br /> 1975-01-01 00:10:21 UTC |- ! 1975 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC 7547 <br /> 8209 ECFC 7548 || 1975-12-31 23:32:25 TAI <br /> 1976-01-01 00:23:20 TAI || 1975-12-31 23:32:11 UTC <br /> 1976-01-01 00:23:05 UTC |- ! 1976 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC 9DB6 <br /> 8209 ECFC 9DB7 || 1976-12-31 23:30:50 TAI <br /> 1977-01-01 00:21:45 TAI || 1976-12-31 23:30:35 UTC <br /> 1977-01-01 00:21:29 UTC |- ! 1977 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC C609 <br /> 8209 ECFC C60A || 1977-12-31 23:43:35 TAI <br /> 1978-01-01 00:34:30 TAI || 1977-12-31 23:43:19 UTC <br /> 1978-01-01 00:34:13 UTC |- ! 1978 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFC EE5C <br /> 8209 ECFC EE5D || 1978-12-31 23:56:20 TAI <br /> 1979-01-01 00:47:15 TAI || 1978-12-31 23:56:03 UTC <br /> 1979-01-01 00:46:57 UTC |- ! 1979 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFD 16AE <br /> 8209 ECFD 16AF || 1979-12-31 23:18:10 TAI <br /> 1980-01-01 00:09:05 TAI || 1979-12-31 23:17:52 UTC <br /> 1980-01-01 00:08:46 UTC |- ! 1981 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFD 531C <br /> 8209 ECFD 531D || 1981-06-30 23:19:00 TAI <br /> 1981-07-01 00:09:55 TAI || 1981-06-30 23:18:41 UTC <br /> 1981-07-01 00:09:35 UTC |- ! 1982 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFD 7B6F <br /> 8209 ECFD 7B70 || 1982-06-30 23:31:45 TAI <br /> 1982-07-01 00:22:40 TAI || 1982-06-30 23:31:25 UTC <br /> 1982-07-01 00:22:19 UTC |- ! 1983 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFD A3C2 <br /> 8209 ECFD A3C3 || 1983-06-30 23:44:30 TAI <br /> 1983-07-01 00:35:25 TAI || 1983-06-30 23:44:09 UTC <br /> 1983-07-01 00:35:03 UTC |- ! 1985 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFD F484 <br /> 8209 ECFD F485 || 1985-06-30 23:55:40 TAI <br /> 1985-07-01 00:46:35 TAI || 1985-06-30 23:55:18 UTC <br /> 1985-07-01 00:46:12 UTC |- ! 1987 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFE 597D <br /> 8209 ECFE 597E || 1987-12-31 23:40:35 TAI <br /> 1988-01-01 00:31:30 TAI || 1987-12-31 23:40:12 UTC <br /> 1988-01-01 00:31:06 UTC |- ! 1989 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFE AA3F <br /> 8209 ECFE AA40 || 1989-12-31 23:51:45 TAI <br /> 1990-01-01 00:42:40 TAI || 1989-12-31 23:51:21 UTC <br /> 1990-01-01 00:42:15 UTC |- ! 1990 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFE D291 <br /> 8209 ECFE D292 || 1990-12-31 23:13:35 TAI <br /> 1991-01-01 00:04:30 TAI || 1990-12-31 23:13:10 UTC <br /> 1991-01-01 00:04:04 UTC |- ! 1992 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFF 0EFF <br /> 8209 ECFF 0F00 || 1992-06-30 23:14:25 TAI <br /> 1992-07-01 00:05:20 TAI || 1992-06-30 23:13:59 UTC <br /> 1992-07-01 00:04:53 UTC |- ! 1993 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFF 3752 <br /> 8209 ECFF 3753 || 1993-06-30 23:27:10 TAI <br /> 1993-07-01 00:18:05 TAI || 1993-06-30 23:26:43 UTC <br /> 1993-07-01 00:17:37 UTC |- ! 1994 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFF 5FA5 <br /> 8209 ECFF 5FA6 || 1994-06-30 23:39:55 TAI <br /> 1994-07-01 00:30:50 TAI || 1994-06-30 23:39:27 UTC <br /> 1994-07-01 00:30:21 UTC |- ! 1995 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ECFF 9C4B <br /> 8209 ECFF 9C4C || 1995-12-31 23:12:05 TAI <br /> 1996-01-01 00:03:00 TAI || 1995-12-31 23:11:36 UTC <br /> 1996-01-01 00:02:30 UTC |- ! 1997 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ECFF D8B9 <br /> 8209 ECFF D8BA || 1997-06-30 23:12:55 TAI <br /> 1997-07-01 00:03:50 TAI || 1997-06-30 23:12:25 UTC <br /> 1997-07-01 00:03:19 UTC |- ! 1998 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ED00 1560 <br /> 8209 ED00 1561 || 1998-12-31 23:36:00 TAI <br /> 1999-01-01 00:26:55 TAI || 1998-12-31 23:35:29 UTC <br /> 1999-01-01 00:26:23 UTC |- ! 2005 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ED01 2FDC <br /> 8209 ED01 2FDD || 2005-12-31 23:45:40 TAI <br /> 2006-01-01 00:36:35 TAI || 2005-12-31 23:45:08 UTC <br /> 2006-01-01 00:36:02 UTC |- ! 2008 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ED01 A8F0 <br /> 8209 ED01 A8F1 || 2008-12-31 23:18:40 TAI <br /> 2009-01-01 00:09:35 TAI || 2008-12-31 23:18:07 UTC <br /> 2009-01-01 00:09:01 UTC |- ! 2012 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ED02 3604 <br /> 8209 ED02 3605 || 2012-06-30 23:45:00 TAI <br /> 2012-07-01 00:35:55 TAI || 2012-06-30 23:44:26 UTC <br /> 2012-07-01 00:35:20 UTC |- ! 2015 |bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 0 || 8209 ED02 AEFC <br /> 8209 ED02 AEFD || 2015-06-30 23:32:20 TAI <br /> 2015-07-01 00:23:15 TAI || 2015-06-30 23:31:45 UTC <br /> 2015-07-01 00:22:39 UTC |- ! 2016 | 0 ||bgcolor="lime"| +1 || 8209 ED02 EBBF <br /> 8209 ED02 EBC0 || 2016-12-31 23:41:05 TAI <br /> 2017-01-01 00:32:00 TAI || 2016-12-31 23:40:29 UTC <br /> 2017-01-01 00:31:23 UTC |} === Rubber Seconds (1958 - 1971) === [[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to rubber seconds.png|frame|center|text-bottom|'''Figure 6b''': Rubber Seconds]] Prior to 1972, the rate of UTC atomic clocks was offset from a pure atomic time scale by the BIH to remain synchronized with UT2, a practice known as the "rubber second" (see Figure 6b). The rate of UTC was decided at the start of each year. Alongside this shift in rate, an occasional 0.1&nbsp;s step (0.05&nbsp;s before 1963) was also implemented as needed. As shown in '''Figure 6b''', for 1958-1961, the offset rate was −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.47 seconds per year). This stretching of UTC "rubber seconds" meant that fewer of them would occur during a Bully Timestamp. For example, during the 1958-1961 time period, each Bully timestamp was realized after exactly 3055 seconds TAI, which corresponded to 3054.999955264 seconds UTC. For 1962–63 the offset rate was set to −130 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.41 seconds per year, or 3054.999960285 seconds UTC per Bully timestamp), and then for 1964–65 the offset rate was returned to −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}}. The UTC rate of −150 parts per 10{{sup|10}} turned out to be notably inadequate during the 1964-1965 time period, and multiple 0.1&nbsp;s steps were needed (see Figure 6b). Beginning in 1966, the offset rate was set to −300 parts per 10{{sup|10}} (or 0.94 seconds per year, or 3054.99990835 seconds UTC per Bully timestamp), and this continued until the inauguration of Leap Seconds in 1972. At the beginning of 1958, the TAI and UTC clocks were in sync, with 1958-01-01 00:00:00.000 TAI occurring at the same time as 1958-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC. By the end of 1972, the UTC clock had been adjusted (using rubber seconds and time steps) by ten leap seconds, so that 1972-01-01 00:00:10.003 TAI occurred at the same time as 1972-01-01 00:00:00.003 UTC. The following table illustrates the slow accumulation of leap seconds prior to 1972, resulting in this ten second difference. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Rubber Seconds and Accumulative (TAI - UTC) Time Delta |- ! Approximate Bully Timestamp <br /> Approximate International Atomic Time (TAI) <br /> Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) !! (ΔTAI - ΔUTC) !! Accumulative <br /> Difference |- ! 8209 ECF9 9F04 (+2820.0 sec) . . . 8209 ECF9 EFAA (+1290.9 sec) <br /> 1958-01-01 00:00:00.000 TAI . . . 1960-01-01 00:00:00.943 TAI <br /> 1958-01-01 00:00:00.002 UTC . . . 1960-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.943 sec || 0.943 sec |- ! 8209 ECF9 EFAA (+1290.9 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 1819 (+1386.4 sec) <br /> 1960-01-01 00:00:00.944 TAI . . . 1961-01-01 00:00:01.418 TAI <br /> 1960-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1961-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.474 sec || 1.418 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 1819 (+1386.4 sec) <br /> 1961-01-01 00:00:01.418 TAI . . . 1961-01-01 00:00:01.423 TAI <br /> 1961-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.005 sec || 1.423 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 1819 (+1386.4 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 2F85 (+406.6 sec) <br /> 1961-01-01 00:00:01.423 TAI . . . 1961-08-01 00:00:01.698 TAI <br /> 1961-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1961-08-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.275 sec || 1.698 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 2F85 (+406.6 sec) <br /> 1961-08-01 00:00:01.698 TAI . . . 1961-08-01 00:00:01.648 TAI <br /> 1961-08-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | -0.050 sec || 1.648 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 2F85 (+406.6 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 406C (+621.8 sec) <br /> 1961-08-01 00:00:01.648 TAI . . . 1962-01-01 00:00:01.846 TAI <br /> 1961-08-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1962-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.198 sec || 1.846 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 406C (+621.8 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 8A54 (+1622.5 sec) <br /> 1962-01-01 00:00:01.846 TAI . . . 1963-11-01 00:00:02.597 TAI <br /> 1962-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1963-11-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.751 sec || 2.597 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 8A54 (+1622.6 sec) <br /> 1963-11-01 00:00:02.597 TAI . . . 1963-11-01 00:00:02.697 TAI <br /> 1963-11-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 2.697 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 8A54 (+1622.6 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 9111 (+2147.7 sec) <br /> 1963-11-01 00:00:02.697 TAI . . . 1964-01-01 00:00:02.766 TAI <br /> 1963-11-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1964-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.069 sec || 2.766 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 9111 (+2147.7 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA 9B1F (+977.8 sec) <br /> 1964-01-01 00:00:02.766 TAI . . . 1964-04-01 00:00:02.884 TAI <br /> 1964-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1964-04-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.118 sec || 2.884 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 9B1F (+977.9 sec) <br /> 1964-04-01 00:00:02.884 TAI . . . 1964-04-01 00:00:02.984 TAI <br /> 1964-04-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 2.984 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA 9B1F (+977.9 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA AC06 (+1193.1 sec) <br /> 1964-04-01 00:00:02.984 TAI . . . 1964-09-01 00:00:03.182 TAI <br /> 1964-04-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1964-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.198 sec || 3.182 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA AC06 (+1193.2 sec) <br /> 1964-09-01 00:00:03.182 TAI . . . 1964-09-01 00:00:03.282 TAI <br /> 1964-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 3.282 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA AC06 (+1193.2 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA B980 (+2243.4 sec) <br /> 1964-09-01 00:00:03.282 TAI . . . 1965-01-01 00:00:03.440 TAI <br /> 1964-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1965-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.158 sec || 3.440 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA B980 (+2243.5 sec) <br /> 1965-01-01 00:00:03.440 TAI . . . 1965-01-01 00:00:03.540 TAI <br /> 1965-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 3.540 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA B980 (+2243.5 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA C005 (+1048.6 sec) <br /> 1965-01-01 00:00:03.540 TAI . . . 1965-03-01 00:00:03.617 TAI <br /> 1965-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1965-03-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.076 sec || 3.617 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA C005 (+1048.7 sec) <br /> 1965-03-01 00:00:03.617 TAI . . . 1965-03-01 00:00:03.717 TAI <br /> 1965-03-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 3.717 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA C005 (+1048.7 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA CD7F (+2098.8 sec) <br /> 1965-03-01 00:00:03.717 TAI . . . 1965-07-01 00:00:03.875 TAI <br /> 1965-03-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1965-07-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.158 sec || 3.875 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA CD7F (+2098.9 sec) <br /> 1965-07-01 00:00:03.875 TAI . . . 1965-07-01 00:00:03.975 TAI <br /> 1965-07-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 3.975 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA CD7F (+2098.9 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA D459 (+429.0 sec) <br /> 1965-07-01 00:00:03.975 TAI . . . 1965-09-01 00:00:04.055 TAI <br /> 1965-07-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1965-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.080 sec || 4.055 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA D459 (+429.1 sec) <br /> 1965-09-01 00:00:04.055 TAI . . . 1965-09-01 00:00:04.155 TAI <br /> 1965-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.100 sec || 4.155 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA D459 (+429.1 sec) . . . 8209 ECFA E1D3 (+1479.3 sec) <br /> 1965-09-01 00:00:04.155 TAI . . . 1966-01-01 00:00:04.313 TAI <br /> 1965-09-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1966-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 0.158 sec || 4.313 sec |- ! 8209 ECFA E1D3 (+1479.3 sec) . . . 8209 ECFB 35E5 (+2171.2 sec) <br /> 1966-01-01 00:00:04.313 TAI . . . 1968-02-01 00:00:06.286 TAI <br /> 1966-01-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1968-02-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | 1.973 sec || 6.286 sec |- ! 8209 ECFB 35E5 (+2171.1 sec) <br /> 1968-02-01 00:00:06.286 TAI . . . 1968-02-01 00:00:06.186 TAI <br /> 1968-02-01 00:00:00.000 UTC | -0.100 sec || 6.186 sec |- ! 8209 ECFB 35E5 (+2171.1 sec) . . . 8209 ECFB D3E0 (+809.9 sec) <br /> 1968-02-01 00:00:06.186 TAI . . . 1972-01-01 00:00:09.891 TAI <br /> 1968-02-01 00:00:00.000 UTC . . . 1971-12-31 23:59:59.999 UTC | 3.707 sec || 9.892 sec |- ! 8209 ECFB D3E0 (+809.9 sec) <br /> 1972-01-01 00:00:09.891 TAI . . . 1972-01-01 00:00:09.999 TAI <br /> 1971-12-31 23:59:59.999 UTC | 0.109 sec || 10.000 sec |} heju0k8y9s39lj88s4rebzfgv9vbu1u 0 322598 2832227 2804069 2026-09-08T10:33:46Z P U3270518 3106535 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow. Added citation to few claims 2832227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Boredom and substance use:<br>What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{robelbox|theme=5|title=Imagine this ...|iconwidth=55px|icon=Crystal_Clear_app_kdict.png}} [[File:Abstract Boredom SubstanceUse Picture.png|thumb|170px|'''Figure 1'''. Bored student, thinking about engaging in substance use.]] <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You are a university student who has three back-to-back tutorials in one day. Each tutorial requires you to engage in class discussions and take notes. You thoroughly enjoy the first class; your tutor is exciting and all other students are passionate about the content, so you find it very enjoyable and easy to engage with. However, as the day drags on, your attention slips, your motivation to take notes decreases, and you go for breaks more often to have a cigarette (see Figure 1). Cigaratte contains nicotine, which can temporarily affect attention and cognitive performance (Heishman et al. 2010). Smoking is also used to relieve boredom, with boredom relief associated with greater cigarette consumption (Gullaud et al., 2018) This is boredom. Everyone has experienced boredom at some point in their life, and responses to feeling bored vary among individuals. It can become serious if this state of boredom impacts your learning and functioning in everyday life. In this case, boredom is impacting your learning and functioning, as you are unable to remain seated and focused in several classes without needing to take several breaks. </div>  {{Robelbox/close}} This chapter explains how boredom motivates substance use. [[w:Boredom|Boredom]] is a psychological state which can motivate seeking excitement and attention. This can be problematic when other external and internal factors come into play, leading to high risk behaviours such as [[wikipedia:Substance_abuse|substance misuse]] (Bench & Lench, 2019). Around 91-98% of youth experience boredom in their daily lives (Chin et al., 2017). Additionally, 47% of individuals 14 years and over report using an illicit drug as some point in their lives (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2025) {{ic|Target an international audience; Australia represents 0.3% of the human population}}. Through this chapter, understanding why boredom arises will be beneficial in knowing how to handle it effectively and positively. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=7}} [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|90px]] '''Focus questions''' * What are the psychological theories about boredom? * What are the psychological theories behind substance use? * What is the role of boredom in substance use? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The psychology of boredom == <blockquote>''“Boredom: the desire for desires”'' <small>Tolstoy (1902/2013)</small></blockquote> Boredom is a universal human experience of desiring to engage in meaningful stimuli, but not being able to do so{{f}}. This emotion can arise from internal and external factors. Some individuals are more prone to experiencing it due to age, maturity or disposition. While boredom is often seen as trivial, it plays an important psychological role as it is linked to maladaptive issues such as attentional difficulties, unresolved internal conflicts and monotonous tasks. However, it also serves an adaptive function by motivating individuals to seek new goals and more meaningful engagement (Eastwood et al., 2012; Caldwell et al., 1999; Eplidorou, 2023; Ndetei et al., 2023). === Definition of boredom === Boredom is a negative emotional state of individuals seeking engagement with stimuli of interest, although the environment prevents this from occurring (Eastwood et al., 2012). Attentional theories suggest that some environments are under stimulating which impacts an individual's ability to focus (see Figure 2) (Westgate, 2020). Boredom may be perceived as unimportant; however, it can be argued that boredom allows for individuals to reignite [[motivation]] to pursue different [[Goal Setting Process|goals]] (Bench & Lench, 2013). [[File:Collage_of_bored_students.png|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Collage of varying students that are all displaying states of boredom in class.]] === Causes of boredom === There are two types of boredom, “endogenous” and “reactive” boredom{{f}}. Endogenous boredom refers to what comes from within, it is also known as person-based state boredom (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). An example of this is if an individual is at work and they have increasing amounts of engaging tasks but they are still bored due to an internal sense of detachment and meaninglessness. Reactive boredom is the opposite of endogenous boredom, as it refers to a state of boredom that is brought on by the environment, also referred to as situation-based state boredom (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). An example would be if you are in class where the teacher is presenting a lecture on a topic you are uninterested in, it goes on for ages and is highly monotonous (see Figure 2). The propensity of experiencing boredom is that some individuals may have the tendency to experience boredom more so than others and it can translate across situations in their lives (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). Trait boredom is not necessarily a trait itself, it is a disposition to experience it more frequently or have difficulty tolerating it{{f}}. Furthermore, age and cultural differences can impact how or when someone experiences boredom (Ndetei et al., 2023). For example, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to boredom due to a conflict between desire for independence, limited autonomy and opportunities in their social environment. There is a bidirectional connection with boredom and depression, where boredom has the potential to worsen depressive symptoms, alongside being a risk factor for developing depression (Ndetei et al., 2023). Boredom can be an antecedent to depression as it can disrupt individuals{{g}} motivation, reduce pleasure and lead to negative emotional states. === Psychological theories of boredom === From a [[w:cognitive_psychology|cognitive psychological perspective]], research suggests that states of boredom are influenced by factors such as age and developmental stage. Individuals with lower levels of maturity may struggle to recognise potential changes in their environment or lack the awareness of strategies to act upon their desire for change once boredom is perceived (Caldwell et al., 1999). More broadly, boredom can be understood as arising from difficulties in sustaining attention or from attention being diverted elsewhere (Eplidorou, 2023). From a [[w:Psychodynamic_perspective|psychodynamic perspective]], boredom arises when conflicting wants or desires create an inner tension that cannot be resolved. This unresolved conflict leaves the individual in a state of dissatisfaction and disengagement, manifesting as boredom (Eastwood et al., 2007). There are several empirically evidenced theories of bored. The forced-effort theory of boredom asserts that boredom emerges when individuals are required to devote time and energy to monotonous or repetitive tasks{{f}}. Under such conditions, the effort expended is perceived as disproportionate to the level of stimulation or reward, resulting in a sense of disengagement and boredom (Caldwell et al., 1999). Alternatively, the functional theory of boredom conceptualises boredom as an affective state that serves an adaptive purpose{{f}}. Rather than being merely unpleasant, boredom signals the need to disengage from the current situation and seek alternative activities that are more meaningful or stimulating. This thereby guides individuals toward goal-directed action (Eplidorou, 2023). === How boredom can motivate === Boredom is not just an unpleasant emotion or state, rather simply best defined as a motivating state. Due to the inconsistency between attention and engagement, discomfort occurs and signals that the current situation is unfulfilling (Caldwell et al., 1999). Therefore, bored individuals are more likely to seek experiences and challenges, as they are motivated to seek the stimulation that they are lacking (Ndetei et al., 2023). From a functional perspective, boredom can be adaptive and push people to pursue more rewarding goals. Through a neurobiological lens, this is linked to reduced activity in the dopamine reward pathways, which drives the search for novelty or excitement to compensate for the deficit (Ernst & Luciana, 2015). While this can encourage positive outcomes such as creativity or learning, it can also lead to maladaptive behaviours. Maladaptive behaviours such as impulsivity or substance use when individuals try to cope with the aversive state{{g}}. Adolescents are pushed toward high risk behaviours when meaningful leisure opportunities are nonexistent (Wegner & Flisher, 2009). {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> Endogenous boredom comes from within a person, while reactive boredom is situation-based. |type="()"} + True - False {The psychodynamic theory suggests boredom occurs when conflicting desires cannot be resolved. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==Psychology behind substance use== [[File:Figure_2._Abstract_image_of_different_substance_options.png|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Bored individual is considering different types of substances.]] Substance use refers to the consumption of substances, which may include illicit drugs, prescription medications, or everyday substances like alcohol and caffeine (see Figure 3){{f}}. While general use does not always equate to harm, substance misuse occurs when use becomes uncontrollable and causes significant negative effects, sometimes leading to addiction (American Psychiatric Association, 2024). Several psychological theories explain substance misuse: the [[w:Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial model]] emphasises the interplay of genetic, psychological and socio-cultural factors (Rickwood et al., 2005); the [[w:Self-medication hypothesis|self-medication hypothesis]] suggests that individuals use substances to cope with distress or mental health issues, increasing vulnerability to disorders (Baskin‐Sommers & Hearon, 2015); and the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction|hijacking model]] highlights how repeated use alters the brain's reward system, reinforcing dependence and contributing to long-term structural deficits (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). === What is substance use and types of substances? === Substance abuse occurs when an individual uses specific substances on a recurring basis{{f}}. This can include illicit substances, or the misuse of over-the-counter prescriptions (American Psychiatric Association Website, 2024). Substances are typically categorised into four types (see Table 1). Substances are commonly categorised as [[w:depressants|depressants]], [[w:Stimulants|stimulants]], [[w:Hallucinogens|hallucinogens]] and [[w:Inhalants|inhalants]], each producing distinct psychological and physiological effects {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Substance Categories !Types of Substances !Examples |- |Depressants |Alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol, benzodiazepines, GHB, ketamine. |- |Stimulants |Cocaine, amphetamines, ritalin, caffeine, MDMA. |- |Hallucinogens |Ketamine, magic mushrooms, LSD, ecstasy. |- |Inhalants |Toluene, plastic cement, paint, gasoline, paint thinners, hair sprays. |} === The difference between using substances and misuse === Substance misuse (also known as substance abuse or ‘substance use disorders’) can be differentiated from general use of substances when an individual uses them in a way that causes harm, and they are unable to control their use of them despite the harmful effects - i.e. addiction. Substance misuse is associated with prescription medications, whilst substance abuse is associated with taking substances purposefully to get a high or inflict self-harm (Meridian Psychiatric Partners, 2020). === Psychological theories behind substance misuse === The [[wikipedia:Biopsychosocial_model|Biopsychosocial Model]] of substance use (Rickwood et al., 2005) highlights how biological, psychological and socio-cultural domains interact to influence the onset and maintenance of substance use. Biological factors include genetic vulnerability to both the risk factors that predispose individuals to use drugs and the physiological effects of drugs themselves (Rickwood et al., 2005). Psychological factors encompass learning and conditioning processes, cultural beliefs about substance use and underlying mental health conditions that may increase susceptibility. Socio-cultural factors involve the broader context, such as social networks and peer groups, environmental influences and socioeconomic status, which can act as either risk or protective factors (Rickwood et al., 2005). This framework emphasises the importance of individual, psychological and social dimensions in understanding substance use and its associated risks. The [[wikipedia:Self-medication#Self-medication_hypothesis|self-medication hypothesis]] suggests that individuals may turn to substance use as a means of alleviating or "quieting" distressing psychological states, such as those linked to stress or mental health disorders. While this provides temporary relief, it simultaneously increases vulnerability to substance use disorders as reliance on substances becomes a maladaptive coping mechanism (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). The [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction|"hijacking" model]] proposes that repeated substances use alters the brain's reward system by reshaping incentive structures and "wanting" mechanisms. Substances become strongly linked through predictive associations with reward value therefore reinforcing use. Over time these changes extend beyond motivation, contributing to structural and functional brain alterations that exacerbate cognitive and emotional deficits, thereby maintaining vulnerability to substance use disorders (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> The biopsychosocial model emphasises biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences on substance use. |type="()"} + True - False {The self-medication hypothesis suggests people sometimes use substances to cope with stress or mental health symptoms. |type="()"} + True - False {The “hijacking” model describes how repeated substance use can change brain reward pathways and motivations. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==The relationship between boredom and substance use== Boredom is linked to substance use, especially in adolescents as they are sensitive to rewards due to developmental changes in the dopamine system{{f}}. This makes them more likely to use substances as a coping strategy to escape under-stimulation or distress{{f}}. This process is reinforced by the self-medication hypothesis and the overlap between boredom and depression. Over time, substances hijack dopamine pathways, leading to reduced rewards for natural activities and increasing the vulnerability to dependence on substances. Preventative strategies like routines, hobbies, exercise and healthy coping mechanisms can reduce this risk.{{f}} === Why is there a relationship between boredom & substance use? === Adolescents would rely on substance use as a way to overcome under-stimulating environments, this was worsened by early age and the high quantity of use of the substances (Weybright et al., 2015){{g}}. During adolescence, neurodevelopment synaptic pruning and reductions in glial cells occur (Green at al., 2023). These changes are critical for cognitive development as synaptic pruning involves the process of eliminating unnecessary synapses. Therefore, this is a critical time where individuals can be influenced by peers easily. This, along with neurodevelopment, can lead to interrupted prefrontal cortex maturation, which leads to behaviour regulation difficulties (Yücel et al., 2007). Additionally, adolescents with high boredom trait levels were more likely to engage in substance abuse overall (Weybright et al., 2015). Studies indicate that adolescents experiencing boredom are 50% more likely to smoke, drink, become intoxicated and use illicit substances compared to their non-bored peers (Columbia University, 2003){{expand}}. This population may turn to substance use as a coping strategy, using it to alleviate or escape the aversive experience of boredom (Ndetei et al., 2023). This aligns with the self-medication hypothesis, which proposes that individuals use substances to reduce distressing psychological states, such as stress, low mood or mental health difficulties that can be enhanced by feelings of boredom (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). Boredom has been identified as both a risk factor for and a symptom of depression, with both states characterised by feelings of numbness, low motivation and disengagement (Ndetei et al., 2023). According to the self-medication hypothesis, substance use may provide temporary relief by reducing aversive psychological states (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). However, this short-term alleviation reinforces reliance on substances, therefore heightening the vulnerability to substance use disorders. Therefore, boredom and depression can be considered as interconnected drivers that funnel individuals toward self-medication through substance use. The dopamine system, particularly the [[wikipedia:Mesolimbic_pathway|mesolimbic pathway]] ([[wikipedia:Ventral_tegmental_area|ventral tegmental area]] → [[wikipedia:Nucleus_accumbens|nucleus accumbens]] → [[wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex|prefrontal cortex]]) plays a central role in reward sensitivity, motivation and learning, and its activity is heightened during adolescence (Ernst & Luciana, 2015). When individuals are bored, this aversive state triggers a motivational drive to seek out rewarding stimuli. Adolescents are especially sensitive to such rewards due to developmental changes in dopamine-rich brain circuitry, making boredom more likely to push them toward high reward behaviours such as substance use (Galván, 2013). Substances that are often abused intensify this effect by producing large, rapid dopamine surges in the striatum, reinforcing drug-related cues and increasing their incentive salience, which makes them more attention-grabbing and desirable (Volkov & Morales, 2015). Repeated substance use over time leads to neuroadaptations where natural rewards elicit diminished dopamine responses, while drug cues elicit heightened responses which reduces the capacity to enjoy non-drug rewards and further reinforcing substance use patterns (see Figure 4) (Poisson et al., 2021). A systematic review by Wegner and Flisher (2009) strengthen findings that leisure boredom consistently predicts higher levels of adolescent substance use. It was also highlighted that contextual factors such as a lack of structured leisure options and limited parental monitoring increases the risk. These conclusions are supported by later empirical studies (Weybright et al., 2015), further strengthening the evidence that boredom is a key driver of adolescent substance use. === Preventative measures === Creating a consistent routine can help bring purpose to your life and reduce idle time that may otherwise feel unproductive. Incorporating hobbies, physical activity and creative pursuits into this routine is especially beneficial, as these activities not only provide structure but also enhance mood and fulfil the brain's need for reward. Additionally, replacing maladaptive coping mechanisms with healthier alternatives is important for long-term well-being. Having a list of preplanned activities can provide constructive outlets and reduce the likelihood of slipping back into old substance use habits. Example of activities include, going for a walk, calling a friend, creative activity (knitting, painting, drawing), exercise or others.{{f}} {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> Adolescents high in boredom proneness are no more likely to use substances than their peers. |type="()"} - True + False {Boredom can increase substance use because people seek stimulation or a dopamine hit. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==Conclusion== Boredom can be understand through multiple psychological perspectives including cognitive theory, the forced-effort theory, the functional theory, and the psychodynamic perspective. Substance misuse is often explained by the biopsychosocial model, alongside the self-medication hypothesis. Boredom acts as a key driver of substance use by creating an aversive state that individuals seek to escape. Turning to substances is a form of coping from stress and a way to seek stimulation and dopamine-driven rewards. Over time, there is a reliance that is formed and reinforces the patterns of misuse and increases the risk of dependence. Boredom can be a warning sign, if you do not manage it then it may push you toward unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance use. Try utilising your boredom for growth rather than risk. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Addiction|Addiction]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Boredom|Boredom]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Boredom and technology addiction|Boredom and technology addiction]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2015/Boredom_and_motivation&veaction=edit&section=16 Boredom and motivation] (Book chapter, 2015) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Boredom and emotion|Boredom and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Alcohol, dopamine, motivation, and emotion|Alcohol, dopamine, motivation, and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/E-cigarette use motivation|E-cigarette use motivation]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Treatment motivation in substance use disorder|Treatment motivation in substance use disorder]] (Book chapter, 2023) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= American Psychiatric Association. 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''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''56'', 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.034 Ndetei, D. M., Nyamai, P., & Mutiso, V. (2023). Boredom—understanding the emotion and its impact on our lives: An African perspective. ''Frontiers in Sociology'', ''8'', 1213190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1213190 Poisson, C. L., Engel, L., & Saunders, B. T. (2021). Dopamine circuit mechanisms of addiction-like behaviors. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 15, 752420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.752420 Rickwood, D., Crowley, M., Dyer, K., Magor-Blatch, L., Melrose, J., Mentha, H., & Ryder, D. (2005). ''Perspectives in psychology: Substance use''. Melbourne: Australian Psychological Society. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218 Tolstoy, L. (2013). ''Leo Tolstoy - A short story collection: "Boredom: The desire for desires."'' Copyright Group Limited. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4uzCtQEACAAJ Volkow, N. D., & Morales, M. (2015). The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell, 162(4), 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046 Wegner, L., & Flisher, A. J. (2009). Leisure boredom and adolescent risk behaviour: A systematic literature review. Journal of child and adolescent mental health, 21(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2989/JCAMH.2009.21.1.4.806 Westgate, E. C. (2020). Why boredom is interesting. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''29''(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884309 Weybright, E. H., Caldwell, L. L., Ram, N., Smith, E. A., & Wegner, L. (2015). Boredom prone or nothing to do? Distinguishing between state and trait leisure boredom and its association with substance use in South African adolescents. ''Leisure Sciences'', ''37''(4), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1014530 Yücel, M., Lubman, D. I., Solowij, N., & Brewer, W. J. (2007). Understanding drug addiction: A neuropsychological perspective. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(12), 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701689444 }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/boredom Boredom] (Healthline) *[https://meridianpsychiatricpartners.com/drug-misuse-abuse-and-addiction-whats-the-difference/ Drug misuse, abuse and addiction: What’s the difference?] (Meridian Psychiatric Partners) *[https://www.ted.com/dubbing/manoush_zomorodi_how_boredom_can_lead_to_your_most_brilliant_ideas?language=en&audio=en How boredom can lead to your most brilliant ideas] (TED Talk) *[https://www.northpointrecovery.com/blog/how-to-deal-with-boredom-in-recovery-from-addiction/? How to deal with boredom in recovery from addiction] (Northpoint Recovery) *[https://www.aristarecovery.com/blog/life-is-boring-without-drugs-d7a0e? Life is boring without drugs] (Arista Recovery) *[https://www.ted.com/talks/judy_grisel_never_enough_the_neuroscience_and_experience_of_addiction Never enough: The neuroscience and experience of addiction] (TEDx Talk) *[https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/substance-abuse Substance abuse] (Healthdirect) *[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jun/15/the-big-idea-should-we-embrace-boredom The big idea: should we embrace boredom?] (The Guardian) *[https://www.jacksonhouserehab.com/blog/posts/2024/june/the-connection-between-boredom-and-addiction/ The connection between boredom and addiction] (Jackson House Rehab) *[https://fountainhillsrecovery.com/blog/boredom-and-relapse/? Why boredom can lead to relapse and 3 ways to prevent it] (Fountain Hills Recovery) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Boredom]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Drugs]] 7mszmpewhxbxczo78p7coudtmg8bgql 2832228 2832227 2026-09-08T10:42:53Z P U3270518 3106535 added citation 2832228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Boredom and substance use:<br>What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{robelbox|theme=5|title=Imagine this ...|iconwidth=55px|icon=Crystal_Clear_app_kdict.png}} [[File:Abstract Boredom SubstanceUse Picture.png|thumb|170px|'''Figure 1'''. Bored student, thinking about engaging in substance use.]] <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You are a university student who has three back-to-back tutorials in one day. Each tutorial requires you to engage in class discussions and take notes. You thoroughly enjoy the first class; your tutor is exciting and all other students are passionate about the content, so you find it very enjoyable and easy to engage with. However, as the day drags on, your attention slips, your motivation to take notes decreases, and you go for breaks more often to have a cigarette (see Figure 1). Cigaratte contains nicotine, which can temporarily affect attention and cognitive performance (Heishman et al. 2010). Smoking is also used to relieve boredom, with boredom relief associated with greater cigarette consumption (Wong et al., 2016) This is boredom. Everyone has experienced boredom at some point in their life, and responses to feeling bored vary among individuals. It can become serious if this state of boredom impacts your learning and functioning in everyday life. In this case, boredom is impacting your learning and functioning, as you are unable to remain seated and focused in several classes without needing to take several breaks. </div>  {{Robelbox/close}} This chapter explains how boredom motivates substance use. [[w:Boredom|Boredom]] is a psychological state which can motivate seeking excitement and attention. This can be problematic when other external and internal factors come into play, leading to high risk behaviours such as [[wikipedia:Substance_abuse|substance misuse]] (Bench & Lench, 2019). Around 91-98% of youth experience boredom in their daily lives (Chin et al., 2017). Additionally, 47% of individuals 14 years and over report using an illicit drug as some point in their lives (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2025) {{ic|Target an international audience; Australia represents 0.3% of the human population}}. Through this chapter, understanding why boredom arises will be beneficial in knowing how to handle it effectively and positively. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=7}} [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|90px]] '''Focus questions''' * What are the psychological theories about boredom? * What are the psychological theories behind substance use? * What is the role of boredom in substance use? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == The psychology of boredom == <blockquote>''“Boredom: the desire for desires”'' <small>Tolstoy (1902/2013)</small></blockquote> Boredom is a universal human experience of desiring to engage in meaningful stimuli, but not being able to do so{{f}}. This emotion can arise from internal and external factors. Some individuals are more prone to experiencing it due to age, maturity or disposition. While boredom is often seen as trivial, it plays an important psychological role as it is linked to maladaptive issues such as attentional difficulties, unresolved internal conflicts and monotonous tasks. However, it also serves an adaptive function by motivating individuals to seek new goals and more meaningful engagement (Eastwood et al., 2012; Caldwell et al., 1999; Eplidorou, 2023; Ndetei et al., 2023). === Definition of boredom === Boredom is a negative emotional state of individuals seeking engagement with stimuli of interest, although the environment prevents this from occurring (Eastwood et al., 2012). Attentional theories suggest that some environments are under stimulating which impacts an individual's ability to focus (see Figure 2) (Westgate, 2020). Boredom may be perceived as unimportant; however, it can be argued that boredom allows for individuals to reignite [[motivation]] to pursue different [[Goal Setting Process|goals]] (Bench & Lench, 2013). [[File:Collage_of_bored_students.png|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' Collage of varying students that are all displaying states of boredom in class.]] === Causes of boredom === There are two types of boredom, “endogenous” and “reactive” boredom{{f}}. Endogenous boredom refers to what comes from within, it is also known as person-based state boredom (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). An example of this is if an individual is at work and they have increasing amounts of engaging tasks but they are still bored due to an internal sense of detachment and meaninglessness. Reactive boredom is the opposite of endogenous boredom, as it refers to a state of boredom that is brought on by the environment, also referred to as situation-based state boredom (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). An example would be if you are in class where the teacher is presenting a lecture on a topic you are uninterested in, it goes on for ages and is highly monotonous (see Figure 2). The propensity of experiencing boredom is that some individuals may have the tendency to experience boredom more so than others and it can translate across situations in their lives (Mercer-Lynn et al., 2014). Trait boredom is not necessarily a trait itself, it is a disposition to experience it more frequently or have difficulty tolerating it{{f}}. Furthermore, age and cultural differences can impact how or when someone experiences boredom (Ndetei et al., 2023). For example, adolescents are particularly vulnerable to boredom due to a conflict between desire for independence, limited autonomy and opportunities in their social environment. There is a bidirectional connection with boredom and depression, where boredom has the potential to worsen depressive symptoms, alongside being a risk factor for developing depression (Ndetei et al., 2023). Boredom can be an antecedent to depression as it can disrupt individuals{{g}} motivation, reduce pleasure and lead to negative emotional states. === Psychological theories of boredom === From a [[w:cognitive_psychology|cognitive psychological perspective]], research suggests that states of boredom are influenced by factors such as age and developmental stage. Individuals with lower levels of maturity may struggle to recognise potential changes in their environment or lack the awareness of strategies to act upon their desire for change once boredom is perceived (Caldwell et al., 1999). More broadly, boredom can be understood as arising from difficulties in sustaining attention or from attention being diverted elsewhere (Eplidorou, 2023). From a [[w:Psychodynamic_perspective|psychodynamic perspective]], boredom arises when conflicting wants or desires create an inner tension that cannot be resolved. This unresolved conflict leaves the individual in a state of dissatisfaction and disengagement, manifesting as boredom (Eastwood et al., 2007). There are several empirically evidenced theories of bored. The forced-effort theory of boredom asserts that boredom emerges when individuals are required to devote time and energy to monotonous or repetitive tasks{{f}}. Under such conditions, the effort expended is perceived as disproportionate to the level of stimulation or reward, resulting in a sense of disengagement and boredom (Caldwell et al., 1999). Alternatively, the functional theory of boredom conceptualises boredom as an affective state that serves an adaptive purpose{{f}}. Rather than being merely unpleasant, boredom signals the need to disengage from the current situation and seek alternative activities that are more meaningful or stimulating. This thereby guides individuals toward goal-directed action (Eplidorou, 2023). === How boredom can motivate === Boredom is not just an unpleasant emotion or state, rather simply best defined as a motivating state. Due to the inconsistency between attention and engagement, discomfort occurs and signals that the current situation is unfulfilling (Caldwell et al., 1999). Therefore, bored individuals are more likely to seek experiences and challenges, as they are motivated to seek the stimulation that they are lacking (Ndetei et al., 2023). From a functional perspective, boredom can be adaptive and push people to pursue more rewarding goals. Through a neurobiological lens, this is linked to reduced activity in the dopamine reward pathways, which drives the search for novelty or excitement to compensate for the deficit (Ernst & Luciana, 2015). While this can encourage positive outcomes such as creativity or learning, it can also lead to maladaptive behaviours. Maladaptive behaviours such as impulsivity or substance use when individuals try to cope with the aversive state{{g}}. Adolescents are pushed toward high risk behaviours when meaningful leisure opportunities are nonexistent (Wegner & Flisher, 2009). {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> Endogenous boredom comes from within a person, while reactive boredom is situation-based. |type="()"} + True - False {The psychodynamic theory suggests boredom occurs when conflicting desires cannot be resolved. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==Psychology behind substance use== [[File:Figure_2._Abstract_image_of_different_substance_options.png|thumb|'''Figure 3.''' Bored individual is considering different types of substances.]] Substance use refers to the consumption of substances, which may include illicit drugs, prescription medications, or everyday substances like alcohol and caffeine (see Figure 3){{f}}. While general use does not always equate to harm, substance misuse occurs when use becomes uncontrollable and causes significant negative effects, sometimes leading to addiction (American Psychiatric Association, 2024). Several psychological theories explain substance misuse: the [[w:Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial model]] emphasises the interplay of genetic, psychological and socio-cultural factors (Rickwood et al., 2005); the [[w:Self-medication hypothesis|self-medication hypothesis]] suggests that individuals use substances to cope with distress or mental health issues, increasing vulnerability to disorders (Baskin‐Sommers & Hearon, 2015); and the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction|hijacking model]] highlights how repeated use alters the brain's reward system, reinforcing dependence and contributing to long-term structural deficits (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). === What is substance use and types of substances? === Substance abuse occurs when an individual uses specific substances on a recurring basis{{f}}. This can include illicit substances, or the misuse of over-the-counter prescriptions (American Psychiatric Association Website, 2024). Substances are typically categorised into four types (see Table 1). Substances are commonly categorised as [[w:depressants|depressants]], [[w:Stimulants|stimulants]], [[w:Hallucinogens|hallucinogens]] and [[w:Inhalants|inhalants]], each producing distinct psychological and physiological effects {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. Substance Categories !Types of Substances !Examples |- |Depressants |Alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol, benzodiazepines, GHB, ketamine. |- |Stimulants |Cocaine, amphetamines, ritalin, caffeine, MDMA. |- |Hallucinogens |Ketamine, magic mushrooms, LSD, ecstasy. |- |Inhalants |Toluene, plastic cement, paint, gasoline, paint thinners, hair sprays. |} === The difference between using substances and misuse === Substance misuse (also known as substance abuse or ‘substance use disorders’) can be differentiated from general use of substances when an individual uses them in a way that causes harm, and they are unable to control their use of them despite the harmful effects - i.e. addiction. Substance misuse is associated with prescription medications, whilst substance abuse is associated with taking substances purposefully to get a high or inflict self-harm (Meridian Psychiatric Partners, 2020). === Psychological theories behind substance misuse === The [[wikipedia:Biopsychosocial_model|Biopsychosocial Model]] of substance use (Rickwood et al., 2005) highlights how biological, psychological and socio-cultural domains interact to influence the onset and maintenance of substance use. Biological factors include genetic vulnerability to both the risk factors that predispose individuals to use drugs and the physiological effects of drugs themselves (Rickwood et al., 2005). Psychological factors encompass learning and conditioning processes, cultural beliefs about substance use and underlying mental health conditions that may increase susceptibility. Socio-cultural factors involve the broader context, such as social networks and peer groups, environmental influences and socioeconomic status, which can act as either risk or protective factors (Rickwood et al., 2005). This framework emphasises the importance of individual, psychological and social dimensions in understanding substance use and its associated risks. The [[wikipedia:Self-medication#Self-medication_hypothesis|self-medication hypothesis]] suggests that individuals may turn to substance use as a means of alleviating or "quieting" distressing psychological states, such as those linked to stress or mental health disorders. While this provides temporary relief, it simultaneously increases vulnerability to substance use disorders as reliance on substances becomes a maladaptive coping mechanism (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). The [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction|"hijacking" model]] proposes that repeated substances use alters the brain's reward system by reshaping incentive structures and "wanting" mechanisms. Substances become strongly linked through predictive associations with reward value therefore reinforcing use. Over time these changes extend beyond motivation, contributing to structural and functional brain alterations that exacerbate cognitive and emotional deficits, thereby maintaining vulnerability to substance use disorders (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> The biopsychosocial model emphasises biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences on substance use. |type="()"} + True - False {The self-medication hypothesis suggests people sometimes use substances to cope with stress or mental health symptoms. |type="()"} + True - False {The “hijacking” model describes how repeated substance use can change brain reward pathways and motivations. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==The relationship between boredom and substance use== Boredom is linked to substance use, especially in adolescents as they are sensitive to rewards due to developmental changes in the dopamine system{{f}}. This makes them more likely to use substances as a coping strategy to escape under-stimulation or distress{{f}}. This process is reinforced by the self-medication hypothesis and the overlap between boredom and depression. Over time, substances hijack dopamine pathways, leading to reduced rewards for natural activities and increasing the vulnerability to dependence on substances. Preventative strategies like routines, hobbies, exercise and healthy coping mechanisms can reduce this risk.{{f}} === Why is there a relationship between boredom & substance use? === Adolescents would rely on substance use as a way to overcome under-stimulating environments, this was worsened by early age and the high quantity of use of the substances (Weybright et al., 2015){{g}}. During adolescence, neurodevelopment synaptic pruning and reductions in glial cells occur (Green at al., 2023). These changes are critical for cognitive development as synaptic pruning involves the process of eliminating unnecessary synapses. Therefore, this is a critical time where individuals can be influenced by peers easily. This, along with neurodevelopment, can lead to interrupted prefrontal cortex maturation, which leads to behaviour regulation difficulties (Yücel et al., 2007). Additionally, adolescents with high boredom trait levels were more likely to engage in substance abuse overall (Weybright et al., 2015). Studies indicate that adolescents experiencing boredom are 50% more likely to smoke, drink, become intoxicated and use illicit substances compared to their non-bored peers (Columbia University, 2003){{expand}}. This population may turn to substance use as a coping strategy, using it to alleviate or escape the aversive experience of boredom (Ndetei et al., 2023). This aligns with the self-medication hypothesis, which proposes that individuals use substances to reduce distressing psychological states, such as stress, low mood or mental health difficulties that can be enhanced by feelings of boredom (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). Boredom has been identified as both a risk factor for and a symptom of depression, with both states characterised by feelings of numbness, low motivation and disengagement (Ndetei et al., 2023). According to the self-medication hypothesis, substance use may provide temporary relief by reducing aversive psychological states (Baskin‐Sommers, & Hearon, 2015). However, this short-term alleviation reinforces reliance on substances, therefore heightening the vulnerability to substance use disorders. Therefore, boredom and depression can be considered as interconnected drivers that funnel individuals toward self-medication through substance use. The dopamine system, particularly the [[wikipedia:Mesolimbic_pathway|mesolimbic pathway]] ([[wikipedia:Ventral_tegmental_area|ventral tegmental area]] → [[wikipedia:Nucleus_accumbens|nucleus accumbens]] → [[wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex|prefrontal cortex]]) plays a central role in reward sensitivity, motivation and learning, and its activity is heightened during adolescence (Ernst & Luciana, 2015). When individuals are bored, this aversive state triggers a motivational drive to seek out rewarding stimuli. Adolescents are especially sensitive to such rewards due to developmental changes in dopamine-rich brain circuitry, making boredom more likely to push them toward high reward behaviours such as substance use (Galván, 2013). Substances that are often abused intensify this effect by producing large, rapid dopamine surges in the striatum, reinforcing drug-related cues and increasing their incentive salience, which makes them more attention-grabbing and desirable (Volkov & Morales, 2015). Repeated substance use over time leads to neuroadaptations where natural rewards elicit diminished dopamine responses, while drug cues elicit heightened responses which reduces the capacity to enjoy non-drug rewards and further reinforcing substance use patterns (see Figure 4) (Poisson et al., 2021). A systematic review by Wegner and Flisher (2009) strengthen findings that leisure boredom consistently predicts higher levels of adolescent substance use. It was also highlighted that contextual factors such as a lack of structured leisure options and limited parental monitoring increases the risk. These conclusions are supported by later empirical studies (Weybright et al., 2015), further strengthening the evidence that boredom is a key driver of adolescent substance use. === Preventative measures === Creating a consistent routine can help bring purpose to your life and reduce idle time that may otherwise feel unproductive. Incorporating hobbies, physical activity and creative pursuits into this routine is especially beneficial, as these activities not only provide structure but also enhance mood and fulfil the brain's need for reward. Additionally, replacing maladaptive coping mechanisms with healthier alternatives is important for long-term well-being. Having a list of preplanned activities can provide constructive outlets and reduce the likelihood of slipping back into old substance use habits. Example of activities include, going for a walk, calling a friend, creative activity (knitting, painting, drawing), exercise or others.{{f}} {{Robelbox|alt=|theme=7|title=Check your knowledge [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ktip.png|right|50px]]}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> Adolescents high in boredom proneness are no more likely to use substances than their peers. |type="()"} - True + False {Boredom can increase substance use because people seek stimulation or a dopamine hit. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox/close}} ==Conclusion== Boredom can be understand through multiple psychological perspectives including cognitive theory, the forced-effort theory, the functional theory, and the psychodynamic perspective. Substance misuse is often explained by the biopsychosocial model, alongside the self-medication hypothesis. Boredom acts as a key driver of substance use by creating an aversive state that individuals seek to escape. Turning to substances is a form of coping from stress and a way to seek stimulation and dopamine-driven rewards. Over time, there is a reliance that is formed and reinforces the patterns of misuse and increases the risk of dependence. Boredom can be a warning sign, if you do not manage it then it may push you toward unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance use. Try utilising your boredom for growth rather than risk. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Addiction|Addiction]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Boredom|Boredom]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Boredom and technology addiction|Boredom and technology addiction]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2015/Boredom_and_motivation&veaction=edit&section=16 Boredom and motivation] (Book chapter, 2015) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Boredom and emotion|Boredom and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Alcohol, dopamine, motivation, and emotion|Alcohol, dopamine, motivation, and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/E-cigarette use motivation|E-cigarette use motivation]] (Book chapter, 2025) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Treatment motivation in substance use disorder|Treatment motivation in substance use disorder]] (Book chapter, 2023) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= American Psychiatric Association. 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(1999). “Why are you bored?”: An examination of psychological and social control causes of boredom among adolescents. ''Journal of Leisure Research'', ''31''(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949853 Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life. ''Emotion'', ''17''(2), 359. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000232 Columbia University. (2003). National survey of American attitudes on substance abuse VIII: Teens and parents. New York, NY: National Centre on Addiction. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED478693.pdf Eastwood, J. D., Cavaliere, C., Fahlman, S. A., & Eastwood, A. E. (2007). A desire for desires: Boredom and its relation to alexithymia. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''42''(6), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.027 Eastwood, J., Frischen, A., Fenske, M., & Smilek, D. (2012). The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention. 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Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology, 210(4), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1 Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Bar, R. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2014). Causes of boredom: The person, the situation, or both? ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''56'', 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.034 Ndetei, D. M., Nyamai, P., & Mutiso, V. (2023). Boredom—understanding the emotion and its impact on our lives: An African perspective. ''Frontiers in Sociology'', ''8'', 1213190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1213190 Poisson, C. L., Engel, L., & Saunders, B. T. (2021). Dopamine circuit mechanisms of addiction-like behaviors. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 15, 752420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.752420 Rickwood, D., Crowley, M., Dyer, K., Magor-Blatch, L., Melrose, J., Mentha, H., & Ryder, D. (2005). ''Perspectives in psychology: Substance use''. Melbourne: Australian Psychological Society. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218 Tolstoy, L. (2013). ''Leo Tolstoy - A short story collection: "Boredom: The desire for desires."'' Copyright Group Limited. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4uzCtQEACAAJ Volkow, N. D., & Morales, M. (2015). The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell, 162(4), 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.046 Wegner, L., & Flisher, A. J. (2009). Leisure boredom and adolescent risk behaviour: A systematic literature review. Journal of child and adolescent mental health, 21(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2989/JCAMH.2009.21.1.4.806 Wong, E. C., Haardörfer, R., Windle, M., & Berg, C. J. (2016). Distinct Motives for Use Among Polytobacco Versus Cigarette Only Users and Among Single Tobacco Product Users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, ntw284. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw284 Westgate, E. C. (2020). Why boredom is interesting. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''29''(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419884309 Weybright, E. H., Caldwell, L. L., Ram, N., Smith, E. A., & Wegner, L. (2015). Boredom prone or nothing to do? Distinguishing between state and trait leisure boredom and its association with substance use in South African adolescents. ''Leisure Sciences'', ''37''(4), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1014530 Yücel, M., Lubman, D. I., Solowij, N., & Brewer, W. J. (2007). Understanding drug addiction: A neuropsychological perspective. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(12), 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701689444 }} ==External links== *[https://www.healthline.com/health/boredom Boredom] (Healthline) *[https://meridianpsychiatricpartners.com/drug-misuse-abuse-and-addiction-whats-the-difference/ Drug misuse, abuse and addiction: What’s the difference?] (Meridian Psychiatric Partners) *[https://www.ted.com/dubbing/manoush_zomorodi_how_boredom_can_lead_to_your_most_brilliant_ideas?language=en&audio=en How boredom can lead to your most brilliant ideas] (TED Talk) *[https://www.northpointrecovery.com/blog/how-to-deal-with-boredom-in-recovery-from-addiction/? How to deal with boredom in recovery from addiction] (Northpoint Recovery) *[https://www.aristarecovery.com/blog/life-is-boring-without-drugs-d7a0e? Life is boring without drugs] (Arista Recovery) *[https://www.ted.com/talks/judy_grisel_never_enough_the_neuroscience_and_experience_of_addiction Never enough: The neuroscience and experience of addiction] (TEDx Talk) *[https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/substance-abuse Substance abuse] (Healthdirect) *[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jun/15/the-big-idea-should-we-embrace-boredom The big idea: should we embrace boredom?] (The Guardian) *[https://www.jacksonhouserehab.com/blog/posts/2024/june/the-connection-between-boredom-and-addiction/ The connection between boredom and addiction] (Jackson House Rehab) *[https://fountainhillsrecovery.com/blog/boredom-and-relapse/? Why boredom can lead to relapse and 3 ways to prevent it] (Fountain Hills Recovery) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Boredom]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Drugs]] joxhkrbmhbixkhkwgk1adjvmjkyfrf8 0 323153 2832136 2831536 2026-09-08T00:16:00Z Jtneill 10242 /* Motivation and emotion */ Fix user name 2832136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[/Adolescent risk-taking and reward-system development/]] - How does reward circuit maturation influence adolescent sensation-seeking and impulsive behaviours? {{ME-By|U3280843}} # [[/Akrasia/]] - Why do people act against their better judgement? {{ME-By|U3269672}} # [[/Artificial intelligence and academic motivation/]] - How does artificial intelligence influence students’ motivation to learn, engage, and achieve? {{ME-By|U3280097}} # [[/Attachment styles and relatedness motivation/]] - How do attachment styles affect the need for relatedness? {{ME-By|HawaSA}} # [[/Athletic identity loss and returning to sport after injury/]] - How does injury related disruption to athletic identity affect motivation to return to sport? {{ME-By|Tammysaurus}} # [[/Automaticity and goal pursuit/]] - How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit? {{ME-By|Revial76}} # [[/Basal ganglia and motivation/]] - What is the role of the basal ganglia in motivated behaviour? {{ME-By|U3233213}} # [[/Building therapeutic alliance/]] - What psychological factors contribute to the development of a strong therapeutic alliance? {{ME-By|U3175512}} # [[/Charismatic leadership and follower motivation/]] - How does charismatic leadership inspire follower motivation? {{ME-By|U3275984}} # [[/Competence motivation in self-determination theory/]] - How does the need for competence function within self-determination theory to shape motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|Zozo}} # [[/Consumer emotion measurement/]] - How can consumer emotion be measured? {{ME-By|Sienna33309}} # [[/Creative inspiration and effort/]] - How do inspiration and effort interact during the creative process? {{ME-By|Vivekidid}} # [[/Developing a growth mindset/]] - How can a growth mindset be cultivated and sustained? {{ME-By|LMM26}} # [[/Effort regulation and cost-benefit decision-making/]] - How is effort dynamically adjusted based on changing cost-benefit analysis during goal pursuit? {{ME-By|Kelp14}} # [[/ERG theory and motivation/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation? {{ME-By|Sarah Hagan06}} # [[/Epistemic motivation and the need for cognitive closure/]] - How does epistemic motivation and the need for cognitive closure influence our lives? {{ME-By|Ayat Al-kabai}} # [[/Exercise gamification motivation/]] - How can gamification affect exercise motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|U3260591}} # [[/Expectancy-value theory of educational motivation/|Expectancy-value theory of educational motivation]] - What is expectancy-value theory and how can it be applied to understand and enhance educational motivation? {{ME-By|StudentUC2026}} # [[/Extended process model of emotion regulation/]] - What is the extended process model and how does it explain the regulation of emotions in different contexts? {{ME-By|TheHutt02}} # [[/Feedback literacy/]] - What is feedback literacy, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? {{ME-By|WonderfulKitten3}} # [[/Future orientation and criminal behaviour/]] - How does future orientation influence the risk of criminal activity? {{ME-By|U3275899}} # [[/Game of dice task and decision-making/]] - What does the game of dice task reveal about risk-based decision-making? {{ME-By|U3216724}} # [[/Gender and achievement motivation/]] - How does gender shape where, how, and under what conditions achievement motivation is expressed? {{ME-By|U3242837}} # [[/Generativity/]] - What is generativity and how does it impact behaviour and life outcomes? {{ME-By|Monuc9}} # [[/Getting started/]] - Why is task initiation difficult and how to overcome it? {{ME-By|U3286643}} # [[/Hygiene motivation/]] - What motivates maintenance of personal hygiene? {{ME-By|U3275940}} # [[/Hypothalamus and homeostatic motivation/]] - How do hypothalamic circuits regulate hunger, thirst, and other survival-related motivations? {{ME-By|U3297598}} # [[/Impulsivity versus sensation-seeking/]] - What is the distinction between impulsivity and sensation-seeking and how does this affect behaviour? {{ME-By|Reillyu3280706}} # [[/Indigenous Australian role models and motivation/]] - How do role models influence aspirations, identity development, and motivation among Indigenous Australians? {{ME-By|Jshottt}} # [[/Interrogation and compliance/]] - What psychological processes influence resistance and compliance during interrogation? {{ME-By|U3283643}} # [[/Lifelong learning motivation/]] - What motivates lifelong learning? {{ME-By|U3280251}} # [[/Machiavellian motivation/]] - What is the motivational role of Machiavellianism? {{ME-By|Mim0502}} # [[/Mesolimbic pathway and addiction motivation/]] - What role does the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens pathway play in addictive behaviours? {{ME-By|U3280499}} # [[/Mindsets and stigma/]] - What role do growth versus fixed mindsets play in prejudice and stigma? {{ME-By|U3275909}} # [[/Motivations for using sex work services/]] - What motivates use of sex work services? {{ME-By|U3261236}} # [[/Motivational effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians/]] - What are the motivational effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians?{{ME-By|U3183521}} # [[/Need to love and be loved/]] - How does the desire to give and receive love influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3280743}} # [[/Occupational violence, emotion, and coping/]] - What are the emotional impacts of occupational violence and how can employees cope? {{ME-By|Anne-Lyse Iran}} # [[/Overconfidence in decision-making/]] - How does overconfidence bias affect judgement and decision-making? {{ME-By|BellaJohnson1}} # [[/Parental motivations for homeschooling/]] - What motivates parents to homeschool their children? {{ME-By|Gracelp}} # [[/Perfectionism and procrastination/]] - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? {{ME-By|U3222012}} # [[/Pleasure anticipation and dopamine/]] - How does the brain's reward system generate motivation through expected rather than experienced pleasure? {{ME-By|U3284308}} # [[/Possible selves and goal pursuit/]] - How do possible selves influence motivation and goal-directed behaviour? {{ME-By|Jack4234}} # [[/Power motivation in leadership/]] - How does power motivation influence leadership styles and effectiveness? {{ME-By|PsychstudentUniversity!}} # [[/Prevention versus promotion mindset/]] - What are the motivational differences between prevention and promotion mindsets? {{ME-By|Bronte.H}} # [[/Relatedness motivation in self-determination theory/]] - How does the need for relatedness function within self-determination theory to shape motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|U3203283}} # [[/Retirement motivation/]] - What motivates retirement from work? {{ME-By|U3261207}} # [[/Scarcity versus abundance mindset/]] - How do scarcity and abundance mindsets develop and what are the motivational consequences? {{ME-By|U3274291}} # [[/Self-concept and motivation/]] - How does self-concept relate to motivation? {{ME-By|U3253363}} # [[/Self-determination theory and dementia care/]] - How can autonomy, competence, and relatedness be supported in people living with dementia? {{ME-By|Ella Kay244}} # [[/Self-determination theory and military veteran reintegration/]] - How do autonomy, competence, and relatedness shape psychological adjustment after military service? {{ME-By|U3246286}} # [[/Self-determination theory and physical activity/]] - How do autonomy, competence, and relatedness predict engagement in physical activity and exercise adherence? {{ME-By|U3275908}} # [[/Self-determination theory and social media use/]] - How do basic psychological needs explain patterns of social media engagement? {{ME-By|GraceInMind}} # [[/Sensation-seeking and dopamine/]] - What is the neurobiological relationship between sensation-seeking and dopamine? {{ME-By|U3262868}} # [[/Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns/]] - How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females? {{ME-By|U3236349}} # [[/Sex work motivation/]] - What motivates sex work and how does this impact worker experiences? {{ME-By|U3261376}} # [[/Sleep deprivation, motivation, and academic performance/|Sleep deprivation, motivation, and academic performance]] - How does sleep deprivation affect motivation, attention, and academic performance in university students? {{ME-By|RileyRuckus}} # [[/Social dominance and power motivation/]] - What is the relationship between social dominance and power motivation? {{ME-By|U3284302}} # [[/Subcortical structures and motivational drive/]] - How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy? {{ME-By|U3281503}} # [[/Sun exposure and protection motivation/]] - What motivates sun exposure and protection behaviours? {{ME-By|U3188047}} # [[/Surrender motivation/]] - What is the motivational state of surrender and what are its impacts? {{ME-By|Chloebateup}} # [[/Types of impulsivity/]] - What are the different types of impulsivity and how do they affect motivation? {{ME-By|Ella234567}} # [[/Value congruence and motivation/]] - How does alignment between personal and situational values influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3275775}} # [[/Volunteer counsellor motivation/]] - What motivates people to become and remain volunteer counsellors? {{ME-By|J.M.A Watson}} # [[/Youth environmental activism motivation/]] - What motivates young people to engage in environmental activism? {{ME-By|SJPiper}} ==Emotion== # [[/Active versus passive social media use/]] - How do different patterns of social media engagement influence emotions and psychological wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3282656}} # [[/Adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection/]] - When does self-reflection promote wellbeing and when does it contribute to psychological distress? {{ME-By|U3211150}} # [[/Affect heuristic/]] - What is the affect heuristic and how does it influence decision making? {{ME-By|Charlie.henderson1}} # [[/Alcohol use for emotion regulation/]] - Why and how do people use alcohol to regulate their emotions? {{ME-By|JessJ117}} # [[/Apocalyptic fear/]] - What is apocalyptic fear, what are its consequences, and how can it be dealt with? {{ME-By|LazPulch}} # [[/Awe and the diminished self/]] - How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied? {{ME-By|Amirrorslens}} # [[/Awe and nature/]] - What is the relationship between awe and nature? {{ME-By|U3269915}} # [[/Body neutrality and emotional well-being/]] - How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Amyuniversity}} # [[/Breathing exercises and relaxation/]] - How can breathing exercises promote relaxation? {{ME-By|E3297976}} # [[/Cognitive hardiness and stress resilience/]] - How does cognitive hardiness promote resilience to stress and adversity? {{ME-By|U3068253}} # [[/Cognitive versus affective empathy/]] - What are the differences between cognitive and affective empathy and how do they contribute to prosociality? {{ME-By|U3280159}} # [[/Dark empathy/]] - What is dark empathy, what are its consequences, and what can be done to address it? {{ME-By|U3228742}} # [[/Dreams and emotional problem-solving/]] - How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping? {{ME-By|U3270398}} # [[/Eco-emotions/]] - What are eco-emotions, how do they influence behaviour, and how can they be managed? {{ME-By|U3243776}} # [[/Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians/]] - What are the emotional effects of incarcertation on Indigenous Australians? {{ME-By|Lilfish215}} # [[/Emotional expressivity/]] - What is emotional expressivity, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? {{ME-By|U3283812}} # [[/Emotional flooding in relationships/]] - Why does emotional flooding occur, how does it affect relationships, and what can be done about it? {{ME-By|Tofu05}} # [[/Emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing/]] - How does emotional intelligence affect emotional wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3239236}} # [[/Emotion dysregulation/]] - What is emotion dysregulation, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3285438}} # [[/Emotion regulation through exercise/]] - How do people use exercise to regulate their emotional states? {{ME-By|KB3250298}} # [[/Empathy and jury decision-making/]] - How does empathy toward defendants and victims influence jurors' reasoning and verdict decisions? {{ME-By|U3254168}} # [[/Empathy fatigue and emotional exhaustion/]] - How does sustained empathic engagement contribute to emotional exhaustion? {{ME-By|U3143751}} # [[/Enjoyment and learning/]] - How does enjoyment influence learning? {{ME-By|Diaz Chas}} # [[/Envy in the workplace/]] - What role does envy play in workplace behaviour? {{ME-By|Flickstar888}} # [[/Excitement as an emotion/]] - What is the emotional excitement and how does it influence behaviour and wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3292769}} # [[/Fear extinction/]] - What psychological and neural processes underlie the extinction of fear responses? {{ME-By|ChillPsychGuy0607}} # [[/Growth mindset and psychological wellbeing/]] - How does a growth mindset influence psychological wellbeing? {{ME-By|Avj.06}} # [[/Immersive therapy for PTSD treatment/]] - How does it work and what are the effects? {{ME-By|StretchBeyond}} # [[/Interpersonal psychotherapy and emotion/]] - How does interpersonal psychotherapy improve emotional wellbeing through changes in relationships? U3280122 # [[/Introjection and guilt-based motivation/]] - What role do shame and guilt play in introjected forms of behavioural regulation? {{ME-By|U3330981}} # [[/Irritability/]] - What is irritability, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3275992}} # [[/Love styles and relationships/]] - How do love styles influence relationship satisfaction and stability? {{ME-By|U3246588}} # [[/Melatonin and seasonal mood/]] - What role does melatonin play in seasonal mood changes? {{ME-By|U3224236}} # [[/Mental health first aid and helping behaviour/]] - What motivates people to recognise, approach, and support someone with a mental health problem? {{ME-By|Katelyn Rod}} # [[/Mood and cognitive performance/]] - How do different mood states impact attention, memory, and problem solving? {{ME-By|U3283879}} # [[/Moodiness/]] - What is moodiness, why does it occur, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3239251}} # [[/Moral disgust and jury decision-making/]] - How does moral disgust influence jurors' judgments of guilt, blame, and punishment? {{ME-By|Yellowvines}} # [[/Neurobiology of love/]] - What neural systems and biochemical processes underlie love? {{ME-By|Honeybelle11}} # [[/Nitrous oxide and emotion/]] - How does nitrous oxide influence emotional experience and mood? {{ME-By|User:U3275873}} # [[/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being/]] - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Mymunu}} # [[/Phubbing and emotion/]] - What are the emotional causes and consequences of phubbing? {{ME-By|U3243961}} # [[/Positive emotion dysregulation/]] - What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? {{ME-By|P U3270518}} # [[/Psychedelic treatment of eating disorders/]] - How might psychedelic-assisted therapy influence psychological mechanisms involved in eating eating disorders? {{ME-By|Leilab23}} # [[/Responsiveness and interpersonal trust/]] - How does responsiveness foster trust in relationships? {{ME-By|U3282586}} # [[/Romantic entertainment and love beliefs/]] - How do romantic entertainment influence beliefs and expectations about love and romantic relationships? {{ME-By|U3247927}} # [[/Romantic jealousy/]] - Why does romantic jealousy occur, what are its impacts, and how can it be managed?{{ME-By|U3279062}} # [[/Secondary trauma in healthcare workers/]] - What are the emotional consequences of secondary trauma in healthcare settings? {{ME-By|U3257744}} # [[/Seasonal affective disorder/]] - What is SAD, why does it occur, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|Greg Philips}} # [[/Self-blame and emotion/]] - How does self-blame influence emotional responses to negative events? {{ME-By|GU3281277}} # [[/Self-disclosure and emotional intimacy/]] - How does self-disclosure foster emotional closeness in relationships? {{ME-By|U3283302}} # [[/Self-stigma and emotion/]] - How does self-stigma impact emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Pinkk47}} # [[/Social connection and emotion regulation/]] - How do social relationships help regulate people's emotions? {{ME-By|U3284040}} # [[/Socioemotional selectivity theory and wellbeing in ageing/]] - How do social and emotional experiences affect wellbeing as people age? {{ME-By|U3253354}} # [[/Technology-based pain management/]] - How can technology-based tools alter pain perception and pain management? {{ME-By|ChelsSchofield}} # [[/Time perception in mood disorders/]] - How do anxiety and depression alter the subjective experience of time? {{ME-By|Safiaah}} # [[/Trust rebuilding after trauma/]] - How can trauma survivors develop trust in similar situations again? {{ME-By|U3284437}} # [[/Volunteer wellbeing/]] - How does volunteering affect volunteers' subjective wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3216851}} ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Boredom and interest/]] - How do boredom and interest shape emotional and motivational states? {{ME-By|U3239431}} # [[/Falling in love/]] - What motivational and emotional processes underlie romantic attraction and falling in love? {{ME-By|Mort006}} # [[/Life purpose and well-being/]] - How does a sense of purpose contribute to well-being and how can it be cultivated? {{ME-By|U3286962}} # [[/Moral emotions and ethical behaviour/]] - How do moral emotions motivate ethical and prosocial action? {{ME-By|U3263365}} # [[/Oxytocin as a neuromodulator/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of oxytocin as a neuromodulator? {{ME-By|U3306498}} # [[/Reward prediction error/]] - How does discrepancy between expected and actual rewards influence learning, emotion, and motivation? {{ME-By|Aivy.uc.cbr}} # [[/Warm-glow giving/]] - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? {{ME-By|Karabi Tasneem}} # [[/Wisdom, motivation, and emotion/]] - How do motivational and emotional processes contribute to wisdom? {{ME-By|Med.011387}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026]] dy58zvc5ejoq12rg764k24bkh78w864 0 325363 2832110 2794925 2026-09-07T21:01:58Z ~2026-48593-49 3110725 2832110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{author|Harold Foppele}} {{Learning project}} {{Mathematics}} <div style="margin-top: -1em;"> == Introduction == This page shows how complex the game of chess is in terms of possible positions on a chessboard.<br> Consider a standard chessboard with 64 squares. Each square can be in one of 13 possible states: one of six white pieces (pawn, rook, knight, bishop, king, or queen), one of six black pieces (pawn, rook, knight, bishop, king, or queen), or empty. == History == [[File:IBM 2315 disk cartridge.agr.jpg|thumb|An IBM 2315 disk cartridge: about one megabyte on a single 14-inch platter. Cartridges of this type were the removable storage of early-1970s minicomputers.<ref>[[w:IBM 2315|IBM 2315]], Wikipedia: 512,000 16-bit words (1,024,000 bytes) on a single 14-inch platter, used in the IBM 2310 drive from 1964–65.</ref>]] In the mid-1970s, when personal computers were just beginning to emerge, storage capacity was both small and extremely expensive. In January 1973 a DEC RK05 cartridge drive — 2.4 megabytes on a removable 14-inch platter of the kind pictured on the right — was listed at US$6,120, about US$2,550 per megabyte.<ref name="mccallum">John C. McCallum, ''Disk Drive Prices 1955–2024'', row "1973 Jan, DEC PDP-8/e End User Price List, RK05, 2.4 MB, $6,120". [https://web.archive.org/web/20240101000000/https://jcmit.net/diskprice.htm Archived copy] at the Internet Archive; the original domain no longer hosts the table.</ref> Adjusted for inflation, that corresponds to roughly US$18,000 per megabyte today.<ref>US Bureau of Labor Statistics, [https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl CPI Inflation Calculator]: $2,550 in January 1973 ≈ $18,400 in 2025.</ref> Mainframe disks were cheaper per megabyte — an IBM 3330-II held 200 megabytes for US$37,000 in 1974<ref name="mccallum" /> — but that was a machine-room cabinet, not something anyone could put on a desk.<br> My friend and I were discussing this and started a mind game. When you calculate how much storage would be required to hold all possible positions of a chessboard, you end up with astronomically large numbers — far beyond anything that could have been imagined with the hardware of that era.<br> The following shows the evolution from those massive, costly early storage devices to the capacities we enjoy today. Have fun! == Step 1: Unconstrained case == {{Chess diagram | fen = rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/PPPPPPPP/nnnnnnnn/BBBBBBBB/QQQQQQQQ/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR | align = tright | size = 24 | numbers = neither | letters = neither }} If each square can independently take any of the 13 possibilities, the total number of possible board configurations is: <math>13^{64} \approx 1.96 \times 10^{71}</math> <br><br><br><br><br> == Step 2: Constrained case (maximum 32 pieces) == {{Chess diagram | fen = rnbqkbnr/pppppppp/8/8/8/8/PPPPPPPP/RNBQKBNR | align = tright | size = 24 | numbers = neither | letters = neither }} Suppose the board may contain at most 32 pieces. Let <math>k</math> be the number of non-empty squares (pieces) on the board. For a fixed <math>k</math>, the number of configurations is: <math> \binom{64}{k} \cdot 12^k </math> This counts the ways to choose which <math>k</math> squares contain pieces, multiplied by the 12 possibilities for each piece (excluding empty). == Step 3: Sum over all allowed numbers of pieces (expanded) == Since <math>k</math> can range from 0 (empty board) to 32 (maximum pieces), the total number of allowed configurations is: <math> \sum_{k=0}^{32} \binom{64}{k} \cdot 12^k = \binom{64}{0} \cdot 12^0 + \binom{64}{1} \cdot 12^1 + \binom{64}{2} \cdot 12^2 + \dots + \binom{64}{32} \cdot 12^{32} </math> Here: * The first term <math>\binom{64}{0} \cdot 12^0 = 1</math> represents the empty board. * The second term <math>\binom{64}{1} \cdot 12^1 = 64 \cdot 12 = 768</math> represents boards with a single piece. * The third term <math>\binom{64}{2} \cdot 12^2 = 2016 \cdot 144 = 290{,}304</math> represents boards with two pieces. * <math>\dots</math> * The last term <math>\binom{64}{32} \cdot 12^{32} \approx 6.26 \times 10^{52}</math> represents boards with 32 pieces, and dominates the total sum. == Step 4: Maximum pieces term (<math>k = 32</math>) == The term corresponding to the maximum allowed number of pieces is: <math> \binom{64}{32} \cdot 12^{32} </math> The two factors are: <math>\binom{64}{32} = 1{,}832{,}624{,}140{,}942{,}590{,}534 \approx 1.83 \times 10^{18}</math> <math>12^{32} \approx 3.42 \times 10^{34}</math> Multiplying gives the largest term: <math> \binom{64}{32} \cdot 12^{32} \approx 6.26 \times 10^{52} </math> == Step 5: Why the <math>k = 32</math> term dominates == For sums of the form: <math> \sum_{k=0}^{32} \binom{64}{k} \cdot 12^k </math> the largest term occurs at <math>k = 32</math> because both the binomial coefficient <math>\binom{64}{k}</math> and <math>12^k</math> increase with <math>k</math> over this range. In fact each term is more than twelve times the one before it, so the <math>k=32</math> term alone makes up 92% of the total. Hence, the total number of configurations with at most 32 pieces is: <math>M = \sum_{k=0}^{32} \binom{64}{k} \cdot 12^k \approx 6.81 \times 10^{52}</math> — of the order of <math>10^{53}</math>. This is much smaller than the unconstrained total: <math>13^{64} \approx 1.96 \times 10^{71}</math> but still astronomically large. This count still includes enormous numbers of impossible boards. It does not even require that there be two kings — a board with thirty-two white queens is counted — and it allows kings on adjacent squares and pawns on the first and last rank. The number of ''legal'' chess positions has actually been computed: John Tromp and collaborators put it at <math>(4.82 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{44}</math>,<ref>John Tromp et al., ''[https://github.com/tromp/ChessPositionRanking Chess Position Ranking]'', GitHub, 2021: "(4.82 ± 0.03) × 10<sup>44</sup>" legal positions at 95% confidence, from a two-million-position sample verified with the Texel engine.</ref> about a hundred million times smaller than our rough upper bound. For the thought experiment that follows we will nevertheless carry our own number, <math>M \approx 6.8 \times 10^{52}</math>. It is the one we derived, and it makes the point just as well. == Visualize == [[File:"Seawise Giant" - Singapore, 1990.jpg|thumb|''Seawise Giant'' in Singapore, 1990]] The vessel on the right had a capacity of 564,763 DWT (metric tons), was completed in 1979, and measured 458.45 meters in length by 68.6 meters in width — the largest self-propelled ship ever built.<ref>[[w:Seawise Giant|Seawise Giant]], Wikipedia: 564,763 DWT; length overall 458.45 m; beam 68.6 m; draft 24.6 m; completed 1979 by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Yokosuka.</ref><br>Now, what has that to do with our calculations? We found a number<br> <math> M \approx 6.8 \times 10^{52} </math><br>but how can we imagine what that actually means? I will take you through a thought experiment. Think of this tanker in your mind. Try to picture the length: 458 meters, width 69 meters, draft (depth in the water) 25 meters. So keep that picture in mind. Now we are going to fill this tanker with data in the form of [[w:Solid-state drive|SSDs]], each capable of storing 4 terabytes. So we first have to convert all possible positions into bytes. We will use 32 bytes for one position: 64 squares at 4 bits each, which is enough to label 13 states. (A cleverer encoding needs only 22 bytes, as we will see at the end, but 32 keeps the arithmetic simple.) So we multiply our number <math> M \approx 6.8 \times 10^{52} </math> by 32. Now we have <math> (6.81 \times 10^{52}) \times 32 \approx 2.18 \times 10^{54} </math> [[w:Byte|bytes]]. Now we put those bytes onto 4-terabyte SSDs, so we divide the number of bytes we found by 4 terabytes. The result is <math> \frac{2.18 \times 10^{54}}{4 \times 10^{12}} \approx 5.45 \times 10^{41} </math> SSDs. So we are getting smaller numbers. For simple calculations we assume an SSD weighs 10 grams. Let's convert that to metric tons (1,000 kilograms each). <math> \begin{aligned} \text{Number of SSDs: } & N_{\rm SSD} = \frac{2.18 \times 10^{54} \text{ bytes}}{4 \times 10^{12} \text{ bytes/SSD}} \approx 5.45 \times 10^{41} \\ \text{Weight per SSD: } & W_{\rm SSD} = 10 \text{ g} = 0.01 \text{ kg} \\ \text{Total weight: } & W_{\rm kg} = N_{\rm SSD} \times W_{\rm SSD} = 5.45 \times 10^{41} \times 0.01 = 5.45 \times 10^{39} \text{ kg} \\ \text{In metric tons (1000 kg): } & W_{\rm tons} = \frac{W_{\rm kg}}{1000} = 5.45 \times 10^{36} \text{ tons} \end{aligned} </math><br>Now we get an even smaller number, but still not one we can picture. So let us load these SSDs into tankers — rounding the capacity we found down to 500,000 metric tons each, to keep the arithmetic simple. Thus we divide the number of metric tons by 500,000 per tanker. <br>Are you still with us?<br><math> \text{Number of tankers} = \frac{5.45 \times 10^{36} \text{ tons}}{500{,}000 \text{ tons/tanker}} \approx 1.09 \times 10^{31} \text{ tankers} </math> <br>OK, that brings the number down again. Now we have to put the tankers into harbors of, let's say, 1,000 tankers each.<br><math> N_{\rm harbors} = \frac{1.09 \times 10^{31} \text{ tankers}}{1{,}000 \text{ tankers/harbor}} \approx 1.09 \times 10^{28} \text{ harbors} </math><br>Yet again a smaller number. But let's see how many Earths we need to hold all those harbors. We allow each tanker half a square kilometer of harbor, and we use the whole surface of the Earth, land and sea:<br><math> \begin{aligned} \text{Area per harbor: } & A_{\rm harbor} = 1{,}000 \text{ tankers} \times 0.5\ \text{km²/tanker} = 500\ \text{km²/harbor} \\ \text{Total area needed: } & A_{\rm total} = N_{\rm harbors} \times A_{\rm harbor} = 1.09 \times 10^{28} \times 500 \approx 5.45 \times 10^{30}\ \text{km²} \\ \text{Surface area of Earth: } & A_{\rm Earth} = 510 \times 10^6\ \text{km²} = 5.1 \times 10^8\ \text{km²} \\ \text{Number of Earths needed: } & N_{\rm Earths} = \frac{A_{\rm total}}{A_{\rm Earth}} = \frac{5.45 \times 10^{30}}{5.1 \times 10^8} \approx 1.07 \times 10^{22} \end{aligned} </math><br>Feeling dizzy? Don't worry, it gets even better. Let us be generous and assume a galaxy has a trillion planets.<br><math> \text{Number of galaxies needed} = \frac{1.07 \times 10^{22}\ \text{Earths}}{10^{12}\ \text{planets/galaxy}} \approx 1.07 \times 10^{10}\ \text{galaxies} </math><br>Will this fit in the observable universe?<br><math> \begin{aligned} \text{Number of galaxies needed} &\approx 1.07 \times 10^{10} \\ \text{Galaxies in the observable universe} &\approx 2 \times 10^{12} \\ \text{Comparison: } & 1.07 \times 10^{10} \ll 2 \times 10^{12} \quad \Rightarrow \text{fits, with room for nearly two hundred copies} \end{aligned} </math><ref>Christopher J. Conselice, Aaron Wilkinson, Kenneth Duncan, Alice Mortlock, "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z &lt; 8 and Its Implications", ''The Astrophysical Journal'' 830 (2016) 83, [https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83 doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83]: about 2 × 10<sup>12</sup> galaxies in the observable universe.</ref><br>So the simple answer to the question '''Will it fit in the Universe?''' is yes. But this is just the beginning. If you fill the Earth with data by treating every electron as one bit, then…<br><math> \begin{aligned} \text{Total bytes needed for all positions: } & B_{\rm chess} \approx 2.18 \times 10^{54}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Nucleons in the Earth: } & \frac{M_{\rm Earth}}{m_{\rm p}} = \frac{5.97 \times 10^{24}\ \text{kg}}{1.67 \times 10^{-27}\ \text{kg}} \approx 3.6 \times 10^{51} \\ \text{Electrons (one per proton, about half the nucleons): } & N_e \approx 1.7 \times 10^{51} \\ \text{Bytes per Earth (every electron one bit): } & B_{\rm Earth} = \frac{N_e}{8} \approx 2.2 \times 10^{50}\ \text{bytes} \\ \text{Number of Earths needed: } & N_{\rm Earths} = \frac{B_{\rm chess}}{B_{\rm Earth}} = \frac{2.18 \times 10^{54}}{2.2 \times 10^{50}} \approx 1.0 \times 10^{4} \end{aligned} </math><ref>Fermilab, ''Inquiring Minds — Questions About Physics'', [https://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/inquiring/questions/atoms.html "How many atoms are in the Earth?"]: "the number of protons or neutrons in the earth is (mass earth)/(mass proton) = 3.6 x 10^51". Roughly 48% of the Earth's nucleons are protons, each paired with one electron.</ref><br>And that, finally, is an understandable number. Now you have ten thousand planets to deal with. (For the true count of legal positions, <math>4.82 \times 10^{44}</math>, the same trick needs only about one fourteen-thousandth of a single Earth.) == One step further == In the situation described, you suddenly have ten thousand planets on your hands. Impressive, but rather more than a handful. What if we let quantum computers handle that?<br>The storage of all these chessboard configurations could in principle be done using qubits in a quantum memory or quantum computing system, though current technology is far from capable of handling such scales (quantum memories are still experimental and limited to small numbers of qubits with short coherence times). However, let us extend the thought experiment from the Visualize section above to see what this might mean, staying true to the spirit of illustrating magnitudes. === Classical Storage Using Qubits === If we are talking about storing the explicit list of all <math>M \approx 6.8 \times 10^{52}</math> configurations as classical data (for example, a massive database in which each configuration is encoded in 32 bytes), qubits would not provide a magical reduction in the required physical resources. According to [[w:Holevo's theorem|Holevo's theorem]] in quantum information theory, the maximum amount of classical information you can reliably extract from <math>N</math> qubits is <math>N</math> bits — no more than what you would get from <math>N</math> classical bits. In other words: * Each qubit can effectively store 1 bit of classical data when used for this purpose. * The total data size remains <math>2.18 \times 10^{54}</math> bytes (<math>1.74 \times 10^{55}</math> bits), as calculated above. * Using our earlier assumption of the Earth's electrons (<math>1.7 \times 10^{51}</math>) as potential qubits (via electron spins, say), the bits per Earth would be the same as in the classical case. * Thus the number of Earths needed would still be about ten thousand, just as in the electron-as-bit scenario. In practice, quantum storage of classical data might even require ''more'' physical resources, because of error correction, cooling and the isolation needed to combat decoherence — but in this idealized thought experiment it is equivalent to the classical bit calculation. === Quantum Superposition Representation === Now for a more mind-bending twist. If we reinterpret ''storage'' as representing the ''entire set'' of configurations in a quantum superposition, rather than as an explicit classical list, qubits offer a dramatic advantage. A quantum system can hold a superposition of states, where <math>N</math> qubits span a space of up to <math>2^N</math> possible basis states. * The number of configurations is <math>M \approx 6.8 \times 10^{52}</math>. The minimum number of qubits needed to span a space at least as large as <math>M</math> (for a uniform superposition such as <math>|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{M}} \sum_i |C_i\rangle</math>) is <math>\lceil \log_2 M \rceil = 176</math> qubits (calculation: <math>\log_{10} M \approx 52.83</math>, so <math>\log_2 M = 52.83 / \log_{10} 2 \approx 52.83 / 0.301 \approx 175.5</math>, rounded up to 176). This is also where the 22 bytes mentioned earlier come from: 176 bits is the least any encoding of a single position can use. Encoding each configuration would require mapping them to indices in this 176-qubit register, plus some classical code to decode an index back to a board layout, which is negligible in size. In this setup, a single small quantum chip — far smaller than one SSD, let alone a tanker or an Earth — could ''hold'' the superposition of all configurations. This is not traditional storage: you could not easily list them all, or retrieve a specific one, without quantum algorithms such as [[w:Grover's algorithm|Grover's search]]. But it is useful for quantum computations over the space, such as searching for optimal moves in a hypothetical quantum chess solver. This superposition approach fits everything into a device you could hold in your hand, making the tankers, harbors, Earths and galaxies unnecessary. It highlights how quantum mechanics can collapse enormous combinatorial spaces into tiny physical systems. In summary: yes, qubits could handle the storage — either mirroring the classical calculation (for an explicit list) or vastly outperforming it through superposition (for a representational overlay). This thought experiment is a fun way to grasp the scale, and qubits add an extra layer of quantum weirdness to it. Thus, in the end, you have the whole world in your hand.<br><br>I hope you enjoyed it. </div> == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} 6yi1i9x7ydzqqbjv90snbie2tt6thoh 0 326060 2832008 2831297 2026-09-07T12:18:13Z Tsaag Valren 130031 /* Wikimedia projects */ 2832008 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use (Vrandečić and Krötzsch 2014). Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated (Vrandečić and Krötzsch 2014, Zangerle et al. 2016). Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} ph5073acvjrsychyopp6owhor8xv7sf 2832010 2832008 2026-09-07T12:26:23Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Wikimedia projects */ 2832010 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated (Vrandečić and Krötzsch 2014, Zangerle et al. 2016). Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} dgtzsdi4it35dt6k7va430oinu6uv57 2832013 2832010 2026-09-07T12:30:41Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Wikimedia projects */ 2832013 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /> (Zangerle et al. 2016). Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} pr3s0yas29vi5ex71d4a0xu4vut5aes 2832018 2832013 2026-09-07T12:40:00Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Wikimedia projects */ 2832018 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} 9w8ljjfxf3w2jql6wy44iq0b1wvu4bc 2832021 2832018 2026-09-07T12:45:54Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Wikimedia projects */ 2832021 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} rkxr7afvaki0x145vrttguxl599rzyu 2832022 2832021 2026-09-07T13:09:15Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Future research */ 2832022 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> === Future research === Methods for assessing Wikidata's data quality are still under development: following the questions raised by Piscopo and Simperl about the accuracy and reliability of the data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piscopo|first=Alessandro|last2=Simperl|first2=Elena|date=2019-08-20|title=What we talk about when we talk about wikidata quality: a literature survey|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306446.3340822|journal=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '19|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=17|pages=1–11|doi=10.1145/3306446.3340822|isbn=978-1-4503-6319-8}}</ref>, Shenov et al. (2022) propose a framework combining several indicators to detect low-quality statements, revealing issues such as duplicate entities, missing triples, and unmet constraints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shenoy|first=Kartik|last2=Ilievski|first2=Filip|last3=Garijo|first3=Daniel|last4=Schwabe|first4=Daniel|last5=Szekely|first5=Pedro|date=2022-04|title=A study of the quality of Wikidata|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826821000536|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=72|pages=100679|doi=10.1016/j.websem.2021.100679|issn=1570-8268}}</ref>. Two studies address the quality of ''referencing'' in Wikidata — that is, the reliability of sources cited to support claims — a distinct but complementary aspect of data quality itself. Amaral et al. (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-10-15|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ)|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=13|issue=4|pages=23:1–23:35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref> use a mixed-methods approach (crowdsourcing, statistics, machine learning) to assess the relevance, accessibility, and authority of Wikidata's references at scale and across languages. Beghaeiraveri et al. (2023) build on this by proposing the RQSS, a system that quantifies referencing quality through scores, allowing contributors and project leads to identify and fix gaps<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosseini Beghaeiraveri|first=Seyed Amir|last2=Gray|first2=Alasdair|last3=McNeill|first3=Fiona|date=2024-12-01|title=RQSS: Referencing quality scoring system for Wikidata|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract|journal=Semantic Web|language=EN|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=15|issue=6|pages=2419–2475|doi=10.3233/SW-243695|issn=1570-0844}}</ref>. Together, these works mark a shift from exploratory assessment of reference quality toward standardized measurement tools — though this raises the question of whether a numerical score can adequately capture a notion as contextual as a source's "authority." - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} 540ttkax9jdbtiyy5khbisyrcqlfa8y 2832023 2832022 2026-09-07T13:09:59Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Discussion */ 2832023 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> Methods for assessing Wikidata's data quality are still under development: following the questions raised by Piscopo and Simperl about the accuracy and reliability of the data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piscopo|first=Alessandro|last2=Simperl|first2=Elena|date=2019-08-20|title=What we talk about when we talk about wikidata quality: a literature survey|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306446.3340822|journal=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '19|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=17|pages=1–11|doi=10.1145/3306446.3340822|isbn=978-1-4503-6319-8}}</ref>, Shenov et al. (2022) propose a framework combining several indicators to detect low-quality statements, revealing issues such as duplicate entities, missing triples, and unmet constraints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shenoy|first=Kartik|last2=Ilievski|first2=Filip|last3=Garijo|first3=Daniel|last4=Schwabe|first4=Daniel|last5=Szekely|first5=Pedro|date=2022-04|title=A study of the quality of Wikidata|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826821000536|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=72|pages=100679|doi=10.1016/j.websem.2021.100679|issn=1570-8268}}</ref>. Two studies address the quality of ''referencing'' in Wikidata — that is, the reliability of sources cited to support claims — a distinct but complementary aspect of data quality itself. Amaral et al. (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-10-15|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ)|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=13|issue=4|pages=23:1–23:35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref> use a mixed-methods approach (crowdsourcing, statistics, machine learning) to assess the relevance, accessibility, and authority of Wikidata's references at scale and across languages. Beghaeiraveri et al. (2023) build on this by proposing the RQSS, a system that quantifies referencing quality through scores, allowing contributors and project leads to identify and fix gaps<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosseini Beghaeiraveri|first=Seyed Amir|last2=Gray|first2=Alasdair|last3=McNeill|first3=Fiona|date=2024-12-01|title=RQSS: Referencing quality scoring system for Wikidata|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract|journal=Semantic Web|language=EN|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=15|issue=6|pages=2419–2475|doi=10.3233/SW-243695|issn=1570-0844}}</ref>. Together, these works mark a shift from exploratory assessment of reference quality toward standardized measurement tools — though this raises the question of whether a numerical score can adequately capture a notion as contextual as a source's "authority." === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} 2ageqnwa28bcx0omr63epluxiewuzl5 2832024 2832023 2026-09-07T13:18:57Z Amélie E. Pereira 3042711 /* Quality assessment */ 2832024 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. Integration into WD is based on adherence to the five principles of linked open data (available on the web, under a free licence, in RDF format, with a unique, identifiable URL for each item, and linked to other data sources), under a CC0 licence, which places the data in the public domain. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> Methods for assessing Wikidata's data quality are still under development: following the questions raised by Piscopo and Simperl about the accuracy and reliability of the data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piscopo|first=Alessandro|last2=Simperl|first2=Elena|date=2019-08-20|title=What we talk about when we talk about wikidata quality: a literature survey|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306446.3340822|journal=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '19|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=17|pages=1–11|doi=10.1145/3306446.3340822|isbn=978-1-4503-6319-8}}</ref>, Shenov et al. (2022) propose a framework combining several indicators to detect low-quality statements, revealing issues such as duplicate entities, missing triples, and unmet constraints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shenoy|first=Kartik|last2=Ilievski|first2=Filip|last3=Garijo|first3=Daniel|last4=Schwabe|first4=Daniel|last5=Szekely|first5=Pedro|date=2022-04|title=A study of the quality of Wikidata|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826821000536|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=72|pages=100679|doi=10.1016/j.websem.2021.100679|issn=1570-8268}}</ref>. Two studies address the quality of ''referencing'' in Wikidata — that is, the reliability of sources cited to support claims — a distinct but complementary aspect of data quality itself. Amaral et al. (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-10-15|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ)|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=13|issue=4|pages=23:1–23:35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref> use a mixed-methods approach (crowdsourcing, statistics, machine learning) to assess the relevance, accessibility, and authority of Wikidata's references at scale and across languages. Beghaeiraveri et al. (2023) build on this by proposing the RQSS, a system that quantifies referencing quality through scores, allowing contributors and project leads to identify and fix gaps<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosseini Beghaeiraveri|first=Seyed Amir|last2=Gray|first2=Alasdair|last3=McNeill|first3=Fiona|date=2024-12-01|title=RQSS: Referencing quality scoring system for Wikidata|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract|journal=Semantic Web|language=EN|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=15|issue=6|pages=2419–2475|doi=10.3233/SW-243695|issn=1570-0844}}</ref>. Together, these works mark a shift from exploratory assessment of reference quality toward standardized measurement tools — though this raises the question of whether a numerical score can adequately capture a notion as contextual as a source's "authority." The community develops tools for detecting vandalism (intentional additions of low-quality contributions), relying on machine learning approaches adapted to the specific features of RDF triples, up to the current deployment of the ORES service in Wikidata<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heindorf|first=Stefan|last2=Potthast|first2=Martin|last3=Stein|first3=Benno|last4=Engels|first4=Gregor|date=2016-10-24|title=Vandalism Detection in Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2983323.2983740|journal=Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management|series=CIKM '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=327–336|doi=10.1145/2983323.2983740|isbn=978-1-4503-4073-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarabadani|first=Amir|last2=Halfaker|first2=Aaron|last3=Taraborelli|first3=Dario|date=2017-04-03|title=Building Automated Vandalism Detection Tools for Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3041021.3053366|journal=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|series=WWW '17 Companion|location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE|publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee|pages=1647–1654|doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366|isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref>. === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} i6m3uz4zt4p92f3qteftgzyx4ks1lp2 0 329583 2832224 2808663 2026-09-08T09:11:21Z CommonsDelinker 9184 Removing [[:c:File:QSDTI_New_Logo_2025.png|QSDTI_New_Logo_2025.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Gbawden|Gbawden]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:QSDTI New Logo 2025.png|]]. 2832224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Prod|not sure how this relates to [[Wikiversity:Mission]] and [[WV:Learning]]; seems to be a WP style page on a university that does not partake in Wikiversity}} '''Quality Skill Development Training Institute (QSDTI)''' is a healthcare and skill development education institute based in [[Kalna]], [[Purba Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The institute provides vocational and diploma education in medical, paramedical, nursing, diagnostics, community healthcare, fire and safety, and information technology programs. == History == QSDTI was established in 2022 under the parent organization '''Quality Academy & Research Centre (QARC)''', a charitable organization involved in healthcare, education, research, and skill development initiatives in India. The institute focuses on healthcare education and practical skill development for students from rural and semi-urban regions. == Logo history == [[File:QSDTI Old Logo.png|thumb|Official old logo of Quality Skill Development Training Institute (QSDTI), used from 2022 to 2025.]] * '''2022–2025''' — Original institutional logo used during the foundation years. * '''2025–present''' — New official logo introduced in 2025. == Campus == [[File:QSDTI Building.jpg|thumb|Building of Quality Skill Development Training Institute in Kalna, West Bengal.]] The institute campus is located at: 3rd Floor, Labour Commission Office Building SH-6 (STKK Road), Baydhyapur More Opposite Bandhan Bank Kalna, Purba Bardhaman West Bengal 713409, India == Academic programs == QSDTI offers diploma and certificate programs in: * Medical Education * Paramedical Science * Nursing * Diagnostics * Community Healthcare * Home Care * Fire and Safety * Computer Applications and Information Technology * CMS & ED Programs The institute states that its educational structure combines theoretical education with practical laboratory and field-based healthcare exposure. == Recognition and registrations == According to the institute, QSDTI is associated with: * MSME Registration * ISO 9001:2015 Certification * Ministry of Corporate Affairs registration * NITI Aayog listing * Indian Trust Act registration == Events and conferences == QSDTI and associated healthcare organizations have participated in healthcare awareness programs and medical conferences in West Bengal. In 2026, the organization was associated with the '''7th Foundation Celebration & International Gramin Doctor Conference 2026''' held in Kalna, West Bengal. == Leadership == The institute website lists '''Dr. S. K. Roy''' as director of the organization. [[Category:Educational institutions in West Bengal]] [[Category:Healthcare education]] [[Category:Vocational education]] k1bevdnexhyvd3bys8t7nljhy1ap391 10 330006 2832032 2813310 2026-09-07T16:45:40Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Adjusting. 2832032 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>SUBPAGENAME}}}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting curator or custodian permissions. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> [Reasoning for requesting curator or custodian permissions] <includeonly>~~</includeonly><includeonly>~~</includeonly> ==== Custodians offering mentorship ==== <!-- Curator/custodian mentors may indicate in this section on whether they can provide mentorship to the candidate. --> ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> s8m01eghvb49i3b5okwaynunp0pdijs 10 330233 2832009 2831939 2026-09-07T12:24:38Z Jtneill 10242 2832009 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{note|Feedback [[wikiversity:FAQ/Template|template]] for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] exercise for [[motivation and emotion]].<br><br>[[Help:Transclusion|Transclude]] on a chapter [[Help:Talk page|talk page]].}} __NOTOC__</noinclude><includeonly> ==Topic development feedback== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} The [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] has been reviewed according to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. Written feedback is provided below, plus see the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Feedback|general feedback]] page. Also check the [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|page history]] for changes made whilst reviewing the plan. If you don't understand the feedback or would like further information, [[Motivation and emotion/Staff|get in touch]] to discuss. Marks are available via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}. Marks are based on the latest version before the due date. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:Autoroute icone.svg|right|85px]] ===1. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Title|Title]]=== {{{1|No comment}}} ===2. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Headings]]=== {{{2|No comment}}} ===3. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Overview]]=== {{{3|No comment}}} ===4. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Key points|Key points]]=== {{{4|No comment}}} ===5. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Figure|Figure]]=== {{{5|No comment}}} ===6. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Learning feature|Learning feature]]=== {{{6|No comment}}} ===7. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#References|References]]=== {{{7|No comment}}} ===8. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Resources|Resources]]=== {{{8|No comment}}} ===9. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#User page|User page]]=== {{{9|No comment}}} ===10. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Social contribution|Social contribution]]=== {{{10|No comment}}} {{RoundBoxBottom}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{collapse top|Simple example}} ==Simple example== See also [[#Detailed example|detailed example]] <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> # |3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> #|3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:42, 17 August 2025 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} ==Detailed example== Example use of the template which includes commonly used feedback comments: <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 08:58, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Template:MEBF]] * [[Template:MEMF]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin/2026]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic]] </noinclude> bp604tckgyo2p2zdoxadehxsr1ezguu 2832137 2832009 2026-09-08T00:26:07Z Jtneill 10242 # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. 2832137 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{note|Feedback [[wikiversity:FAQ/Template|template]] for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] exercise for [[motivation and emotion]].<br><br>[[Help:Transclusion|Transclude]] on a chapter [[Help:Talk page|talk page]].}} __NOTOC__</noinclude><includeonly> ==Topic development feedback== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} The [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] has been reviewed according to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. Written feedback is provided below, plus see the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Feedback|general feedback]] page. Also check the [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|page history]] for changes made whilst reviewing the plan. If you don't understand the feedback or would like further information, [[Motivation and emotion/Staff|get in touch]] to discuss. Marks are available via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}. Marks are based on the latest version before the due date. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:Autoroute icone.svg|right|85px]] ===1. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Title|Title]]=== {{{1|No comment}}} ===2. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Headings]]=== {{{2|No comment}}} ===3. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Overview]]=== {{{3|No comment}}} ===4. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Key points|Key points]]=== {{{4|No comment}}} ===5. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Figure|Figure]]=== {{{5|No comment}}} ===6. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Learning feature|Learning feature]]=== {{{6|No comment}}} ===7. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#References|References]]=== {{{7|No comment}}} ===8. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Resources|Resources]]=== {{{8|No comment}}} ===9. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#User page|User page]]=== {{{9|No comment}}} ===10. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Social contribution|Social contribution]]=== {{{10|No comment}}} {{RoundBoxBottom}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{collapse top|Simple example}} ==Simple example== See also [[#Detailed example|detailed example]] <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> # |3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> #|3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:42, 17 August 2025 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} ==Detailed example== Example use of the template which includes commonly used feedback comments: <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 08:58, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Template:MEBF]] * [[Template:MEMF]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin/2026]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic]] </noinclude> r85knina5zlwlu66etthfq0fowyywc5 2832138 2832137 2026-09-08T00:26:31Z Jtneill 10242 2832138 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{note|Feedback [[wikiversity:FAQ/Template|template]] for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] exercise for [[motivation and emotion]].<br><br>[[Help:Transclusion|Transclude]] on a chapter [[Help:Talk page|talk page]].}} __NOTOC__</noinclude><includeonly> ==Topic development feedback== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=8}} The [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] has been reviewed according to the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Marking criteria|marking criteria]]. Written feedback is provided below, plus see the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Feedback|general feedback]] page. Also check the [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|page history]] for changes made whilst reviewing the plan. If you don't understand the feedback or would like further information, [[Motivation and emotion/Staff|get in touch]] to discuss. Marks are available via {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}}. Marks are based on the latest version before the due date. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} [[File:Autoroute icone.svg|right|85px]] ===1. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Title|Title]]=== {{{1|No comment}}} ===2. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Headings]]=== {{{2|No comment}}} ===3. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Headings|Overview]]=== {{{3|No comment}}} ===4. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Key points|Key points]]=== {{{4|No comment}}} ===5. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Figure|Figure]]=== {{{5|No comment}}} ===6. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Learning feature|Learning feature]]=== {{{6|No comment}}} ===7. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#References|References]]=== {{{7|No comment}}} ===8. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Resources|Resources]]=== {{{8|No comment}}} ===9. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#User page|User page]]=== {{{9|No comment}}} ===10. [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic#Social contribution|Social contribution]]=== {{{10|No comment}}} {{RoundBoxBottom}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{collapse top|Simple example}} ==Simple example== See also [[#Detailed example|detailed example]] <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> # |3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # |2= <!-- Headings --> #|3= <!-- Overview --> # |4= <!-- Key points--> # |5= <!-- Figure --> # |6= <!-- Learning feature --> # |7= <!-- References --> # |8= <!-- Resources --> # |9= <!-- User page --> # |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 04:42, 17 August 2025 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} ==Detailed example== Example use of the template which includes commonly used feedback comments: <pre> <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated[[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} ~~~~ </pre> gives <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) # User name removed from the page; for authorship see [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page's edit history]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # Clear [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (expand) <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) # Basic, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development, perhaps using a 2-level structure (i.e., use subheadings) # Under-developed, [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – develop further, perhaps using a 2-level structure for larger section(s) (i.e., including subheadings) <!-- 3-level --> # Overly complicated [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|3-level heading structure]] – consider simplifying <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The headings lack sufficient incision into, and exposition of, the topic # Revise heading structure to place less emphasis on background concepts and more emphasis on the target topic (i.e., address the sub-title). The draft headings place too much emphasis on background concepts and too little on the relationship between the concepts. <!-- Other ---> # Aim for 3 to 6 top-level headings between the Overview and Conclusion, with 3 to 5 sub-headings for large sections # The Overview and Conclusion should not use sub-headings # Use default heading formatting (i.e., avoid additional formatting such as bold, italics, underline, changing the size etc.) # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # "Introduction" heading isn't necessary – provide this information in Overview or move into subsequent sections # Cover definition(s) in the Overview and/or subsequent sections with embedded inter-wiki link(s) to further information # Case study doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed case study within relevant sections # Quiz doesn't need a separate heading; instead embed quiz questions within relevant sections # Check grammar (e.g,. missing question mark) # Remove [[wikt:acronym#Noun|acronym]]s from headings # Remove citations from headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but aim for closer alignment # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest # Put the scenario or case study into a feature box at the start of this section (fixed) # Make the scenario more practical or down-to-earth; it is currently too abstract # Make the relevance of the scenario to the topic more clear. It should be obvious to a reader how the scenario illustrates the topic (i.e., the sub-title question). Revise the scenario to make this connection more explicit. # Add a scenario or case study in a feature box (with an image) at the start of this section to help engage reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Introduce topic using plain English; most citations can be moved into subsequent setions # Simplify/abbreviate the description of the problem/topic. Move detail into subsequent sections. # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Style --> # Use present, rather than future, tense # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Use open- rather then close-ended focus questions # Use single- rather than double-barrelled focus questions # Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Present focus questions in a feature box at the end of this section |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Solid development # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic # Overly broad/comprehensive; not sufficiently focused/targetted on the topic; this often occurs when genAI content is used by a prompter with insufficient background reading and understanding of the topic and/or insufficient revising and rewriting of genAI content # Basic development # Partial development # Insufficient development # No development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title # It is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title # All planned aspects cannot reasonably be covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow # The writing style is generally clear but could be simplified or made more concise # The writing style is difficult to follow (e.g., due to vagueness, complex wording, long sentences, long paragraphs, repetition, etc.) # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research # Promising balance of theory and research # Reasonably good coverage of theory; strive to balance the theoretical content with critical review of relevant research # Balance theoretical content with critical synthesis of relevant research # Too much theory. Not enough research. Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations # Very good use of citations # Good use of citations # Promising use of citations # Basic use of citations # Insufficient use of citations # Non-peer-reviewed sources should be moved to the "External links" section # Tip: Rather than starting with an author name and citation, start with the more interesting part (i.e., the substance) and put the citation at the end or mid-way through the sentence <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] (e.g., do not include author initials) # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] with three or more authors (i.e., FirstAuthor et al., year) # [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/serial-comma APA style uses serial commas][[w:Serial comma|1]][https://www.buzzfeed.com/adamdavis/the-oxford-comma-is-extremely-important-and-everyone-should 2][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBx8ooDupXY 3] (1 min) <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Direct quotes need page numbers (APA style) – even better, express the idea in your own words # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Use [https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-in-third-person.html 3rd person perspective], although a case study or feature box could use 1st or 2nd person perspective # Use [https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/australian-vs-american-spelling/11244196 Australian spelling] (e.g., analyze → analyse; behavior → behaviour) # Move references into the References section. Keep citations in the main body. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Well done on acknowledging genAI use in the edit summary. Also share link(s) to the conversation, as per the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]]. # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well developed # Conclusion is well underway # Conclusion is underway # Conclusion is underdeveloped # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a clear, appropriately detailed description that is meaningfully connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Promising in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Excellent use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies # Keep scenarios brief # Basic use of scenario/example/case study # Placeholder use of scenarios/examples/case studies Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Excellent use of quiz question(s) # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages # Placeholder use of quiz question(s) # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Excellent use of table(s) # Promising use of table(s) # Include acknowledgement (e.g., citation(s)) for sources of information presented in the table # Use APA style for table captions # Add table caption # Cite each table at least once in the text # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Move --> # Move Wikipedia links to the "See also" section # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- Citations --> # All references need in-text citation # All citations need to be in the References # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## alphabetical order ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links ## include hyperlinked dois ## page numbers should be separated by an en-dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. # Use APA style or wiki referencing style, but not both (currently, a mixture of referencing styles is used # Don't cite AI-generated content because it is unreliable and not peer-reviewed. Instead, follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]] which include acknowledging and linking to genAI use in edit summaries, otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent # Used effectively # Very good # Good # Basic but effective # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided # Description about self provided # Brief description about self – consider expanding # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* posts about the unit or project on the {{Motivation and emotion/Canvas}} discussion forum # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. # Are these contributions based on AI-generated content? If so, please follow the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|using genAI guidelines]], otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity. # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! # Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # Descriptions of contributions could be more precise/accurate/detailed # Add a brief summary of each contribution # Remember to sign comments on talk pages # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 08:58, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Template:MEBF]] * [[Template:MEMF]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin/2026]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic]] </noinclude> gyfas3dkvrsetjostyo1kgni2kcscym 0 330390 2832216 2831775 2026-09-08T08:37:55Z Jtneill 10242 2832216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Corrective motivation * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Dissonance – Consistency ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * Lecture 5 (2026) TBA ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] 5fg0trgb28rh0a5272h6w9001aqb35p 2832231 2832216 2026-09-08T11:10:24Z Jtneill 10242 /* Outline */ Update for 2026 2832231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Plans * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Threat – Challenge * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Dissonance – Consistency ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * Lecture 5 (2026) TBA ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] 8aexr76qoxezftd6x24ue2vanxmea4x 0 330494 2832193 2831661 2026-09-08T07:24:19Z JSINST 3110286 2832193 wikitext text/x-wiki The John Snow prediabetes Institute is an international research network focused on prediabetes remission, early risk identification, and metabolic health education. (https://w.wiki/Skm7). '''Background:''' Millions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight (General Research Draft). <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. Early diagnosis and education of prediabetes is a cost-effective preventive strategy that can improve long-term health outcomes. The arteriosclerosis starts in the prediabetes stage. A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (BMI), the fasting blood sugar (glucometer), blood pressure, age, gender in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools followed by giving educational materials.The 16-weeks '''intervention study''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1751991825001068 </ref> and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity. Other intervention studies to be tested and developed include Digital lifestyle programs <ref> «Digital Lifestyle Program Cuts Diabetes Risk by 46% in Prediabetics, Study of 130k+ Adults Reveals». News-Medical, 14 de abril de 2025. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250414/Digital-lifestyle-program-cuts-diabetes-risk-by-4625-in-prediabetics-study-of-130k2b-adults-reveals.aspx.</ref> Educational materials come from the international diabetes organisations e.g the ADA:<ref>https://professional.diabetes.org/diabetes-support-resources</ref> and the Health Promoting Schools.<ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref>[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|250px|right|<big> Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars</big> ]] ===== <big>'''Prevalence studies''' </big> ===== [[/The Maritime Health database design // |1.1 The Maritime Health database design]] 1.2 Nursing Students Health Database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk </ref> 1.3. Medical student's Health Database <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n </ref> 1.4. School childrens` Health database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 </ref> 1.5 Excel recoding (pre diabetes, hypertension etc) <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/9qvqeccto2kbuqvx7mdkl?r=ACsntb2AuiFkJbEBLObVdo0HMD67UZBBUGCGl1RPCPy1X5Y3K3e9Lf4s7cG7i7E_iH0IK-WkynXw_FNCDWybHuCgaNl_OM8yche2w2aapJGk5BTHybbsLpLayBU8VKPPqxNa2zDaNslBdQg0MhmKTFSG</ref> '''Personal prevention''' Personal reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) <big><br /> '''Intervention studies''' English <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx </ref> Danish <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv </ref> Spanish <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv </ref> </big> '''Organisation''' - [[/The John Snow Institute bylaws /]] - [[/|Manila conference Oct. 2026]] - General research pr[[Category:Prediabetes ]]otoco[[Category:Prediabetes ]]l draft <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> - Health Promoting Schools <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref> '''Publications''' <ref name=":0"> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf </ref> '''The John Snow Prediabetes Institute Research Network:''' <small>Cordinator (Director) MBA Christian Acheampong, New Jersey US, Prof. Magda Medir Mb, Spain, Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Prof. Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali Prof. SDU; MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Maritime Dr. Erik Haarløv, Assens, Denmark; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Joseph Abesamis MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark</small> ==References== <references /> Education 1: Research Methodology <ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links</ref> <references /> agdztal3au9k6p68z5wruqqwcq62n3e 2832194 2832193 2026-09-08T07:26:44Z JSINST 3110286 2832194 wikitext text/x-wiki The John Snow prediabetes Institute is an international research network focused on prediabetes remission, early risk identification, and metabolic health education. (https://w.wiki/Skm7). '''Background:''' Millions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight (General Research Draft). <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. Early diagnosis and education of prediabetes is a cost-effective preventive strategy that can improve long-term health outcomes. The arteriosclerosis starts in the prediabetes stage. A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (BMI), the fasting blood sugar (glucometer), blood pressure, age, gender in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools followed by giving educational materials.The 16-weeks '''intervention study''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1751991825001068 </ref> and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity. Other intervention studies to be tested and developed include Digital lifestyle programs <ref> «Digital Lifestyle Program Cuts Diabetes Risk by 46% in Prediabetics, Study of 130k+ Adults Reveals». News-Medical, 14 de abril de 2025. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250414/Digital-lifestyle-program-cuts-diabetes-risk-by-4625-in-prediabetics-study-of-130k2b-adults-reveals.aspx.</ref> Educational materials come from the international diabetes organisations e.g the ADA:<ref>https://professional.diabetes.org/diabetes-support-resources</ref> and the Health Promoting Schools.<ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref>[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|250px|right|<big> Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars</big> ]] ===== <big>'''Prevalence studies''' </big> ===== [[/The Maritime Health database design // |1.1 The Maritime Health database design]] 1.2 Nursing Students Health Database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk </ref> 1.3. Medical student's Health Database <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n </ref> 1.4. School childrens` Health database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 </ref> 1.5 Excel recoding (pre diabetes, hypertension etc) <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/9qvqeccto2kbuqvx7mdkl?r=ACsntb2AuiFkJbEBLObVdo0HMD67UZBBUGCGl1RPCPy1X5Y3K3e9Lf4s7cG7i7E_iH0IK-WkynXw_FNCDWybHuCgaNl_OM8yche2w2aapJGk5BTHybbsLpLayBU8VKPPqxNa2zDaNslBdQg0MhmKTFSG</ref> '''Personal prevention''' Personal reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) <big><br /> '''Intervention studies''' English <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx </ref> Danish <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv </ref> Spanish <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv </ref> </big> '''Organisation''' - [[/The John Snow Institute bylaws /]] - [[/|Manila conference Oct. 2026]] - General research pr[[Category:Prediabetes ]]otoco[[Category:Prediabetes ]]l draft <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> - Health Promoting Schools <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref> '''Publications''' <ref name=":0"> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf </ref> '''The John Snow Prediabetes Institute Research Network:''' <small>MBA Christian Acheampong, New Jersey US, Prof. Magda Medir Mb, Spain, Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Prof. Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali Prof. SDU; MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Maritime Dr. Erik Haarløv, Assens, Denmark; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Joseph Abesamis MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark</small> ==References== <references /> Education 1: Research Methodology <ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links</ref> <references /> mka3yg7eiuc2c33r0i403ivpzez4ogr 2832210 2832194 2026-09-08T08:26:54Z JSINST 3110286 2832210 wikitext text/x-wiki The John Snow prediabetes Institute is an international research network focused on prediabetes remission, early risk identification, and metabolic health education. (https://w.wiki/Skm7). '''Background:''' Millions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight (General Research Draft). <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. Early diagnosis and education of prediabetes is a cost-effective preventive strategy that can improve long-term health outcomes. The arteriosclerosis starts in the prediabetes stage. A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (BMI), the fasting blood sugar (glucometer), blood pressure, age, gender in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools followed by giving educational materials.The 16-weeks '''intervention study''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1751991825001068 </ref> and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity. Other intervention studies to be tested and developed include Digital lifestyle programs <ref> «Digital Lifestyle Program Cuts Diabetes Risk by 46% in Prediabetics, Study of 130k+ Adults Reveals». News-Medical, 14 de abril de 2025. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250414/Digital-lifestyle-program-cuts-diabetes-risk-by-4625-in-prediabetics-study-of-130k2b-adults-reveals.aspx.</ref> Educational materials come from the international diabetes organisations e.g the ADA:<ref>https://professional.diabetes.org/diabetes-support-resources</ref> and the Health Promoting Schools.<ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref>[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|250px|right|<big> Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars</big> ]] ===== <big>'''Prevalence studies''' </big> ===== [[/The Maritime Health database design // |1.1 The Maritime Health database design]] 1.2 Nursing Students Health Database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk </ref> 1.3. Medical student's Health Database <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n </ref> 1.4. School childrens` Health database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 </ref> 1.5 Excel recoding (pre diabetes, hypertension etc) <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/9qvqeccto2kbuqvx7mdkl?r=ACsntb2AuiFkJbEBLObVdo0HMD67UZBBUGCGl1RPCPy1X5Y3K3e9Lf4s7cG7i7E_iH0IK-WkynXw_FNCDWybHuCgaNl_OM8yche2w2aapJGk5BTHybbsLpLayBU8VKPPqxNa2zDaNslBdQg0MhmKTFSG</ref> '''Personal prevention''' Personal reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) <big><br /> '''Intervention studies''' English <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx </ref> Danish <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv </ref> Spanish <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv </ref> </big> '''Organisation''' - [[/The John Snow Institute bylaws /]] - [[/|Manila conference Oct. 2026]] - General research pr[[Category:Prediabetes ]]otoco[[Category:Prediabetes ]]l draft <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> - Health Promoting Schools <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref> '''Publications''' <ref name=":0"> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf </ref> '''The John Snow Prediabetes Institute Research Network:''' Coordinator annual, <small>MBA Christian Acheampong, New Jersey US, Prof. Magda Medir Mb, Spain, Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Prof. Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali Prof. SDU; MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Maritime Dr. Erik Haarløv, Assens, Denmark; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Joseph Abesamis MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark</small> ==References== <references /> Education 1: Research Methodology <ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links</ref> <references /> cjrx2ehpa39lxndzthm3bid0trnosxf 2 330795 2832172 2830679 2026-09-08T05:00:30Z U3285438 3103750 /* Social contributions */ +2 2832172 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello! My name is Zara (''she/her''). I am a '''third-year student''' at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra (UC)], studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a Breadth Major in Counselling Studies. I am hoping to undertake postgraduate studies in [[wikipedia:Clinical_psychology|clinical psychology]], and I am particularly '''interested in working with children and adolescents'''. [[File:Canadian swimmer at 2019 international tournament.jpg|thumb|150x150px|'''Figure 1.''' As a competitive swimmer, my favourite stroke was butterfly. ]] I am currently undertaking the unit [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] at UC. Some of my hobbies include: * Reading * [[wikipedia:Swimming|Swimming]] (see Figure 1) == Book chapter I'm working on == I am writing a book chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|emotion dysregulation]] for the [[Motivation and emotion/Book|Motivation and emotion book]] project. Through this chapter I will be exploring the question "what is emotion dysregulation, what are its consequences and how can it be managed?" My interest in this topic stems from my experience as a classroom support assistant in a primary school. Within this role, I work with young students to help build emotional literacy and support them in regulating their emotions. I am eager to further my understanding of emotion dysregulation and share this knowledge with others. == Social contributions == #[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=805511 Posted in a UCLearn discussion thread to share the areas of motivation and emotion I am interested in exploring this semester.] (18 Aug. 2026) #[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=805526 Responded to a peer's discussion post on UCLearn.] (18 Aug. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2823381&oldid=2762016 Fixed grammatical error to improve clarity.] (20 Aug. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2021%2FTo-do_lists&diff=2823387&oldid=2672363 Made small stylistic correction in formatting.] (20 Aug. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FPain_avoidance_motivation&diff=2823539&oldid=2758910 Recommended a relevant book chapter for inclusion in the 'See also' section.] (20 Aug. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCoercive_control_in_intimate_partner_violence&diff=2825669&oldid=2811025 Edited a past book chapter's 'See also' section to include a missing source citation in parentheses after the relevant link.] (25 Aug. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FBuilding_therapeutic_alliance&diff=2830378&oldid=2829992 Offered a relevant therapeutic framework that could be included in my peer's book chapter.] (02 Sept. 2026) #[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Fear extinction#c-U3285438-20260902052100-Food for thought: Integrating Pavlov's classical conditioning|Suggested integrating a relevant theory to help contextualise key concepts in my peer's book chapter.]] (02 Sept. 2026) #[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Sun exposure and protection motivation#c-U3285438-20260903051900-Food for thought: The health belief model|Suggested including a relevant theory (the health belief model) in my peer's book chapter as an additional lens for understanding health behaviour change]] (03 Sept. 2026) #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FExtended_process_model_of_emotion_regulation&diff=2832166&oldid=2830650 Added the recommended ''External links'' heading to a peer's book chapter through a direct edit.] (08 Sept. 2026) #[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Extended process model of emotion regulation#c-U3285438-20260908043300-Recommendation for 'see also' section|Provided feedback on a book chapter's talk page. Recommended relocating the current ''See also'' links to the ''External links'' section and suggested a relevant chapter as an alternative.]] (08 Sept. 2026) bi3sa54qktnc5nb3z7xvqlzrephp4ns 0 331046 2832141 2831622 2026-09-08T00:38:09Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* How does self-concept direct goals? */ Added quiz section template to assist author 2832141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Self-concept and motivation:<br>How does self-concept relate to motivation?}} == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Sinclair Swimming.JPG|right|thumb|180px|'''Figure 1'''. Ash is a competitive swimmer and swims daily.]] ;Scenario Ash is a swimmer training for a national competition. Being "a swimmer" is the first thing Ash thinks of when she’s asked to describe herself and she’s eager to succeed in the upcoming competition. Ash wakes up at 4:00am every morning to swim four kilometres (see Figure 1). Her friend Riley is always surprised by how Ash wakes up so early and swims so much. Why is Ash able to do this when many would find this a struggle? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Self-concept is an individual's understanding of who they are and how they feel about themselves. This includes a complex system of the attitudes, beliefs and judgements about oneself. Self-concept guides individuals in answering the question “who am I?” (Wehrle & Fasbender, 2018). But its importance extends beyond answering that question. Self-concept influences thinking, feelings and behaviour. Consider self-concept an internal compass which motivates and guides choices, relationships and one's understanding of the world.   For Ash in the case study, being a swimmer and succeeding in the upcoming swimming competition are core to her self-concept. This guides and motivates her behaviour of swimming early every morning.   This chapter explores how the understanding of oneself influences what one is motivated to do and examines how what one repeatedly does subsequently shapes self-concept. Understanding how and why individuals perceive themselves the way they do, and the impacts of self-concepts, can improve the understanding of human behaviour, help foster positive self-concept and facilitate the motivational properties of self-concept.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' *What is self-concept? *How does self-concept shape motivation? *How do motivational processes influence self-concept? *How can understanding self-concept be used to improve motivation and wellbeing?{{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding self-concept == The self is central to humanhood and the scientific understanding of human behaviour. Thus, the question of “what makes me, me?” has been theorised about throughout history and is important to understand. Although each theory approaches self-concept differently, several common properties emerge. Self-concept appears to be a multifaceted, hierarchical, socially developed, and dynamic system of self-knowledge (see Table 1). These properties provide the foundation for understanding the motivational effects of self-concept. Self-concept is a cognitive framework which is unique to, but encompasses, many of the popular “self-” constructs – [[self-esteem]] (perceived value of yourself), [[w:Self-efficacy|self-efficacy]] (perceived task capability) and [[w:Self-image|self-image]] (description of yourself). See the linked pages for details on each of these separate constructs. '''Table 1''' Self-Concept Properties and Their Significance for Motivation. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" !Property !Significance for motivation |- |'''Multifaceted''' |Different aspects of the self motivate different behaviours |- |'''Hierarchical  ''' |General and specific domains influence each other and different behaviours |- |'''Socially developed''' |Social feedback influences which behaviours are pursued   |- |'''Dynamic''' |Self-concept changes with experience |- |'''Evaluative''' |Perceived self-worth affects responses to success/failure |- |'''Descriptive  ''' |Identity beliefs influence goals and expectations |} == How does self-concept shape motivation? == A growing body of research suggests self-concept has important motivational properties. Motivation is an internal process which initiates, directs and sustains behaviour (Lens & Vansteenkiste, 2020). Like self-concept, motivation is multidimensional, ubiquitous and central to human behaviour (Bandhu et al., 2024). This creates an interesting intersection of properties; self-concept and motivation are both central guiding forces of behaviour and navigating the environment. This section explores how self-concept influences motivation.   === How does self-concept direct goals? === Individuals pursue and evaluate goals in ways that align with their self-concept. This is driven by the human tendency to strive for alignment between self-concept and behaviour.   '''[[wikipedia:Self-concept#:~:text=According%20to%20Rogers%2C%20everyone%20strives%20to%20reach%20an%20%22ideal%20self.%22|Rogers’ (1959) theory]]''' suggests the self is comprised of the real self and the ideal self. The alignment of these is known as congruence, a state where one has the capacity to pursue self-improving goals. When the ideal and real self do not align (incongruence), an individual experiences poorer mental health and acts defensively. This incongruence generates a psychological tension which acts as a motivating force, pushing the individual to either modify their behaviour to align with their self-concept, or modify their self-concept (Stephen, 2023).   Supporting this concept, Howard and Dhillon (2022) found that using Rogers’ Q-sort, a measure of self-concept and congruency, can be an effective method of reflection to help individuals consciously choose goals that help achieve a congruent, ideal self. However, direct support for the foundational concept of congruence is sparse (Phillips et al., 1965). Rogers’ Q-sort was used to empirically test congruence. Phillips et al. (1965) found that incongruent participants, as indicated by Q-sort results, did not become more congruent over a 6-month measurement period, thus indicating a lack of movement motivated by incongruency. One explanation is that Rogers conceptualised self-concept as relatively stable. In response to the poor empirical support for congruence, contemporary research adopts a dynamic and context-dependent approach to self-concept. For example, Oyserman’s (2024) '''[[wikipedia:Identity_based_motivation|identity-based motivation theory]]''' suggests situations influence which aspects of self-concept are active and thus influence behaviour, providing a more flexible and realistic account of how self-concept influences behaviour in everyday situations. Like Rogers’ theory, it suggests individuals behave and interpret situations in ways that align with their identity. However, Oyserman (2015) expands Roger’s simplistic differentiation between real and ideal selves. The theory suggests a temporal flexibility of self-concept. A future self can be an active identity and thus individuals may act congruently to future selves. This may explain why future identities motivate present behaviour. Unlike Rogers' relatively stable model of the ideal self, identity-based motivation theory suggests future identities can become situationally salient and influence immediate behavioural decisions. The theory suggests that when behaviour is congruent with one’s identity, challenges in completing that behaviour are interpreted as evidence the behaviour is important (Oyserman, 2015). Incongruent actions that have the same challenges are interpreted as pointless. This means that identities mediate motivation and help goal selection through the process of difficulty interpretation (Oyserman, 2024). But why is importance motivating? Identity-relevant goals are motivating because they provide information about who one is and who one wants to become. This makes difficulty meaningful rather than discouraging (Oyserman, 2024). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}'''Case study comprehension check:''' Ash is finding her long training sessions for the upcoming swimming competition difficult. However, when she's training, her future-self identity as an Olympic swimmer helps her interpret this as a meaningful challenge. For her non-swimmer friend, Riley, these difficulties may be interpreted as evidence swimming is not for them.{{RoundBoxBottom}} Nurra and Oyserman (2018) found that motivation to pursue future identity-relevant goals in school children and subsequent achievement increased when children thought about their future selves. Students were primed to think of their adult-self as near or far. Students in the adult-self-is-near group achieved significantly higher final grades than the adult-self-is-far group. The effect of connecting to one’s future self lasted six months. These findings indicate that identifying with one’s future/ideal self can motivate goal attainment. Self-concept is malleable and moderates goal pursuit based on how one perceives themselves at a given time.   '''''[Is this too abstracted/disconnected??]''''' Demonstrating the practical utility of this approach, Lohbeck et al.'s (2021) study of children's physical self-concept, found that improving physical self-concept was more effective in increasing physical activity than interventions focusing on external motivators. This shows that identity-aligned goals make behaviour and effort meaningful, and therefore sustainable. Together, these theories suggest self-concept influences motivation through two complementary processes. Individuals are motivated to reduce discrepancies between their real and ideal selves. Additionally, individuals are motivated to pursue goals that are congruent with situationally active identities. Thus, self-concept directs behaviour by defining desirable outcomes and shaping how challenges and opportunities are interpreted. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}}'''Intervention application: Foster identity-based motivaton''' Identity-based motivation and Rogers' self theories suggest interventions should not focus on outcomes as goals, but identities as motivators. Ash will have greater motivation to train for her competition if her goal is identity focused: "I am training hard because I want to be an Olympic swimmer". She may be less motivated if her goal is directed by an external reward: "I have to train to please my parents". Supporting Ash to form and recognise identity-consistent goals will help her feel motivated. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === What role does perceived competence play in the effect of self-concept on motivation? === Self-concept incorporates evaluative beliefs about competence which influence how individuals approach goals. Individuals engage with goals they believe they are more capable of achieving (Marsh et al., 2019). For example, Seaton et al.'s (2014) longitudinal study of 2786 Australian students' found prior mathematics self-concept was a significant positive predictor of mastery-approach and a positive, but weaker predictor of performance-approach goal orientations. According to '''[[wikipedia:Goal_orientation|goal orientation theory]]''', a mastery goal approach involves being motivated to learn, whereas a performance goal approach is motivated by wanting to demonstrate competence (Vandewalle et al., 2019). Seaton et al.'s results, therefore, suggest that domain-specific self-concepts provide a motivational foundation for how students engage with learning tasks. When students perceive themselves as competent, they are more likely to be motivated to learn, rather than merely demonstrate their competence to others.   === How can self-concept undermine motivation? === The theories and research discussed so far optimistically show how self-concept facilitates motivation. However, self-concept can also undermine motivation, through contingent self-evaluations and self-handicapping. '''[[wikipedia:Contingent_self-esteem#Self-esteem_and_contingent_self-worth|Self-worth contingencies]]''' refer to the standards one feels they must meet to have value as a person (Showers et al., 2015). For individuals who have highly contingent self-worth, goal attainment is closely tied to their self-concept, meaning failure threatens their self-concept. So, consistent with Oyserman and Rogers' theories, contingent self-worth motivates pursuit of success for domains that are important for one's self-worth. But contingent self-worth can result in avoidant behaviour and strong responses to failure. Lietz et al. (2026) qualitatively studied 17 participants' identity-shaped goals and found that failing to achieve these goals resulted in negative and severe emotional responses. Further, participants tended to attribute failure to personal shortcomings, due to how closely held the goal was to their self-concept. This resulted in reduced motivation to reattempt, or blind pursuit of the same goal without re-examining the approach (Lietz et al., 2026). This is consistent with '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Attribution theory and emotion|attribution theory]]''' (Weiner, 1985), which suggests that causal thinking processes, whereby one attributes outcomes to stable, uncontrollable factors, results in low motivation. Attributional styles effect self-evaluations and thus can undermine motivation when failure is attributed to stable aspects of the self (Bandhu et al., 2024). Presenting another pitfall of self-concept driven motivation, Fairlamb (2020) suggests contingent self-worth motivation is temporary. This is illustrated by Lawrence and Gonzales' (2022) results from 466 university students. Self-report measures of motivation and self-worth showed a positive correlation between academically contingent self-worth and self-worth boosting goals such as studying to graduate, rather than studying for the joy of it. Academically contingent self-worth was also positively correlated with amotivation, a lack of purpose and drive.   van der Kaap-Deeder et al. (2016) explains the motivational boost from contingent self-worth is temporary because it is driven by a 'need to do well' motivation (introjected regulation), rather than intrinsic motivation (internal drive). These different motivation types are proposed by '''[[self-determination theory]]''', wherein intrinsic motivation provides a more sustainable motivational force, as the behaviour is powered by its inherent satisfaction (Zhang et al., 2016). Introjected motivation, however, is driven by internal guilt or pressure, resulting in stress and feeling a lack of autonomy (Taris et al., 2020). These uncomfortable affective experiences, paired with any perceived risk of failure is unmotivating, and causes maladaptive behaviours to emerge (van der Kaap-Deeder et al., 2016). One such response to the threat of failure is self-handicapping. '''[[w:Self-handicapping|Self-handicapping]]''' is the act of creating obstacles to one's own goal so that failure may not be self-attributed (Török et al., 2018). A handicap generates a plausible external explanation for an outcome other than the self. This indicates that a handicapper is willing to increase the probability of failure to protect their self-concept, reflecting the motivating quality of self-concept and indicating self-concept can hinder goal pursuit (Coudevylle et al., 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}'''Case study comprehension check:''' Ash cares a lot about succeeding in her swimming competition. To protect her self-concept as a successful swimmer, Ash may feign a mild illness at the competition so that any failure is attributed to her illness, rather than her competence. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Schwinger et al. (2022) found a medium negative correlation between general self-evaluations and self-handicapping and a medium positive correlation between fear of failure and self-handicapping. This highlights self-concept as an antecedent to self-handicapping and related motivations. In this study, general, rather than domain-specific measures were used. As the [https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2333-1 multidimensional theory of self-concept] suggests, more specific self-concept branches are more closely related to actual behaviour (see Figure 2; Marsh et al., 2019). Accordingly, future research should incorporate domain-specific measures of self-concept and fear of failure to illustrate their direct influence on self-handicapping and task motivation.[[File:Multidimensional model of self-concept diagram.png|thumb|600x600px|'''Figure 2.''' The hierarchical multidimensional model of self-concept (Marsh et al., 2019).|center]]Self-handicapping demonstrates that motivation is not always directed towards achieving valued outcomes. Protecting self-worth can become more important than goal engagement. To illustrate the behavioural effects of self-handicapping, Rhodewalt and Fairfield (1991) found that participants who scored highly on a measure of self-handicapping tendency and reported intentions to withhold effort in a test subsequently performed worse than others. This reflects the influence of self-concept on motivation; preserving one’s self-concept undermines motivation to succeed due to the threat of failure and what it means for one’s self concept. As Rogers (1959) and Oyserman (2015) suggest people are motivated to pursue identity-congruent goals, self-handicapping highlights a potential downside of identity-relevant goals. When success becomes central to the self, individuals become motivated to protect their self-concept rather than maximise performance. Repeatedly self-handicapping as motivated by threats to the self-concept, may further threaten self-concept (Schwinger et al., 2022). Recurrent self-handicapping may result in patterns of underperformance which may become incorporated into one's self-concept. This is consistent with reciprocal models of self-concept development, wherein self-concept-motivated behaviours can form patterns which circularly shape self-concept; these will be explored later in this chapter. Self-concept is an important guiding system for behaviour. Thus, self-deception through self-defensive strategies can create a dysfunctional self-concept which can have detrimental effects on emotional wellbeing and behaviour motivation. Together, this research suggests self-concept can act both as a motivational resource, and motivational vulnerability. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}}'''Intervention application: Reduce self-threat''' As illustrated by self-handicapping, holding success as a contingency for self-worth can be damaging (Lawrence & Gonzales, 2022; Showers et al., 2015). Thus, interventions can improve wellbeing by deemphasising the extent self-worth depends on outcomes. Promoting self-compassion, diverse positive self-concept domains, self-concept flexibility, and growth-oriented interpretations of failure may therefore improve both wellbeing and motivation.{{RoundBoxBottom}} == How do motivational processes influence self-concept? == The research and theories have thus far detailed how self-concept directs and motivates behaviour. The following section explores how, and whether, this relationship works in reverse.   === How does internalising motivation shape self-concept? === '''[[Self-determination theory]]''' proposes there are different types of motivation, influenced by three innate needs, competence, autonomy, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2020). Understanding the temporal progression of these needs and motivation types can provide insight into how motivational processes influence self-concept.   Ryan and Deci (2020) suggest behavioural regulation exists on a continuum of self-determination, ranging from externally to increasingly internally regulated behaviour. This includes external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulation. Intrinsic motivation refers to autonomous behaviours completed for enjoyment (see Table 2). Extrinsic motivation is the drive to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment (Morris et al., 2022). How self-determined one's motivations are depends on the extent to which one has internalised the values, beliefs and perceptions of the behaviour into their self-concept. Meeting the needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness supports motivations to become progressively internalised, and behaviour increasingly self-endorsed (Chiu, 2023). This illustrates how self-concept and motivation reciprocally form one another. The degree to which one identifies with a behaviour shapes their motivation to engage with the behaviour; when motivational needs are met, motivated behaviours and psychological processes shape the self-concept. This internalisation process helps explain how Ash came to identify as a swimmer (see Table 2, Van den Broeck et al., 2021).   '''Table 2''' Applying Self-Determination Theory to Ash's Motivation and Self-Concept Development. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" !Type of motivation !Ash's circumstances   !Mechanism |- |External regulation |Ash received a lollipop after swimming lessons.   |Non-self-determined drive.   |- |Introjected regulation |Ash wants her parents to think she is dedicated to swimming. |Partially internalised extrinsic motivation, low self-determination.   |- |Identified regulation |Swimming becomes important to Ash as she starts feeling like a good swimmer (competence) and drives herself to training (autonomy).   |More internalised and self-determined. |- |Integrated regulation |Ash starts to identify as a swimmer and with her swim team (relatedness).   |Fully integrated into self-concept. Highly self-determined but performed for valued outcome not enjoyment. |- |Intrinsic motivation |After the swimming competition, Ash continues swimming for the joy of it.   |Fully autonomous motivation for enjoyment. |} Chiu (2023) provided compelling evidence for how motivation shapes self-concept within the context of self-determination theory. In this study, 342 Hong Kong high school students completed STEM activities taught using a standard teaching approach or a self-determination theory teaching method, focusing on supporting needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. Self-report measures of perceived teacher support, STEM identity and STEM interest reflected that the needs-supporting teaching approach increased students' autonomy, competence and relatedness. This resulted in increased STEM identity and interest. This supports the developmental pathway of self-determination theory proposed whereby fulfilling core psychological needs promotes more autonomous motivation and thus develops one's identity. Further supporting this relationship, Yip et al.'s (2024) longitudinal study of 236 anti-poverty activists who completed self-reported social attitudes and personality measures at two timepoints found that increases in self-determined motivations positively correlated with group identification. However, non-self-determined motivations, such as external regulation, did not correlate with group identification. This suggests that self-determined motivation facilitates the incorporation of behaviour and group membership into one's self-concept.   Together, self-determination theory suggests self-concepts develop as values and behaviours are progressively internalised. Ash was not initially motivated because she identified as a swimmer. Her repeated engagement in swimming gradually transformed swimming into part of her identity. This demonstrates that motivation can be a mechanism through which self-concept develops and is not simply a motivating force. This indicates self-concept and motivation are inherently intertwined.   === How does the reciprocal effects model explain the influence of motivation on self-concept? === The '''reciprocal effects model''' proposes that self-concept and achievement reinforce one another over time (Marsh et al., 2018). Individuals with stronger self-concepts tend to achieve more highly, while achievement experiences subsequently shape self-concept. Motivation plays an important role in this process, by influencing how individuals behave toward achievement experiences. There is a growing body of research investigating this model. For example, Sewasew et al.'s (2018) longitudinal study with 2,342 German high schoolers demonstrated mathematics self-concept was a positively correlated with mathematics achievement. The effect of achievement on self-concept was moderated by motivational constructs of goal approach theory (Vandewalle et al., 2019). Their study highlighted a mutually dependent relationship between academic self-concept and achievement, each mediated by motivation. However, Garn and Shen's (2015) longitudinal study of 329 participants found motivational needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) posited by self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2022) did not predict physical self-concept at follow ups. Physical self-concept was only supported as an antecedent to exercise motivation. This result conflicts the reciprocal effects model and may be explained by the timeframe of the study. An explanation for why no reciprocal effect was identified here when they were in Sewasew et al.'s (2018) study of mathematical self-concept is that reciprocal effects may be domain specific. The multidimensional model suggests academic and physical self-concepts function independently, meaning findings from one domain may not generalise to another. Similarly, Sorjonen et al. (2024) reanalysed meta-analytic results (Wu et al., 2021) which had provided evidence for the reciprocal effects model. Sorjonen et al. (2024) found that employing different statistical models allowed results to both support and refute the finding that motivation measured by achievement influenced self-concept. Hübner et al. (2023) support for the reciprocal effects model was also inconsistent between statistical models. This may indicate a spurious correlation that undermines the credibility of the reciprocal effects model. Taken together, these findings suggest that achievement can shape self-concept, but the strength and direction of this relationship may depend on the domain being examined and the methodological approach used. Although the reciprocal effects model remains influential, current evidence indicates that the relationship between motivation, achievement, and self-concept is more complex than originally proposed. {{Robelbox|theme=12|title=Quiz}} <quiz display=simple> {Ash wakes up at 4:00 a.m. each day to train because being a swimmer is a central part of her identity. According to the chapter, what best explains Ash's motivation? |type="()"} - Motivation is determined primarily by physical ability. +Self-concept acts as an internal compass that guides goals and behaviour. -Motivation is caused only by external rewards and punishment. -Self-concept remains fixed and has little influence on actions. </quiz> {{Robelbox/close}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}}'''Intervention application: Foster domain-specific self-concept''' The multidimensional model (Marsh et al., 2019) suggests behaviour and outcomes are more closely linked to specific domains of self-concept than general self-concepts (Seaton et al., 2014; Sewasew et al., 2018). Therefore, motivational self-concept interventions should target specific behaviours and identities, not global self-concept. However, it is important for interventions to foster ''accurate'', positive self-concepts for specific domains. As Vu et al. (2024) note, only enhancing self-concept may reduce learning effort and thus negatively impact achievement, consequently impacting self-concept. Similarly, findings challenging the reciprocal effects model indicate that self-concept interventions should be combined with genuine opportunities for achievement (Sewasew et al., 2018; Sorjonen et al., 2024). This means interventions should focus on developing accurate positive beliefs about subject-specific capabilities, through achievement opportunities, rather than broadly encouraging feeling good about oneself.{{RoundBoxBottom}} == Conclusion == Self-concept is one's internal perception of oneself. Self-concept acts as a guiding compass that motivates and directs behaviours through processes of congruence, perceived self-competence, and responses to failure. While self-concept can help individuals make sense of and strive toward goals (Oyserman, 2024; Rogers, 1959) evaluations of competence (Vandewalle et al., 2019) and contingencies of self-worth (Showers et al., 2015) can undermine motivation. Motivation and subsequent behaviours also form self-concept through internalisation processes when psychological needs are met, as proposed by the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2020). However, inconsistent support for the reciprocal effects model (Garn & Shen, 2015; Sewasew et al., 2018) emphasises that motivation may not have as great a role in shaping self-concept as once thought, underscoring the complexity of these processes. Nevertheless, these processes inform approaches to motivation-improving interventions. Effective interventions are unlikely to only target behaviour. Rather, interventions that shape how individuals understand themselves may produce more sustainable and high quality motivation by influencing the self-concepts that guide behaviour. With self-concept and motivation inherently linked, who one believes they are shapes the goals they pursue, while motivations, behaviours, and experiences continually reshape who one becomes. == See also == * [[wikipedia:Self-concept|Self-concept]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Self-concept clarity|Self-concept clarity]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Self-efficacy and motivation|Self-efficacy and motivation]] (Book chapter, 2014) == References == {{Hanging indent|Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., & Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. ''Acta Psychologica, 244'', 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177 Chiu, T.K. (2023). 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''Management Decision, 54''(10), 2393–2412. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2016-0007 }} == External links == * [https://rickhanson.com/being-well-podcast-self-concept-the-secret-to-changing-who-you-are/ Being well podcast: Self-concept: The secret to changing WHO you are] (Being Well Podcast) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nck7lP-6C2g Unlocking success: The power of self-efficacy and self-concept] (TEDx Talks) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-concept]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Motivation]] atk4gnqblsxerip5cgnil7bt7925qjy 0 331101 2832180 2828604 2026-09-08T06:29:38Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Fear extinction:<br>What psychological and neural processes underlie the extinction of fear responses?}} <div align=center>Edit the title and sub-title to match the wording (and casing) in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|2026 list of topics]].<br>[[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|Seek approval]] for any changes.<br>Do not include your name (authorship is as per [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page history]]).</div> __TOC__ ==Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Frontal lobe animation.gif|Frontal_lobe_animation]]'''Figure 1'''. Rotating Image of Brain Regions Imagine you're bitten by a dog. You might develop a fear response whenever you see a dog because the brain has learned: Dog → Danger → Fear If you consistently have positive encounters with dogs without any negative consequences, you will gradually learn: Dog → No Danger → Safety What are the psychological and neurological mechanisms involved? {{RoundBoxBottom}} '''Fear extinction''' is a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS) (Myers, 2006). Extinction is not simply the erasure of a fear memory, it involves learning a new association that inhibits the orginal fear response. If an individual experiences positive outcomes while facing the fearful stimulus without recieving any maladaptive consequences you are gradually learning a process called '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763414002681 extinction learning]'''. Cognitively, extinction occurs when the expected threatening outcome does not occur. Repeated safe experiences weaken the expression of fear responses and strengthen the safety association (Maren et al., 2013). However, the orignal fear can remain. This is reiterated by renewal, where fear returns in different circumstances, reinstatement, where fear reemerges after experiencing the threat again, and spontaneous recovery, where fear returns after a period of time (Quirk & Mueller, 2007). Several regions in the brain interact with fear extinction. The '''amygdala''' is essential in the attainment and expression of fear. The '''ventromedial prefrontal cortex''' (vmPFC) contributes to regulation of fear responses and the retrieval of extinction memories (Milad & Quirk, 2002). The '''hippocampus''' supplies contextual information, thus, helping decide if a previous threat should be percieved as dangerous or safe (Maren et al., 2013). Therefore, fear extinction involves new inhibitory learning rather than the erasure of the original fear memory. The interaction between hippocampus, vmPFC, and amygdala provides individuals the ability to learn that prior threatening stimuli can be safe, resulting in a reduction of percieved fear responses when danger is not displayed. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} 1. How does fear extinction change the way individuals respond to previously threatening stimuli? 2. What psychological processes contribute to the development of new safety associations during fear extinction? 3. How do the amygdala, vmPFC, and hippocampus interact to regulate fear extinction? 4. How does the context in which extinction occurs influence the persistece or return of fear? 5. Why might fear responses return after successful extinction, and what does this reveal about how fear memories are stored and regulated? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding Fear Extinction == [https://w.wiki/TsLV '''Fear'''] {{ic|Remove bold}} {{ic|Use an internal link - see Tutorial 2}} is an intervening response that assists individuals in detecting and responding to context-dependent stimuli (Adolphs, 2013). Through the use of '''[[wikipedia:Fear_conditioning|fear conditioning]]''' {{ic|Use an internal link - see Tutorial 2}}, neutral stimuli can have a maladaptive correlation with percieved danger, this results in a learned fear response. It is important to note that when the expected harm has failed to occur repeatedly, individuals can determine that the stimulus is not dangerous, this is a process identified as '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763414002681 fear extinction]''' {{ic|Use an APA style citation and move the doi to References}}. However, extinction is not regarded as the deletion of the original fear; it is simply the formation of new safe inhibitory associations that aids in the reduction of fear. Extinction learning is influenced by contextual information, this helps identify if a past threatening stimuli should be percieved as dangerous or safe (Bouton, 2004; Quirk & Mueller, 2007; Maren et al., 2013). Having a greater understanding on these processes grants a foundation for analysing psychological and neuralogical mechanisms that allows fear responses to be reduced as well as explaining why fear has the potential of returning after successful extinction. === Formation of Fear and Fear Conditioning === * Fear conditioning occurs during previous neutral stimuli becoming associated with a threatening event, consequently causing the stimulus to later trigger a fear response. This learned connection is essential for understanding how fear can be ultimately reduced through extinction (Quirk & Mueller, 2007). === Fear Extinction as New Learning === * Fear Extinction is a result of previously threatening stimuli being repeatedly experienced without the expected threat. Instead of erasing the original fear memory, extinction allows learning new inhibitory safety associations, resulting in the individual to distinguish that the stimuli is no longer a predictive danger (Quirk & Mueller, 2007). === The Role of Context and Memory in Extinction === * Extinction learning is influenced by the context in which it occurs. The brain uses situational information to determine if a prior threatening stimuli should be percieved as unsafe or secure. This assists in clarifying why fear can return when the stimulus has appeared during a variety of scenarios (Bouton, 2004). * ''Aurthor note: Add two or more dot points in each subtitle to further reinforce how does fear extinction change the way individuals respond to previously threatening stimuli.'' == Psychological Processes Underlying Fear Extinction == {{ic|Include at least an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-headings}} === Inhibitory Learning And The Formation of Safety Associations === * Fear extinction is acknowledged as a process of new inhibitory learning, instead of the complete deletion of the original fear memory. As previously stated, when a past dangerous stimuli is consistently presented without the expected maladaptive outcome, the individual begins to associate that the stimuli is safe. Let's use the dog scenario again; for example, someone who is afraid of dogs after being bitten may slowly learn through positive encounters that dogs do not necessarily anticipate danger. This new association inhibits the expression of the original fear response, allowing for adaptive behaviour regardless of the persistence of the orginal fear memory (Quirk & Mueller, 2007; Furini et al., 2014). === Prediction Error and Expectancy Violation === * '''[[wikipedia:Expectancy_violations_theory|Expectancy violation]]''' is an integral psychological mechanism of extinction. This occurs when the outcome an individual expects differs from what actually happens. During the occurance of extinction, an individual may predict a maladaptive outcome but consistently experience its absence, this is known as '''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3518876/ prediction error]'''. This mismatch causes prediction error, notifying that previous expectation about threats need to be updated. Therefore, greater expectancy violation can increase extinction learning by motivating the individual to reconsider their beliefs between the relationship of the stimulus and threat (Craske, 2015). * ''Aurthor note: Add two dot points exploring how expectancy violation and prediction error contributes to the development of new safety associations during fear extinction.'' === Context, Memory Retrieval and The Return of Fear === * '''Context and memory retrieval''' is another process that influences extinction learning significantly. The learned safety association during extinction does not automatically replace the orgianl fear association; rather, the brain must retrieve the appropriate memory depending on the context of the situation. Ultimately, fear has the potential to return through processes such as '''[https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Renewal+Effect renewal]''', when the stimulus is engaged in different contexts, or '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/spontaneous-recovery spontaneous recovery]''', when addequate time has passed. This reinforces that successful extinction depends on both the safety of the stimulus and the ability to retrieve that safety learning when it is required (Maren et al., 2013). * ''Aurthor note: add two comprehensive dot points further exploring renwal and spontaneous recovery for focus question 2.'' == Neural Mechanisms of Fear Extinction == [[File:PTSD stress brain.gif|thumb|Figure 2. Regions of The Brain]] {{ic|Include at least an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-headings}} === The Amygdala: Acquisition and Expression of Fear === * The amygdala plays an integral role in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. During fear conditioning, the '''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10604397/ basolateral amygdala]''' helps establish associations between previous neutral stimulus and an averisive outcome, additionally, the '''[[wikipedia:Central_nucleus_of_the_amygdala|central amygdala]]''' contributes to the expression of physiological and behavioural fear responses. When fear extinction is occurring, the amygdala remains involved due to the original fear association staying. However, extinction-related neural changes allows for the reduction of fear expression when the stimulus is no longer linked to danger (Quirk & Mueller, 2007). * ''Aurthor note: Talk about what exactly is the amygdala i.e., what it is, regions in it, hormones/chemical responses it releases, and how that relates to how fear is acquired and how it is expressed.'' === The vmPFC: Inhibition and Retrieval of Extinction Memories === * The '''[[wikipedia:Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex|ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)]]''' is vital for regulating fear following extinction learning. Instead of removing the original fear association, the vmPFC contributes to the retrieval of newly learned safety associations and can employ inhibitory influence over amygdala-based fear responses. Literature by Quirk and Mueller (2007) identified that activity within the medial prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with successful extinction memory retrieval, signifying the importance in suppressing prior conditioned fear. * ''Aurthor note: find more literature to back up how the vmPFC has a positive correlation with successful extinction''. === The Hippocampus: Contextual Regulation of Fear Extinction === * The '''[https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/hippocampus Hippocampus]''' delivers significant contextual information crucial for identifying if a previously threatening stimulus should be interpreted as dangerous or safe. It has a positive relationship with the vmPFC due to it classifying in which extinction learning occurred and assist in guiding retrieval of the appropriate memory. This contextual processing further explains why fear can return when a previously feared stimulus is encountered outside the extinction context, demonstrating that extinction is highly dependent on context-sensitive memory retrieval (Maren et al., 2013).<br /> '''Table 1. Brain Regions Neural Mechanisms And Their Relation to Fear Extinction''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Brain Region / Mechanism !Role In Fear Extinction !Neural Mechanism |- !Amygdala |Involved in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear, while also participating in extinction learning. |During extinction, changes within the amygdala support the learning of new extinction associations. Extinction does not simply remove the original fear association. |- !vmPFC |Supports the inhibition and retrieval of extinction memories. |The vmPFC integrates information about the stimulus and extinction learning and can exert regulatory influences over amygdala activity. |- !Hippocampus |Provides contextual information that helps determine whether a previously threatening stimulus is currently safe. |The hippocampus communicates contextual information to prefrontal and amygdala circuits, helping distinguish the extinction context from contexts associated with threat. |- !Amygdala-vmPFC Interaction |Allows the brain to regulate the expression of previously learned fear. |The vmPFC can influence amygdala circuits involved in fear expression, supporting the retrieval of the safety association. |- !Hippocampus-vmPFC Interaction |Allows extinction memories to be retrieved appropriately according to context. |Contextual information from the hippocampus helps the vmPFC determine whether extinction or fear memories should guide behaviour. |} == The Return of Fear Following Extinction == * '''Renewal: The influence of Context on Fear''' * Fear can return when a previously extinguished stimulus is ecountered in a context that differs from where extinction learning occurred. This pheomenon is known as '''renewal''', it demonstrates that extinction does not erase the orginal fear memory. Instead, the brain retains both the original fear association and the newer safety association, with contextual information influencing which memory is expressed. The hippocampus is important in providing contextual information that helps determine whether the stimulus should be interpreted as threatening or safe (Bouton,2004; Maren et al., 2013). === Reinstatemnt: The Return of Fear Following Exposure to Threat === * '''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796704002347 Reinstatement]''' occurs when a fear response returns after an individual expereinces the aversive event again following extinction. For example, if someone successfully extinguishes their fear of dogs but is subsequently bitten by a dog, their fear of dogs may return. This implies that extinction learning remains vulnerable to subsequent threatening experiences, which can reactivate or strengthen the orginal fear association (Quirk & Mueller, 2007; Maren et al., 2013). === Spontaneous Recovery and Persistance of The Original Fear Memory === * '''Spontaneous recovery''' refers to the return of a previously extinguished fear response following the passage of time. This phenomenon provides further evidence that extinction does not permantly elimate the orginal fear memory. Rather, extinction creates a competing inhibitory safety memory that can weak or suppress fear under appropriate conditions. As time passes, the orignal association may regain influence, demonstrating the enduring nature of fear memories and the importance of continued extinction learning (Bouton,2004; Quirk & Mueller, 2008). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=9}} ;Case study: Return of fear through context change Vansteenwegen et al. (2004) studied human participants using fear-conditioning paradigm. Participants first learned to associate a neutral visual stimulus with an aversive loud noise. During extinction, the stimulus was repeatedly presented without the noise, causing their fear responses to decrease. However, extinction took place in a different context from where the original fear was learned. When participants were ultimately returned to the original fear-conditioning context, their conditioned fear response returned. This was identified through an increase in electrodermal responses and increaased expectations that the negative outcome would occur. Particpants who experienced acquisition extinction and testing in the same context did not show the same recovery of fear. This demonstrates evidence of renewal, showing that extinction does not erase the orginal fear memory. Instead, extinction appears to create a new safety association that is strongly influenced by context. When the individual returns to a context associated with the original threat, the orginal fear memory can regain control over behaviour. This finding also highlights the importance of the hippocampus and contextual processing in determining whether fear or safety memories are retrieved. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ;Test your knowledge ''Author note: add more questions in the chapter'' <quiz display=simple> {The vmPFC contributes to fear excitation by inhibiting fear responses generated by the amygdala: |type="()"} + True - False {The amygdala is primarily responsible for forming and expressing conditioned fear responses, but extinction does not completely erase the original fear memory: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== Fear extinction is a complex learning process through which individuals learn that a previously threatening stimulus no longer predicts danger. Rather than erasing the original memory of fear, extinction involves the development of a new inhibitory safety association that reduces the expression of fear responses (Quirk & Mueller, 2007). Physiological processes, such as expectancy violation, prediction error, and contextual memory retrieval, contribute to this new learning by allowing individuals to update their expectations about potential threats. At a neural level, interactions between the amygdala, vmPFC, and hippocampus support regulation and retrieval of extinction memories. The amygdala contributes to fear expression, while the vmPFC supports fear inhibition and the hippocampus provides contextual information to guide memory retrieval (Maren et al., 2013). Importantly, extinction does not permanently eliminate fear,as demonstrated by renewal, reinstatement, and spontanous recovery. Overall, understanding these psychological and neural mechanisms depict why extinction can reduce fear while leaving the original fear memory intact. ==See also == Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. * [wikipedia:Central_nucleus_of_the_amygdala][[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Central Amygdala]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Expectancy_violations_theory|Expectancy Violation]] (Wikipedia) * [https://w.wiki/TsLV Fear] {{ic|Use an internal link as shown in Tutorial 2}} (Book chapter, year) * [[wikipedia:Fear_conditioning|Fear conditioning]] (Wikipedia) * [wikipedia:Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex][[w:Self determination theory|Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)]] (Wikipedia) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Adolphs, R. (2013). The biology of fear. Current Biology, 23(2), R79–R93. National Library of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.055 Bouton, M. E. (2004). Context and behavioral processes in extinction. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.78804 Craske, M. (2015). Optimizing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: An inhibitory learning and inhibitory regulation approach. Verhaltenstherapie, 25(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381574 Furini, C., Myskiw, J., & Izquierdo, I. (2014). The learning of fear extinction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 670–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016 Maren, S., Phan, K. L., & Liberzon, I. (2013). The contextual brain: Implications for fear conditioning, extinction and psychopathology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(6), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3492 Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002). Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature, 420(6911), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01138 Myers, K. M. (2006). Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition. Learning & Memory, 13(2), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.119806 Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2007). Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301555 Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., Vervliet, B., Francken, G., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2004). Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a return to the original acquistion context. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(3), 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.001 }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. * [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/hippocampus Hippocampus] (Cleveland Clinic) * [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3518876/ How Prediction Errors Shape Perception, Attention, and Motivation (National Library of Medicine)] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005796704002347 Reinstatement of Fear Responses in Human Aversive Conditioning] (ScienceDirect) * [https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Renewal+Effect Renewal Effect] - (Alleydog) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/spontaneous-recovery Spontaneous Recovery] (ScienceDirect) * [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10604397/ The Basolateral Amygdala: The Core of a Network for Threat Conditioning, Extinction, and Second-Order Threat Conditioning] (National Library of Medicine) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763414002681 The learning of fear extinction] (Science Direct) ''Aurthor note!!!* The code for the chapter layout has seemed to glitch for me and other students. For some reason my focus questions have my headings in the box as well for some reason even though they aren't'' [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Fear]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Learning]] 31qpq38tk4ekr544j7gp1viokxl7za2 0 331109 2832135 2831012 2026-09-08T00:14:08Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection:<br>When does self-reflection promote wellbeing and when does it contribute to psychological distress?}} __TOC__ ==Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Le Penseur in the Jardin du Musée Rodin, Paris 14 June 2015.jpg|Le_Penseur_in_the_Jardin_du_Musée_Rodin,_Paris_14_June_2015]|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Reflection may produce insight, but repeated self-focused thought may contribute to distress.]] '''Scenario: An embarrassing encounter''' Trevor's day at university was fairly ordinary. While walking to get his second coffee, he exchanged a brief smile with another student. Distracted, he failed to notice the uneven ground and tripped in front of her. He quickly walked away, flushed and deeply embarrassed. Trevor repeatedly replayed the incident in his mind, becoming absorbed in self-focused thought (see Figure 1). He decided that if he saw her again, he would avoid her to prevent further embarrassment. When Trevor told his friend Alucard what had happened, Alucard suggested that she might not have noticed. This prompted Trevor to consider whether his prediction of rejection was supported by what had actually occurred. Soon afterwards, Trevor saw the same student approaching. Although he still felt embarrassed, he reconsidered his interpretation and introduced himself. He discovered that she was happy to speak with him. Trevor's response illustrates how reflecting on the same experience may be associated with different emotional and behavioural outcomes. Why might repeatedly replaying the event have prolonged his embarrassment, while reconsidering his interpretation helped him respond more constructively? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Self-reflection involves examining one's thoughts, emotions and behaviour, but it does not necessarily produce clearer understanding or insight. Research suggests that self-reflection and insight are related but distinguishable constructs (Grant et al., 2002). Trapnell and Campbell (1999) further distinguished reflection from [[w:Rumination (psychology)|rumination]], characterised as curiosity about the self compared to the recurrent attention to perceived threats, losses or injustices involving the self. This distinction may explain why self-focused attention has been associated with both self-understanding and psychological distress. More broadly, the outcomes associated with repetitive thought may depend on its context, content and level of processing, rather than reflection alone being helpful or harmful (Watkins, 2008). Understanding these differences may help explain why reflecting on an experience is helpful in some circumstances but distressing in others. '''Key points''' * Self-reflection does not necessarily produce useful understanding and is distinguishable from insight (Grant et al., 2002) * Self-focused attention may involve curiosity-driven reflection or threat-driven rumination, which may help explain its different psychological outcomes (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). * The consequences of repetitive thought may depend on its content, context and level of processing, rather than repetitions alone determining whether it is constructive or unconstructive (Watkins, 2008). * Experimental evidence suggests that adopting a psychologically distanced perspective may reduce immediate emotional reactivity compared with analysing a distressing experience from a self-immersed perspective (Ayduk & Kross, 2008). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What distinguishes adaptive self-reflection from maladaptive self-focused thought? * Under what conditions may self-reflection support psychological wellbeing? * Under what conditions may self-focused thought contribute to psychological distress? * What psychological processes influence the outcomes of self-reflection? * How might people engage in more adaptive self-reflection? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Understanding adaptive and maladaptive self-reflection == '''focus question''' - What distinguishes adaptive self-reflection from maladaptive self-focused thought? '''Topic sentence/introductory message <- <u>''these subheadings will be used for my planning/paragraph structure and will not be used as official subheadings for the final book chapter (some may be used if appropriate but not all)''</u>''' *Self-focused thought is not explicitly helpful or harmful Self-focused thought may involve distinguishable processes which influence the wellbeing outcomes. Whether adaptive or maladaptive behaviours are executed may rely on motivation, processing style, capacity to generate insight and relationship with repetitive negative thinking. '''Self-reflection definition''' * Self-reflection can be defined as the inspection and evaluation of one's thoughts, emotions and behaviour. (Grant et al., 2002). * The act of self-reflection involves directed attention towards internal experiences and processes (Grant et al., 2002) * Engaging in the act of self-reflection is not the same as gaining understanding of what the internal experiences mean (Grant et al., 2002) * Adaptive self-reflection may involve the flexible, purposeful processing that supports insight, problem-solving or movement towards personally relevant goals (Watkins, 2008) * Maladaptive self-reflection may include rumination, which involves a more self-focused thought process that refers to repetitive attention to distress and its causes or consequences, potentially interfering with problem-solving and supportive behaviours. (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008). '''Self-reflection vs insight''' * Insight can be defined as the clarity of understanding of one's thoughts, emotions and behaviour. (Grant et al., 2002) * While self-reflection and insight are related, reflection involves the process of self-examination, whereas insight describes the possible outcome. (Grant et al., 2002) * Every process is different according to the form, context and individual differences. This implies that an individual may spend a considerable time reflecting but not gain any insight. (Grant et al., 2002) * When these theories are applied to Trevor's scenario, He replays the incident with self-focused attention, but it does not initially provide him with easing distress or more accurate understanding. Grant et al. (2002) recognised self-reflection and insight as distinguishable factors. Suggesting that higher levels of self-examination do not with certainty produce clear self-understanding. Results found that self-reflection associated positively with anxiety and stress. Whereas, insight was negatively associated with depression, anxiety and stress, while positively associated with cognitive flexibility and self-regulation. These findings were primarily correlational and participants included a sample of undergraduate psychology students which may limit the generalisability. Therefore, these findings demonstrate association among self-reflection insight and psychological outcomes, but they do not establish causal relationships. '''Reflection & Rumination''' * The "self-absorption paradox" highlights how self-focused attention can be associated with both self-understanding and psychological distress (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). * Trapnell and Campbell (1999) identified two motivationally distinct forms of private self-attention. They distinguish between curiosity-driven reflection or intellectual interest in the self compared to recurrent self-rumination likely to be prompted by threats, losses or injustices regarding the self. * This distinction suggests that the motivation and quality of self-focused attention may be more informative than the amount of reflection alone * In relation to the Trevor scenario, the act of repeated replaying the embarrassment and anticipated rejection resembles the threat-focused rumination, whereas questioning his initial assumptions illustrates curiosity-driven reflection. * Trapnell and Campbell's (1999) model provides a key theoretical differentiation for dispositional reflection and rumination. While their research support the distinction between the different processes of reflection. However, it does not establish causation between reflection supporting adaptive outcomes and repetitive thought causing harmful outcomes. '''Rumination is not one uniform process''' * According to Treynor et al. (2003), rumination may contain at least two distinguishable components: brooding and reflective pondering. * Brooding can be defined as the passive comparison between one's current circumstance and an unattained standard. (Treynor et al., 2003). * Reflective pondering can be defined as purposeful attention intended to understand or address distress. (Treynor et al., 2003). * It important to highlight these as differing constructs as they both associate differently when measured alongside depressive symptoms. (Treynor et al., 2003). * Reflective pondering showed a different and less consistently maladaptive pattern than brooding. Moreover, it is also measured alongside depressive rumination and should not automatically be equated to adaptive self-reflection. This highlighted how different processes of rumination have different relationships with depressive symptoms. (Treynor et al., 2003). * Important distinction - reflection and reflective pondering are from two different measures and should not be treated as identical constructs '''Reflection and rumination overlap''' * Takano and Tanno (2009), proposed that self-reflection and self-rumination are distinguishable but may not be entirely independent. * A two wave longitudinal study over three weeks reported (Takano and Tanno (2009)): ** Self-reflection was associated with lower depression, whereas self-rumination was associated with higher depression ** Important to note that the estimated total effect of reflection on depression was close to zero, as reflection and rumination occurred together. ** This suggests that adaptive reflection processes may coexist with maladaptive processes that counteract positive outcomes ** The small, predominantly male undergraduate sample and brief follow-up period limit generalisability, while the observational design prevents firm causal conclusions. '''Concluding sentence''' - research suggests that adaptive self-reflection is more likely to involve curiosity-driven and flexible examination that may facilitate insight. In contrast, maladaptive self-focused thought may involve threat-focused repetitions, passive brooding and difficulty disengaging. However, these processes may interact and fluctuate, so reflection should not be assumed to be beneficial merely because it is deliberate. its outcomes may depend on whether it generates clearer understanding or becomes incorporated into repetitive rumination. == Adaptive self-reflection and wellbeing == '''Focus question -''' Under what conditions may self reflection support psychological wellbeing? '''Topic sentence/introductory message -''' Self reflection is more likely to support wellbeing when insight is gained to facilitate constructive meaning, '''Key points''' * Insight was positively associated with happiness and life satisfaction, whereas self-reflection alone did not show the same relationship with subjective wellbeing (Lyke, 2009). * Adaptive self-reflection was indirectly associated with greater resilience and wellbeing through insight when rumination was low. When rumination was high, the pattern was less favourable (Bucknell et al., 2022). * A randomised control trial, found that self reflective writing was more effective than descriptive writing in reinforced perceived resilience. Additionally, reflection on successful coping demonstrates better maintenance of benefits than reflecting on unsuccessful coping (Bucknell et al., 2024). * An app-based journal that targeted positive processes was associated with increased psychological wellbeing among participants with average or higher baseline dispositional self-reflection, after statistically controlling for rumination (MacIsaac et al., 2023) '''Concluding sentence''' - the evidence highlighted that the possible benefits of reflection depend on whether the action produces greater insight, constructing meaning and recognising effective coping. Find research potential locus of control x self-reflection as a point '''Limitations''' * Lyke (2009) is correlational and does not prove insight causes wellbeing * Bucknell et al. (2022) is a cross-sectional moderated mediation analysis, proposed indirect statistical pathway does not infer causation * Bucknell et al. (2024) experimental outcomes were targeted to perceived resilience rather than self reflection. Participants also consisted of Australian ministry workers limiting generalisability * MacIsaac et al. (2023), study was longitudinal but lacked experimental assignment and a control group. Participants chose how much they used the journal, and the app contained other features. Additionally, the nature of the quasi-experiment makes it difficult to confirm whether outcomes are influenced by individuals pre existing reflection intentions and behaviours. == Maladaptive self-reflection and psychological distress == [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]]'''Focus questions -''' Under what conditions may self-focused thought contribute to psychological distress? '''Topic sentence/introductory message -''' Self-focused thought may contribute to psychological distress when it becomes repetitive, negative and difficult to detach from, especially when interfering with constructive behaviour and problem solving. '''Key points''' *Response style theory proposes that repetitive focus on distress and its causes and consequences may reinforce negative thinking, impair problem solving and interfere with constructive understanding and behaviours (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) *A meta-analysis of effect sizes highlighted an association between self-focused attention and negative affect. The strength of this association differed by the form of self-focus, distress and samples (Mor & Winquist, 2002) *Cross-sectional mediation models indicated that brooding statistically accounted for part of the relationship between lower self-compassion and depressive symptoms, while brooding and worry correlated with anxiety (Raes, 2010). *Dunn & Luchner (2022) researched reflection on personal mistakes and how rumination conditions effected negative affect. Results found that no significant improvement in negative emotion, which indicates that rumination may maintain psychological distress. '''Concluding sentence''' - self-focused thought may involve distress when it maintains attention toward negative content without facilitating insight or effective problem-solving. '''Limitations''' * Identifies overall association, not the causality of self-focus and distress. Additionally this meta-analysis is quite dated , social norms and stressors have changed so a more recent meta-analysis may be more useful. (Mor & Winquist, 2002) * Nolen-Hoeksema et al. (2008) concluded that rumination predicted the onset of depression more consistently than the duration of the depressive episode, findings concerning duration were mixed. * Raes (2010) cross-sectional design may limit generalisability and causality. * Dunn and Luchner (2022) did not find a strong implication that rumination significantly caused a decreased mood. Additionally, the study focuses on reflection of personal mistakes and not self-reflection in general. == Factors influencing the outcomes of self-reflection == '''Focus question -''' What psychological processes influence the outcomes of self-reflection? '''Topic sentence -''' The outcomes of self-reflection may be influenced by the interaction of cognitive, emotional, personal and cultural factors rather than on the amount of maladaptive process alone. '''Key points''' *A theoretical review proposed that repetitive thought may be constructive or unconstructive depending on its emotional content, situational context and level of construal, including whether processing is relatively abstract or concrete (Watkins, 2008). *Experimental evidence suggests that analysing a negative experience from a psychologically distanced perspective may support faster cardiovascular recovery than analysing it from a self-immersed perspective (Ayduk & Kross, 2008). *Cross-cultural studies found that Russian participants reported greater spontaneous self-distancing and less distress while reflecting on negative experiences than American participants, indicating that cultural context may influence how reflection is performed and experienced (Grossmann & Kross, 2010). *The relationship between adaptive reflection, insight and wellbeing differed according to participants’ levels of rumination, suggesting that rumination may interfere with otherwise constructive reflective processing (Bucknell et al., 2022). *An experiment involving reflection on a significant mistake suggested that self-criticism may also influence outcomes, as reflection was associated with reduced negative emotion among participants high in the “hated self” form of self-criticism (Dunn & Luchner, 2022). '''Concluding sentence''' - important influences may include processing style, psychological distance, emotional content, rumination, self-criticism, culture and the extent to which reflection generates insight or action. '''Limitations''' == Developing more adaptive self-reflection == '''Focus question''' - How might people engage in more adaptive self-reflection? *Adaptive self-reflection may be encouraged by giving reflection a clear structure, directing attention towards specific experiences and supporting perspective, insight and constructive action. *Analysing a negative experience from a self-distanced perspective may reduce immediate physiological reactivity compared with analysing the experience from a self-immersed perspective (Ayduk & Kross, 2008). *In a one-month randomised trial with distressed students, both [[w:Mindfulness|mindfulness meditation]] and relaxation training reduced distress and increased positive states of mind relative to a control condition; mindfulness meditation also reduced rumination relative to the control condition (Jain et al., 2007). *Positively focused journalling prompts concerning growth, mastery, goals and the future were associated with improved psychological wellbeing among participants with average or higher dispositional self-reflection (MacIsaac et al., 2023). *Structured reflection on successful coping experiences may be particularly useful, as its effects on perceived resilience were maintained more effectively than reflection focused on unsuccessful coping experiences (Bucknell et al., 2024). *in relation to recalling a significant personal mistake, reflection was associated with reduced negative emotion among participants high in hated-self criticism, whereas rumination produced no significant emotional change. (Dunn & Luchner, 2022). '''Concluding sentence''' - promising strategies include psychological distancing, mindfulness, positively focused journalling and structured reflection on successful coping; however, these approaches should not be presented as universally effective. '''Limitations''' *Ayduk and Kross (2008), dated source and supports immediate self-distancing over a more universal and long term intervention. *Jain et al. (2007), Sample included 83 distressed students limiting generalisability. Additionally, mindfulness was not significantly stronger for relaxation for distress or positive states of mind. *Bucknell et al. (2024), study targeted perceived resilience and was a specific occupational sample. ;Quiz Time to quiz your knowledge! Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Self-reflection involves examining one's thoughts, emotions and behaviour: |type="()"} + True - False {Self-reflection is always adaptive when it is deliberate and purposeful: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== *Self-reflection does not appear to be definitively adaptive or maladaptive; its outcomes may depend on how reflection is processed and the context. *Adaptive self-reflection may involve curiosity, flexible thinking and movement towards insight, problem-solving or constructive action. *Maladaptive self-focused thought may involve threat-focused repetition, passive brooding and difficulty disengaging from distress. *Reflection alone does not necessarily produce insight or psychological wellbeing. *Factors such as psychological distance, rumination, emotional content, self-criticism and cultural context may influence reflective outcomes. *Strategies such as mindfulness, self-distancing, positively focused journalling and structured reflection on successful coping may encourage more adaptive reflection. '''Concluding sentence''' - outcomes do not rely on whether an individual reflects or not, but whether their reflection generates clearer understanding and constructive action or maintains repetitive negative attention. ==See also== * [[w:Emotion regulation|Emotion regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[w:Rumination (psychology)|Rumination]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Rumination|Rumination]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[w:Self-awareness|Self-awareness]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2008). Enhancing the pace of recovery: Self-distanced analysis of negative experiences reduces blood pressure reactivity. ''Psychological Science, 19''(3), 229–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02073.x Bucknell, K. J., Kangas, M., & Crane, M. F. (2022). Adaptive self-reflection and resilience: The moderating effects of rumination on insight as a mediator. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 185'', 111234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111234 Bucknell, K. J., Kangas, M., Karin, E., & Crane, M. F. (2024). A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of self‐reflective writing focused on successful and unsuccessful coping experiences on resilience. ''Stress and Health, 40''(2), e3311. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3311 Dunn, N. A., & Luchner, A. F. (2022). The emotional impact of self‐criticism on self‐reflection and rumination. ''Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 95''(4), 1126–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12422 Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. ''Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30''(8), 821–836. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821 Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2010). The impact of culture on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection. ''Psychological Science, 21''(8), 1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610376655 Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. ''Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33''(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2 Lyke, J. A. (2009). Insight, but not self-reflection, is related to subjective well-being. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 46''(1), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.010 MacIsaac, A., Mushquash, A. R., & Wekerle, C. (2023). Writing yourself well: Dispositional self-reflection moderates the effect of a smartphone app-based journaling intervention on psychological wellbeing across time. ''Behaviour Change, 40''(4), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2022.24 Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. ''Psychological Bulletin, 128''(4), 638–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3''(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 48''(6), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023 Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2009). Self-rumination, self-reflection, and depression: Self-rumination counteracts the adaptive effect of self-reflection. ''Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47''(3), 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.008 Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76''(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284 Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. ''Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27''(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561 Watkins, E. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing. ''Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42''(9), 1037–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.009 Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. ''Psychological Bulletin, 134''(2), 163–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 }} ==External links== * [https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/break-the-cycle Breaking the cycle of rumination] (Harvard Health Publishing) * [https://www.smilingmind.com.au/ Smiling Mind] (Smiling Mind) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Cognition]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self]] q0t673er7o1k3bg40a45p5gy9oyufq1 0 331110 2832163 2831117 2026-09-08T04:11:14Z Yellowvines 3106353 /* Psychological Science in the Legal System */ 2832163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Moral Disgust and Juror Decision-Making: How does moral disgust impact jurors judgements of guilt, blame and punishment?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}[[File:Trial by Jury - Chaos in the Courtroom.png | thumb | left | 350px | Figure 1: A jury is a group of sworn individuals who determine a defendant's guilt. ]] Consider sitting on a jury. The defendant appears composed, well-dressed, and speaks clearly. Someone like this couldn't have done anything bad — that's your instinct. Then you hear the charge: embezzlement. Over three years, they quietly transferred company funds to a personal account. Thousands of dollars were spent, and real people were harmed. You are angry. It's wrong. However, it does not make you feel sick. Consider the same composed defendant in the same courtroom, but this time the charge is posing as a charity volunteer to gain the trust of dying hospice patients before stealing the donations intended for their care. The financial loss is the same as the embezzlement case. Same amount, same number of victims. But something else arises in you. Not just anger, but more of a revulsion, as if something was contaminated. This doesn't simply feel like a crime. It has an unclean feeling to it. The same defendant. Same harm. So, why does one case make you feel cold and angry, while the other makes your skin crawl? And, aside from the actual harm done, could that visceral reaction be influencing how harshly you believe they should be punished? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== The Topic ==== It is the law that [https://www.monash.edu/law/news-and-events/news/2020/juries-why-do-we-actually-need-them-and-can-they-get-it-wrong jurors] must base their verdicts on the facts of a case. But moral disgust, an emotional gut reaction, seems to influence how jurors assess guilt, blame and punishment, regardless of the strength of the evidence presented. A disgusted juror might unconsciously become more certain of guilt, assign more blame and suggest harsher punishment, regardless of what the facts actually establish. If disgust always biases judgements and sentences in one direction or the other, no matter how strong a case is, the implications are profound: wrongful convictions, disproportionate sentencing, and differences in the punishment of similar crimes depending on how “disgusting” the evidence seems, rather than the true seriousness of the crime. It also raises questions for current legal practices: courts commonly admit gruesome evidence under the assumption that its evidentiary value outweighs its emotional impact, an assumption this body of research directly undermines. Psychological science provides the legal system with something it cannot produce itself: controlled empirical evidence about the nature and causes of this bias. It shows not only that jurors appear to be affected by emotion but also the processes (appraisal patterns, purity vs. harm, violations, and individual differences such as private body consciousness) that determine when and for whom the effect is strongest. This template provides key headings, examples, and tips for each section. Gradually remove this generic information as the chapter develops. It is OK to retain some of the template material for the topic development, but it should all be removed for the final book chapter. Key resources: * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02]] explains about how to edit * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter guidelines]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' *If disgust can make moral judgements more severe, even when it’s incidental to the act being judged, what does that say about the reliability of human moral reasoning? *Can moral disgust be used by the legal system? *How might a juror's own sensitivity to physiological sensations of disgust impact how vulnerable they are to disgust-driven bias? *How can psychological theories be used to mitigate risks of bias in the legal system? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Headings== * [[#Overview|Overview]] * What is Moral Disgust? * Psychological Science in the Legal System * Disgust as a Legally Relevant Emotion * Moral Disgust and Juror Judgements * Moderating Factors * Practical Implications * [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]] * See also * References * External links == What is Moral Disgust? == === Disgust === [[w:Disgust|Disgust]] is considered one of the six universal emotions that humans experience and can be visually recognised on a person's face. The emotion of disgust is theorised to have originated from a biological protective mechanism to protect an organism from harm that may be brought on by food or poison. Disgust has now evolved to become an emotion/behaviour directed at anything that may potentially cause harm or disease. For example, * body products * animals * hygiene * body violations, death or disease Paul Ekman proposed six basic emotions in his literature based on the theories that these emotions, across research all over the world, concluded in agreement on six emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness and disgust. Therefore, he proposed that the universality of these findings and the facial expression alone could conclude that there are 6 basic emotions (Ekman, 1992). === Moral Disgust === Moral disgust refers to the emotional response a person feels when their social or cultural norms are transgressed, therefore resulting in a reaction. Moral disgust is complex, and there is varying evidence for and against its genuine purpose as an emotion. Researchers argue that moral disgust is a metaphorical extension of physical disgust; shared facial expression, language, etc. Other researchers argue that it's functionally unique to traditional, physical disgust. It does not reliably trigger the same physiological processes: facial muscle activation, nausea, etc. (Chapman et al., 2012). Moral disgust is triggered by acts that are supposedly a violation of an individual's perceived purity or dignity. For example, betraying someone's trust (cheating on a partner) or exploiting a vulnerable person (as mentioned in the scenario at the start). Rozin et al. (1999) proposed a theory that moral disgust specifically clusters around violations of a person's divinity or purity. This is different from anger, which generally clusters around autonomy violations, also opposed to contempt, which clusters around community violations. This distinction is vital when discussing emotion for jurors. If moral disgust behaves differently from physical disgust, it may influence judgement in the courtroom through a different pathway than a simple reaction to physically disgusting evidence. Russell & Giner-Sorolla (2013) discuss four competing arguments of disgust's role in moral condemnation. Firstly, the most flexible view of moral disgust that can be applied widely for many crimes is the general morality position. It claims that disgust is an all-purpose emotion which is seen through different kinds of moral disapproval, not just a narrow category. Secondly, disgust as a violation of bodily and spiritual purity is more specific. As mentioned prior, this claim is supported by Rozin's CAD (contempt, anger, disgust) triad. The third argument proposes that moral disgust is only a metaphor. The true emotion being experienced is anger, and individuals just use language as a metaphor (e.g., "that's disgusting") for how condemning they feel. Finally, Russell & Ginger-Sorolla's own claim for moral disgust is a middle ground for all the arguments in their research. Regardless of whether harm or justice is involved, they contend that disgust specifically tracks violations pertaining to the body and its products. Anger tends to co-occur with violations that are specifically related to justice, harm, or rights. This disgust behaves more like anger wearing the vocabulary of disgust than it does like bodily moral disgust. <quiz display="simple"> {Moral disgust and physical disgust are the same emotion: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> == Psychological Science in the Legal System == * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Criminal record stigma and emotion#Relevant theories|What psychological theories are present in the legal system]] === Social Identity Theory === Classic social identity theory posits that groups and whole organisations that possess the same cultural and social norms will have perceive themselves as sharing something in common. This adds to their own personal self-concept as an individual and as a member of a society/societies. Bronewasser & Bober (1987) argue that this theory describes a class or collective of people (people who may share traits but have no real interdependence) but not a genuine societal group. Groups depend on structure; roles, positions and relationships that require dependence from people. Through this theory, a jury is considered to be a genuine structured group. There are roles, a task and an interdependence through deliberation. This theory may offer a further point on why moral disgust may bias jurors. Moral disgust can function as a social categorisation cue, marking defendants as the out-group rather than in the jury's moral in-group. Bronewasser & Bober claim that even arbitary group labels are enough to produce an in-group favouritism and out-group favouritism. If a defendants act triggers moral disgust, this may mark them as being in the moral "outgroup" in a jurors mind. Independent of the actual evidence being presented, this compounds moral disgust biases. *social identity theory **a theory that posits that whole organisations and groups that possess the same cultural and social norms will all have similar self-concepts (Bornewasser & Bober, 1987). **The theory predicts that behaviours from this group will often be similar due to their similar self-concept. *[[w:Appraisal_theory|appraisal theory of emotion]] **appraisal theory of emotion is theory that specific emotions are extracted from evaluations of events which in turn impact a reaction which may differ depending on certain people. *evolutionary theory of emotion **this theory describes our emotions and reactions being biological reactions to stimuli. ***for example, disgust has come from protecting oneself from poisons. == Disgust as a Legally Relevant Emotion == * Disgust should not be seen as legally relevant, as that would be a personal bias. * How can you create a courtroom that is free from bias if you do not take into account the impact of disgust? * Maybe disgust shouldn't be seen as an impacting emotion but rather a factor that needs to be considered when a jury is shown pictures, footage, and witness statements in court. === Arguments For === * Patrick Devlin's belief that we should allow some degree of the shared morality view of society through emotions ** Within society, when crimes are viewed as "disgusting" or cause widespread intolerance, there is an importance to the intervention of the legal system (Lacey, 2023). * Informing the "Reasonable Person" Standard ** This is a theory that jurors will judge acts (particularly those involving negligence or abuse) based on what they believe they would have done in that situation. Or more accurately to the theory, what would a reasonably prudent person (RPP) have done (Alicke & Weigel, 2021)? === Arguments Against === * [[wikipedia:Harm_principle|harm principle limitation]] ** Developed by John Stuart Mills, the harm principle limitation states the following: ** "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others." [[wikisource:On_Liberty/Chapter_1|(Mill, 1869).]] ** This principle bars people within the legal system from criminalising an action because it makes most people feel moral disgust. * a tool for discrimination ** Historically, moral disgust has been a tool against those being charged with crimes of homosexuality and interracial marriages. == Moral Disgust and Juror Judgements == A jury is a group of 12 individuals that are carefully chosen to determine the guilt of an offender. They are picked to be impartial, unbiased opinions that can aid in the determining of a person's guilt. Jurors are asked to make judgements based on the evidence presented to them in court. However, emotions play a large, unsuspecting role in determining the guilt of a person. Such is the reason why, in high-stakes cases, jurors are not allowed contact with the outside world or media during trials. Moral disgust in particular seems to have a large impact on the way that jurors perceive and shape jurors' judgements. Different emotions elicit different reactions based on the emotion and a person's appraisal patterns. === Emotional Response Patterns === Fishbein & Ajzen's (1975) expectancy-value model states that a person's given attitude towards an object is a direct function of the value that a person attaches to that object's attributes or outcomes (Desteno et al., 2004). Emotional appraisal patterns are the specific mental evaluations that an individual's brain makes about an event to determine how they feel about a situation. Older research has treated negative emotions as one category. But it is more complicated than that. Not all emotions push judgement in the same direction, which creates moral disgust and other emotions in their own category. INSERT TABLE HERE W/ EVIDENCE == Moderating Factors == * private body consciousness ** people who are more prone to experience their private bodily sensations show stronger disgust-driven bias *** An experiment conducted by Schnall et al. (2008) revealed that people who were more aware of their Private Body Consciousness (PBC) were more prone to feelings of disgust and expressing these feelings outwards to the situation at hand. * type of violation ** purity vs harm == Practical Implications == * evidentiary admissibility ** courts allow for the admission of gruesome photographic evidence but findings suggest this may be wrong *** research shows that people view crimes harsher if exposed to gruesome photos *** Additionally, Bright & Goodman-Delahunty's (2006) research discusses a person's use of their inner emotional states as a way to reason with information they are being given. *** In their affective influences model, affect is a judgement-simplifying heuristic device. People generally consult their affective state, meaning they consult their inner emotion to infer a judgement before looking at the facts. * jury selection * how evidence is presented * ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Figures can show photos, diagrams, graphs, video, audio, etc. * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Caption figures (use '''Figure #'''. and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Interactive learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples describe concepts in action * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citations * Can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]] {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use to tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Which Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing Knowing x Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * Using one or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": ==Conclusion== * What does this mean going further * What would future research benefit from in this specific section? *Moral disgust does not come with jurors' judgements, but rather it can measurably shift guilt, certainty, blame attribution and punishment severity. *This may be stronger for certain people; it cannot just be a blanket claim for all jurors. *The idea that jurors decide on the basis of facts alone is not psychologically sustainable. The practice of law needs to consider this, rather than seeing emotions as a bias. * The Conclusion is arguably the most important section * Draft clear take-home message(s), even at the topic development stage * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing it * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Alicke, M. D., & Weigel, S. H. (2021). The reasonable person standard: Psychological and legal perspectives. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 17(1), 123–138. Bornewasser, M., & Bober, J. (1987). Individual, social group and intergroup behaviour. Some conceptual remarks on the social identity theory. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 267–276. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.1002/ejsp.2420170303 Bright, D. A., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2006). Gruesome evidence and emotion: Anger, blame, and jury decision-making. Law and Human Behavior, 30(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9027-y Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2012). Understanding disgust. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06369.x  DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Rucker, D. D., Wegener, D. T., & Braverman, J. (2004). Discrete emotions and persuasion: The role of emotion-induced expectancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.43 Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions? Psychological Review, 99(3), 550–553. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.550 Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Lacey, N. (2023). Patrick Devlin, The enforcement of morals (1965). In [Book title] (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003193982-5 Russell, P. S., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2013). Bodily moral disgust: What it is, how it is different from anger, and why it is an unreasoned emotion. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 328–351. https://doi-org.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/10.1037/a0029319 Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L., & Jordan, A. H. (2008). Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(8), 1096–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208317771 {{Hanging indent|1=}} }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-TmKo75gJI How Disgust Shapes our Thoughts on Moral Wrong & the Political Right] (David Pizzaro) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Disgust]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Morality]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Legal]] cx1hvcclmmt7rhyop063otdp0wqbx71 0 331113 2832166 2830650 2026-09-08T04:23:55Z U3285438 3103750 added the recommended 'External links' heading to the book chapter. 2832166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Extended process model of emotion regulation:<br>What is the extended process model and how does it explain the regulation of emotions in different contexts?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} [[File:School level test of Wikischolar 2026 at Ispahani Public School & College 08.jpg|thumb|Figure 1: Stressful exam]] ''' Case Study - Exam stressors''' Michael is halfway through a university exam, in a small classroom filled with 30 other examinees. Suddenly, he realises that he misread a question and wasted the past 15 minutes. His heat rate spikes, thoughts start racing and begins to panic. Becoming overwhelmed at the sudden onset of negativity, he felt the urge to give up. Normally, Michael copes with [[W: Psychological stress | stress]] and [[anxiety]] through exercise as he finds this is the most consistent modulator for his emotions. But in an exam room, this strategy becomes moot. Michael stops, realises that the current negativity isn't helping his situation, and identifies that panic is only hindering his performance and that emotional regulation is needed if he wants to do well. He starts to tell himself "I can still get partial marks for that question". Realising that the positive self-talk is helping he continues "On this next question I'll make sure to focus on all facet's of what the question asks". By the end of the next question Michael once again felt a sense of confidence in his ability to pass the exam.{{RoundBoxBottom}} Emotion regulation refers to the processes through which individuals monitor, evaluate and modify their emotional responses. Contemporary psychological science emphasises that regulation is not a singular act but a dynamic, context-sensitive system continuously unfolding over time (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). Gross's (2015) Extended Process Model (EPM) captures this complexity by organising regulation into three iterative stages: identification, selection and implementation. Each governed by higher-order valuation system that determine whether, when, and how emotions should be regulated. This framework highlights that regulatory success depends not only on the strategy chosen but on the fit between regulatory goals, contextual affordances, and the individual's cognitive resources. Emotion regulation is central to mental health. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|Dysregulation]] predicts a wide range of difficulties, including the strong associated between emotional dysregulation and anxiety in autistic youth (Connor et al., 2020). Meta-analytic evidence further demonstrates that habitual reappraisal is linked to better wellbeing, whereas suppression is often linked to poorer outcomes, though these patterns seem to vary across contexts (Chen et al., 2025). These findings underscore the need to understand ''why'' regulation works differently across individuals and situations. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} '''Focus questions''' * How do cultural [[W: social norms | norms]] shape the valuation of regulatory goals within the EPM? * What role does [[W: cognitive flexibility | cognitive flexibility]] play in the EPM’s ability to explain individual differences in regulatory effectiveness? * How does the EPM explain the strong predictive link between [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation | emotional dysregulation]] and anxiety in autistic youth? * In what types of situations does switching to distraction improve regulatory outcomes, and why might switching to [[W: cognitive appraisal |reappraisal ]] impair them? {{RoundBoxBottom}} * == The Extended Process Model of Emotional Regulation == * Emotion regulation as a higher‑order valuation system modifying first‑order emotional responses (Gross, 2015). * Three‑stage regulatory cycle: '''identification''', '''selection''', '''implementation''' (Gross, 2015). * Emphasis on temporal dynamics, regulation unfolds iteratively and adjusts based on feedback. * Situated cognition: regulatory success depends on contextual affordances, not inherent strategy value (Gross, 2015). * Sets the foundation for exploring cultural norms, cognitive flexibility, developmental trajectories, and strategy effectiveness. <quiz display="simple"> {Which of these is not a stage in the regulatory cycle?|type ="()"} + Yelling - Identification - Selection - Implementation {According to EPM, After Selecting One Strategy to Use, Emotional Regulation is Done:} - True + False {Improvements will be made to this quiz} + True - False </quiz> ==The Effects of Culture on Emotional Regulation== * Cultural norms shape valuation systems that determine regulatory goals and strategy desirability (Chen et al., 2025). * Reappraisal linked to better mental health across cultures, but strength of association varies with cultural dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance and long‑term orientation (Chen et al., 2025). * Suppression more adaptive in cultures emphasising restraint or collectivist norms (Chen et al., 2025). * Cultural variation foreshadows how the EPM’s identification and selection stages are culturally embedded. * Leads into the question: ''How do cultural norms shape the valuation of regulatory goals within the EPM?'' == Cognitive Flexibility in Emotional Regulation == * Regulatory flexibility requires context sensitivity, a diverse repertoire, and responsiveness to feedback (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). * Cognitive flexibility supports adaptive switching when strategies prove ineffective. * Physiological markers (e.g., corrugator EMG, LPP, SPN) predict switching decisions, indicating cognitive‑affective monitoring processes (Adamczyk et al., 2024). * Flexibility explains individual differences in regulatory effectiveness beyond strategy type. * Leads into the question: ''What role does cognitive flexibility play in the EPM’s ability to explain individual differences in regulatory effectiveness?'' == Children and Emotional Regulation == * Children demonstrate early regulatory flexibility, including spontaneous strategy use and switching (Wong et al., 2019). * Age increases likelihood of cognitively demanding strategies such as reappraisal (Wong et al., 2019). * Negative emotion intensity prompts greater use of disengagement strategies like distraction (Wong et al., 2019). * Developmental patterns highlight how identification and selection processes mature across childhood. * Provides developmental context for understanding dysregulation in clinical groups. * Dysregulation strongly predicts anxiety in autistic youth, independent of core symptoms (Conner et al., 2020). * Leads into the question: ''how does EPM explain the strong predictive link between emotional dysregulation and anxiety in autistic youth?'' == What Emotional Regulation Strategies are Most Effective == * Reappraisal generally linked to better mental health outcomes; suppression linked to poorer outcomes, though context moderates these effects (Chen et al., 2025). * Distraction and reappraisal reduce negative affect but operate through distinct attentional and cognitive mechanisms (Strauss et al., 2016). * Switching to distraction improves neural downregulation; switching to reappraisal can impair it under high‑intensity conditions (Adamczyk et al., 2024). * Leads into the question: ''In what situations does switching to distraction improve outcomes, and why might switching to reappraisal impair them?'' ==Conclusion== * Emotional regulation is a dunamic, multi-stage system invovling '''identification, selection,''' and '''implementation''' of regulatory strategies (Gross, 2015) * The EPM conceptualises regulation as a higher-order valuation process, continuously monitoring emotional states and adjusting strategies based on contextual feedback (Gross, 2015) * Regulation is not inherently adaptive or maladaptive; it's effectiveness depends on contextual affordances, cognitive resources and situational demands (Gross, 2015) * EPM provides a mechanistic framework explaining why individuals differ in regulatory success, integrating cognitive flexibility, context sensitivity and strategy repertoire (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). * EPM offers a structure for understanding cross-cultural variation in regulatory goals and strategy valuation (Chen et al., 2025) {{tip|Take Home Messages: * Effective emotion regulation is flexible, not fixed; adaptability is more important than any single strategy. * Cultural norms, cognitive flexibility, and developmental factors shape how regulation unfolds * Dysregulation is a powerful predictor of mental health difficulties, reinforcing the need for models like the EPM to guide intervention * Strategy effectiveness is context-dependent * The EPM provides a cohesive, empirically grounded framework for understanding the complexity of human emotional life }} * == See Also: == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE What are emotions? and why do we feel them?] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yd6hR1qCfSM Emotion Regulation with James J. Gross, PhD] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Adamczyk, A. K., et al. (2024). Emotion regulation flexibility: EEG, EMG predictors and consequences of switching. Psychophysiology, 61(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14646 Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612. Chen, X., Cai, Q., Omari, D., Sanghvi, D. E., Lyu, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2025). Emotion regulation and mental health across cultures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02168-8 (doi.org in Bing) Conner, C. M., et al. (2020). The role of emotion regulation and core autism symptoms in the experience of anxiety in autism. Autism, 24(4), 931–940. Gross, J. J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 130–137. Strauss, G. P., Ossenfort, K. L., & Whearty, K. M. (2016). Reappraisal and distraction emotion regulation strategies are associated with distinct patterns of visual attention and differing levels of cognitive demand. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0162290. Wong, P. S., et al. (2019). Emotion regulation strategies in children: Developmental patterns and cognitive mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 1–18. }} == External links: == [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotional self-regulation]] d317atinsoheodlminz4r9wf6fccpx8 2832169 2832166 2026-09-08T04:36:46Z U3285438 3103750 /* External links: */ removed unnecessary colon. 2832169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Extended process model of emotion regulation:<br>What is the extended process model and how does it explain the regulation of emotions in different contexts?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} [[File:School level test of Wikischolar 2026 at Ispahani Public School & College 08.jpg|thumb|Figure 1: Stressful exam]] ''' Case Study - Exam stressors''' Michael is halfway through a university exam, in a small classroom filled with 30 other examinees. Suddenly, he realises that he misread a question and wasted the past 15 minutes. His heat rate spikes, thoughts start racing and begins to panic. Becoming overwhelmed at the sudden onset of negativity, he felt the urge to give up. Normally, Michael copes with [[W: Psychological stress | stress]] and [[anxiety]] through exercise as he finds this is the most consistent modulator for his emotions. But in an exam room, this strategy becomes moot. Michael stops, realises that the current negativity isn't helping his situation, and identifies that panic is only hindering his performance and that emotional regulation is needed if he wants to do well. He starts to tell himself "I can still get partial marks for that question". Realising that the positive self-talk is helping he continues "On this next question I'll make sure to focus on all facet's of what the question asks". By the end of the next question Michael once again felt a sense of confidence in his ability to pass the exam.{{RoundBoxBottom}} Emotion regulation refers to the processes through which individuals monitor, evaluate and modify their emotional responses. Contemporary psychological science emphasises that regulation is not a singular act but a dynamic, context-sensitive system continuously unfolding over time (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). Gross's (2015) Extended Process Model (EPM) captures this complexity by organising regulation into three iterative stages: identification, selection and implementation. Each governed by higher-order valuation system that determine whether, when, and how emotions should be regulated. This framework highlights that regulatory success depends not only on the strategy chosen but on the fit between regulatory goals, contextual affordances, and the individual's cognitive resources. Emotion regulation is central to mental health. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|Dysregulation]] predicts a wide range of difficulties, including the strong associated between emotional dysregulation and anxiety in autistic youth (Connor et al., 2020). Meta-analytic evidence further demonstrates that habitual reappraisal is linked to better wellbeing, whereas suppression is often linked to poorer outcomes, though these patterns seem to vary across contexts (Chen et al., 2025). These findings underscore the need to understand ''why'' regulation works differently across individuals and situations. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} '''Focus questions''' * How do cultural [[W: social norms | norms]] shape the valuation of regulatory goals within the EPM? * What role does [[W: cognitive flexibility | cognitive flexibility]] play in the EPM’s ability to explain individual differences in regulatory effectiveness? * How does the EPM explain the strong predictive link between [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation | emotional dysregulation]] and anxiety in autistic youth? * In what types of situations does switching to distraction improve regulatory outcomes, and why might switching to [[W: cognitive appraisal |reappraisal ]] impair them? {{RoundBoxBottom}} * == The Extended Process Model of Emotional Regulation == * Emotion regulation as a higher‑order valuation system modifying first‑order emotional responses (Gross, 2015). * Three‑stage regulatory cycle: '''identification''', '''selection''', '''implementation''' (Gross, 2015). * Emphasis on temporal dynamics, regulation unfolds iteratively and adjusts based on feedback. * Situated cognition: regulatory success depends on contextual affordances, not inherent strategy value (Gross, 2015). * Sets the foundation for exploring cultural norms, cognitive flexibility, developmental trajectories, and strategy effectiveness. <quiz display="simple"> {Which of these is not a stage in the regulatory cycle?|type ="()"} + Yelling - Identification - Selection - Implementation {According to EPM, After Selecting One Strategy to Use, Emotional Regulation is Done:} - True + False {Improvements will be made to this quiz} + True - False </quiz> ==The Effects of Culture on Emotional Regulation== * Cultural norms shape valuation systems that determine regulatory goals and strategy desirability (Chen et al., 2025). * Reappraisal linked to better mental health across cultures, but strength of association varies with cultural dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance and long‑term orientation (Chen et al., 2025). * Suppression more adaptive in cultures emphasising restraint or collectivist norms (Chen et al., 2025). * Cultural variation foreshadows how the EPM’s identification and selection stages are culturally embedded. * Leads into the question: ''How do cultural norms shape the valuation of regulatory goals within the EPM?'' == Cognitive Flexibility in Emotional Regulation == * Regulatory flexibility requires context sensitivity, a diverse repertoire, and responsiveness to feedback (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). * Cognitive flexibility supports adaptive switching when strategies prove ineffective. * Physiological markers (e.g., corrugator EMG, LPP, SPN) predict switching decisions, indicating cognitive‑affective monitoring processes (Adamczyk et al., 2024). * Flexibility explains individual differences in regulatory effectiveness beyond strategy type. * Leads into the question: ''What role does cognitive flexibility play in the EPM’s ability to explain individual differences in regulatory effectiveness?'' == Children and Emotional Regulation == * Children demonstrate early regulatory flexibility, including spontaneous strategy use and switching (Wong et al., 2019). * Age increases likelihood of cognitively demanding strategies such as reappraisal (Wong et al., 2019). * Negative emotion intensity prompts greater use of disengagement strategies like distraction (Wong et al., 2019). * Developmental patterns highlight how identification and selection processes mature across childhood. * Provides developmental context for understanding dysregulation in clinical groups. * Dysregulation strongly predicts anxiety in autistic youth, independent of core symptoms (Conner et al., 2020). * Leads into the question: ''how does EPM explain the strong predictive link between emotional dysregulation and anxiety in autistic youth?'' == What Emotional Regulation Strategies are Most Effective == * Reappraisal generally linked to better mental health outcomes; suppression linked to poorer outcomes, though context moderates these effects (Chen et al., 2025). * Distraction and reappraisal reduce negative affect but operate through distinct attentional and cognitive mechanisms (Strauss et al., 2016). * Switching to distraction improves neural downregulation; switching to reappraisal can impair it under high‑intensity conditions (Adamczyk et al., 2024). * Leads into the question: ''In what situations does switching to distraction improve outcomes, and why might switching to reappraisal impair them?'' ==Conclusion== * Emotional regulation is a dunamic, multi-stage system invovling '''identification, selection,''' and '''implementation''' of regulatory strategies (Gross, 2015) * The EPM conceptualises regulation as a higher-order valuation process, continuously monitoring emotional states and adjusting strategies based on contextual feedback (Gross, 2015) * Regulation is not inherently adaptive or maladaptive; it's effectiveness depends on contextual affordances, cognitive resources and situational demands (Gross, 2015) * EPM provides a mechanistic framework explaining why individuals differ in regulatory success, integrating cognitive flexibility, context sensitivity and strategy repertoire (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). * EPM offers a structure for understanding cross-cultural variation in regulatory goals and strategy valuation (Chen et al., 2025) {{tip|Take Home Messages: * Effective emotion regulation is flexible, not fixed; adaptability is more important than any single strategy. * Cultural norms, cognitive flexibility, and developmental factors shape how regulation unfolds * Dysregulation is a powerful predictor of mental health difficulties, reinforcing the need for models like the EPM to guide intervention * Strategy effectiveness is context-dependent * The EPM provides a cohesive, empirically grounded framework for understanding the complexity of human emotional life }} * == See Also: == [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE What are emotions? and why do we feel them?] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yd6hR1qCfSM Emotion Regulation with James J. Gross, PhD] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Adamczyk, A. K., et al. (2024). Emotion regulation flexibility: EEG, EMG predictors and consequences of switching. Psychophysiology, 61(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14646 Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612. Chen, X., Cai, Q., Omari, D., Sanghvi, D. E., Lyu, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2025). Emotion regulation and mental health across cultures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-025-02168-8 (doi.org in Bing) Conner, C. M., et al. (2020). The role of emotion regulation and core autism symptoms in the experience of anxiety in autism. Autism, 24(4), 931–940. Gross, J. J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 130–137. Strauss, G. P., Ossenfort, K. L., & Whearty, K. M. (2016). Reappraisal and distraction emotion regulation strategies are associated with distinct patterns of visual attention and differing levels of cognitive demand. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0162290. Wong, P. S., et al. (2019). Emotion regulation strategies in children: Developmental patterns and cognitive mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 1–18. }} == External links == [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotional self-regulation]] 6j3mv0pw028kpapuakw7b9zra4ngck0 0 331168 2832148 2831131 2026-09-08T01:08:37Z U3279062 3106301 condensed some sections by removing sentances with ai https://chatgpt.com/share/6a9f5fe7-e1c8-83ec-9b6d-6e556125a29c 2832148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Romantic jealousy:<br>Why does romantic jealousy occur, what are it's impacts, and how can It be managed?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Man using smartphone outdoors.jpg|Man_using_smartphone_outdoors|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Person viewing an ambiguous message on a phone]] ; Scenario Maya has been in a committed romantic relationship for 3 years. Her partner, Alex, has recently started spending more time with a new colleague, Joan. One evening, Maya notices that Alex has been messaging Joan more often. She sees a message that, while not showing clear evidence of infidelity, could be interpreted in multiple ways. Maya suddenly feels jealous. She starts thinking: '' Why are they messaging so much? Is there something going on? Does Alex find Joan more interesting than me? Am I overreacting? '' Maya feels anxious and has an urge to check Alex's messages or ask what is happening. Maya's situation shows how an ambiguous event can become psychologically significant when interpreted as a potential threat (see Figure 1). {{RoundBoxBottom}} Romantic jealousy is an emotional response that can arise when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. The experience and consequences of jealousy can vary substantially across people and situations. Romantic [[wikipedia:Jealousy|Jealousy]] involves an emotional response to a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship. The threat can be real or imagined, perceived through the presence of a rival, or felt through fear of loss (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In jealousy, [[wikipedia:Interpretation_(logic)|interpretation]] and [[wikipedia:Perception|perception]] play important roles. The onset and experiences of romantic jealousy can vary significantly between individuals because individual differences (such as gender and sexual orientation) and social differences (such as relationship status and type) shape how people interact and respond in any given situation (Valentova et al., 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Focus questions''' * What is romantic jealousy, and how can it be understood as an emotional and motivational response? * Why does romantic jealousy occur, and why might people experience it differently? * What are the cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and relationship impacts of romantic jealousy? * How can romantic jealousy be managed in ways that support healthy functioning? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is romantic jealousy? == Romantic jealousy is a complex psychological response to a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship, involving interacting emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes, including [[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|attachment]] and behaviour (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). Understanding what jealousy is, how it connects to other emotions, and how it can affect an individual or relationship is important. === Defining romantic jealousy === Jealousy is a psychological response that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an important relationship. Romantic jealousy is a subtype of jealousy that concerns individuals in a romantic or intimate relationship. In a romantic relationship, the bond between the individuals involved is what is threatened, whether by a potential or imagined loss (suspicious jealousy) or an actual loss (fait accompli jealousy) (Miller & Benz, 2013). The situation in which the perceived threat is felt does not have to involve an objectively confirmed threat. Differences between events and situations that incite jealousy may reflect [[wikipedia:Appraisal_theory|appraisals]] of the situation and how those appraisals elicit emotions (Scherer et al., 2001). Jealousy may involve cognition, emotion, and motivation. Behaviour may follow these factors directly; however, it is not necessary and is not the same as experiencing jealousy. === Jealousy and related emotional experiences === Although romantic jealousy can involve emotions such as [[wikipedia:Fear|fear]], [[wikipedia:Anxiety|anxiety]], [[wikipedia:Anger|anger]], and [[wikipedia:Insecurity|insecurity]], it should be distinguished from related psychological experiences such as envy. Jealousy aligns with the above-given definition of a valued relationship plus a perceived threat involving another person. Envy is separate and distinct. Envy is generally a negative emotion associated with wanting or desiring what someone else has. A distinction between jealousy and envy, as demonstrated in Table 1, is that jealousy is concerned with a threat or loss, whilst envy is concerned with wanting to gain something. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Distinguishing Romantic Jealousy from Related Experiences !Experience !Central Concern !Example |- |Romantic Jealousy |Perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship |Partner appears unusually close to another person |- |Envy |Wanting something another person has |Another person has a relationship you want |- |Fear/Anxiety |Anticipated or perceived threat/danger |Worry that a relationship may end |} === Is jealousy inherently harmful? === The significance of jealousy may depend partly on how you interpret the experience and how you express it. An important point to note is that emotions do not equal behaviour. Jealousy is not always irrational or out of the blue; it often stems from something, so the emotion can have benefits. Dillon (2013) wrote that " beginning in infancy, humans display reactivity toward potential threats that can affect their care which is connected to their ability to thrive" and that "reactivity in the form of jealousy, serves to regain attention and care". This shows that jealousy can have an adaptive or positive function, potentially acting as an information signal, motivating attention toward a relationship concern, motivating relationship-protective behaviour, or prompting communication. In contrast to jealousy's potential positive outcomes, it can also prompt maladaptive responses, including conflict, suspicion, and controlling behaviour (Elphinston et al., 2013). <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best describes romantic jealousy?: |type="()"} - It only occurs when a partner has definitely been unfaithful. - It is the same as envy. + It can involve a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship and may involve emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes. - It always results in harmful behaviour. </quiz> == Why does romantic jealousy occur? == Romantic jealousy is unlikely to stem from relationship events alone. Instead, it can stem from the interaction among perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, relationship characteristics, and individual differences. === Perceived relationship threat and cognitive appraisal === A central explanation for romantic jealousy is that situations become emotionally significant when people appraise them as threatening to a valued relationship. A potential threat is not automatically a psychological threat. A partner interacting with another person may not provoke jealousy, and the interaction becomes important only when interpreted as threatening (Martínez-León et al., 2017). Cognitive appraisal plays a central role in eliciting threat and challenge responses like jealousy, as it involves emotional judgements and assessments (McEachrane, 2009; Tomaka et al., 1997). === Attachment and relationship security === Attachment theory offers one explanation for why individuals may differ in their sensitivity to relationship threat and how they experience and express jealousy. Humans are born with attachment behaviours that help ensure proximity to important figures who can provide protection (Shaver & Mikulincer, 2008). Romantic relationships can function as important attachments; however, people differ in expectations about what attachments can look like, which can influence how they respond to relationship threat (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). Some people hold an anxious attachment style, which is defined as "uncertainty regarding the availability of attachment figures" (Campbell & Marshall, 2011), which can increase sensitivity to loss or threat and make jealous behaviours stronger. Avoidant attachment style is defined as "an active fear of closeness" (Bartholomew, 1990), which can influence how jealousy is expressed or managed. Maya's attachment-related expectations could influence how sensitive she is to ambiguous relationships, particularly if she has an anxious attachment style. === Relationship context and uncertainty === Jealousy is also shaped by relationship characteristics and the immediate context, particularly when information about the relationship or a potential rival is uncertain. A study by Knobloch et al. (2001) states that "relational uncertainty and intimacy are two indicators of relationship development that are likely to coincide with people's propensity to experience cognitive and emotional jealousy" which supports that when people are uncertain about where their relationship stands, how committed their partner is, what boundaries exist or what a partners behaviour means, they may be more likely to get jealous. Uncertainty can make unclear information harder to interpret, making the information feel more impactful. Relationship factors like intimacy, commitment, trust, relationship satisfaction, perceived exclusivity, and communication style shape jealousy. Additionally, the relationship context and perceptions can shape reactions. The relationship context determines what information is available and how ambiguous it may feel. Any recent conflict, unclear boundaries, or uncertainty between Alex and Maya could make Alex's messages to Joan feel more threatening. Jealousy cannot be explained by internal traits alone; the relationship situation matters. === Individual differences === Beyond attachment and relationship characteristics, individual differences can influence how strongly people perceive and respond to potential romantic threats. Individual differences such as rejection sensitivity, previous relationship experiences and personality may influence sensitivity to perceived relationship threat and responses to jealousy. A 2015 study by Zandbergen & Brown found that individual factors influence jealousy at different levels. One finding states that gender was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning emotional cheating, while culture was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning sexual cheating (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). Additionally, it was found that past experiences in connection with gender influence the type of jealousy that might be felt (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). This study supports the idea that both smaller and larger individual differences influence the way information is interpreted and how jealousy may be felt and acted upon. === Integrated explanations === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees the same message from Alex to Joan in two different circumstances Scenario A: Maya feels secure in her relationship and knows how Alex has openly discussed the friendship. Scenario B: Maya and Alex recently experienced conflict and have not discussed relationship boundaries.{{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Why might the same message produce different levels of jealousy?: |type="()"} - The message automatically created jealousy. - Jealousy depends only on personality. + The meaning of the message may be shaped by appraisal, relationship security and contextual uncertainty. - One person must be irrational. </quiz> [[File:Relationship event.png|thumb|Figure 2. Model of romantic jealousy going from event, to appraisal, to emotional and behavioral responses]] Taken together, the evidence suggests that romantic jealousy is best understood as an interaction among relationship circumstances, perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, and individual characteristics rather than as the product of a single cause. Different explanations for jealousy may operate at different levels of the same psychological process. Appraisal theory may explain how a situation becomes psychologically threatening, while attachment theory may explain why people differ in their expectations and sensitivity to relationship threat. Individual differences explain why people facing similar circumstances may respond differently. As shown in Figure 2, many factors separate a relationship event from the emotion of jealousy and how it is acted upon, with each factor coming in at different steps in the process of emotion and behaviour formation. == What are the impacts of romantic jealousy? == Once people experience romantic jealousy, it can influence how they think, feel, and behave, with consequences that may extend beyond the individual to the relationship itself. Consequences of jealousy depend partly on how it is experienced and responded to, with the potential for both adaptive and harmful responses. === Cognitive impacts === Romantic jealousy can influence cognitive processing by increasing attention to potential relationship threats and shaping how individuals interpret ambiguous information about their partner and relationship. Cognitive jealousy concerns what one thinks or suspects and may, for instance, look like "I am worried that someone of the opposite sex is stalking my partner"(Leite et al., 2024). Jealousy can heighten attention towards relationship information cognitively and make someone hyperalert. This cognitive form of jealousy can affect how ambiguous information is interpreted, as someone experiencing strong jealousy may view it through the lens of negative assumptions and suspicion, with ambiguity having a stronger effect on the mind (Brenner, 2018). Another cognitive impact of jealousy is that people repeatedly think about the relationship to find new information through checking for evidence and mental replaying. Rumination has been highlighted as a factor that can explain the link between romantic jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston et al., 2013). === Emotional impacts === The emotional impact of romantic jealousy can extend beyond the experience of jealousy itself, with individuals potentially experiencing anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or insecurity in response to perceived relationship threat. Jealousy can co-occur with multiple emotional experiences, and these emotions can influence how people act on jealousy. For example, it has been found that people who experience jealousy alongside hostility but no guilt may be more likely to engage in violent behaviour. At the same time, high levels of passion can influence the desire to confront a rival (Guerrero et al., 2005). The emotional intensity of jealousy can vary by context and shape how people feel about themselves and the situation. Research has found that higher levels of threat connected to jealousy result in greater surprise, fear, and distress (Bush et al., 1988), showing that jealousy does, in fact, affect emotions. Despite jealousy's emotional impact, the emotions felt are not automatically dysfunctional or negative, as unpleasant emotions can sometimes serve a psychological function by drawing attention to something important. Attridge (2013) reflected this when stating that romantic jealousy can "act as an adaptive emotion that is necessary to aid those who are in danger of losing their relationship, and must act to prevent the potential loss". === Behavioural responses === Individuals may respond to jealousy with constructive communication and relationship maintenance, or with behaviours that increase conflict, control, or harm. Fiske (2022) explains that emotions can motivate actions, especially depending on history and context, and this applies to jealousy. As established earlier, jealousy does not determine a single behavioural response. One example of a behavioural response can involve constructive responses, like fixing expectations, seeking assurance, setting boundaries, and getting clarification, all things that can allow someone to respond in an adaptive way (Attridge, 2013). Less constructive responses can include suspicious behaviour, negative communication, manipulation, or aggression (Yoshimura, 2004). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees Alex talking closely with Joan at a work party. She experiences jealousy. Response A: Maya notices that she feels threatened, pauses before responding, and later tells Alex that the interaction makes her feel insecure. They discuss what happened. Response B: Maya becomes angry, repeatedly checks Alex's phone and accuses him of being unfaithful. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best explains the difference between Maya's two responses?: |type="()"} - Jealousy was only present in response B. - constructive responses require people to suppress jealousy. + The emotional experience is similar, while the behavioural response differs. - Jealousy always produces controlling behaviour. </quiz> === Relationship consequences === Jealousy can prompt communication that can be both constructive and less constructive. The effects jealousy has on a relationship depend partly on how it is communicated. Trust within the relationship can be affected, as jealousy-related suspicion and monitoring have been linked to lower trust and relationship dissatisfaction (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In this context, overall relationship satisfaction can suffer, as jealousy-related behaviours can become problematic and harm both the individual experiencing jealousy and their partner (Elphinston et al., 2013). Jealousy may prompt behaviours intended to maintain or protect a relationship, or behaviours that can harm trust and communication. Therefore, relationship consequences depend not only on whether jealousy occurs, but on how it is interpreted and expressed. === When can jealousy be harmful? === Romantic jealousy becomes particularly concerning when it is intense, persistent or difficult to regulate, especially when it is expressed through behaviours that undermine autonomy, wellbeing, trust, or relationship functioning. The intensity of the jealousy can influence behaviour; if it overwhelms a person's ability to respond effectively, it can determine whether jealousy becomes more or less harmful (Bush et al., 1988). The persistence of jealousy can influence how harmful it is; one question is whether it resolves after the concern is addressed or continues, keeping an individual preoccupied with a perceived threat. This persistence can then influence behavioural expression. Jealousy alone is not enough to label a relationship as unhealthy or harmful, but the behavioural expression and consequences of jealousy are important factors to investigate. Jealousy can also harm well-being, potentially causing emotional distress, conflict, loss of trust, and harm to both partners (Mindful Health Solutions, 2023). Jealousy exists on a continuum, so problematic jealousy is better understood in terms of pattern, intensity, regulation, expression and consequences. == How can romantic jealousy be managed? == Managing romantic jealousy involves more than suppressing an uncomfortable emotion. Individuals can benefit from recognising their emotional response, evaluating the perceived threat and choosing responses that support both personal wellbeing and relationship functioning. === Recognising the emotional response === The first step in managing jealousy is recognising and acknowledging the emotional response without automatically treating the feeling itself as evidence that the perceived threat is real. Jealousy can be an uncomfortable and often negative emotion; however, recognising what you feel matters, as Szczygieł et al. (2012) notes that high emotional awareness can prevent the potentially damaging impact of negative emotions. It is also important to validate the emotion being felt without validating the interpretation, and to normalise feeling jealous while distinguishing between feeling and acting on the feeling (Leahy & Tirch, 2008). === Evaluating the perceived threat === [[File:Relationship event (1).png|thumb|Figure 3. Maya's progression of thoughts on situati]]After recognising jealousy, individuals can evaluate whether available evidence supports the perceived threat rather than assuming the emotional response itself confirms it. Cognitive appraisal matters in managing jealousy, as recognising your mental process can help you understand how jealousy influences behaviour and ask yourself what is happening internally, why, and how (McEachrane, 2009; Tomaka et al., 1997). When evaluating threat, it helps to distinguish evidence from assumptions. See Figure 3 for the different elements of observation, interpretation, and prediction. These are not facts, and jealousy can be hard to manage when people treat interpretations and predictions as facts. It is also important to consider the uncertainty. Sometimes there genuinely is not enough information, so managing jealousy may mean building tolerance for uncertainty rather than trying to eliminate it, since stress around the ambiguity of actions gives jealousy power (Brenner, 2018). To prevent jealousy from worsening, avoid turning evaluation into surveillance. Healthy evaluation involves reflection and open communication, but does not mean checking phones, monitoring, tracking, or interrogating. === Communication and relationship management === When jealousy concerns the relationship itself, constructive communication can help partners clarify expectations, set boundaries, and address concerns without using jealousy to justify controlling behaviour. First, communicate an emotion rather than accuse. An accusation may look like "you are obviously flirting with her". In contrast, proper communication may look like "I noticed that I felt uncomfortable and insecure when I saw that interaction and I would like to talk about it". It is important to communicate the experience and avoid assuming intent. One way to combat jealousy is to discuss relationship boundaries. Partners may have different expectations about friendships, flirting, social media and exclusivity. Communication must not become control, as jealousy does not create an entitlement to restrict a partner's autonomy, and social control is associated with lower relationship satisfaction and more unhealthy transformations (Young et al., 2019). In Maya's situation, Maya could communicate to Alex, saying, "I feel threatened by what I saw, can we talk about what our expectations are" === Emotion regulation === [[File:Emotional regulation flowchart.pdf|thumb|Figure 4. Emotional regulation flow chart]] Emotion regulation can help individuals manage the intensity of jealousy and related emotions, creating space to choose responses aligned with their longer-term relationship goals. Emotional regulation is described as "the process by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them" (Gross, 2008). This means that there is a difference between regulation and suppression, where regulation may look like "I am feeling this but I can still decide how I respond", and suppression looks like "I shouldn't feel this". Mindfulness activities can also help by supporting emotional awareness and tolerance, and by supporting cognitive reappraisal, which reassesses the initial appraisal that may bring forward jealousy in the first place. As shown in Figure 4, behavioural pause, which involves taking time before communicating when emotional arousal is high to prevent impulsive behaviour, is important. It is also helpful to align your regulation with relationship goals by clarifying what you ultimately want, your intention to protect the relationship, and which response is most likely to move you toward those goals. === When the threat is real === Managing jealousy does not require dismissing every perceived threat as irrational. When evidence points to a genuine relationship problem, appropriate management means addressing the underlying issue rather than simply regulating the emotion away. Sometimes, the perceived threat causing the jealousy is real, such as a partner violating a boundary. There may be infidelity, deception, repeated inappropriate behaviour, or a breakdown of trust. Considering research provides a conservative estimate of infidelity occurring in 20-25% of all marriages (Fincham & May, 2017), the feeling of jealousy can be reflective of reality. Emotional regulation to control jealousy does not mean you must tolerate mistreatment. If a person's jealousy is responding to genuine evidence of betrayal or boundary violation, simply trying to 'manage jealousy' could cause an oversight of an underlying relationship problem. If something questionable is going on, it is important to communicate and negotiate, clarify boundaries, decide what changes are necessary, and determine whether trust can be repaired. Abrahamson et al. (2011) found that in couples that stayed together after infidelity, counselling, communication, and changing the couple dynamic with a shift in power dynamics were vital. When addressing a relationship problem, you must decide what is within your control. No individual can control their partner's choices; however, they can control how they respond. Professional support can also be a part of this ability to control responses, and it can help when jealousy may feel persistent, severe, highly distressing, or when it comes with controlling behaviour or severely impairs relationship functioning. Effective management of jealousy requires both emotional regulation and accurate threat detection.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya has talked to Alex about what she saw on his phone. Alex explains that Joan was just a work friend and there was no romantic relationship. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Maya still feels jealous; Which response best reflects the approach described above?: |type="()"} - Suppress the jealousy because the threat has been disproven. - Check Alex's phone until Maya feels completely certain. + Acknowledge the emotion, consider the evidence, tolerate some uncertainty and choose a constructive response. - Assume that feeling jealous must mean something is wrong. </quiz> ==Conclusion== Romantic jealousy occurs when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. Although the perceived threat can come from external stimuli, jealousy is not something caused by the external event alone. Cognitive appraisal determines how the situation is interpreted, and attachment, individual differences, relationship characteristics, and uncertainty can influence that interpretation. Therefore, romantic jealousy has no single cause. Jealousy can have multiple impacts, affecting cognition, emotions, behaviour, and the relationship. Although jealousy is often associated with negative outcomes, it is not inherently harmful; the consequences depend largely on how the emotion is interpreted and expressed. To manage jealousy, first recognise the emotion without automatically treating it as evidence. An individual should evaluate the perceived threat, separate evidence from assumptions, and then try to regulate emotions so they have space to choose a response. Communication matters, as an individual can communicate constructively to negotiate expectations within a relationship. It is also important to respond differently when there is genuine evidence of a relationship threat. Managing jealousy does not mean dismissing the emotion, nor does it mean assuming the perceived threat is real. Instead, people should distinguish between emotion, interpretation, evidence, and action, and address genuine relationship problems. Overall, this chapter suggests that experiencing romantic jealousy is not necessarily a problem, so long as one understands what the jealousy is signalling, can evaluate whether the perceived threat is supported by evidence, and can choose a response that supports wellbeing and healthy relationship function. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Cognitive_appraisal|Cognitive appraisal]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Love styles and relationships|Love styles and relationships]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Threat|Threat]] (Wikipedia) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Abrahamson, I., Hussain, R., Khan, A., & Schofield, M. J. (2011). What helps couples rebuild their relationship after infidelity? Journal of Family Issues, 33(11), 1494–1519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x11424257 Attridge, M. (2013). Jealousy and relationship closeness. SAGE Open, 3(1), 215824401347605. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013476054 Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001 Brenner, G. (2018, October 19). The six faces of jealousy {{!}} psychology today. Www.Psychologytoday.Com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/experimentations/201810/the-six-faces-jealousy Bush, C. R., Bush, J. P., & Jennings, J. (1988). Effects of jealousy threats on relationship perceptions and emotions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588053002 Campbell, L., & Marshall, T. (2011). Anxious attachment and relationship processes: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Personality, 79(6), 1219–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00723.x Dillon, L. (2013). Functional aspects of jealousy across the lifespan. Human Ethology, 28(2). Duckworth, A. L., & Gross, J. J. (2020). Behavior change. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.09.002 Elphinston, R. A., Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., Connor, J. P., & Fitzgerald, J. (2013). Romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The costs of rumination. Western Journal of Communication, 77(3), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.770161 Fincham, F. D, & May, R. W. (2017). Infidelity in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13(4), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.008 Fiske, A. P. (2002). Socio-moral emotions motivate action to sustain relationships. Self and Identity, 1(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319357 Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In Handbook of emotions (pp. 497–513). Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1996). Jealousy experience and expression in romantic relationships. Handbook of Communication and Emotion, 155–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012057770-5/50008-4Guerrero, L. K., Trost, M. R., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2005). Romantic jealousy: Emotions and communicative responses. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00113.x Karakoçoğlu, N., & Hasdağ, D. (2025). Romantic jealousy: A comprehensive review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 17(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1454542 KNOBLOCH, L. K., SOLOMON, D. H., & CRUZ, M. G. (2001). The role of relationship development and attachment in the experience of romantic jealousy. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00036.x Leahy, R. L., & Tirch, D. D. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy for jealousy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.18 Leite, Ã., Silva, B., Vilela, B., Rodrigues, I., Fernandes, J., Romão, J., & Ribeiro, A. M. (2024). Measurement invariance of the multidimensional jealousy scale and quality of relationships inventory (friend). Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010044 Martínez-León, N., Peña, J., Salazar, H., García, A., & Sierra, J. (2017). APA PsycNet. In psycnet.apa.org. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-47692-008 McEachrane, M. (2009). Emotion, meaning, and appraisal theory. Theory & Psychology, 19(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308101418 Miller, R. L., & Benz, J. (2013). Jealousy, romantic. The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp311 Mindful Health Solutions. (2023, April 7). The deeper meaning of jealousy: A psychological exploration. Mindful Health Solutions. https://mindfulhealthsolutions.com/the-deeper-meaning-of-jealousy-a-psychological-exploration/ Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion. Oxford University Press, USA. Sharpsteen, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627 Shaver, P., & Mikulincer, M. (2008). An overview of adult attachment theory. https://cheleyntema.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Mikulincer-and-Shaver-2008-Overview-of-attachment-.pdf Szczygieł, D., Buczny, J., & Bazińska, R. (2012). Emotion regulation and emotional information processing: The moderating effect of emotional awareness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.005 Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.63 Valentova, J. V., de Moraes, A. C., & Varella, M. A. C. (2020). Gender, sexual orientation and type of relationship influence individual differences in jealousy: A large Brazilian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109805 Yoshimura, S. M. (2004). Emotional and behavioral responses to romantic jealousy expressions. Communication Reports, 17(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210409389378 Young, V. J., Burke, T. J., & Curran, M. A. (2019). Interpersonal effects of health-related social control: Positive and negative influence, partner health transformations, and relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3986–4004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519846565 Zandbergen, D. L., & Brown, S. G. (2015). Culture and gender differences in romantic jealousy. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.035 }} ==External links== * [https://www.apa.org/topics/emotions Emotions] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships/healthy-relationships Happy couples] (American Psychological Association) * [https://services.unimelb.edu.au/counsel/resources/relationships/intimate-relationships Intimate relationships] (University of Melbourne) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships Marriage and relationships] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/physical-abuse-violence/relationships-dating-love-sex Violence in relationships] (American Psychological Association) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Jealousy]] 2fizjuc4st94uk64so4hadd1vn087zl 2832149 2832148 2026-09-08T01:22:13Z U3279062 3106301 condensed with help of ai https://chatgpt.com/share/6a9f5fe7-e1c8-83ec-9b6d-6e556125a29c 2832149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Romantic jealousy:<br>Why does romantic jealousy occur, what are it's impacts, and how can It be managed?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Man using smartphone outdoors.jpg|Man_using_smartphone_outdoors|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Person viewing an ambiguous message on a phone]] ; Scenario Maya has been in a committed romantic relationship for 3 years. Her partner, Alex, has recently started spending more time with a new colleague, Joan. One evening, Maya notices that Alex has been messaging Joan more often. She sees a message that, while not showing clear evidence of infidelity, could be interpreted in multiple ways. Maya suddenly feels jealous. She starts thinking: '' Why are they messaging so much? Is there something going on? Does Alex find Joan more interesting than me? Am I overreacting? '' Maya feels anxious and has an urge to check Alex's messages or ask what is happening. Maya's situation shows how an ambiguous event can become psychologically significant when interpreted as a potential threat (see Figure 1). {{RoundBoxBottom}} Romantic jealousy is an emotional response that can arise when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. The experience and consequences of jealousy can vary substantially across people and situations. Romantic [[wikipedia:Jealousy|Jealousy]] involves an emotional response to a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship. The threat can be real or imagined, perceived through the presence of a rival, or felt through fear of loss (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In jealousy, [[wikipedia:Interpretation_(logic)|interpretation]] and [[wikipedia:Perception|perception]] play important roles. The onset and experiences of romantic jealousy can vary significantly between individuals because individual differences (such as gender and sexual orientation) and social differences (such as relationship status and type) shape how people interact and respond in any given situation (Valentova et al., 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Focus questions''' * What is romantic jealousy, and how can it be understood as an emotional and motivational response? * Why does romantic jealousy occur, and why might people experience it differently? * What are the cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and relationship impacts of romantic jealousy? * How can romantic jealousy be managed in ways that support healthy functioning? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is romantic jealousy? == Romantic jealousy is a complex psychological response to a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship, involving interacting emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes, including [[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|attachment]] and behaviour (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). Understanding what jealousy is, how it connects to other emotions, and how it can affect an individual or relationship is important. === Defining romantic jealousy === Jealousy is a psychological response that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an important relationship. Romantic jealousy is a subtype of jealousy that concerns individuals in a romantic or intimate relationship. In a romantic relationship, the bond between the individuals involved is what is threatened, whether by a potential or imagined loss (suspicious jealousy) or an actual loss (fait accompli jealousy) (Miller & Benz, 2013). The situation in which the perceived threat is felt does not have to involve an objectively confirmed threat. Differences between events and situations that incite jealousy may reflect [[wikipedia:Appraisal_theory|appraisals]] of the situation and how those appraisals elicit emotions (Scherer et al., 2001). Jealousy may involve cognition, emotion, and motivation. Behaviour may follow these factors directly; however, it is not necessary and is not the same as experiencing jealousy. === Jealousy and related emotional experiences === Although romantic jealousy can involve emotions such as [[wikipedia:Fear|fear]], [[wikipedia:Anxiety|anxiety]], [[wikipedia:Anger|anger]], and [[wikipedia:Insecurity|insecurity]], it should be distinguished from related psychological experiences such as envy. Jealousy aligns with the above-given definition of a valued relationship plus a perceived threat involving another person. Envy is separate and distinct. Envy is generally a negative emotion associated with wanting or desiring what someone else has. A distinction between jealousy and envy, as demonstrated in Table 1, is that jealousy is concerned with a threat or loss, whilst envy is concerned with wanting to gain something. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Distinguishing Romantic Jealousy from Related Experiences !Experience !Central Concern !Example |- |Romantic Jealousy |Perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship |Partner appears unusually close to another person |- |Envy |Wanting something another person has |Another person has a relationship you want |- |Fear/Anxiety |Anticipated or perceived threat/danger |Worry that a relationship may end |} === Is jealousy inherently harmful? === The significance of jealousy may depend partly on how you interpret the experience and how you express it. An important point to note is that emotions do not equal behaviour. Jealousy is not always irrational or out of the blue; it often stems from something, so the emotion can have benefits. Dillon (2013) wrote that " beginning in infancy, humans display reactivity toward potential threats that can affect their care which is connected to their ability to thrive" and that "reactivity in the form of jealousy, serves to regain attention and care". This shows that jealousy can have an adaptive or positive function, potentially acting as an information signal, motivating attention toward a relationship concern, motivating relationship-protective behaviour, or prompting communication. In contrast to jealousy's potential positive outcomes, it can also prompt maladaptive responses, including conflict, suspicion, and controlling behaviour (Elphinston et al., 2013). <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best describes romantic jealousy?: |type="()"} - It only occurs when a partner has definitely been unfaithful. - It is the same as envy. + It can involve a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship and may involve emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes. - It always results in harmful behaviour. </quiz> == Why does romantic jealousy occur? == Romantic jealousy is unlikely to stem from relationship events alone. Instead, it can stem from the interaction among perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, relationship characteristics, and individual differences. === Perceived relationship threat and cognitive appraisal === A central explanation for romantic jealousy is that situations become emotionally significant when people appraise them as threatening to a valued relationship. A potential threat is not automatically a psychological threat. A partner interacting with another person may not provoke jealousy, and the interaction becomes important only when interpreted as threatening (Martínez-León et al., 2017). Cognitive appraisal plays a central role in eliciting threat and challenge responses like jealousy, as it involves emotional judgements and assessments (McEachrane, 2009; Tomaka et al., 1997). === Attachment and relationship security === Attachment theory offers one explanation for why individuals may differ in their sensitivity to relationship threat and how they experience and express jealousy. Humans are born with attachment behaviours that help ensure proximity to important figures who can provide protection (Shaver & Mikulincer, 2008). Romantic relationships can function as important attachments; however, people differ in expectations about what attachments can look like, which can influence how they respond to relationship threat (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). Some people hold an anxious attachment style, which is defined as "uncertainty regarding the availability of attachment figures" (Campbell & Marshall, 2011), which can increase sensitivity to loss or threat and make jealous behaviours stronger. Avoidant attachment style is defined as "an active fear of closeness" (Bartholomew, 1990), which can influence how jealousy is expressed or managed. Maya's attachment-related expectations could influence how sensitive she is to ambiguous relationships, particularly if she has an anxious attachment style. === Relationship context and uncertainty === Jealousy is also shaped by relationship characteristics and the immediate context, particularly when information about the relationship or a potential rival is uncertain. A study by Knobloch et al. (2001) states that "relational uncertainty and intimacy are two indicators of relationship development that are likely to coincide with people's propensity to experience cognitive and emotional jealousy" which supports that when people are uncertain about where their relationship stands, how committed their partner is, what boundaries exist or what a partners behaviour means, they may be more likely to get jealous. Uncertainty can make unclear information harder to interpret, making the information feel more impactful. Relationship factors like intimacy, commitment, trust, relationship satisfaction, perceived exclusivity, and communication style shape jealousy. Additionally, the relationship context and perceptions can shape reactions. The relationship context determines what information is available and how ambiguous it may feel. Any recent conflict, unclear boundaries, or uncertainty between Alex and Maya could make Alex's messages to Joan feel more threatening. Jealousy cannot be explained by internal traits alone; the relationship situation matters. === Individual differences === Beyond attachment and relationship characteristics, individual differences can influence how strongly people perceive and respond to potential romantic threats. Individual differences such as rejection sensitivity, previous relationship experiences and personality may influence sensitivity to perceived relationship threat and responses to jealousy. A 2015 study by Zandbergen & Brown found that individual factors influence jealousy at different levels. One finding states that gender was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning emotional cheating, while culture was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning sexual cheating (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). Additionally, it was found that past experiences in connection with gender influence the type of jealousy that might be felt (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). This study supports the idea that both smaller and larger individual differences influence the way information is interpreted and how jealousy may be felt and acted upon. === Integrated explanations === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees the same message from Alex to Joan in two different circumstances Scenario A: Maya feels secure in her relationship and knows how Alex has openly discussed the friendship. Scenario B: Maya and Alex recently experienced conflict and have not discussed relationship boundaries.{{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Why might the same message produce different levels of jealousy?: |type="()"} - The message automatically created jealousy. - Jealousy depends only on personality. + The meaning of the message may be shaped by appraisal, relationship security and contextual uncertainty. - One person must be irrational. </quiz> [[File:Relationship event.png|thumb|Figure 2. Model of romantic jealousy going from event, to appraisal, to emotional and behavioral responses]] Taken together, the evidence suggests that romantic jealousy is best understood as an interaction among relationship circumstances, perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, and individual characteristics rather than as the product of a single cause. Appraisal theory may explain how a situation becomes psychologically threatening, while attachment theory may explain why people differ in their expectations and sensitivity to relationship threat. Individual differences explain why people facing similar circumstances may respond differently. As shown in Figure 2, many factors separate a relationship event from the emotion of jealousy and how it is acted upon, with each factor coming in at different steps in the process of emotion and behaviour formation. == What are the impacts of romantic jealousy? == Once people experience romantic jealousy, it can influence how they think, feel, and behave, with consequences that may extend beyond the individual to the relationship itself. Consequences of jealousy depend partly on how it is experienced and responded to, with the potential for both adaptive and harmful responses. === Cognitive impacts === Romantic jealousy can influence cognitive processing by increasing attention to potential relationship threats and shaping how individuals interpret ambiguous information about their partner and relationship. Cognitive jealousy concerns what one thinks or suspects and may, for instance, look like "I am worried that someone of the opposite sex is stalking my partner"(Leite et al., 2024). Jealousy can heighten attention towards relationship information cognitively and make someone hyperalert. This cognitive form of jealousy can affect how ambiguous information is interpreted, as someone experiencing strong jealousy may view it through the lens of negative assumptions and suspicion, with ambiguity having a stronger effect on the mind (Brenner, 2018). Another cognitive impact of jealousy is that people repeatedly think about the relationship to find new information through checking for evidence and mental replaying. Rumination has been highlighted as a factor that can explain the link between romantic jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston et al., 2013). === Emotional impacts === The emotional impact of romantic jealousy can extend beyond the experience of jealousy itself, with individuals potentially experiencing anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or insecurity in response to perceived relationship threat. Jealousy can co-occur with multiple emotional experiences, and these emotions can influence how people act on jealousy. For example, it has been found that people who experience jealousy alongside hostility but no guilt may be more likely to engage in violent behaviour. At the same time, high levels of passion can influence the desire to confront a rival (Guerrero et al., 2005). The emotional intensity of jealousy can vary by context and shape how people feel about themselves and the situation. Research has found that higher levels of threat connected to jealousy result in greater surprise, fear, and distress (Bush et al., 1988), showing that jealousy does, in fact, affect emotions. === Behavioural responses === Individuals may respond to jealousy with constructive communication and relationship maintenance, or with behaviours that increase conflict, control, or harm. Fiske (2022) explains that emotions can motivate actions, especially depending on history and context, and this applies to jealousy. As established earlier, jealousy does not determine a single behavioural response. One example of a behavioural response can involve constructive responses, like fixing expectations, seeking assurance, setting boundaries, and getting clarification, all things that can allow someone to respond in an adaptive way (Attridge, 2013). Less constructive responses can include suspicious behaviour, negative communication, manipulation, or aggression (Yoshimura, 2004). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees Alex talking closely with Joan at a work party. She experiences jealousy. Response A: Maya notices that she feels threatened, pauses before responding, and later tells Alex that the interaction makes her feel insecure. They discuss what happened. Response B: Maya becomes angry, repeatedly checks Alex's phone and accuses him of being unfaithful. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best explains the difference between Maya's two responses?: |type="()"} - Jealousy was only present in response B. - constructive responses require people to suppress jealousy. + The emotional experience is similar, while the behavioural response differs. - Jealousy always produces controlling behaviour. </quiz> === Relationship consequences === Jealousy can prompt communication that can be both constructive and less constructive. The effects jealousy has on a relationship depend partly on how it is communicated. Trust within the relationship can be affected, as jealousy-related suspicion and monitoring have been linked to lower trust and relationship dissatisfaction (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In this context, overall relationship satisfaction can suffer, as jealousy-related behaviours can become problematic and harm both the individual experiencing jealousy and their partner (Elphinston et al., 2013). Jealousy may prompt behaviours intended to maintain or protect a relationship, or behaviours that can harm trust and communication. Therefore, relationship consequences depend not only on whether jealousy occurs, but on how it is interpreted and expressed. === When can jealousy be harmful? === Romantic jealousy becomes particularly concerning when it is intense, persistent or difficult to regulate, especially when it is expressed through behaviours that undermine autonomy, wellbeing, trust, or relationship functioning. The intensity of the jealousy can influence behaviour; if it overwhelms a person's ability to respond effectively, it can determine whether jealousy becomes more or less harmful (Bush et al., 1988). The persistence of jealousy can influence how harmful it is; one question is whether it resolves after the concern is addressed or continues, keeping an individual preoccupied with a perceived threat. This persistence can then influence behavioural expression. Jealousy alone is not enough to label a relationship as unhealthy or harmful, but the behavioural expression and consequences of jealousy are important factors to investigate. Jealousy exists on a continuum, so problematic jealousy is better understood in terms of pattern, intensity, regulation, expression and consequences. == How can romantic jealousy be managed? == Managing romantic jealousy involves more than suppressing an uncomfortable emotion. Individuals can benefit from recognising their emotional response, evaluating the perceived threat and choosing responses that support both personal wellbeing and relationship functioning. === Recognising the emotional response === The first step in managing jealousy is recognising and acknowledging the emotional response without automatically treating the feeling itself as evidence that the perceived threat is real. Jealousy can be an uncomfortable and often negative emotion; however, recognising what you feel matters, as Szczygieł et al. (2012) notes that high emotional awareness can prevent the potentially damaging impact of negative emotions. It is also important to validate the emotion being felt without validating the interpretation, and to normalise feeling jealous while distinguishing between feeling and acting on the feeling (Leahy & Tirch, 2008). === Evaluating the perceived threat === [[File:Relationship event (1).png|thumb|Figure 3. Maya's progression of thoughts on situati]]After recognising jealousy, individuals can evaluate whether available evidence supports the perceived threat rather than assuming the emotional response itself confirms it. When evaluating threat, it helps to distinguish evidence from assumptions. See Figure 3 for the different elements of observation, interpretation, and prediction. These are not facts, and jealousy can be hard to manage when people treat interpretations and predictions as facts. It is also important to consider the uncertainty. Sometimes there genuinely is not enough information, so managing jealousy may mean building tolerance for uncertainty rather than trying to eliminate it, since stress around the ambiguity of actions gives jealousy power (Brenner, 2018). To prevent jealousy from worsening, avoid turning evaluation into surveillance. Healthy evaluation involves reflection and open communication, but does not mean checking phones, monitoring, tracking, or interrogating. === Communication and relationship management === When jealousy concerns the relationship itself, constructive communication can help partners clarify expectations, set boundaries, and address concerns without using jealousy to justify controlling behaviour. First, communicate an emotion rather than accuse. An accusation may look like "you are obviously flirting with her". In contrast, proper communication may look like "I noticed that I felt uncomfortable and insecure when I saw that interaction and I would like to talk about it". It is important to communicate the experience and avoid assuming intent. One way to combat jealousy is to discuss relationship boundaries. Partners may have different expectations about friendships, flirting, social media and exclusivity. Communication must not become control, as jealousy does not create an entitlement to restrict a partner's autonomy, and social control is associated with lower relationship satisfaction and more unhealthy transformations (Young et al., 2019). === Emotion regulation === [[File:Emotional regulation flowchart.pdf|thumb|Figure 4. Emotional regulation flow chart]] Emotion regulation can help individuals manage the intensity of jealousy and related emotions, creating space to choose responses aligned with their longer-term relationship goals. Emotional regulation is described as "the process by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them" (Gross, 2008). This means that there is a difference between regulation and suppression. Mindfulness activities can also help by supporting emotional awareness and tolerance, and by supporting cognitive reappraisal, which reassesses the initial appraisal that may bring forward jealousy in the first place. As shown in Figure 4, behavioural pause, which involves taking time before communicating when emotional arousal is high to prevent impulsive behaviour, is important. It is also helpful to align your regulation with relationship goals by clarifying what you ultimately want, your intention to protect the relationship, and which response is most likely to move you toward those goals. === When the threat is real === Managing jealousy does not require dismissing every perceived threat as irrational. When evidence points to a genuine relationship problem, appropriate management means addressing the underlying issue rather than simply regulating the emotion away. Sometimes, the perceived threat causing the jealousy is real, such as a partner violating a boundary. There may be infidelity, deception, repeated inappropriate behaviour, or a breakdown of trust. Emotional regulation to control jealousy does not mean you must tolerate mistreatment. If a person's jealousy is responding to genuine evidence of betrayal or boundary violation, simply trying to 'manage jealousy' could cause an oversight of an underlying relationship problem. If something questionable is going on, it is important to communicate and negotiate, clarify boundaries, decide what changes are necessary, and determine whether trust can be repaired. Abrahamson et al. (2011) found that in couples that stayed together after infidelity, counselling, communication, and changing the couple dynamic with a shift in power dynamics were vital. When addressing a relationship problem, you must decide what is within your control. No individual can control their partner's choices; however, they can control how they respond. Professional support can also be a part of this ability to control responses, and it can help when jealousy may feel persistent, severe, highly distressing, or when it comes with controlling behaviour or severely impairs relationship functioning. Effective management of jealousy requires both emotional regulation and accurate threat detection.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya has talked to Alex about what she saw on his phone. Alex explains that Joan was just a work friend and there was no romantic relationship. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Maya still feels jealous; Which response best reflects the approach described above?: |type="()"} - Suppress the jealousy because the threat has been disproven. - Check Alex's phone until Maya feels completely certain. + Acknowledge the emotion, consider the evidence, tolerate some uncertainty and choose a constructive response. - Assume that feeling jealous must mean something is wrong. </quiz> ==Conclusion== Romantic jealousy occurs when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. Although the perceived threat can come from external stimuli, jealousy is not something caused by the external event alone. Cognitive appraisal determines how the situation is interpreted, and attachment, individual differences, relationship characteristics, and uncertainty can influence that interpretation. Therefore, romantic jealousy has no single cause. Jealousy can have multiple impacts, affecting cognition, emotions, behaviour, and the relationship. Although jealousy is often associated with negative outcomes, it is not inherently harmful; the consequences depend largely on how the emotion is interpreted and expressed. To manage jealousy, first recognise the emotion without automatically treating it as evidence. An individual should evaluate the perceived threat, separate evidence from assumptions, and then try to regulate emotions so they have space to choose a response. Communication matters, as an individual can communicate constructively to negotiate expectations within a relationship. It is also important to respond differently when there is genuine evidence of a relationship threat. Managing jealousy does not mean dismissing the emotion, nor does it mean assuming the perceived threat is real. Instead, people should distinguish between emotion, interpretation, evidence, and action, and address genuine relationship problems. Overall, this chapter suggests that experiencing romantic jealousy is not necessarily a problem, so long as one understands what the jealousy is signalling, can evaluate whether the perceived threat is supported by evidence, and can choose a response that supports wellbeing and healthy relationship function. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Cognitive_appraisal|Cognitive appraisal]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Love styles and relationships|Love styles and relationships]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Threat|Threat]] (Wikipedia) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Abrahamson, I., Hussain, R., Khan, A., & Schofield, M. J. (2011). What helps couples rebuild their relationship after infidelity? Journal of Family Issues, 33(11), 1494–1519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x11424257 Attridge, M. (2013). Jealousy and relationship closeness. SAGE Open, 3(1), 215824401347605. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013476054 Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001 Brenner, G. (2018, October 19). The six faces of jealousy {{!}} psychology today. Www.Psychologytoday.Com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/experimentations/201810/the-six-faces-jealousy Bush, C. R., Bush, J. P., & Jennings, J. (1988). Effects of jealousy threats on relationship perceptions and emotions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588053002 Campbell, L., & Marshall, T. (2011). Anxious attachment and relationship processes: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Personality, 79(6), 1219–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00723.x Dillon, L. (2013). Functional aspects of jealousy across the lifespan. Human Ethology, 28(2). Elphinston, R. A., Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., Connor, J. P., & Fitzgerald, J. (2013). Romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The costs of rumination. Western Journal of Communication, 77(3), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.770161 Fiske, A. P. (2002). Socio-moral emotions motivate action to sustain relationships. Self and Identity, 1(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319357 Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In Handbook of emotions (pp. 497–513). Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1996). Jealousy experience and expression in romantic relationships. Handbook of Communication and Emotion, 155–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012057770-5/50008-4Guerrero, L. K., Trost, M. R., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2005). Romantic jealousy: Emotions and communicative responses. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00113.x Karakoçoğlu, N., & Hasdağ, D. (2025). Romantic jealousy: A comprehensive review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 17(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1454542 KNOBLOCH, L. K., SOLOMON, D. H., & CRUZ, M. G. (2001). The role of relationship development and attachment in the experience of romantic jealousy. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00036.x Leahy, R. L., & Tirch, D. D. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy for jealousy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.18 Leite, Ã., Silva, B., Vilela, B., Rodrigues, I., Fernandes, J., Romão, J., & Ribeiro, A. M. (2024). Measurement invariance of the multidimensional jealousy scale and quality of relationships inventory (friend). Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010044 Martínez-León, N., Peña, J., Salazar, H., García, A., & Sierra, J. (2017). APA PsycNet. In psycnet.apa.org. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-47692-008 McEachrane, M. (2009). Emotion, meaning, and appraisal theory. Theory & Psychology, 19(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308101418 Miller, R. L., & Benz, J. (2013). Jealousy, romantic. The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp311 Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion. Oxford University Press, USA. Sharpsteen, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627 Shaver, P., & Mikulincer, M. (2008). An overview of adult attachment theory. https://cheleyntema.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Mikulincer-and-Shaver-2008-Overview-of-attachment-.pdf Szczygieł, D., Buczny, J., & Bazińska, R. (2012). Emotion regulation and emotional information processing: The moderating effect of emotional awareness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.005 Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.63 Valentova, J. V., de Moraes, A. C., & Varella, M. A. C. (2020). Gender, sexual orientation and type of relationship influence individual differences in jealousy: A large Brazilian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109805 Yoshimura, S. M. (2004). Emotional and behavioral responses to romantic jealousy expressions. Communication Reports, 17(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210409389378 Young, V. J., Burke, T. J., & Curran, M. A. (2019). Interpersonal effects of health-related social control: Positive and negative influence, partner health transformations, and relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3986–4004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519846565 Zandbergen, D. L., & Brown, S. G. (2015). Culture and gender differences in romantic jealousy. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.035 }} ==External links== * [https://www.apa.org/topics/emotions Emotions] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships/healthy-relationships Happy couples] (American Psychological Association) * [https://services.unimelb.edu.au/counsel/resources/relationships/intimate-relationships Intimate relationships] (University of Melbourne) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships Marriage and relationships] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/physical-abuse-violence/relationships-dating-love-sex Violence in relationships] (American Psychological Association) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Jealousy]] 45qw71h3e5bilxqepwt5l21zdwq0ssz 2832150 2832149 2026-09-08T01:52:56Z U3279062 3106301 did some condensing of words with help of ai https://chatgpt.com/share/6a9f6a5e-c790-83ec-991f-82e62f07f62b 2832150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Romantic jealousy:<br>Why does romantic jealousy occur, what are it's impacts, and how can It be managed?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Man using smartphone outdoors.jpg|Man_using_smartphone_outdoors|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Person viewing an ambiguous message on a phone]] ; Scenario Maya has been in a committed romantic relationship for 3 years. Her partner, Alex, has recently started spending more time with a new colleague, Joan. One evening, Maya notices that Alex has been messaging Joan more often. She sees a message that, while not showing clear evidence of infidelity, could be interpreted in multiple ways. Maya suddenly feels jealous. She starts thinking: '' Why are they messaging so much? Is there something going on? Does Alex find Joan more interesting than me? Am I overreacting? '' Maya feels anxious and has an urge to check Alex's messages or ask what is happening. Maya's situation shows how an ambiguous event can become psychologically significant when interpreted as a potential threat (see Figure 1). {{RoundBoxBottom}} Romantic jealousy is an emotional response that can arise when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. The experience and consequences of jealousy can vary substantially across people and situations. The threat can be real or imagined, perceived through the presence of a rival, or felt through fear of loss (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In jealousy, [[wikipedia:Interpretation_(logic)|interpretation]] and [[wikipedia:Perception|perception]] play important roles. The onset and experiences of romantic jealousy can vary significantly between individuals because individual differences (such as gender and sexual orientation) and social differences (such as relationship status and type) shape how people interact and respond in any given situation (Valentova et al., 2020). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Focus questions''' * What is romantic jealousy, and how can it be understood as an emotional and motivational response? * Why does romantic jealousy occur, and why might people experience it differently? * What are the cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and relationship impacts of romantic jealousy? * How can romantic jealousy be managed in ways that support healthy functioning? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is romantic jealousy? == Romantic jealousy is a psychological response to a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship, involving interacting emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes, including [[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|attachment]] and behaviour (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). === Defining romantic jealousy === Jealousy is a psychological response that occurs when a person perceives a threat to an important relationship. Romantic jealousy is a subtype of jealousy that concerns individuals in a romantic or intimate relationship. In a romantic relationship, the bond between the individuals involved is what is threatened, whether by a potential or imagined loss (suspicious jealousy) or an actual loss (fait accompli jealousy) (Miller & Benz, 2013). The situation in which the perceived threat is felt does not have to involve an objectively confirmed threat. Differences between events and situations that incite jealousy may reflect [[wikipedia:Appraisal_theory|appraisals]] of the situation and how those appraisals elicit emotions (Scherer et al., 2001). Jealousy may involve cognition, emotion, and motivation. Behaviour may follow these factors directly; however, it is not necessary and is not the same as experiencing jealousy. === Jealousy and related emotional experiences === Although romantic jealousy can involve emotions such as [[wikipedia:Fear|fear]], [[wikipedia:Anxiety|anxiety]], [[wikipedia:Anger|anger]], and [[wikipedia:Insecurity|insecurity]], it should be distinguished from related psychological experiences such as envy. Jealousy aligns with the above-given definition of a valued relationship plus a perceived threat involving another person. Envy is separate and distinct. Envy is generally a negative emotion associated with wanting or desiring what someone else has. A distinction between jealousy and envy, as demonstrated in Table 1, is that jealousy is concerned with a threat or loss, whilst envy is concerned with wanting to gain something. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Distinguishing Romantic Jealousy from Related Experiences !Experience !Central Concern !Example |- |Romantic Jealousy |Perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship |Partner appears unusually close to another person |- |Envy |Wanting something another person has |Another person has a relationship you want |- |Fear/Anxiety |Anticipated or perceived threat/danger |Worry that a relationship may end |} === Is jealousy inherently harmful? === The significance of jealousy may depend partly on how you interpret the experience and how you express it. An important point to note is that emotions do not equal behaviour. Jealousy can have an adaptive or positive function, potentially acting as an information signal, motivating attention toward a relationship concern, motivating relationship-protective behaviour, or prompting communication Dillon (2013). In contrast to jealousy's potential positive outcomes, it can also prompt maladaptive responses, including conflict, suspicion, and controlling behaviour (Elphinston et al., 2013). <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best describes romantic jealousy?: |type="()"} - It only occurs when a partner has definitely been unfaithful. - It is the same as envy. + It can involve a perceived threat to a valued romantic relationship and may involve emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes. - It always results in harmful behaviour. </quiz> == Why does romantic jealousy occur? == Romantic jealousy is unlikely to stem from relationship events alone. Instead, it can stem from the interaction among perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, relationship characteristics, and individual differences. === Perceived relationship threat and cognitive appraisal === A central explanation for romantic jealousy is that situations become emotionally significant when people appraise them as threatening to a valued relationship. A potential threat is not automatically a psychological threat. A partner interacting with another person may not provoke jealousy, and the interaction becomes important only when interpreted as threatening (Martínez-León et al., 2017). Cognitive appraisal plays a central role in eliciting threat and challenge responses like jealousy, as it involves emotional judgements and assessments (McEachrane, 2009; Tomaka et al., 1997). === Attachment and relationship security === Attachment theory offers one explanation for why individuals may differ in their sensitivity to relationship threat and how they experience and express jealousy. Romantic relationships can function as important attachments; however, people differ in expectations about what attachments can look like, which can influence how they respond to relationship threat (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). Some people hold an anxious attachment style, which is defined as "uncertainty regarding the availability of attachment figures" (Campbell & Marshall, 2011), which can increase sensitivity to loss or threat and make jealous behaviours stronger. Avoidant attachment style is defined as "an active fear of closeness" (Bartholomew, 1990), which can influence how jealousy is expressed or managed. Maya's attachment-related expectations could influence how sensitive she is to ambiguous relationships, particularly if she has an anxious attachment style. === Relationship context and uncertainty === Jealousy is also shaped by relationship characteristics and the immediate context, particularly when information about the relationship or a potential rival is uncertain. A study by Knobloch et al. (2001) states that "relational uncertainty and intimacy are two indicators of relationship development that are likely to coincide with people's propensity to experience cognitive and emotional jealousy" which supports that when people are uncertain about where their relationship stands, how committed their partner is, what boundaries exist or what a partners behaviour means, they may be more likely to get jealous. Uncertainty can make unclear information harder to interpret, making the information feel more impactful. Relationship factors like intimacy, commitment, trust, relationship satisfaction, perceived exclusivity, and communication style shape jealousy. Any recent conflict, unclear boundaries, or uncertainty between Alex and Maya could make Alex's messages to Joan feel more threatening. Jealousy cannot be explained by internal traits alone; the relationship situation matters. === Individual differences === Beyond attachment and relationship characteristics, individual differences can influence how strongly people perceive and respond to potential romantic threats. Individual differences such as rejection sensitivity, previous relationship experiences and personality may influence sensitivity to perceived relationship threat and responses to jealousy. A 2015 study by Zandbergen & Brown found that individual factors influence jealousy at different levels. One finding states that gender was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning emotional cheating, while culture was a stronger predictor of jealousy concerning sexual cheating (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). Additionally, it was found that past experiences in connection with gender influence the type of jealousy that might be felt (Zandbergen & Brown, 2015). === Integrated explanations === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees the same message from Alex to Joan in two different circumstances Scenario A: Maya feels secure in her relationship and knows how Alex has openly discussed the friendship. Scenario B: Maya and Alex recently experienced conflict and have not discussed relationship boundaries.{{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Why might the same message produce different levels of jealousy?: |type="()"} - The message automatically created jealousy. - Jealousy depends only on personality. + The meaning of the message may be shaped by appraisal, relationship security and contextual uncertainty. - One person must be irrational. </quiz> [[File:Relationship event.png|thumb|Figure 2. Model of romantic jealousy going from event, to appraisal, to emotional and behavioral responses]] Taken together, the evidence suggests that romantic jealousy is best understood as an interaction among relationship circumstances, perceived threat, cognitive appraisal, and individual characteristics rather than as the product of a single cause. Appraisal theory may explain how a situation becomes psychologically threatening, while attachment theory may explain why people differ in their expectations and sensitivity to relationship threat. Individual differences explain why people facing similar circumstances may respond differently. As shown in Figure 2, many factors separate a relationship event from the emotion of jealousy and how it is acted upon, with each factor coming in at different steps in the process of emotion and behaviour formation. == What are the impacts of romantic jealousy? == Once people experience romantic jealousy, it can influence how they think, feel, and behave, with consequences that may extend beyond the individual to the relationship itself. The consequences of jealousy depend partly on how people experience and respond to it, with the potential for both adaptive and harmful responses. === Cognitive impacts === Romantic jealousy can influence cognitive processing by increasing attention to potential relationship threats and shaping how individuals interpret ambiguous information about their partner and relationship. Cognitive jealousy concerns what one thinks or suspects and may, for instance, look like "I am worried that someone of the opposite sex is stalking my partner"(Leite et al., 2024). Jealousy can heighten attention towards relationship information cognitively and make someone hyperalert. Another cognitive impact of jealousy is that people repeatedly think about the relationship to find new information through evidence-checking and mental replaying. Rumination has been highlighted as a factor that can explain the link between romantic jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction (Elphinston et al., 2013). === Emotional impacts === The emotional impact of romantic jealousy can extend beyond the experience of jealousy itself, with individuals potentially experiencing anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or insecurity in response to perceived relationship threat. Jealousy can co-occur with multiple emotional experiences, and these emotions can influence how people act on jealousy. For example, it has been found that people who experience jealousy alongside hostility but no guilt may be more likely to engage in violent behaviour. At the same time, high levels of passion can influence the desire to confront a rival (Guerrero et al., 2005). The emotional intensity of jealousy can vary by context and shape how people feel about themselves and the situation. Research has found that higher levels of threat associated with jealousy lead to greater surprise, fear, and distress (Bush et al., 1988). === Behavioural responses === Individuals may respond to jealousy with constructive communication and relationship maintenance, or with behaviours that increase conflict, control, or harm. Fiske (2022) explains that emotions can motivate actions, especially depending on history and context, and this applies to jealousy. One example of a behavioural response can involve constructive responses, like fixing expectations, seeking assurance, setting boundaries, and getting clarification, all things that can allow someone to respond in an adaptive way (Attridge, 2013). Less constructive responses can include suspicious behaviour, negative communication, manipulation, or aggression (Yoshimura, 2004). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya sees Alex talking closely with Joan at a work party. She experiences jealousy. Response A: Maya notices that she feels threatened, pauses before responding, and later tells Alex that the interaction makes her feel insecure. They discuss what happened. Response B: Maya becomes angry, repeatedly checks Alex's phone and accuses him of being unfaithful. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Which statement best explains the difference between Maya's two responses?: |type="()"} - Jealousy was only present in response B. - constructive responses require people to suppress jealousy. + The emotional experience is similar, while the behavioural response differs. - Jealousy always produces controlling behaviour. </quiz> === Relationship consequences === Jealousy can prompt communication that can be both constructive and less constructive. The effects jealousy has on a relationship depend partly on how it is communicated. Trust within the relationship can be affected, as jealousy-related suspicion and monitoring have been linked to lower trust and relationship dissatisfaction (Karakoçoğlu & Hasdağ, 2025). In this context, overall relationship satisfaction can suffer, as jealousy-related behaviours can become problematic and harm both the individual experiencing jealousy and their partner (Elphinston et al., 2013). Jealousy may prompt behaviours intended to maintain or protect a relationship, or behaviours that can harm trust and communication. === When can jealousy be harmful? === Romantic jealousy becomes particularly concerning when it is intense, persistent or difficult to regulate, especially when it is expressed through behaviours that undermine autonomy, wellbeing, trust, or relationship functioning. The intensity of the jealousy can influence behaviour; if it overwhelms a person's ability to respond effectively, it can determine whether jealousy becomes more or less harmful (Bush et al., 1988). The persistence of jealousy can influence how harmful it is; one question is whether it resolves after the concern is addressed or continues, keeping an individual preoccupied with a perceived threat. This persistence can then influence behavioural expression. Jealousy exists on a continuum, so problematic jealousy is better understood in terms of pattern, intensity, regulation, expression and consequences. == How can romantic jealousy be managed? == Managing romantic jealousy involves more than suppressing an uncomfortable emotion. Individuals can benefit from recognising their emotional response, evaluating the perceived threat and choosing responses that support both personal wellbeing and relationship functioning. === Recognising the emotional response === The first step in managing jealousy is recognising and acknowledging the emotional response without automatically treating the feeling itself as evidence that the perceived threat is real. Jealousy can be an uncomfortable and often negative emotion; however, recognising what you feel matters, as Szczygieł et al. (2012) note that high emotional awareness can prevent the potentially damaging impact of negative emotions. It is also important to validate the emotion being felt without validating the interpretation, and to normalise feeling jealous while distinguishing between feeling and acting on the feeling (Leahy & Tirch, 2008). === Evaluating the perceived threat === [[File:Relationship event (1).png|thumb|Figure 3. Maya's progression of thoughts on situati]]After recognising jealousy, individuals can evaluate whether available evidence supports the perceived threat rather than assuming the emotional response itself confirms it. When evaluating threat, it helps to distinguish evidence from assumptions. See Figure 3 for the different elements of observation, interpretation, and prediction. These are not facts, and jealousy can be hard to manage when people treat interpretations and predictions as facts. It is also important to consider the uncertainty. Sometimes there genuinely is not enough information, so managing jealousy may mean building tolerance for uncertainty rather than trying to eliminate it, since stress around the ambiguity of actions gives jealousy power (Brenner, 2018). To prevent jealousy from worsening, avoid turning evaluation into surveillance. Healthy evaluation involves reflection and open communication, but does not mean checking phones, monitoring, tracking, or interrogating. === Communication and relationship management === When jealousy concerns the relationship itself, constructive communication can help partners clarify expectations, set boundaries, and address concerns without using jealousy to justify controlling behaviour. First, communicate an emotion rather than accuse. An accusation may look like "you are obviously flirting with her". In contrast, proper communication may look like "I noticed that I felt uncomfortable and insecure when I saw that interaction and I would like to talk about it". It is important to communicate the experience and avoid assuming intent. One way to combat jealousy is to discuss relationship boundaries. Partners may have different expectations about friendships, flirting, social media and exclusivity. Communication must not become control, as jealousy does not create an entitlement to restrict a partner's autonomy, and social control is associated with lower relationship satisfaction and more unhealthy transformations (Young et al., 2019). === Emotion regulation === [[File:Emotional regulation flowchart.pdf|thumb|Figure 4. Emotional regulation flow chart]] Emotion regulation can help individuals manage the intensity of jealousy and related emotions, creating space to choose responses aligned with their longer-term relationship goals. Emotional regulation is described as "the process by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them" (Gross, 2008). This means that there is a difference between regulation and suppression. Mindfulness activities can also help by supporting emotional awareness and tolerance, and by supporting cognitive reappraisal, which reassesses the initial appraisal that may bring forward jealousy in the first place. As shown in Figure 4, behavioural pause, which involves taking time before communicating when emotional arousal is high to prevent impulsive behaviour, is important. It is also helpful to align your regulation with relationship goals by clarifying what you ultimately want, your intention to protect the relationship, and which response is most likely to move you toward those goals. === When the threat is real === Managing jealousy does not require dismissing every perceived threat as irrational. When evidence points to a genuine relationship problem, appropriate management means addressing the underlying issue rather than simply regulating the emotion away. Sometimes, the perceived threat causing the jealousy is real, such as a partner violating a boundary. There may be infidelity, deception, repeated inappropriate behaviour, or a breakdown of trust. Emotional regulation to control jealousy does not mean you must tolerate mistreatment. If a person's jealousy responds to genuine evidence of betrayal or boundary violation, simply trying to 'manage jealousy' could cause you to overlook an underlying relationship problem. If something questionable is going on, communicate and negotiate, clarify boundaries, decide what changes are necessary, and determine whether trust can be repaired. Abrahamson et al. (2011) found that in couples that stayed together after infidelity, counselling, communication, and changing the couple dynamic with a shift in power dynamics were vital. When addressing a relationship problem, you must decide what is within your control. No individual can control their partner's choices; however, they can control how they respond. Professional support can also be a part of this ability to control responses, and it can help when jealousy may feel persistent, severe, highly distressing, or when it comes with controlling behaviour or severely impairs relationship functioning. Effective management of jealousy requires both emotional regulation and accurate threat detection.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ; Scenario Maya has talked to Alex about what she saw on his phone. Alex explains that Joan was just a work friend and there was no romantic relationship. {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display="simple"> {Maya still feels jealous; Which response best reflects the approach described above?: |type="()"} - Suppress the jealousy because the threat has been disproven. - Check Alex's phone until Maya feels completely certain. + Acknowledge the emotion, consider the evidence, tolerate some uncertainty and choose a constructive response. - Assume that feeling jealous must mean something is wrong. </quiz> ==Conclusion== Romantic jealousy occurs when a person perceives a threat to a valued romantic relationship. Although the perceived threat can come from external stimuli, jealousy is not something caused by the external event alone. Cognitive appraisal determines how the situation is interpreted, and attachment, individual differences, relationship characteristics, and uncertainty can influence that interpretation. Therefore, romantic jealousy has no single cause. Jealousy can have multiple impacts, affecting cognition, emotions, behaviour, and the relationship. Although jealousy is often associated with negative outcomes, it is not inherently harmful; the consequences depend largely on how the emotion is interpreted and expressed. To manage jealousy, first recognise the emotion without automatically treating it as evidence. An individual should evaluate the perceived threat, separate evidence from assumptions, and then try to regulate emotions so they have space to choose a response. Communication matters, as an individual can communicate constructively to negotiate expectations within a relationship. It is also important to respond differently when there is genuine evidence of a relationship threat. Managing jealousy does not mean dismissing the emotion, nor does it mean assuming the perceived threat is real. Instead, people should distinguish between emotion, interpretation, evidence, and action, and address genuine relationship problems. Overall, this chapter suggests that experiencing romantic jealousy is not necessarily a problem, so long as one understands what the jealousy is signalling, can evaluate whether the perceived threat is supported by evidence, and can choose a response that supports wellbeing and healthy relationship function. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Cognitive_appraisal|Cognitive appraisal]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self regulation]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Love styles and relationships|Love styles and relationships]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Threat|Threat]] (Wikipedia) ==References == {{Hanging indent|1= Abrahamson, I., Hussain, R., Khan, A., & Schofield, M. J. (2011). What helps couples rebuild their relationship after infidelity? Journal of Family Issues, 33(11), 1494–1519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x11424257 Attridge, M. (2013). Jealousy and relationship closeness. SAGE Open, 3(1), 215824401347605. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013476054 Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001 Brenner, G. (2018, October 19). The six faces of jealousy {{!}} psychology today. Www.Psychologytoday.Com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/experimentations/201810/the-six-faces-jealousy Bush, C. R., Bush, J. P., & Jennings, J. (1988). Effects of jealousy threats on relationship perceptions and emotions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407588053002 Campbell, L., & Marshall, T. (2011). Anxious attachment and relationship processes: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Personality, 79(6), 1219–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00723.x Dillon, L. (2013). Functional aspects of jealousy across the lifespan. Human Ethology, 28(2). Elphinston, R. A., Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., Connor, J. P., & Fitzgerald, J. (2013). Romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The costs of rumination. Western Journal of Communication, 77(3), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2013.770161 Fiske, A. P. (2002). Socio-moral emotions motivate action to sustain relationships. Self and Identity, 1(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/152988602317319357 Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In Handbook of emotions (pp. 497–513). Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1996). Jealousy experience and expression in romantic relationships. Handbook of Communication and Emotion, 155–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012057770-5/50008-4Guerrero, L. K., Trost, M. R., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2005). Romantic jealousy: Emotions and communicative responses. Personal Relationships, 12(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00113.x Karakoçoğlu, N., & Hasdağ, D. (2025). Romantic jealousy: A comprehensive review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 17(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1454542 KNOBLOCH, L. K., SOLOMON, D. H., & CRUZ, M. G. (2001). The role of relationship development and attachment in the experience of romantic jealousy. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2001.tb00036.x Leahy, R. L., & Tirch, D. D. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy for jealousy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.18 Leite, Ã., Silva, B., Vilela, B., Rodrigues, I., Fernandes, J., Romão, J., & Ribeiro, A. M. (2024). Measurement invariance of the multidimensional jealousy scale and quality of relationships inventory (friend). Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010044 Martínez-León, N., Peña, J., Salazar, H., García, A., & Sierra, J. (2017). APA PsycNet. In psycnet.apa.org. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-47692-008 McEachrane, M. (2009). Emotion, meaning, and appraisal theory. Theory & Psychology, 19(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308101418 Miller, R. L., & Benz, J. (2013). Jealousy, romantic. The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology, 777–782. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp311 Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion. Oxford University Press, USA. Sharpsteen, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1997). Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.627 Szczygieł, D., Buczny, J., & Bazińska, R. (2012). Emotion regulation and emotional information processing: The moderating effect of emotional awareness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.005 Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.63 Valentova, J. V., de Moraes, A. C., & Varella, M. A. C. (2020). Gender, sexual orientation and type of relationship influence individual differences in jealousy: A large Brazilian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 109805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109805 Yoshimura, S. M. (2004). Emotional and behavioral responses to romantic jealousy expressions. Communication Reports, 17(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210409389378 Young, V. J., Burke, T. J., & Curran, M. A. (2019). Interpersonal effects of health-related social control: Positive and negative influence, partner health transformations, and relationship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(11–12), 3986–4004. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519846565 Zandbergen, D. L., & Brown, S. G. (2015). Culture and gender differences in romantic jealousy. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.035 }} ==External links== * [https://www.apa.org/topics/emotions Emotions] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships/healthy-relationships Happy couples] (American Psychological Association) * [https://services.unimelb.edu.au/counsel/resources/relationships/intimate-relationships Intimate relationships] (University of Melbourne) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships Marriage and relationships] (American Psychological Association) * [https://www.apa.org/topics/physical-abuse-violence/relationships-dating-love-sex Violence in relationships] (American Psychological Association) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Jealousy]] i5lnoyafuufbigdbf1hidze063shx7s 2 331170 2832196 2829271 2026-09-08T07:34:30Z U3279062 3106301 added wiki edit link 2832196 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == Hi, I am Kayla! I am a third-year psychology student completing a double degree in Psychology and Global Studies. I am interested in psychology because I enjoy learning about the world around me and the ways psychology can connect to and inform many different areas of study. I am particularly interested in communication, learning, and abnormal psychology, although I am curious about psychology as a whole and enjoy exploring the different areas it has to offer. As I continue through my degree, I am hoping to build on the knowledge and skills I have developed so far and become more confident in applying them. I am especially interested in developing my communication skills and learning how to connect and collaborate with others in the field. Research method and statistics have defiantly been challenging at times, my experiences with Jamovi were initially a little intimidating! but they have also encouraged me to step outside my comfort zone and continue to develop my research skills. I am still figuring out exactly what career path I would like to pursue. Studying Psychology alongside Global Studies has given me the opportunity to explore different perspectives and possibilities, but I know that I would like psychology to be part of my future career in some way. Outside of university, I enjoy reading, drawing and painting, and gaming. I would describe myself as curious and open-minded, and I like approaching psychology with a willingness to learn and consider different perspectives. I am also looking forward to the social side of learning. I am friendly and open to connecting with classmates, sharing ideas, and learning from other peoples experiences. I hope this Wikiversity space can be an opportunity not only to develop academically, but also to make connections with others who are interested in psychology and learning together. Connect with me on [https://www.linkedin.com/in/kayla-hill-316378421/ LinkedIn] Thank you for visiting! == Book Chapter I'm Working On == Here is the link to the chapter I am working on: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Romantic jealousy|Romantic Jealousy]] == Social Contributions and Discussions == Here are links to discussion posts I have created, or participated in: # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Class connect- sharing LinkedIn profiles] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455468 Space for topic development questions] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345?entry_id=806021 'How do you motivate yourself?' answer] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=804351 'What do you really want to learn about?' answer] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456676 Book chapter hub] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Use of AI question] Here are links to direct wiki edits: # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2026/Attachment_styles_and_relatedness_motivation&diff=prev&oldid=2824585 Attachment style and relatedness edit] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FAthletic_identity_loss_and_returning_to_sport_after_injury&diff=2832195&oldid=2828842 Athletic injury edit] Here are links to wiki discussions: # [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Parental motivations for homeschooling#c-U3279062-20260823083200|Parental motivations for homeschooling discussion]] pscd5i8rk7o13d040idq8x939ju31so 2 331218 2832146 2831111 2026-09-08T00:43:27Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* Social Contributions */ 2832146 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == I am a military veteran, working to complete a Bachelor of Science in Psychology as part of a lifelong approach to learning. After a military career working with people around the world on a spectrum of operations, I wanted to better understand the human dimension and the science behind what makes us all tick. Along the way, I want to give back to the community where I can. I have an interest in veterans' PTSD, advocacy and international affairs. == Book Chapter == [[File:PTSD.png|left|thumb|250x250px|'''Figure 1.''' PTSD can have a deep and lasting impact on our emotions.]] I am writing a book chapter titled [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Immersive therapy for PTSD treatment|Immersive Therapy for PTSD: How does it work and what are the effects?]] This chapter is an individual student contribution as part of a larger [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra] class effort in 2026 to write a book [[Motivation and emotion/Book]]. The 2026 book extends a Wikiversity book series started in 2010, with over 1,800 online book chapters on how psychological science can improve human lives. The book editor and University psychology unit convener is [[User:Jtneill|Dr. James Neill]] {{clear}} == Social Contributions == # # '''4 Sep 26:''' https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png'''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Defence mechanisms and emotion regulation. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FDefence_mechanisms_and_emotion_regulation&diff=2822629&oldid=2763661 # '''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Neurodivergence and trauma. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FNeurodivergence_and_trauma&diff=2822636&oldid=2812805 # '''19 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Incentive theory of motivation. Edits at<nowiki/>https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FIncentive_theory_of_motivation&diff=2822844&oldid=2814898 # '''19 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Introduced the book chapter intent to the class and welcomed anyone with sim<nowiki/>ilar topics or interests to contribute. I offered the same. https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456450 # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page. [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Perfectionism and procrastination#Reference material]] # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Irritability#Reference material]] # '''22 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Mental health in astronauts. Edits at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 ht]<nowiki/>[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 tps://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667] # '''25 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Feedback literacy#Reference]] # '''25 Aug 26''': UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query.[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/201]<nowiki/>[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 43/discussion_topics/457190] # '''26 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some external link ideas for a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|Talk]]<nowiki/>[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference]] # '''26 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query with data from a Random Game of Dice scenar<nowiki/>io.https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457412 # '''27 Aug 26:''' Wiki thanks and editing conversation: [[User talk:Jtneill#Punctuation change in book title]] # '''28 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query<nowiki/>https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457809 # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Included creation of graphics for Wiki page.[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|ht]]<nowiki/>[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|tps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png]] # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FBuilding_therapeutic_alliance&diff=2831108&oldid=2830050 # '''8 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSelf-concept_and_motivation&diff=2832141&oldid=2831622 n9zdgt4fdrggzgd31dwfgxcpkv55vnb 2832151 2832146 2026-09-08T02:26:37Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* Social Contributions */ 2832151 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == I am a military veteran, working to complete a Bachelor of Science in Psychology as part of a lifelong approach to learning. After a military career working with people around the world on a spectrum of operations, I wanted to better understand the human dimension and the science behind what makes us all tick. Along the way, I want to give back to the community where I can. I have an interest in veterans' PTSD, advocacy and international affairs. == Book Chapter == [[File:PTSD.png|left|thumb|250x250px|'''Figure 1.''' PTSD can have a deep and lasting impact on our emotions.]] I am writing a book chapter titled [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Immersive therapy for PTSD treatment|Immersive Therapy for PTSD: How does it work and what are the effects?]] This chapter is an individual student contribution as part of a larger [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra] class effort in 2026 to write a book [[Motivation and emotion/Book]]. The 2026 book extends a Wikiversity book series started in 2010, with over 1,800 online book chapters on how psychological science can improve human lives. The book editor and University psychology unit convener is [[User:Jtneill|Dr. James Neill]] {{clear}} == Social Contributions == # # '''4 Sep 26:''' https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png'''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Defence mechanisms and emotion regulation. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FDefence_mechanisms_and_emotion_regulation&diff=2822629&oldid=2763661 # '''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Neurodivergence and trauma. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FNeurodivergence_and_trauma&diff=2822636&oldid=2812805 # '''19 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Incentive theory of motivation. Edits at<nowiki/>https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FIncentive_theory_of_motivation&diff=2822844&oldid=2814898 # '''19 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Introduced the book chapter intent to the class and welcomed anyone with sim<nowiki/>ilar topics or interests to contribute. I offered the same. https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456450 # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page. [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Perfectionism and procrastination#Reference material]] # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Irritability#Reference material]] # '''22 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Mental health in astronauts. Edits at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 ht]<nowiki/>[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 tps://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667] # '''25 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Feedback literacy#Reference]] # '''25 Aug 26''': UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query.[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/201]<nowiki/>[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 43/discussion_topics/457190] # '''26 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some external link ideas for a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|Talk]]<nowiki/>[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference]] # '''26 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query with data from a Random Game of Dice scenar<nowiki/>io.https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457412 # '''27 Aug 26:''' Wiki thanks and editing conversation: [[User talk:Jtneill#Punctuation change in book title]] # '''28 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query<nowiki/> https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457809 # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Included creation of graphics for Wiki page.[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|ht]]<nowiki/>[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|tps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png]] # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FBuilding_therapeutic_alliance&diff=2831108&oldid=2830050 # '''8 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSelf-concept_and_motivation&diff=2832141&oldid=2831622 # '''9 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted another Wiki user by adding a quiz te<nowiki/>mplate to their chapter page<nowiki/>https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FOutdoor_play_and_children%27s_emotional_well-being&diff=2832147&oldid=2828722 # '''9 Sep 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query <nowiki/>https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457888 2feq32jbua1qowfftks5yajlja3jegv 2832152 2832151 2026-09-08T02:29:09Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* Social Contributions */ cleaned up a duplication left behind after another user edited 2832152 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == I am a military veteran, working to complete a Bachelor of Science in Psychology as part of a lifelong approach to learning. After a military career working with people around the world on a spectrum of operations, I wanted to better understand the human dimension and the science behind what makes us all tick. Along the way, I want to give back to the community where I can. I have an interest in veterans' PTSD, advocacy and international affairs. == Book Chapter == [[File:PTSD.png|left|thumb|250x250px|'''Figure 1.''' PTSD can have a deep and lasting impact on our emotions.]] I am writing a book chapter titled [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Immersive therapy for PTSD treatment|Immersive Therapy for PTSD: How does it work and what are the effects?]] This chapter is an individual student contribution as part of a larger [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra] class effort in 2026 to write a book [[Motivation and emotion/Book]]. The 2026 book extends a Wikiversity book series started in 2010, with over 1,800 online book chapters on how psychological science can improve human lives. The book editor and University psychology unit convener is [[User:Jtneill|Dr. James Neill]] {{clear}} == Social Contributions == #'''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Defence mechanisms and emotion regulation. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FDefence_mechanisms_and_emotion_regulation&diff=2822629&oldid=2763661 # '''18 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Neurodivergence and trauma. Edits at https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FNeurodivergence_and_trauma&diff=2822636&oldid=2812805 # '''19 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Incentive theory of motivation. Edits at<nowiki/>https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FIncentive_theory_of_motivation&diff=2822844&oldid=2814898 # '''19 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Introduced the book chapter intent to the class and welcomed anyone with sim<nowiki/>ilar topics or interests to contribute. I offered the same. https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456450 # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page. [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Perfectionism and procrastination#Reference material]] # '''20 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Irritability#Reference material]] # '''22 Aug 26:''' Grammar and content editing improvements on 2025 chapter, Mental health in astronauts. Edits at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 ht]<nowiki/>[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667 tps://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FMental_health_in_astronauts&diff=2824159&oldid=2804667] # '''25 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some peer-reviewed ideas on starter references f<nowiki/>or a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Feedback literacy#Reference]] # '''25 Aug 26''': UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query.[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/201]<nowiki/>[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 43/discussion_topics/457190] # '''26 Aug 26:''' Comment: Supported another Wiki user by providing some external link ideas for a Chapter page.[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|Talk]]<nowiki/>[[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference|:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Dark empathy#Reference]] # '''26 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query with data from a Random Game of Dice scenar<nowiki/>io.https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457412 # '''27 Aug 26:''' Wiki thanks and editing conversation: [[User talk:Jtneill#Punctuation change in book title]] # '''28 Aug 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query<nowiki/> https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457809 # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Included creation of graphics for Wiki page.[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|ht]]<nowiki/>[[c:File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png|tps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Avoidance_and_Processing_Cycles.png]] # '''4 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FBuilding_therapeutic_alliance&diff=2831108&oldid=2830050 # '''8 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted other Wiki user by adding a quiz temp<nowiki/>late to their chapter page https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSelf-concept_and_motivation&diff=2832141&oldid=2831622 # '''9 Sep 26:''' Comment: Assisted another Wiki user by adding a quiz te<nowiki/>mplate to their chapter page<nowiki/>https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FOutdoor_play_and_children%27s_emotional_well-being&diff=2832147&oldid=2828722 # '''9 Sep 26:''' UC Canvas Discussion: Responded to student topic query <nowiki/>https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457888 fnp5nz71i9ni8nkc28y9zcu424ql73r 0 331226 2832153 2830221 2026-09-08T02:34:58Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was the victim of an alleged strip search performed by four guards in riot gear within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered a sacred part of women's business, and has been a part of lore practised for thousands of years (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. mhbvlawaqhf4zcl668t1cy1v31a9s2b 2832190 2832153 2026-09-08T07:05:09Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021. For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many Aboriginal cultures. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. 0pkew8oawfecykts3fvo09gopjrnkch 2832191 2832190 2026-09-08T07:05:40Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021. For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many Aboriginal cultures. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. tec7orz2k9ptpckw81m5nmdmsbdsl14 2832197 2832191 2026-09-08T07:43:05Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many Aboriginal cultures. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. gk17hwtto2ucrczj2k1qycz2225qyh0 2832198 2832197 2026-09-08T07:47:22Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many [Aboriginal cultures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture). The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. fijibt4myyvyqp5drztz6xu8sc8v0rk 2832199 2832198 2026-09-08T07:48:11Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Aboriginal culture]]. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. 6vwo4z2mrd1yn6xpb8uetl1a6qdqydd 2832200 2832199 2026-09-08T07:48:50Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture|Aboriginal culture]]. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. pzn4nucdfkkeszouhz5q23dqbn75x43 2832201 2832200 2026-09-08T07:49:26Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture|Aboriginal cultures]. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. alc43pi1araouirwys1canxn6a1t137 2832202 2832201 2026-09-08T07:52:20Z Lilfish215 3107244 2832202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians:<br>What are the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians? }} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} ; Case Study In January of 2021, an unnamed incarcerated Aboriginal woman on remand at the Alexander Maconochie Centre in the ACT was allegedly strip searched by four guards in riot gear, within view of male detainees (Larkin, 2021). The woman is was a victim of a previous sexual assault and has a serious heart condition. This case, amongst others, has caused concern among health care professionals who work with Aboriginal women detainees (Larkin, 2021). For many First Nations communities, the showing of a woman's sensitive body parts is considered sacred to women's business (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This lore and culture has been practised for thousands of years. The separation of men's and women's business, and strict traditions and customs is central to many [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture Aboriginal cultures]. The conduct and nature of these traditions recognises and respects particular roles, ceremony and lore sacred to men and women (Sydney Nature Team, 2025). The customs and practices within men's and women's business are strict and if the rules are broken, harsh punishment is to follow. "If women's business is conducted in front of males, cultural shame is likely to be the result. This is extremely distressing and would stay with the woman for a long time," (Thompson & Archibald-Binge, 2020). This local case, alongside many others, acknowledges how the absence of cultural safety within institutional practice can undermine Indigenous wellbeing. This chapter explores the social and emotional wellbeing model and the emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians. [[File:Kakadu (AU), Kakadu National Park, Anbangbang Rock Shelter -- 2019 -- 4106.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Figure 1'''. Emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians is viewed as health, connected with the land, culture, and community.]] * Introduction to the problem: Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at a disproportionately high rate, accounting for 37% of all persons in custody as of March 2025 (ABS, 2025). * "Research shows that imprisonment has negative impacts on the physical and mental health of incarcerated individuals, and these impacts persist after release." - (Impacts of Imprisonment | Bugmy Bar Book, 2023) * Incarceration significantly implicates the cultural and relational connections to land and kin which are directly correlational with wellbeing for many Indigenous Australians. * Introduction to the model/theory: Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model was developed to support and strengthen Indigenous mental health --> The SEWB model is a holistic, multi-dimensional concept of wellbeing which takes into account the impacts of the history of colonisation (Dudgeon, 2026). * How incarceration negatively impacts Indigenous emotional wellbeing --> which also affects mental health. * The SEWB model recognises that connection to land, sea, culture, and spirituality contribute to wellbeing. * Incarceration affects SEWB domains --> physical separation from family members, restricted cultural practice, removal from country. * Why does this matter? ...Access to culturally safe, responsive, and person-centred services is essential to improving the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017). --> Essential that psychological science be informed by Indigenous understandings of wellbeing. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Focus questions''' * What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? * What broader factors are affected by high rates of offending and imprisonment among First Nations people? * What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model? * How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing? * What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration? * What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Incarceration and emotional wellbeing== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the relationship between incarceration and the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians?'' ==Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB)== '''Focus question:''' ''What is the Social and Emotional Wellbeing (SEWB) model?'' * The Social and Emotional Wellbeing model is a stepped care model which is dedicated to focalising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. [[File:Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing.png|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1'''. Determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Adapted from [Dudgeon & Walker, 2015].]] * The framework highlights the importance of culture as being central to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ==How incarceration affects SEWB domains== '''Focus question:''' ''How does incarceration affect the domains of social and emotional wellbeing?'' * colonial impact (colonisation) --> cultural, economic, and social bases of Indigenous lives and health has been significantly impacted by colonialism ("through disease, massacre, dispossession of lands, relocation, forced labor, removal of children, and enforced cultural assimilation.")(Battams et al., 2021) =Connection to community= * Separation * Limited/restrictive nature of visitation * =Connection to country= * Removal from country * Inability to participate or attend (in/to) cultural practices (ceremonies, obligations etc). * Reference to opening case study, not only is incarceration and the criminal justice system preventing cultural agency for Indigenous Australians, but it is complicit in the cultural discrimination of Aboriginal lore and culture (Larkin, 2021). This point is quite direct; further elaborate. * Identity within country and within the land. =Emotional and mental wellbeing= * Direct implications on wellbeing due to incarceration. ==Emotional resilience, and protective factors== '''Focus Question:''' ''What factors improve/support emotional resilience during and after incarceration?'' ==Why the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model?== '''Focus Question:''' ''What does the Social and Emotional Wellbeing model contribute that Westernised frameworks don't?'' * Western definitions of mental health do not align with Aboriginal perspectives of health and wellbeing which endorse a more holistic approach to their conceptualisation (Harrison, 2021). ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Future directions/recommendations== Note: this section could be added to discuss future directions, and ways to improve the emotional wellbeing of Indigenous Australians in custody. ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== List [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic/Checklist|Topic development - Checklist]] (Wikiversity) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2025). ''Corrective services, Australia, March quarter 2025''. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/corrective-services-australia/latest-release Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). ''Social and emotional wellbeing''. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-mental-health-suicide-prevention/social-emotional-wellbeing Battams, S., Delany-Crowe, T., Fisher, M., Wright, L., Krieg, A., McDermott, D., & Baum, F. (2021). Applying crime prevention and health promotion frameworks to the problem of high incarceration rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations: Lessons from a case study from Victoria. ''International Indigenous Policy Journal'', ''12''(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2021.12.2.10208 Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2017, April 4). ''National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017–2023''. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/policies-and-strategies/33834/ Dudgeon, P. (2026, May 26). ''Pat Dudgeon AM FAPS on developing the social and emotional wellbeing model to support Indigenous communities''. Australian Psychological Society. https://psychology.org.au/insights/pat-dudgeon-am-sewb-model Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2015). Decolonising Australian psychology: Discourses, strategies, and practice. ''Journal of Social and Political Psychology'', ''3''(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.4857 }} ==External links== * [https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-targets-key-findings-implications/contents/criminal-justice Closing the Gap targets: Key findings – Criminal justice] (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) * [https://www.myiacfp.org/the-relationship-between-justice-system-involvement-and-the-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-sewb-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-youth/ The relationship between justice system involvement and the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth] (IACFP) * [https://bugmybarbook.org.au/chapters/imprisonment/ Imprisonment] (Bugmy Bar Book) * [https://theconversation.com/excessive-strip-searching-shines-light-on-discrimination-of-aboriginal-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system-163969 Excessive strip searching shines light on discrimination of Aboriginal women in the criminal justice system] (The Conversation) * [https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/aboriginal-girl-fights-to-exclude-men-from-seeing-strip-search-footage-20200310-p548pu.html Aboriginal girl fights to exclude men from seeing strip search footage] (Sydney Morning Herald) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]. e32q7krhu03qby90ousfsuzqfnmgil9 0 331234 2832147 2828722 2026-09-08T01:01:38Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* Learning Features */ Added quiz 2832147 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being]] ==== {{title|Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being <br> How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being?}} __TOC__ Overview {| class="wikitable" |Imagine this.... A child comes home after a long day at school. Children often have some free time after school or during weekends. Sometimes they remain indoors, while on other days they choose to play outdoors. They freely engage in the activities of their choice. They may ride bikes, skate, explore nature, do some creative work using natural materials or make up games with other children. Outdoor play does not always have and follow predetermined rules. A game may become frustrating, other children may disagree about the rules, or something a child trying to negotiate may not work. The child may choose to change or avoid the activity, negotiate with others, become upset or may remain calm and try again. How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Does the relationship involve physical activity, autonomy to choose what and how to play, social interaction, experience of dealing with conflicting situations, or a combination of these factors? |} [[File:Https---commons.wikimedia.org-wiki-File-Children_play_on_outdoor_equipment,_Blaketown_Playcentre,_1987._CC114.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 1''': Children engaged in outdoor play. Outdoor play can involve physical movement, social interaction, exploration, engagement with the surrounding environment.]] Recent research does not examine children's emotional well-being as one single outcome. Studies on outdoor play have examined [[wikipedia:Emotional_dysregulation|emotional dysregulation]] (Lee et al., 2025), social-emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), [[Evidence-based assessment/Instruments/Positive and Negative Affect Schedule|positive and negative affect]] (Poulos et al., 2026), and internalising and externalising symptoms (Dodd et al., 2026). These outcomes examine different aspects of children's emotional functioning. Research has also examined characteristics of outdoor play and conditions surrounding children's participation. Lee et al. (2025) examined both the amount and timing of outdoor play and tested [[wikipedia:Working_memory|working memory]] as a statistical mediator of the association to emotional dysregulation. The study used a [[wikipedia:Mediation_(statistics)|mediation analysis]] with 325 preschool children. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) in a [[qualitative study]] examined facilitators and barriers to inclusive outdoor play and identified personal, interacting and environmental factors. The study involved 40 children aged 6 to 12 years. This chapter will examine how outdoor play and [[wikipedia:Emotional_well-being|emotional well-being]] are represented in recent research, the psychological processes that may be involved, the social and environmental conditions shaping outdoor-play experiences, differences in recent findings, and how families, communities, and schools can support opportunities for outdoor play. {| class="wikitable" |+ | ==== Key Points ==== * Outdoor play needs to have a clear definition. Outdoor play refers to the range of child-centric activities that happen outdoors. It is more than simply being outside. It generally involves voluntary and intrinsically motivated activity in outdoor environments such as playgrounds, gardens, streets and natural spaces (Dodd et al., 2026). Outdoor play and outdoor physical activity are related but should not be treated as the same construct (Davenport et al.,2025). * Children's emotional well-being is examined through different outcomes in recent outdoor play research. It cannot be defined as simply as feeling happy. These includes emotional dysregulation (Lee et al., 2025), [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]], social emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), positive and negative affect (Poulos et al.,2026) and internalising and externalising mental health symptoms (Dodd et al., 2026). * Recent studies have different findings about outdoor play and children's emotional functioning. (Ferguson et al., 2025) found that more outdoor play was associated with better social-emotional competence. In a [[wikipedia:Longitudinal_study|longitudinal study]], Dodd et al., (2026) predicted that children who played outdoors more often during the preschool days were less likely to have less favourable mental health trajectories later in childhood. However, findings are not equally even across all children, settings and measures. * The relationship between outdoor play and emotional well-being appears to be more complex than simply playing more time outdoors. [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]], [[wikipedia:Physical_activity|Physical activity]], [[wikipedia:Working_memory|Working memory]], social interaction, freedom and the opportunities provided by different outdoor environments are possible factors to consider (Davenport et al.,2025; Dodd et al., 2026; Gross, 2015; Lee et al.,2025). * Access to the outdoors is not equal. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) found that children with disabilities experienced physical, social and practical barriers and these barriers have made outdoor play less accessible. Ferguson et al. (2025) also showed that outdoor play experiences and their relationship with social-emotional outcomes varied across different social contexts. |} == Focus question == {| class="wikitable" |What are outdoor play and children's emotional well-being? How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? How do social and environmental conditions shape children's outdoor play experiences? What does recent research show about the relationship between outdoor play and children's emotional well-being? How can families, communities and school support outdoor play opportunities that may benefit children's emotional well-being? |} == '''Understanding Outdoor play and emotional well-being''' == * Outdoor play includes different activities and takes place across various outdoor environments. It involves movement, exploration, social play, challenge, and interaction with various outdoor environments. Recent research has examined both children's outdoor play and features of environment where play happens (Dodd et al.,2026; Pereira et al.,2024). * Outdoor play and physical activity can overlap however they should not be considered as the same concept. Davenport et al. (2025) examined outdoor play separately from their outdoor moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). * Children's emotional well-being is measured through different outcomes. Recent research on outdoor play has examined emotional dysregulation (Lee et al., 2025), social-emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), positive and negative affect after recess (Poulos et al.,2026), and internalising and externalising mental health symptoms (Dodd et al.,2026). ==== '''Outdoor play''' ==== * Outdoor play is defined as voluntary and intrinsically motivated activity that occurs in outdoor environments like gardens, playgrounds, parks and natural spaces (Dodd et al., 2026). Free play can be also self-directed, allowing children to freely interact with their environment and have autonomy to make choices over their activities (Biino et al., 2025). * Outdoor play should not be treated as equivalent to outdoor physical activity. Davenport et al. (2024) examined parent-reported and device-measured outdoor play among 107 preschool children and tested whether associations with physical, [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]] and social-emotional developmental indicators were independent of outdoor moderate to vigorous physical activity. Distinguishing these measures are important because research on children's outdoor play is not necessarily measuring the same behaviour as research on the intensity of physical activity. * Outdoor play environment contains different physical features. Pereira et al. (2024) systematically reviewed 51 articles representing 45 primary studies and examined outdoor play space features including fixed structures, space naturalness, floor markings, loose parts or equipment, available area and combinations of environmental features. Physical activity was the most frequently examined outcome, and heterogeneity between studies limited conclusions about the effects of individual outdoor play features. The findings should not automatically be interpreted as evidence of effects on children's emotional well-being. * [[w:Affordance|Affordance]] theory provides different perspective of examining relationships between outdoor environments and children's play. Morgenthaler et al. (2024) used the theory of affordances to examine environment play transactions and developed an Environmental Taxonomy of Outdoor Play Space Features. The review identified 284 distinct play occupations afforded by different spaces and objects and examined the functional environmental qualities associated with these opportunities. This provides evidence that physical characteristics of outdoor spaces can afford different forms of play. It does not establish that particular environmental affordances cause better emotional well-being. ==== '''Children's emotional well-being''' ==== * Children's emotional well-being is represented through different outcomes in the recent outdoor play research. Studies have examined emotional dysregulation (Lee et al., 2025), social-emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), positive and negative affect (Poulos et al., 2026), and internalising and externalising symptoms (Dodd et al., 2026). * Lee et al. (2025) examined emotional dysregulation among 325 preschool children in relation to the amount and timing of outdoor play and also examined working memory as a statistical mediator. The mediation findings are considered in the psychological-process section. * Ferguson et al. (2025) examined social-emotional competence, including difficulties and prosocial behaviour. This is different from lee et al. (2025) measure of emotional dysregulation. * Poulos et al. (2026) examined positive and negative affect following recess in an outdoor schoolyard, gymnasium and classroom, while Dodd et al. (2026) examined trajectories of internalising and externalising symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire''.'' Dodd et al. also defined emotional symptoms and peer problems for internalising symptoms and conduct problems and [[w:Hyperactivity|hyperactivity]] inattention for externalising symptoms. * These differences in measurement are significant because different aspects and time frames of children's emotional functioning should not be interpreted as equivalent when findings across the studies are compared. '''Table:1''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="3" |Emotional outcomes examined in recent research on outdoor play and children's emotional being |- |'''Study''' |'''Outcome Examined''' |'''What the outcome represents in the study''' |- |Lee et al. (2025) |Emotional dysregulation |Difficulties in emotional regulation; examined in relation to the amount and timing of outdoor play |- |Ferguson et al. (2025) |Social emotional competence |Social- emotional difficulties and prosocial behaviour |- |Poulos et al. (2026) |Positive and negative affect |Children's affect following following recess in different settings |- |Dodd et al. (2026) |Internalising and externalising symptoms |Internalising; emotional symptoms and peer problems; externalising; conduct problems and hyperactivity-inattention |} As shown in the Table 1, the studies examine different aspects and time frames of children's emotional functioning. Affect following recess should not be treated as the same outcome as emotional dysregulation measured over several months or trajectories of internalising and externalising symptoms across childhood. {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''Key points''' * Outdoor play and outdoor physical activity are related but are not interchangeable measures. Davenport et al. (2024) examined parent-reported outdoor play and device-measured outdoor play separately from outdoor moderate to vigorous physical activity (N=107). * Outdoor environments provide different opportunities for play. Pereira et al. (2024) examined features including fixed structures, space naturalness, floor markings, loose parts or equipment and available area, while Morgenthaler et al. (2024) used affordance theory to examine how spaces and objects afford different forms of play. These findings concern opportunities for play and should not be treated as evidence that particular environmental features improved emotional well-being. * Children's emotional well-being is not represented by one common outcome across the recent studies'''.''' Research has examined emotional dysregulation (Lee et al., 2025), social-emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), positive and negative affect (Poulos et al., 2026), and internalising and externalising symptoms (Dodd et al., 2026). * The emotional outcomes also differ in their time frame. Poulos et al. (2026) examined affect following recess, whereas Lee et al. (2025) examined emotional dysregulation over several months and Dodd et al. (2026) examined trajectories of internalising and externalising symptoms across childhood. These outcomes should not be treated as equivalent when findings are compared. |} == '''How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being?''' == * Lee et al. (2025) examined working memory as possible process between outdoor play and emotional regulation. Dodd et al.(2026) discussed cognitive, social and emotional skills development, social interaction, physical activity, connection with the nature, adventurous play as possible measures for association between outdoor play and mental health symptoms. * Lee et al. (2025) examined 325 preschool children and used meditation analysis to test whether the timing and amount of outdoor play were related to emotional dysregulation and working memory. * Dodd et al. (2026) found that more frequent outdoor play during the preschool years predicted healthier mental health trajectories into middle childhood. The study used nationally representative longitudinal cohort and suggest possible pathways that includes cognitive, social and emotional skills development, exposure and relation with the nature, physical activity, social interaction and adventurous play. * These pathways were proposed by Dodd et al.(2025) but not directly tested as mechanisms. The findings of the study do not shows outdoor play causes better emotional well-being. Many of the existing outdoor play research remains observational (De Lannoy et al., 2023). ==== '''Emotion regulation''' ==== * [[w:Emotional_self-regulation|Emotional self-regulation]] regulation provides an understanding of how children manage emotional situations. Gross (2015) describes emotional regulation as a process involving identification, selection and implementation. Identification concerns deciding whether to regulate an emotion, selection concerns selecting regulation strategy and implementation concerns applying chosen response into practice. * Gross (2015) describes various forms of emotion regulation like situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment cognitive change and response modulation. During outdoor play a child may experience frustration, conflict, disagreement, uncertainty or changes to their activity. These process provide a psychological framework for understanding how people respond to emotional situations. This model can be applied to these outdoor play situations to consider how children might recognise emotional response, decide how to manage the situation, and act on that decision. * However, this is an application of Gross (2015) theoretical framework to outdoor play. This study did not examine whether outdoor play influence to children's emotion regulation. ==== '''Working memory and cognitive process''' ==== * Lee et al. (2025) examined [[w:Working_memory|working memory]] as a mediator between outdoor play and emotional dysregulation among 325 preschool children. Outdoor play was examined across three part of the day: wake-up to noon, noon to 6 pm and 6 pm to bedtime. * The timing of outdoor play was important. More outdoor play between noon and 6 pm was related to lower emotional dysregulation. In contrast, more outdoor play before noon and after 6 pm was related to higher emotional dysregulation (Lee et al. 2025). * Lee et al (2025) found that more outdoor play from noon to 6 pm was associated with better working memory (b=1.61, p<.05) and better working memory was associated with lower emotional dysregulation (b= -0.08, p< .01). This relation between noon to 6pm outdoor play and emotional dysregulation as no longer statistically significant when working memory was included in the analysis. As a result it is reported as full mediation. * The findings suggest that working memory can be one cognitive functioning process involved in the association between outdoor play and emotional regulation. However, statistical mediation in an observational study which does not prove that outdoor play caused better working memory or emotional regulation. Lee et al. (2025) called for further research examining both immediate and longer-term effects of outdoor play on working memory and emotion regulation. {| class="wikitable" |Key points * Lee et al. (2025) found that associations between outdoor play and emotional dysregulation differed according to time of day. * Working memory statistically mediated the association between afternoon outdoor play and lower emotional dysregulation in Lee et al. (2025). * Dodd et al. (2026) found that more frequent preschool outdoor play predicted lower odds of non-normative internalising and externalising symptom trajectories. |} == '''Social and environmental influences on outdoor play''' == * Outdoor play opportunities are shaped by more than the physical being outdoor space. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) interviewed 40 children aged 6 to 12, with and without disabilities about facilitators and barriers to inclusive outdoor play. The findings were identified personal factor, interacting factors and environmental factors. * Personal factors included experiencing [[w:Autonomy|autonomy]], and children's feelings of physical and social limitations. Interacting factors included making contact, growing up together, and adopting the ways of playing. Environmental factors included parents, outdoor play environments, communities, and time constrains (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Opportunities for outdoor play was not experienced in the same way by all children. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) found that children with disabilities experienced more barriers than children with no disability. The challenges were related to making contact with other children, adopting play and the physical play environment. * Ferguson et al. (2025) examined the association between outdoor play and children's social-emotional competence. In a cross sectional analysis of 2568 children, aged 7.1 to 12.6 years from multi-ethnic urban cohort found that outdoor play was associated with better social-emotional competence. However, the association was differed across ethnicity, and weekday or weekend outdoor play. * Ferguson et al. (2025) also examined area deprivation. The relation between outdoor play and social-emotional competence appeared stronger in less deprived area, although the statistical evidence for the differences by deprivation was significantly weak. ==== '''Social relationship and inclusion''' ==== * Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified making contact and growing up together as interacting factors in inclusive outdoor play. Some children described familiarity with other children as an easy way to approach, communication and play together. Making contact could also be a barrier when children approaching to another unfamiliar children or joining in play who were already playing. * Children also described the need to adopt games so that children with different abilities could participate. School and communities were identified settings where children with and without disabilities could become familiar with each other (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * In the recent observational research by Beekhuizen et al. (2026) observed outdoor play among children with and without disability. The researchers found that getting to know each other, making contact and interaction while playing together as process of inclusive outdoor play. These observational findings showed that familiarity and making contact determine social and inclusive play because children chose to play with children they already knew. * Ferguson et al. (2025) also found that the association between outdoor play and social emotional competence was not the same across all ethnic and deprivation groups. In the cross sectional analysis of 2568 children aged 7.1 to 12.6 years from multi ethnic urban cohort, outdoor play was associated with better social-emotional competence. However, associations varies across same ethnic groups and according to weekday or weekend outdoor play. ==== '''Autonomy, parents and time''' ==== * Experiencing autonomy was identified as a personal factor in inclusive outdoor play. Children having some independence during outdoor play could promote their sense of independence over what they do and who they play with (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Experiencing autonomy also included opportunities to play without direct involvement of parents. Some children with disabilities described wanting to play outside independently, although parental support could make outdoor play possible (Beekhuizen et al., 2025) * Parents were identified as an environmental factors. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) found that parental involvement could support children's participation in outdoor play, specially when child needed help to access or participate in outdoor play. * Time constraints were considered as another environmental factor. Some children with disabilities were described as having limited outdoor play time due to parents work schedule, after-school arrangements or longer travel distance between home and school (Beekhuizen et al., 2025) ==== '''Outdoor environments and accessibility''' ==== * The outdoor play environment was identified as an environmental factor that could could support or restrict inclusive outdoor play. Children described both physical and social aspects of outdoor play environments. For example, children discussed the importance of physical and social safety, including traffic near playgrounds and disputes among children. Accessibility was particularly relevant to children with disabilities because opportunities for inclusive outdoor play could be affected by play environments and physical abilities (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Pereira et al. (2024) provided evidence about the physical features of outdoor play spaces. Their systematic review included 51 articles representing 45 primary studies aged between 5 to 12 and examined particular environmental features like fixed structures, natural elements, floor marking, loose parts or equipment and available play area. * Pereira et al. (2024) found positive association between outdoor play space features and children's behaviours. However, there was substantial variation between studies so the review could not establish clear conclusions about the effects of particular environmental features. {| class="wikitable" |+ |Key points * Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified personal, interacting and environmental factors that could facilitate or restrict inclusive outdoor play. * Social relationships and familiarity affected participation, with children with disabilities reporting more barriers to inclusive outdoor play (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Associations between outdoor play and social-emotional competence varied across some population groups and play contexts (Ferguson et al., 2025). |} == '''What does recent research show about outdoor play and children's emotional well-being?''' == * Recent research has examined various aspects of outdoor play and children's emotional well-being and provides mixed evidence. These include emotional dysregulation (Lee et al., 2025), social-emotional competence (Ferguson et al., 2025), positive and negative affect (Poulos et al., 2026), and internalising and externalising symptoms (Dodd et al., 2026). * Ferguson et al. (2025) found that more frequent outdoor play was associated with better social-emotional competence. However, the associations varied across some ethnic groups and according to whether outdoor play occurred on school days or weekends. * Dodd et al. (2026) provides longitudinal evidence from 4,151 children from the Growing Up in Scotland study. Children who played outdoors more frequently between approximately 2 and 4 years of age were more likely to follow a trajectory of low and stable internalising and externalising symptoms through to age 8. * Poulos et al. (2026) examined children's emotional state immediately after recess during hot weather. Among 317 children in years 4 and 5, the positive effect was higher after outdoor recess and gymnasium recess than after classroom recess. There were no significant differences in negative affect between the three recess settings. * Together, these studies show evidence of associations between outdoor play or outdoor recess and several aspects of emotional well-being. However, the studies did not show the common effect because the study differ in children's ages, research designs, measures of outdoor play, and emotional outcomes. ==== '''Consistency of recent research findings''' ==== * Recent findings do not show the same effect across all outcomes. Ferguson et al. (2025) found that more frequent outdoor play was associated with lower total difficulties and greater prosocial behaviour. In contrast, Davenport et al. (2024) found that most associations between outdoor play and the physical, cognitive and social-emotional developmental indicators examined were not statistically significant. Therefore, the recent studies have not found significant association across all developmental outcomes. * Findings can also differ according to the emotional outcome being measured. Poulos et al. (2026) found higher positive affect after outdoor and gymnasium recess than after classroom recess, but no significant differences in negative affect between the three recess settings. Lee et al. (2025) found that lower emotional dysregulation associated with greater afternoon outdoor play but higher emotional dysregulation is associated with greater outdoor play earlier and later in the day. * Dodd et al. (2026) provides longer-term evidence. More frequent outdoor play during the preschool years predicted lower odds of belonging to the increasing or decreasing internalising and externalising symptom trajectory groups, relative to the normative low and stable group. This shows an association between early outdoor play and mental-health symptom trajectories across childhood rather than an emotional outcome measured at one point in time. * Associations may also vary across children and outdoor play contexts. Ferguson et al. (2025) reported differences according to ethnicity and whether outdoor play occurred on school days or weekends. * Recent findings suggest that associations between outdoor play and emotional well-being are not the same across all outcomes, children and play contexts. The studies differ in children's age, research designs, measures of outdoor play, and emotional outcomes. Thus, findings should not be treated as evidence of one single effect. ==== '''Strengths and limitations of current research''' ==== * Longitudinal research strengthens the evidence concerning temporal relationship. Dodd et al. (2026) analysed 4,151 children from the Growing Up in Scotland study. Outdoor play was measured at approximately 2, 3 and 4 years of age, while internalising and externalising symptoms were measured at approximately 4, 5, 6 and 8 years. This allowed the researchers to examine whether early outdoor play predicted different mental-health symptom trajectories across childhood. * Although, longitudinal evidence does not establish cause and effect. Dodd et al. (2026) identified reliance on parent report measures as a key limitation, while Lee et al. (2025) also discussed about the possibility of reverse causation when interpreting associations between the timing of outdoor play and emotional dysregulation. * Measurement of outdoor play is another important consideration. Davenport et al. (2024) examined both parent reported and device measured outdoor play and also tested whether associations were independent of outdoor moderate to vigorous physical activity. This approach distinguishes outdoor play from outdoor physical activity rather than interchangeable measures. * Limitations are also present across the wider outdoor play literature. De Lannoy et al. (2023) identified 275 Canadian outdoor play publications and found that cross sectional study design was most common. Mental and emotional development had received less research attention in comparison to physical health and development. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. Comparison of recent research !Study !Research method !Research strength !Limitation |- | <small>Lee et al. (2025)</small> |Observational; 6 month follow-up |Examined the timing of outdoor play and tested working memory as a statistical mediator of the association with emotional dysregulation. |Observational mediation cannot establish causation; the authors also considered possible reverse causation when interpreting timing-related findings. |- |Ferguson et al. (2025) |Cross sectional; multi ethnic urban cohort (N=2,568) |Large sample allowed associations to be examined across population groups and school-day/weekend outdoor play. |Cross-sectional design cannot establish temporal direction; associations also differed across some groups and play contexts. |- |Davenport et al. (2024) |Observational; preschool sample (N=107) |Used both parent-reported and device-measured outdoor play and distinguished outdoor play from outdoor moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) |Small sample , and most tested associations with developmental outcomes were not statistically significant. |- |Dodd et al. (2026) |Longitudinal cohort (N = 4,151) |Outdoor play was measured in the preschool years before later internalising and externalising symptom trajectories. |Outdoor play and symptoms relied on parent reported measures, and the observational design does not establish conclusions. |- |Poulos et al. (2026) |Recess comparison study (N=317) |Compared children's positive and negative affect following outdoor, gymnasium and classroom recess rather than using outdoor recess without a comparison setting. |Examined immediate affect during an extreme-heat context; higher positive affect was also found after gymnasium recess, so the result was not specific to outdoor recess. |} As shown in table 2, the recent evidence has different methodological strengths and limitations. Longitudinal data provide stronger evidence about temporal ordering than cross-sectional studies, while the use of parent-reported and device-measured outdoor play addresses some measurement concerns. However, much of the evidence remains observational, several studies rely on parent-reported measures, and differences in emotional outcomes and play contexts limit the direct comparison between studies.   {| class="wikitable" |Key points * Recent studies report positive, mixed and non-significant findings across different emotional outcomes and measures of outdoor play (Davenport et al., 2024; Ferguson et al., 2025). * Lee et al. (2025) and Dodd et al. (2026) found associations across different emotional outcomes and time frames, from emotional dysregulation to later symptom trajectories. * Differences in study design, measurement, children's age and play context mean the findings should not be interpreted as one consistent effect of outdoor play on emotional well-being. |} == '''How do families, communities and schools support outdoor play opportunities?''' == * Opportunities for outdoor play are influenced by children's social and physical environments. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified parents, outdoor play environments, communities and time constraints as environmental factors that could act as facilitators or barriers to inclusive outdoor play. * Support for outdoor play also involves whether children can participate with other children. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified experiencing autonomy, growing up together, making contact and adapting ways of playing as factors involved in inclusive outdoor play. * The 2025 Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play recommends increasing opportunities for active outdoor play in settings where people live, learn, work and play. It also emphasises collaboration across sectors, settings and societies to support equitable access to active outdoor play (Lee et al., 2025). ==== '''Families''' ==== * Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified parents as an environmental factor in inclusive outdoor play. Children with disabilities described parents as important in encouraging participation and, for some children, helping to explain their disability to other children. * Experiencing autonomy was identified as an important personal factor. Some children with disabilities wanted their parents to allow them freedom during outdoor play. Some preferred their parents not to accompany them to the playground, while others were comfortable with parents remaining at a reasonable distance (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * These findings indicate that parental support and children's autonomy can both be relevant to opportunities for outdoor play. For some children with disabilities, support could be necessary for participation while opportunities to play more independently were also valued (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified parental support as important for facilitating positive inclusive play experiences. The authors also recommended providing children and parents with knowledge about disabilities and possible adaptations that can support participation * Family level opportunities also need to be interpreted alongside the time constraints. Some children attending special education described long journeys between school and home that reduced the time available for outdoor play (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). This means that opportunities for outdoor play cannot be interpreted only in terms of children's or parents' preferences. ==== '''Communities''' ==== * Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified communities and the outdoor play environment as environmental factors in inclusive outdoor play. Children described physically and socially safe playgrounds as important. While barriers included structure of playgrounds that made participation difficult for some children with disabilities. * The social environment of a community was also important. Children with disabilities described smaller communities, such as villages and schools, the places where other children and parents could become more familiar with disability. This familiarity was associated with greater acceptance and stronger connections with other children (Beekhuizen et al., 2025). * Recent observational research also shows that physical access alone does not explain inclusive outdoor play. Beekhuizen et al. (2026) observed 63 children with and without disabilities during six inclusive outdoor play sessions and assessed both children's playfulness and environmental supportiveness. Children with disabilities showed significantly lower playfulness scores indicating that opportunities for inclusive play were not experienced equally. * The 2025 Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play recommends collaboration across sectors, settings and societies to preserve, promote and value equitable access to active outdoor play. This places responsibility for outdoor play opportunities across communities and wider systems rather than on children and families alone (Lee et al., 2025). ==== '''Schools''' ==== * Schools can provide opportunities for children with and without disabilities to become familiar with one another. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified growing up together and making contact as interacting factors in inclusive outdoor play. Children described familiarity with other children as making contact easier. * School circumstances can also affect the time and opportunities available for outdoor play. Some children attending special primary education described long travel times between school and home as reducing the time available to play outdoors. Beekhuizen et al. (2025) identified these experiences under time constraints. * Recess provides another school setting in which children's emotional experiences have been examined. Poulos et al. (2026) studied 317 Year 4 and 5 children during extreme heat weather and found significantly higher positive affect after outdoor and gymnasium recess than after classroom recess. There were no significant differences in negative affect between the three recess settings. * Poulos et al. (2026) identified implications for school health, policy and equity, including the need for heat adaptive infrastructure to support access to recess environments during extreme heat. However, the findings do not show that outdoor recess is always better than indoor recess because positive affect was also higher following gymnasium recess. == '''Conclusion''' == * Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being are measured in different ways across recent research. Outdoor play is not equivalent to outdoor physical activity, while emotional outcomes include emotional dysregulation, social-emotional competence, positive and negative affect, and internalising and externalising symptoms. These differences need to be considered when findings across studies are compared. * Research also provides mixed evidence about how outdoor play may be related to emotional well-being. Gross's (2015) emotion-regulation framework can be applied to emotional situations experienced during play, but it does not show that outdoor play improves emotion regulation. Lee et al. (2025) provides more direct evidence of a possible cognitive process, with working memory statistically mediating the association between afternoon outdoor play and lower emotional dysregulation. However, this observational finding does not establish causation. * Recent findings are not consistent across all outcomes or contexts. Ferguson et al. (2025) reported associations with better social-emotional competence, Dodd et al. (2026) found longitudinal associations with internalising and externalising symptom trajectories, and Poulos et al. (2026) found differences in positive but not negative affect following recess. In contrast, most associations examined by Davenport et al. (2024) were not statistically significant. * Recent findings are not consistent across all outcomes or contexts. Ferguson et al. (2025) reported associations with better social-emotional competence, Dodd et al. (2026) found longitudinal associations with internalising and externalising symptom trajectories, and Poulos et al. (2026) found differences in positive but not negative affect following recess. In contrast, most associations examined by Davenport et al. (2024) were not statistically significant. * Overall, current research supports an association between outdoor play and some aspects of children's emotional well-being but does not establish one consistent effect. Differences in measurement, research design, children and play contexts remain important when interpreting the evidence. ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Beekhuizen, R. Q., Bolster, E. A. M., Gorter, J. W., Henry, N. L., Visser, K., Wittink, H., Kotte, E. M. W., Sol, M. E., & Bloemen, M. A. T. (2025). Play Together? Unveiling Facilitators and Barriers to Inclusive Outdoor Play for Dutch Children With and Without Disabilities: A Qualitative Study. Child : Care, Health & Development, 51(6), Article e70154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.70154 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Biino, V., Pesce, C., & Martins, C. (2025). Motor Skill Development at Preschool Age in Girls and Boys: The Role of Outdoor Free Play. Children, 12(5), Article 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050594 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Davenport, C., Kuzik, N., Larouche, R., & Carson, V. (2025). The Associations Between Parental-Reported and Device-Based Measured Outdoor Play and Health Indicators of Physical, Cognitive, and Social–Emotional Development in Preschool-Aged Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 37(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2023-0119 }}{{Hanging indent|1= de Lannoy, L., Barbeau, K., Seguin, N., & Tremblay, M. S. (2023). Scoping review of children’s and youth’s outdoor play publications in Canada. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 43(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.43.1.01 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Dodd, H. F., Cordwell, K., Hesketh, K., Johnstone, A., de la Torre-Luque, A., & McCrorie, P. (2026). Early outdoor play predicts trajectories of child mental health in a population-based cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70175 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Ferguson, M., Teyhan, A., Lovell, R., Dodd, H., Wheeler, B., & McEachan, R. (2025). The association between park visits, outdoor play and child social-emotional competency in a multi-ethnic, urban cohort. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 9, Article 100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2025.100293 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Lee, E.-Y., de Lannoy, L., Kim, Y.-B., Rathod, A., James, M. E., Lopes, O., Nasrallah, B., Thankarajah, A., Adjei-Boadi, D., de Barros, M. I. A., Duncan, S., Miller, R. M., Mygind, L., Vanderloo, L. M., Wang, P.-Y., & Tremblay, M. S. (2025). 2025 Position statement on active outdoor play. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 22(1), Article 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-025-01813-9 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Lee, J. J., Flouri, E., & Jackson, Y. (2025). The Role of Timing and Amount of Outdoor Play in Emotional Dysregulation in Preschool Children. Child : Care, Health & Development, 51(1), Article e70020. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.70020 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Morgenthaler, T., Lynch, H., Loebach, J., Pentland, D., & Schulze, C. (2024). Using the Theory of Affordances to Understand Environment–Play Transactions: Environmental Taxonomy of Outdoor Play Space Features—A Scoping Review. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(4), Article 7804185120. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2024.050606 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Pereira, J.V ., Vila-Nova, F., Veiga, G., Lopes, F., & Cordovil, R. (2024). Associations between outdoor play features and children’s behavior and health: A systematic review. Health & Place, 87, Article 103235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103235 }}{{Hanging indent|1= Poulos, A., Hassan, U. A., Wilson, K., Price, P. M., Vanos, J., & Quilla, J. (2026). Differences in Schoolchildren’s Emotional State After Indoor Versus Outdoor Recess in Extreme‐Heat Weather. The Journal of School Health, 96(4), Article e70135. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.70135 }} == Learning Features == Quiz {{Robelbox|theme=12|title=Quiz}} <quiz display=simple> {Children who have access to the same outdoor playground may still have different opportunities to participate in play. |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> {{Robelbox/close}} {{Robelbox|theme=12|title=Quiz}} <quiz display=simple> {Outdoor play has the same relationship with children's emotional well-being regardless of how door play or emotional well being is measured. |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> {{Robelbox/close}} {| class="wikitable" |1. Children who have access to the same outdoor playground may still have different opportunities to participate in play. True False 2. Outdoor play has the same relationship with children's emotional well-being regardless of how door play or emotional well being is measured. True False |} {| class="wikitable" |Scenario Two primary school aged children A and B enjoy playing outdoors. They both lived near the same playground. Child A was very familiar with the playground and knows several other children who play there and easily join the games. While child B has disability, uses mobility device and does not know other children at playground. Some parts of the playground are difficult to access and joining other children who are already playing can also be challenging. Child B's parents can provide support, although the child also prefers to play more independently. Consider both children can access the same playground, but do they have same level opportunities to take part in outdoor play? |} '''''<u>Note: Answers to the quiz is 1: True and 2 False</u>''''' ==See also== https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/books/mono/10.4324/9781003349655/right-child-play-naomi-lott Book Chapter, 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation<nowiki/>- Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy<nowiki/>- Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_study<nowiki/>-Wikipedia article [[Cognitive psychology|https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology]]-Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordance<nowiki/>-Wikipedia article ==External links== https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/outdoor-play<nowiki/>-Encyclopedia in early childhood development https://www.outdoorplaycanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/The-2025-AOP10-Position-Statement.pdf<nowiki/>-Position Statement https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2019-to-grow-up-healthy-children-need-to-sit-less-and-play-more<nowiki/>-World Health Organisation == User Bio == == About me == I am a psychology student at [https://www.canberra.edu.au/content/myuc/home.html University of Canberra.] growing interest in ''Child Psychology''. I am interested in understanding how psychological science can be applied to better improve emotional well-being of children through outdoor play. Studying [[motivation and emotion]] will help me to further explore about motivation and emotional well-being in everyday life. == Book chapter I am working on == I am working on the book chapter [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026|Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being]] : How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? == Hobbies == I enjoy [[w:Hiking|hiking]], it is a kind of therapy to me. I like to be in the nature and read books and listen stories. I like to spend my free time with my family and friends. == Social contribution == https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457888<nowiki/>-feedback requested [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Exercise gamification motivation#Learning features]]- Viewed [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Children]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Nature]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Well-being]] kbjj6c7wyx19ho9rho5pflnzgtnwtk9 0 331239 2832130 2830663 2026-09-07T23:07:59Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Developing a growth mindset:<br> How can a growth mindset be cultivated and sustained?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Openminded.png|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. Illustration of being open-minded]] ; Imagine this ... Two childhood best friends find themselves in two different places when they finish high school. Though living in the same neighbourhood, attending the same schools, enjoying the same hobbies and receiving equal opportunities, one is earning a scholarship to study their dream degree, and the other is falling behind. How could two people with the same opportunities have vastly separate life outcomes? Well, one evaded challenge for fear of failing, while the other appraised these failures as opportunities to learn. The margin between one and the other was not created based on ability, but from mindset. {{RoundBoxBottom}} * A person's mindset is the foundation in which learning and motivation build up on. * Meaning the mindset that we adopt is highly influential in how we perceive our abilities and intelligence as well as how we conduct ourselves in facing new adversities * In order to foster learning and motivation, an individual must shift from a fixed mindset to a growth mindset in order to embrace challenges and gain success {{ic|This is the closest of the three opening bullet-points to addressing the topic. Need more of this.}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|None of these questions directly address the topic: "How can a growth mindset be cultivated and sustained?"}} * How does a growth mindset differ from a fixed mindset? * What is the role of neuroplasticity in changing and sustaining a mindset? * How can failure, feedback and goal-setting affect the development of a growth mindset? * How do educational practices nurture a student's growth mindset? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Growth and Fixed Mindsets== {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Mindsets === * Mindsets are an established process or set "rules" or structure that an individual adopts as part of their way of thinking, attitudes, and beliefs. * A mindset is highly influential in the way in which we conduct ourselves in terms of facing challenges, and how an individual may perceive failure and success (Dweck & Leggett, 1988) === Growth versus fixed mindset's === * Mueller and Dweck (1988) established and developed two different Mindsets people adopt; growth and fixed, these mindsets run on a continuum * Someone who adopts a growth mindset views that their abilities, skills and intelligence are sculpted, being able to grow and develop from setbacks as well as view failures as something to improve upon (Mueller & Dweck, 1988) * Someone who adopts a fixed mindset's see that their abilities, skills and intelligence is static and are simply as a result of a persons genetic disposition unlikely to change (Mueller & Dweck, 1988) * Implicit theory of intelligence - the belief that intelligence is an ability that can be shaped or "moulded" and developed (Dweck and Leggett, 1988) == Physiological affects of mindset's == * The role of neuroplasticity is to enable and create new neural pathways throughout the brain especially important in learning a new skill or behaviour - proving that the ability of a person's mindset is not fixed but ever changing (e.g. the process of neurogenesis, or synaptogenesis) * Therefore, repeated practice of a certain skill or behaviour (I.e. fixed Mindset), may strengthen these pathways in creating persistent and default processes in skill development - important in understanding how certain mindset's can be sustained * In the context of growth Mindsets, neurobiology supports the underlying physiological mechanisms that demonstrate that a new mindset can be constructed on a neurological level to adapt to learning, and development (Sarrasin et al., 2018) == Failure, feedback and goal setting == {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Responses to challenges and failure === * Learned helplessness theory – exposure to repeated negative outcomes or failures could lead to a person reducing their attempts to change a situation (Seligman & Maier, 1967) * In the instance of Peter (see learning feature scenario), repeated failure reinforces the notion that their actions will not change their outcomes – this underlines the issue of how growth mindset is sustained or the beginning of a fixed mind/learned helplessness begins === Mastery goals versus performance goals === * Mastery goals involve an individual who is motivated in achieving competence, understanding and self-improvement (Dweck & Leggett, 1988) * An individual motivated by performance goals seek to source their goals to appear competent relative to others * Dweck and Leggett (1988) connect goals to a growth mindset – the type of goals and motivation for goals may affect the types of mindset that you may adopt (Yu & McLellan, 2020; Combette et al., 2024) == Mindset's in the educational setting == * Implicit theory of intelligence - the belief that intelligence is an ability that can be shaped or "moulded" and developed (Dweck and Leggett, 1988) === Pedagogical interventions and forming a growth mindset === *It is well versed that the intervention of praise and positive feedback from teachers and educators is a positive predictor through which mindset changes can be achieved (Gunderson et al., 2013) *However, Mueller and Dweck (1998) suggested praise before failure may demonstrate lower persistence or high disappointment, but praise directed towards the effort of the student promotes improvement (person vs process praise) *It is also important to consider the role of the teachers beliefs and attitudes in the classroom environment in which a growth mindset is successfully cultivated (Mesler et al., 2021) === Academic outcomes and a growth mindset === *Blackwell et al. (2007) suggested that the use of growth mindset interventions provided promising evidence in predicting that adopting growth mindset behaviours is reflective in positive academic achievement *Also contested that a growth mindset was sufficient with its association with academic achievement by relating to mastery goals however has a weak association between goals and goal achievement (Burnette et al., 2018) *Macnamara and Burgoyne (2023) systematic review and meta-analysis argue that such strong positive association between academic achievement and growth mindset interventions was as a result from targeting students with strong fixed mindsets ==Learning features== {{Robelbox|title=Learned Helplessness scenario...|theme=3}}Peter has always been a good student in primary school. He always found that science was his strongest subject with his passion to become a biologist once he is older. Peter always takes pride in his abilities with his test results and assessment pieces always gaining praise from his teachers and parents. When starting high school and feeling his most confident academically, he enrols in advanced science classes. However, he finds that high school science classes are far more difficult than he expected. After receiving a D in his first quiz and some harsh feedback, Peter feels discouraged and defeated. Peter believes that he is no longer good at science and believes he will never pass this class. As a result, Peter stops attending class and accepts that he will never become a biologist. {{ic|A stronger scenario would illustrate the development of a GM}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== {{expand}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[w:Mindset|Mindsets]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x Burnette, J. L., Billingsley, J., Banks, G. C., Knouse, L. E., Hoyt, C. L., Pollack, J. M., & Simon, S. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? Psychological Bulletin, 149(3–4), 174–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368 Combette, L. T., Rotgé, J.-Y., & Schmidt, L. (2024). Growth mindset is associated with mastery goals in adulthood. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 20(3), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.11915 Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256 Gunderson, E. A., Sorhagen, N. S., Gripshover, S. J., Dweck, C. S., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Levine, S. C. (2018). Parent praise to toddlers predicts fourth grade academic achievement via children’s incremental mindsets. Developmental Psychology, 54(3), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000444 Macnamara, B. N., & Burgoyne, A. P. (2023). Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. Psychological Bulletin, 149(3–4), 133–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000352 Mesler, R. M., Corbin, C. M., & Martin, B. H. (2021). Teacher mindset is associated with development of students’ growth mindset. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 76, 101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101299 Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children’s motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33 Sarrasin, J. B., Nenciovici, L., Foisy, L.-M. B., Allaire-Duquette, G., Riopel, M., & Masson, S. (2018). Effects of teaching the concept of neuroplasticity to induce a growth mindset on motivation, achievement, and brain activity: A meta-analysis. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 12, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2018.07.003 Seligman, M. E., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024514 Yu, J., & McLellan, R. (2020). Same mindset, different goals and motivational frameworks: Profiles of mindset-based meaning systems. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 62, 101901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101901 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiiEeMN7vbQ Developing a Growth Mindset with Carol Dweck] (Youtube.com) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-swZaKN2Ic The Power of Yet | Carol S Dweck | Tedx] (Youtube.com) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset]] l9294kpv9gd0vseh039a9fexge2byaz 2 331331 2832131 2825216 2026-09-07T23:09:51Z Jtneill 10242 2832131 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == [[File:Latin dictionary.jpg|thumb|yipee learning|border|left]] A collection of random facts regarding myself: * My future husband will be a blend of Aragorn from Lord Of The Rings and Trevor Belmont from Castlevania. * I used to be a DJ and have played interstate for international artists * I have invested thousands of hours into The Sims franchise == Book Chapter == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection|"Adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection: When does self-reflection promote wellbeing and when does it contribute to psychological distress?"]] This topic will be used for the Motivation and Emotion unit assessment at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au University of Canberra]. == Social Contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FEmpathy_fatigue_and_emotional_exhaustion&diff=2823516&oldid=2823458 Edited title casing to match 2026 table of contents] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FEmpathy_fatigue_and_emotional_exhaustion&diff=2823527&oldid=2823472 Commented article suggestion] # [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455151?entry_id=808005 Responded to a UCLearn discussion post] 47152oguthvjeouvwhnxkbnunmvxw9p 0 331334 2832123 2828502 2026-09-07T22:07:24Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Mental health first aid and helping behaviour:<br>What motivates people to recognise, approach, and support someone with a mental health problem?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:Depression man.png|thumb| '''Figure 1'''. Illustration of a depressed-looking person]] {{ic|Ideally, use an image that shows support consistent with MHFA training}} ; Imagine this... Over the course of the last four months you notice your close friend (see Figure 1) starting to withdraw from their social life, experiencing regularly disrupted sleep and engaging less and less with their hobbies and activities that make them happy. You become increasingly concerned about their mental wellbeing, do you know how you can approach a conversation about mental health with your friend or other ways you can offer them for support? {{ic|Ideally, connect more strongly with MHFA.}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} * 42.9% of people aged 16-85 in Australia {{ic|Target an international audience; Australia represents 0.3% of the human population}} experienced some kind of mental disorder within their lifetime (ABS, 2023).   * Mental health is an important factor in predicting a persons{{g}} wellbeing, the ___ and ___. If we want to create a healthy population then we must help to improve mental health and address factors that may prevent help seeking ** Role of stigma in prevention of help seeking * Mental health first aid is a training program developed with the intention to reduce stigma around mental health, start conversations with people in trainee lives and encourage them to look for professional support. ** Many people join mental health first aid training because they want to help others, are working within health fields or because they have experienced poor mental health personally or have had a person close to them that has struggled with mental health previously.   * By understanding the reasons that people undertake mental health first aid training using theories of helping behaviour we may be able to increase engagement with mental health first aid training and further increase access and support to those in our lives struggling with mental health. ** unsure of this point - will continue working on it as I progress {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} What is importance of mental health?{{g}} What is the impact and necessity of mental health first aid? {{ic|Consider: What is mental health first aid}} What are the main theories of helping behaviour that explain engagement with MHFA? How can we {{ic|Use 3rd person perspective}} promote engaging with MHFA courses? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Mental health == [[File:Autism-Neurodiversity-or-Mental-health-symbol.svg|thumb|207x207px|'''Figure 2.''' Illustrated image of a brain in silhouetted head]] {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Introduction to mental health === * Define [[mental health]] * Explore and define [[wikipedia:Mental_disorder|mental disorders]] ** World Health Organisation (2022) 1 in 7 people are affected by a mental health disorder, ongoing impact on life when left untreated - impacting important areas of functioning * Mental health in Australia ** Australian Bureau of Statistics (2023) - using data from 2020-2022 - 42.9% of Australians ages 16-85 experienced some kind of mental disorder within their life times, 21.5% experienced a mental disorder lasting 12 or more months - most commonly anxiety disorders === Importance of populations' mental health === * Mental health is a predictor of a person's overall wellbeing and life satisfaction (Hill et al., 2023) * Comorbidity of mental disorders with each other and physical disabilities / diseases (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2023) * Importance of access to professional resources and care ** (lack of) professional help accessibility - link to MHFA directing others to professional help [presumably promoting accessible resources] ** Impact of stigma in help seeking behaviour == Mental health first aid == * According to the [https://www.mhfa.com.au/ official mental health first aid (MHFA) website] {{ic|Put external links in the External links section}} MHFA is an international training program originating from Canberra, Australia that aims to increase mental health literacy, reduce stigma and equip trainees with the knowledge and skills needed to help direct others to seek professional care. (Mental Health First Aid Australia, 2025) * Effect of MHFA training on trainees ** Positive impact on trainee knowledge of mental health, attitudes, /intent/ to help and confidence. Those who were more confident were more likely to report implementation of training upon follow up (Forthal et al., 2021) ** Positive effects on interpersonal (capacity to handle crises, manage strained relationships, offer effective help) and intrapersonal (empathy, understanding and confidence to act); trainee's{{g}} did not intend to over-exert themselves and benefits were seen across a number of participants (Jorm et al., 2005) ** Increased confidence and awareness of mental health problems, positive long-term impact on mental health literacy; majority of participants were able to correctly recognise depression (Rogers et al., 2019) *** most common take aways were non-judgemental listening, giving support information and encouraging appropriate support * Start researching effect of MHFA training on recipients ** Lack of sufficient research into effect on recipients (Forthal et al., 2021) == Motivation to help == {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Motivation to partake in MHFA courses === * Motivation of a range of MHFA officers across Australia included inherent interest in mental health and knowing someone with pre-existing mental health condition and alignment with professional pursuits (Carpani et al., 2023) * Motivation of Australian nursing students to learn mental health first aid is driven by mental health literacy, career, experiences with mental health and helping others (Crawford & Burns, 2020) ** make sure to highlight, expand and find more information on interest in helping others if possible - maybe look at the article this research was a part of (https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12888-015-0403-3.pdf) - to link point to helping behaviour below ** exposure to mental health helped to inform want to help others -- possibly link to important and prevalence of mental health explored above * Motivation of French healthcare students to participate was driven from personal experiences with mental health, a student experience and a professional experience (Sibeoni et al., 2023) === Contextualising motivation with theories of prosocial helping behaviour === * Briefly address main points from above (reported reasons for joining MHFA training) and transition to talking about aspects of prosocial and helping behaviours. Define helping and prosocial behaviours - identify research that addresses motivations listed above and connect * Altruism * Empathy ** Ability to recognise and respond to others emotions. This meta-analysis found that empathy is instrumental to the promotion of prosocial behaviours across a range of cultures (Yin & Wang, 2022) ** Connect to evidence that MHFA improves empathy == Conclusion == * A large number of people will experience difficulties with their mental health at some point within their lifetimes, when they do not feel they are able to reach out for help it becomes hard to manage effects and improve * Barriers to professional help seeking include stigma and limited mental health literacy * Mental health first aid aims to increase confidence and inform trainees of ways to approach and recommend seeking mental health support, increase mental health literacy and empathy and decrease stigma around mental health problems * Primary reasons for engaging with mental health first aid training is to improve career and professional development, wanting to help others and previous exposure to mental disorders * Wanting to help can be explained with empathy and altruism == See also == * [[wikipedia:Mental_health_first_aid|Mental health first aid]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Mental health help-seeking motivation|Mental health help-seeking motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) == References == {{hanging indent|1= Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2023). National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2020-2022. Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/2020-2022 Carpini, J. A., Booth, J., Johal, S., Odesnik, B., Soon, S., Boyne, E., Clifford, R., Ashoorian, D. (2024). Mental Health First Aid Officers in the Wild: A Qualitative Study of Role Formalisation, Motivation and Support Systems. Advances in Mental Health, 22(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2024.2320627 Crawford, G., Burns, S. (2020). Confidence and motivation to help those with a mental health problem: experiences from a study of nursing students completing mental health first aid (MHFA) training. BMC Medical Education, 20(69). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-1983-2 Forthal, S., Sadowska, K., Pike, K. M., Balachander, M., Jacobsson, K., Hermosilla, S. (2021). Mental Health First Aid: A Systematic Review of Trainee Behavior and Recipient Mental Health Outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 73(4), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202100027 Hill, T.G., Mackinnon, S.P., Smale, B. (2023). Relative Importance of Individual and Community Predictors of Wellbeing. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 6, 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-023-00196-8 Jorm, A.F., Kitchener, B.A. Mugford, S.K. (2005). Experiences in applying skills learned in a mental health first aid training course: a qualitative study of participants' stories. BMC Psychiatry, 5(43). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-5-43 Mental Health First Aid Australia. (2025). Homepage {{!}} Mental Health First Aid. Mhfa.Com.Au. https://www.mhfa.com.au/ Rodgers, G., Burns, S., Crawford, G. (2021). “I was able to actually do something useful”: evaluating the experiences of university students after completing Mental Health First Aid: a mixed-methods study. Advances in Mental Health, 19(1), 40–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1663709 Sibeoni, J., Ellul, P., Bubola, T., Debiche, Y., Piot, M-A. (2023). Mental health first aid training among healthcare French students: a qualitative study, Frontiers in Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1268277 World Health Organisation (2022). Mental disorders. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders Yin, Y., Wang, Y. (2023). Is empathy associated with more prosocial behaviour? A meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12537 }} == External links == * [https://www.beyondblue.org.au/get-support/talk-to-a-counsellor Beyond blue] (Beyond Blue) * [https://www.mhfa.com.au/ Mental health first aid international information home page] (Mental Health First Aid) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Helping]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mental health]] phd9th0wfgmm33x0k1u4begcp8jcn9l 1 331342 2832134 2823500 2026-09-08T00:13:58Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832134 wikitext text/x-wiki == Suggested resources == I found a paper looking at the cultural impacts of adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in the context of American and Russian groups. The authors link to some foundational concepts behind adapt/maladapt self-selection including information on the concept of ''self-distancing'' - I have included the following quote which stood out to me: "...demonstrated that cuing people to analyze negative experiences from a self-distanced perspective (rather than a self-immersed perspective) led them to focus less on ''recounting'' the emotionally arousing details of their experiences and more on ''reconstruing'' them in ways that promote insight and closure." (Grossmann & Kross, 2010). Hope this helps! '''Reference''' Grossmann, I., & Kross, E. (2010). The Impact of Culture on Adaptive Versus Maladaptive Self-Reflection. ''Psychological Science'', ''21''(8), 1150-1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610376655 [[User:U3143751|U3143751]] ([[User talk:U3143751|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3143751|contribs]]) 04:33, 20 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 1-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|1-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development (e.g., consider using subheadings) <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # What are the key theoretical perspectives? <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow <!-- Theory and research --> # The main area for potential improvement is more clearly distinguishing the key psychological theories that apply to this topic/problem. Then integrate the most relevant research. <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent <!-- Systematic reviews --> # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent # External links ## Excellent |9= <!-- User page --> # Used effectively <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:13, 8 September 2026 (UTC) cxby6h9m9n3mc652twns9r0uw6ovelg 0 331379 2832195 2828842 2026-09-08T07:31:55Z U3279062 3106301 added see also sections with 4 links 2832195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Athletic identity loss and returning to sport after injury:<br>How does injury related disruption to athletic identity affect motivation to return to sport?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}Maggie had always considered herself an athlete. Netball training shaped her days, her confidence, and her identity. But one bad landing changed everything. The injury benched her for months, and without competition or routine, she felt her sense of self slipping. As rehab dragged on, motivation became unpredictable. Some days she was desperate to return but other days she wondered if she still belonged in the sport at all. Fear of reinjury, pressure to perform, and the loss of her athletic identity made the path back feel uncertain. Her body was healing but her identity wasn’t. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Injury can destabilise an athlete’s core sense of self. When sport is central to [[wikipedia:Identity_(social_science)|identity]], losing the ability to participate can trigger grief, uncertainty, and reduced confidence. This identity disruption directly affects motivation to return, often creating a tension between wanting to restore the self and fearing further injury. Psychological science helps explain: * How can identity shapes motivation? * Why does injury can weaken or strengthen the desire to return? * How do factors like self determination, social support, and emotional regulation influence recovery? * What interventions can rebuild identity and motivation? Understanding this relationship is crucial for coaches, clinicians and athletes navigating return to sport decisions. [[File:Bianca Chatfield 2008c.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. International netball players playing at a tournament. ]] ==Athletic identity== Identity sits at the centre of human experience. It is shaped by what we do, how we see ourselves, and how we believe others see us. [[wikipedia:Athletic_identity|Athletic identity]] is whereby an individual considers themselves an athlete. '''How does sport shape our identity?''' *Identity formation is a key developmental task in adolescence that can become especially significant when young athletes experience a sport injury (Brewer and Chatterton 2024). A disruption such as an injury can directly shape how they see themselves and their future in sport. '''Team v individual sport''' * Can being part of a team verse playing an individual sport shape the way we form our athletic identity? '''Participation v elite sport''' * Does the level of competition shape the way identity is formed and the emphasis placed on this component of identity. * Do elite athletes form a stronger connection with athletic identity, see figure 1. '''Sporting community''' * Being apart of something bigger thank ourselves can be a drawing force to participation in sport. * The role of teammates and coaches can be crucial to developing our own identity. == Motivation to return to sport post injury == * A study by Brewer et all (2003) found in a study from athletes who were recovering from ACL injury and had a stronger athletic identity were more likely to commit to their rehabilitation. * Intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. * Community contributions.<br /> == Key theories == Psychological theories such as [[wikipedia:Self-determination_theory|self determination theory]] can support the return to sport following an injury and assist with rebuilding of athletic identity. * Self determination theory was created by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan in the 1900's and formalised in their book in 1985. * They considered motivation to be largely intrinsic with three basis needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. * Consideration to intrinsic value extrinsic motivation in sport. ;Quiz Test your knowledge!<quiz display="simple"> {Psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan created self determination theory and formalised the theory in 1985? |type="()"} + True - False {The three basic needs outlined in self determination theory are autonomy, competence and relatedness? |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== Athletic injury does more than interrupt training it disrupts identity, confidence, and the psychological foundations of motivation. When athletes experience a break in their athletic identity, their drive to return becomes shaped not only by physical readiness but by how they reconstruct their sense of self during recovery. Psychological science offers clear insights into how identity, motivation, and emotional regulation interact in this process. == See also == * [[wikipedia:Athletic_identity|Athletic identity]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Identity|Identity]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Sports_injury|Sports injury]] (Wikipedia) * [[wikipedia:Team_sport|Team sport]] (Wikipedia) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Brewer, B. W., & Chatterton, H. A. (2024). Athletic identity and sport injury processes and outcomes in young athletes: A supplemental narrative review. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(4), 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040191 Brewer BW, Cornelius AE, Van Raalte JL, Petitpas AJ, Sklar JH, Pohlman MH, et al. Age-related differences in predictors of adherence to rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Athl Train. 2003;38(2):158–62. McGinley, J., Stapleton, E., Worrall, H., Ellis, H. B., Wilson, P. L., & Ulman, S. (2021). Sport participation and psychosocial factors which influence athletic identity in youth athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 660836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906300 Lu, F. J. H., Lee, W. P., Chang, Y. K., Chou, C. C., Hsu, Y. W., Lin, J. H., & Gill, D. L. (2016). Mental toughness, social support, and athletic identity: Moderators of the life stress–injury relationship in collegiate football players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.009 Ohji, S., Aizawa, J., Hirohata, K. et al. Athletic identity and sport commitment in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction who have returned to sports at their pre-injury level of competition. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 13, 37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00264-6 Weber Rawlins, M. L., Beasley, L. E., & Kontos, A. P. (2023). The influence of athletic identity, passion, and perceptions of concussion severity on athletes’ willingness to report concussion symptoms. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 32(7), 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2022-0313 Webster, K. E., Clement, D., & Ardern, C. L. (2021). Differences in athletic identity, sport participation, and psychosocial factors following anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in youth athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 660835. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.660835 }} ==External links== * [https://www.ausport.gov.au Australian Sports Commission] (<nowiki>https://www.ausport.gov.au/</nowiki>) * [https://www.beyondblue.org.au Beyond Blue] (<nowiki>https://www.beyondblue.org.au/</nowiki>) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Sport]] cq1wn2j6of282xzqz472ag95eczdijy 2 331388 2832229 2831923 2026-09-08T10:51:50Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832229 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10: 54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] # 2glgafeatgfjg39wnoy8yliqjehy4c8 2832230 2832229 2026-09-08T11:06:58Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832230 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10: 54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] qa37ym300q4qd92sd0u88a7x5dr7s1c 2832234 2832230 2026-09-08T11:25:32Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832234 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10: 54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] qpafxwm7krdk8sxtm7u441a6vnzar0y 2832236 2832234 2026-09-08T11:47:44Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832236 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10: 54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] se96nl9yr45ui3kj3e549y2pewpo3r6 2 331431 2832124 2825883 2026-09-07T22:13:30Z Jtneill 10242 /* Social Contributions */ {{ic|Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]])}} 2832124 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Welcome!''' = == About Me == My name is Lucy and I am currently a third year student studying [[motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/study-at-uc/online-courses?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=Always+On+Domestic+Search+2026&utm_term=broad+match&utm_content=online&ef_id=CjwKCAjwtKrUBhAhEiwAr77ZokVtyFMR2AxNoQvTnXqW3xpfPIJ8clHgBbkMyUUsBsQ8UextaQ4xVRoCpLoQAvD_BwE:G:s&s_kwcid=AL!10441!3!794720429922!b!!g!!uc%20courses%20online!20950774508!190211138045&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=20950774508&gbraid=0AAAAADQmSqs1Bbc-trZeNre9IgyN0jqWA&gclid=CjwKCAjwtKrUBhAhEiwAr77ZokVtyFMR2AxNoQvTnXqW3xpfPIJ8clHgBbkMyUUsBsQ8UextaQ4xVRoCpLoQAvD_BwE University of Canberra]. As an aspiring [[w:Psychology|psychology]] educator, I am looking forward to extend my knowledge in the area of learning and cognition. I first began my journey of psychology in high school, with my past teachers being a major inspiration for wanting to share the science of human behaviour, cognition and emotions! Apart from my passion of psychology, my interests also include. *Playing the [[w:Ukulele|ukulele]][[File:17 inch pocket ukulele branded "ultnice", side view b.jpg|thumb|'''''Figure 1.''''' A photo of a ukulele similar to the one I play.]] * Reading (I especially favour crime and horror novels) * Film watching * [[w:Puzzle|Puzzles]] * Discovering new music * Cooking (particularly baking) == My Book Chapter == [[File:Openminded.png|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Our abilities can stretch beyond our comfort]] This semester, I am working on a book chapter focused on the topic of [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Developing a growth mindset|developing and sustaining a growth mindset]]. == Social Contributions == {{ic|Use a numbered list (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]])}} * [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Shared what make me start and sustain motivation on unit discussion page] * [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FNeurobiology_of_love&diff=2825876&oldid=2823618 Added edit to book chapter by adding title and subtitle] * [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Added suggestion to a chapters overview scenario]] argoa5bdr4p72c6ffnrjpmkegia7wf2 0 331447 2832014 2831667 2026-09-07T12:30:51Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Gender and achievement motivation:<br>How does gender shape where, how, and under what conditions achievement motivation is expressed?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Imagine this... A young girls {{g}} goes to school every day and when its time to pack up the class room the boys are instructed to move the heavy chairs on top of the tables, and the girls are told to tidy up the smaller messes around the classroom, putting books and pencils away, and picking up toys off the floor. As the years go on this physical strength is continually rewarded in boys, while organisation and cleaning up others' messes is praised in girls. As these girls grow older they tend to be hesitant when improving stereotypical male traits, because these traits have never been encouraged or praised when exhibited, thus the motivation is lower. {{RoundBoxBottom}} This idea {{ic|what idea?}} applies to a number of scenarios, where attributes and skills that are highly regarded are praised and pushed in boys, while girls are not encouraged, and are often punished for engaging in. This difference in socialisation can lead to a clear split in how and where each gender is motivated to perform well within the attributes that society establishes as valuable. Understanding how gender begins to affect people's achievement motivation is important for minimising the obstacles that hold people back from working towards goals. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Focus questions {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} - What differences can we see in Achievement Motivation{{g}} - How does gender accocunt for these differences{{g}} - Where do we see these differences most often exhibited{{g}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Differentiating Achievement Motivations == Achievement motivations is the focus of motivation on performance in tasks with a clear measurement of success and failure (Eccles et al. 1983) * David McClelland initially developed three key needs that drive motivation, and in 1975 John Atkinson further developed the understanding of achievement motivation and how it shaped behaviour (Atkinson, 1964) * Need for achievement * Need for power * Need for affiliation == How Gender Shapes Motivation Theory == {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Attribution theory === The way in which people determine cause for their success or failure, and how these explanations influence motivations (Weiner, 1985) * Internal vs external [[wikipedia:Locus_of_control|locus of control,]] * Stable or unstable * Extrinsic motivation, driven by external rewards or pressures, can provide initial incentives for academic performance. However, for sustained success and genuine learning, fostering intrinsic motivation is key Female students exhibit significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation, while male students display slightly higher levels of extrinsic motivation. (Khalid, 2024) === Expectancy-Value Theory === * Achievement-related choices and actions are motivated by people's expectations for success, and how they value the task/goal. (Leaper, 2011) * Academic outcomes are determined by the perceived value of the service they would provide with their degrees (Moely & Ilustre, 2016), and the differing levels of empathy found between the genders (Rochat, 2022) result in differing perceived values in the importance of services in the context of community benefit == What contexts cultivate achievement motivations == {{ic|Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections}} === Motivation development in educational setting === [[File:A Hayesville High School classroom in Clay County, N.C., in 2004.jpg|thumb|225x225px|'''Figure 1'''. Motivation development within academic context {{ic|Explain how this image connects to a key point being made in the main body.}}]] * When do girls most lose their achievement motivation for non stereotypical female goals * Studies in Norway found that while there was no significant difference in mathematical achievement between genders at ages 12 to 15, but that boys had a higher perceived math skill and stronger math oriented motivation than girls (Skaalvik & Rankin, 1994) * If students believe that current educational activities are useful to them in the long run, they are more likely to be motivated to achieve highly in them. === Gender performance and achievement motivation === * Males conforming to certain expected masculine traits show lower academic performance, as these traits are achieved through risky behaviour and a reluctance to ask for help (Leaper et al., 2019) * Women that exhibit more traditionally male are more likely to hold executive jobs than feminine conforming women (Hare et al., 1997) * Expected outcomes pre determine likelihood of promotions and work load expectancies == Conclusion == {{expand}} == See also == {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} [[wikipedia:Gender|Gender]] (Wikipedia) [[iarchive:introductiontomo0000john|An Introduction To Motivation]] (Atkinson, 1964) [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Gender differences in sexual motivation]] (Book chapter, 2024) [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Grit and achievement]] (Book chapter, 2023) == References == {{Hanging indent|1= Atkinson, J. W. (1964). ''An Introduction to Motivation''. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Cop. Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (2008). ''Child and adolescent development : an advanced course''. (pp. 406–413) John Wiley & Sons. Eccles-Parsons JS, Adler TF, Futterman R, Goff SB, Kaczala CM, et al. '''1983'''.. Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. . In ''Achievement and Achievement Motivation'', ed. JT Spence , pp. 75–146. San Francisco:: W.H. Freeman Hare, A. P., Koenigs, R. J., & Hare, S. E. (1997). Perceptions of observed and model values of male and female managers. ''Journal of Organizational Behavior'', ''18''(5), 437–447. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199709)18:5</nowiki><437::aid-job806>3.0.co;2-0 Khalid, B. (2024). Gender-Based Analysis of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Among University-Level Students in Pakistan. ''2Nd International İzmi̇R Congress on Humanities and Social Sciences''. <nowiki>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379112372_Gender-Based_Analysis_of_Intrinsic_and_Extrinsic_Motivation_Among_University-Level_Students_in_Pakistan</nowiki> Leaper, C. (2011). ''Expectancy-Value Theory''. Sciencedirect.Com. <nowiki>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/expectancy-value-theory</nowiki> Leaper, C., Farkas, T., & Starr, C. R. (2019). Traditional masculinity, help avoidance, and intrinsic interest in relation to high school students’ English and math performance. ''Psychology of Men & Masculinities'', ''20''(4), 603–611. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000188</nowiki> Moely, B. E., & Ilustre, V. (2016). Pre-college Factors Influencing College Students’ Civic Attitudes: The Importance of Familial and Community Service Experiences. ''International Journal of Research on Service-Learning and Community Engagement'', ''4''(1). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.37333/001c.29625</nowiki> Rochat, M. J. (2022). Sex and gender differences in the development of empathy. ''Journal of Neuroscience Research'', ''101''(5). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25009</nowiki> Skaalvik, E. M., & Rankin, R. J. (1994). Gender differences in mathematics and verbal achievement, self-perception and motivation. ''British Journal of Educational Psychology'', ''64''(3), 419–428. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1994.tb01113.x</nowiki> Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. ''Psychological Review'', ''92''(4), 548–573. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548</nowiki> }} ==External links== {{expand}} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Achievement motivation]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Gender]] 7bjx0ecxt7rclx0jsfnpp8wyiw9zt9d 1 331472 2832145 2830686 2026-09-08T00:41:30Z StretchBeyond 3105744 /* Quiz Template */ new section 2832145 wikitext text/x-wiki == Feedback on chapter clarity == Hi, I really liked how you have used Ash’s swimming scenario throughout the chapter to connect self-concept and motivation to a clear example. The use of psychological theories and research also provides support for the key ideas. One suggestion would be to simplify some of the more detailed sections where several theories and studies are discussed together. This could make the main points clearer and easier to follow and understand. Well done you have done an amazing job altogether!! [[User:U3253354|U3253354]] ([[User talk:U3253354|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3253354|contribs]]) 02:36, 25 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. # There may be too many sub-headings given that the plan already exceeds the maximum word count for a full chapter e.g., consider simplifying the "understanding self-concept" section (i.e., summarise and link to other resources). # Good to see the intervention section; but this content could be probably be condensed e.g., into some case studies/feature boxes to highlight activities to try <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Good alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Consider closer alignment (e.g., by using the focus questions as headings) |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Promising focus questions # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # However, it is unlikely that all planned aspects can be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count, so be selective and concentrate on the most important aspects which address the question in the sub-title <!-- Theory and research --> # Promising balance of theory and research <!-- Citations --> # Excellent use of citations <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited <!-- Creation --> # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}} |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Promising use of scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Tables --> # Promising use of table(s); I suggest using a table to summarise the relation between SC and M (i.e., directly address the topic) (rather than on general SC info) |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## Very good ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] <!-- User page --> # Excellent <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:38, 28 August 2026 (UTC) == Quiz Template == I liked your chapter draft, and while reading it, I noticed you don't include a quiz template as a learning option. I added a draft one for you based on your introductory scenario and what I read. Good luck [[User:StretchBeyond|StretchBeyond]] ([[User talk:StretchBeyond|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/StretchBeyond|contribs]]) 00:41, 8 September 2026 (UTC) gihzjnic9prsr7bjxb155klwisfoxyg 1 331474 2832122 2825506 2026-09-07T22:07:16Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832122 wikitext text/x-wiki == starter articles == Hey, cool subject. I found this artical of a control trail that looks like it is very relevant to your topic. Good luck with the project! Lee, H. (2026). Empowering Adults to Support Youth Mental Health: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial of Youth Mental Health First Aid Training on Helping Behavior and Mental Health Literacy Outcomes. ''Mental Health (Ciampino)'', ''9''(1), 135–154. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.56508/mhgcj.v9i1.367</nowiki> [[User:Ella Kay244|Ella Kay244]] ([[User talk:Ella Kay244|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ella Kay244|contribs]]) 03:49, 25 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement <!-- Other ---> <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Basic alignment between between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings. Aim to improve. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Good <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # The scenario and image could be more relevant to the topic (MHFA) <!-- Description --> # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # Address an international rather than Australian audience (even though MHFA was developed in Australia) <!-- Style --> # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Promising development # Highlight the most relevant theories and synthesise the best research on the topic # In particular, focus on the theory and research underlying MHFA training <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # ''Avoid providing too much background information''. Aim to briefly summarise general concepts, such as mental health, and provide internal links to relevant book chapters and/or Wikipedia pages for further information. Focus most of the chapter on ''directly answering the core question(s)'' posed by the chapter sub-title. # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a reasonably clear description that is connected with the main text <!-- Cite --> # Figure(s) are cited at least once in the main text |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Two in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. # Embed obvious links to key words e.g., [[w:Mental health first aid|Mental health first aid]] <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Good <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses <!-- Move --> # Move non-academic / non-peer reviewed sources to the "External links" section <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent <!-- External links --> # External links ## One of two external links provided is relevant (Beyond Blue is too Australian-specific; target an international audience) <!-- User page --> # Basic but effective <!-- Description about self --> # Brief description about self – consider expanding <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 22:07, 7 September 2026 (UTC) dkf2kwtwnv9zoxzef2sin44znddja1e 0 331515 2832116 2825907 2026-09-07T21:28:09Z DavidMCEddy 218607 add highlights 2832116 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark><!--Rachel Clark-->{{cite Q|Q141168609}}</ref> about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast is released 2026-08-22 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref> :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.</ref> and treating others with respect.''<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] was different: Contributors there were asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref> <!--[[File:Impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.webm|thumb|2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.]]--> <!--[[File:The impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.]]--> Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark/> discusses the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy with Spencer Graves.<ref name=Graves><!--Spencer Graves-->{{cite Q|Q56452480}}</ref> Clark has been providing translation support for several years for speaking tours of Japan co-sponsored by Veterans for Peace and others like the Military Poisons project of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).<ref>e.g., Clark (2023), Elder (2024-09-23 / 2024-10-01).</ref> == Highlights == === US === Clark began with a discussion of the US as a basis for comparison. She noted that the US is roughly 4 percent of the world's population<ref>The Wikipedia article on the [[w:World population|World population]] estimates the US population as of 2026-09-05 at 339,750,238, being 4.11% of the world population of just under 8.3 billion when accessed 2026-09-05.</ref> but has 20 percent of the global prison population and 30 percent of the females imprisoned worldwide.<ref>The chapter on "[[Media Literacy and You/Criminal justice|Criminal justice]]" in the book-in-progress on "[[Media Literacy and You]]" on Wikiversity supports Clark's claims regarding the overall prison population, but does not provide an international comparison of female prisoners.</ref> She also said that the poverty rate in the US is over 10 percent.<ref>US Census Bureau (2025).</ref> She added, "When I went to China, I saw absolutely no homeless in any city I visited.<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]] gives percent of the population living on less than $3, $4.20 and $8.30 per day in 2021 dollars at purchasing power parity (PPP). This included the following comparison of China and the US: {| class="wikitable" |+ Poverty rate comparison between China and the US: |- ! Country ! colspan=3 | Poverty headcount ratio (2021 [[w:Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) at |- ! !! $3.00 a day !! $4.20 a day !! $8.30 a day |- | China || 0% || 0.5% || 21.5% |- | US || 1.2% || 1.5% || 2% |}</ref> She added that the US "The first and only country in the world to have used nuclear weapons" [''sic''].<ref>The US is the only country to have ''detonated'' a nuclear weapon on an enemy target. However. Ellsberg said that nuclear "weapons are designed to kill people or to threaten to kill people ... . When you point a gun at someone in a confrontation, you are using the gun. If you get your way without pulling the trigger, that's the best use of the gun", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, p. 3). The section on "[[w:Daniel Ellsberg#Nuclear threats by the United States|Nuclear threats by the United States]] in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Daniel Ellsberg|Daniel Ellsberg]] includes a table documenting 17 international crises during which all 11 presidents from Truman to George W. Bush threatened use of nuclear weapons. Ellsberg also reported that, "America's top general, just two days after the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6th Capitol insurrection]], was so worried about the then-President's angry and erratic behavior that he called a secret meeting with top deputies, including the chain of command for the country's nuclear arsenal. This was generated by concerning intelligence that the Chinese were worried about an attack on them by the United States. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Milley, was worried that the President might try to start a nuclear war to distract from his imminent removal from office, having lost an election. He actually was discussing with other officers whether they should be prepared to obey or not obey such an order. That would be, in effect, mutiny. They began to investigate whether he could be restrained by other people, or whether it was really true that he could order this as a sole authority. The answer to that is yes. And the answer as to whether he could be constrained: no. Constitutionally there could be a mutiny. In effect there could be a refusal, but that person could be fired in [''sic''] immediately and replaced, and if the next person refused again that process could continue", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, pp. 5-6).</ref> The number of nuclear tests was 1,032 [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|Nuclear weapons of the United States]]" says, "In total [the US] has conducted 1,054 [''not the 1,032 reported by Clark''] known nuclear explosive tests, the most of any country", when accessed 2026-09-07. For this, it cited Sublette (2001).</ref> Clark also referenced an analysis by Washington's Blog claiming that the US has "an economic structure that constantly requires enemies: They found only 21 years out of the 240 years between 1775 and 2015 with no wars. That meant that the US has been at war "more than 90 percent of the time since independence".<ref>See Washington's Blog (2015). This seems to include minor numerical errors, but nothing serious enough to invalidate the claim. For example, the title reads, "America has been at war 91% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776". The table there included a table with an entry for each year between 1776 and 2015, which is 240 entries, not 239.</ref> === Weaponization === Clark continued, {{quote| I think we've been witnessing weaponization of a lot of things. A weapon is not only a physical kinetic weapon, but also a lot of daily things can be weaponized. ... The media can be weaponized to brainwash people. Basic human rights can be weaponized, because education is not equally provided for all. You have to have a certain level of financial resources. Once you get into school, you can be brainwashed. Food security is in a very crucial situation right now. Energy security. Environmental security, medical care [in the US] is so expensive. Retirement life: Who can retire safely? ... There are so many more advanced countries in this world where these items are totally taken for granted. Why do we have to suffer in this country?}} === Growth of Internet, decline of local news === Clark continued, {{quote| In 1991 the Internet became available ... . Newspaper advertising revenue has plunged ... in inverse proportion ... . There used to be 9,000 newspapers available [in the US] about 20 years ago. ... Three thousand of them have disappeared ... . Total newspaper employment has decreased by more than 70 percent over the past two decades. ... Philanthropic giving has been developing ... [but is not enough].<ref>This has been discussed in other ''Media & Democracy'' episodes, especially the [[Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media|2026-01-15 interview with Northwestern Professor Tim Franklin and the Director of their State of Local News subproject, Zach Metzger.]]</ref> ... Where did the laid-off journalists go? ... [O]utlets supported by philanthropic giving. ... Some became independent journalists [and / or] [[w:Influencer|influencer]]s on [[w:Social networking service|SNS]]. ... [F]act checkers with online fact-checking sites. ... [[w:Poynter Institute#International Fact-Checking Network|IFCN, the International Fact-Checking Network]],<ref><!--IFCN-->{{cite Q|Q51698517}}</ref> grew out of the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]]. The Poynter Institute is a university [''sic''] specialized in journalism and fact checking.<ref>To be precise, the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]] is a "School of journalism" but not a "university" by itself.</ref> ... For each fact checking, an evaluation fee is paid in accordance with the regulations. When I checked two or three years ago, one checking was like $300. Those fact-checking website don't ask you to pay them for your questions, but they have some other means to gain income by doing the fact-checking. ... Assessments that require a second phase will be compensated with an additional fee for their extra work ... . The Poynter Institute is funded by the Poynter Foundation.<ref><!--Poynter Foundation-->{{cite Q|Q141345690}}</ref> ... The Poynter Foundation's major donors include [[w:Craig Newmark|Craig Newmark]], a philanthropist known for [[w:Craigslist|Craigslist]], ... the [[w:Omidyar Network|Omidyar Network]] ..., and the [[w:Open Society Foundations|Open Society Foundations]] ... . Google.org provided a $3 million grant and named the Poynter Institute to lead the [[w:Poynter Institute#Election integrity and COVID-19|MediaWise Voter Project]].<ref>Tina Dyakon (2018).</ref> ...}} === When the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed === Clark continued, {{quote| Military spending was sustained by nuclear weapons during the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]]. After the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed to fuel the [[w:Military–industrial complex|military-industry complex]]. So what happened? ... [[w:September 11 attacks|9/11 simultaneous terrorist attacks]]. ... I think [the US] made two big mistakes at this point. One was [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]] became legal [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]], accessed 2026-09-07, notes that the Patriot Act "in certain circumstances gives the government permission to wiretap citizens", loosening the requirement to get a court order first.</ref> ... Second, the cap on political donations was lifted.<ref>''[[w:Citizens United v. FEC|Citizens United v. FEC]]'', accessed 2026-09-07.</ref> ... How did Uncle Sam respond to 9/11? Absolutely no reflection on why our country became a target of terrorism.<ref>In President [[s:George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress, 2001|George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress nine days after the attacks of September 11, 2001]], he asked, "Why do they hate us? ... They hate our freedoms — our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other." However, Bush's comments seem more like [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]]; Clark's comment may be more accurate.</ref> Instead, we found a new enemy: [[w:War on terror|war on terror]]. This one emphasized the government control, single narrative information. ... MICIMATT is a term coined by [[w:Ray McGovern|Ray McGovern]]. MICIMATT stands for Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think-Tank.<ref>McGovern (2020).</ref> These are all intertwined. ... Without any reflection on why we were targeted, we got into the [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]] in 2003. Around this time cable television reached its maturity, and people were enjoying video games and email. ... [[w:AOL|American Online]] popped up with a ... computer war game. After that, the TV news program shows showed us army generals describing our enemy. It was almost completely identical ... . The war became a game on television. ...}} === Discretionary spending 2021 === {{quote| Discretionally spending of 2021. ... This is still during the pandemic. Usually military spending is more than half of the US discretionary budget, but in this particular year it was 47 percent. Education was usually 6 percent, but in this year it was increased to 10 percent because of the pandemic. ... The most powerful government agency is [[w:The Pentagon|The Pentagon]], because they have so much money.}} === Media in Japan === {{quote| Let's talk about the media in Japan. Japan is a [[w:Vassal state|vassal country]] of the United States. ... Japan was defeated in World War II. That was 1945. ... Japan even now has two [[w:Status of forces agreement|SOFA, status of forces agreements]]. One is the [[w:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement|US-Japan SOFA]]. The second one, not so many people are aware of, is with the [[w:United Nations Command–Rear|United Nations Command (UNC)]]. It's still active, because the [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] never ended.<ref>Major military operations in the [[w:Korean conflict|Korean conflict]] ended with an [[w:Korean conflict#Armistice (27 July 1953)|Armistice]], 1953-07-27, but lower level hostilities have continued.</ref> It's going on, which allows a huge military budget for East Asian countries, especially in Japan. The US has 120 military bases in Japan.<ref>Different sources give different numbers for the number of US military bases in Japan. The Wikipedia article on "[[w:United States Forces Japan|United States Forces Japan]]" when accessed 2026-09-07 said the US has "approximately 55,000 active-duty servicemembers and 15 major bases" in Japan.</ref>}} === Japanese language === {{quote| As of December 3 of 2025, ... the Japanese language is [the fourth most used language on the Internet]. The top is always English, more or less 50 percent, because English is the internet language. Next comes Spanish at 6 percent, German almost 6 percent. Japanese used to be 2.4 percent when I started researching this. Now it's up to 5.1 percent. Do you know what I guess? ... Japanese [[w:Anime|anime]] with English subtitles. ... The front page headlines of major Japanese newspapers: Different papers had the same letters: ... "[[w:Assassination of Shinzo Abe|Former Prime Minister Abe was shot and died]]." Exactly the same wording, same phrase was used for every single major newspaper. This means that those newspapers are under the control of somebody. ... Japan has very strong censorship over media. ... Negative comments on COVID vaccines are not covered by the corporate media in Japan, despite the mushrooming group lawsuits. The COVID vaccines are still controversial ... . In Japan, there's overwhelming number of individuals who died or lost control over their bodies, or still having very difficult time, and those people formed group lawsuits, and it's been mushrooming all over Japan.<ref>Pharma Japan (2024).</ref> And still, their mainstream media does not cover this issue. Also, they often say that [[w:Vladimir Putin|Putin]] and [[w:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] are dictators, but [[w:Volodymyr Zelenskyy|Zelenskyy]] is a hero. This is the mainstream media in Japan, and Ukraine can win the war. Victory is almost there. They've been saying this since 2022 February.<ref>''[[w:Le Monde diplomatique|Le Monde diplomatique]]'' offered similar coverage of the [[w:Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]]. Big headlines in their 2023-03 issue read, "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war". The headline in the French edition seems slightly more blunt: “Un an après l’invasion de l’Ukraine, une débàcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-garde du parti de la guerre”: Google translation: "One year after the invasion of Ukraine, a journalistic debacle: The media as the vanguard of the war party." Halimi and Rimbert (2023e, f). See also Graves (2023).</ref> And [[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima]] is safe now. It's all over. That was 2015. More than 15 years have passed. But Fukushima is not safe. The soil in Fukushima was so dangerous that we had to decontaminate. The top five centimeter soil was scraped and stored in plastic bags and was relocated to certain designated area. Now the government of Japan says it is safe enough so that they have already reused it for flower gardens in public buildings in [[w:Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi Prefecture]] and the [[w:Saitama Prefecture|Saitama Prefecture]]. It just started, and before you knew it, that contaminated soil will be spread all across Japan.<ref>The Wikipedia article on the "[[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima nuclear accident]]" cites superficially conflicting reports with some fish deemed safe, others not, and agricultural land taken out of production, because of contamination with radionuclides.</ref>}} === Disaster preparedness === {{quote| In Korea, Taiwan, Italy, in case of flooding and earthquakes, they evacuate to local schools, where they all have individual tents or completely separated individual units for evacuees. In Japan they spread just very flat vinyl sheets on the floor. There are no partitions ... . Absolutely no privacy. This is the way people in Japan are spending their time during the evacuation. ... In the [[w:Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto Prefecture]], where they had a [[w:2026 Kumamoto earthquake|big earthquake this past July]], they are even now still like this. And Kumamoto is a designated area for remote islanders of Okinawa in case of a Taiwan contingency. But this shows that they cannot handle their own people. Therefore, I would like to ask you: Who is your real enemy? To us, to people of Japan, I think for each of us, our own governments are our real enemy.}} == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]. ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Rachel Clark and Pat Elder (2023-11-20) "To supporters of the 2023 VFP Peace Speaking Tour in Japan"-->{{cite Q|Q141170363}} * <!--Tina Dyakon (2018-03-20) "Poynter Receives $3 Million Grant From Google.org to Lead a Program to Teach Teens to Tell Fact From Fiction Online-->{{cite Q|Q141347014}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-09-23) "VFP Japan Speaking Tour #1 - Military Contamination in Nagoya, Japan is also caused by the locals"-->{{cite Q|Q141170219}} * <!--Daniel Ellsberg and Judith Ehrlich (2026-07-30) "An Ordinary Insanity: The Daniel Ellsberg Movie"--{{cite Q|Q141333622}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-10-01) "Japan Speaking Tour #9 - Sasebo"-->{{cite Q|Q141170316}} * <!--Spencer Graves (2023-05-04) "One year after the invasion of Ukraine: The media, vanguard of the war party"-->{{cite Q|Q138556541}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03e) "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war?-->{{cite Q|Q118225614|date=2023e}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03f) "Un an après l'invasion de l'Ukraine, une débâcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-guarde du parti de la guerre-->{{cite Q|Q118225389|date=2023f}} * <!--Ray McGovern (2020-05-08) "RAY McGOVERN: Once We Were Allies; Then Came MICIMATT-->{{cite Q|Q141347885}} * <!--Pharma Japan (2024-04-18) "Japan Govt Sued for Lack of Information on COVID Vaccine Risks-->{{cite Q|Q141350080|author=Pharma Japan}} * <!--Carey Sublette (2001-08-06) Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests-->{{cite Q|Q141345267}} * <!--US Census Bureau (2025-09-09) Measuring the Nation's Social and Economic Well-Being-->{{cite Q|Q141332802|author=US Census Bureau}} * <!--Washington's Blog (2015-02-20) "America has been at war 93% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776-->{{cite Q|Q141335118|author=Washingtons' Blog}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:Democracy]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> fd0muegc2hol8v3o8ori95fycrfcjyz 2832132 2832116 2026-09-07T23:44:30Z DavidMCEddy 218607 syntax er 2832132 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark><!--Rachel Clark-->{{cite Q|Q141168609}}</ref> about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast is released 2026-08-22 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref> :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.</ref> and treating others with respect.''<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] was different: Contributors there were asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref> <!--[[File:Impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.webm|thumb|2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.]]--> <!--[[File:The impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.]]--> Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark/> discusses the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy with Spencer Graves.<ref name=Graves><!--Spencer Graves-->{{cite Q|Q56452480}}</ref> Clark has been providing translation support for several years for speaking tours of Japan co-sponsored by Veterans for Peace and others like the Military Poisons project of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).<ref>e.g., Clark (2023), Elder (2024-09-23 / 2024-10-01).</ref> == Highlights == === US === Clark began with a discussion of the US as a basis for comparison. She noted that the US is roughly 4 percent of the world's population<ref>The Wikipedia article on the [[w:World population|World population]] estimates the US population as of 2026-09-05 at 339,750,238, being 4.11% of the world population of just under 8.3 billion when accessed 2026-09-05.</ref> but has 20 percent of the global prison population and 30 percent of the females imprisoned worldwide.<ref>The chapter on "[[Media Literacy and You/Criminal justice|Criminal justice]]" in the book-in-progress on "[[Media Literacy and You]]" on Wikiversity supports Clark's claims regarding the overall prison population, but does not provide an international comparison of female prisoners.</ref> She also said that the poverty rate in the US is over 10 percent.<ref>US Census Bureau (2025).</ref> She added, "When I went to China, I saw absolutely no homeless in any city I visited.<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]] gives percent of the population living on less than $3, $4.20 and $8.30 per day in 2021 dollars at purchasing power parity (PPP). This included the following comparison of China and the US: {| class="wikitable" |+ Poverty rate comparison between China and the US: |- ! Country ! colspan=3 | Poverty headcount ratio (2021 [[w:Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) at |- ! !! $3.00 a day !! $4.20 a day !! $8.30 a day |- | China || 0% || 0.5% || 21.5% |- | US || 1.2% || 1.5% || 2% |}</ref> She added that the US "The first and only country in the world to have used nuclear weapons" [''sic''].<ref>The US is the only country to have ''detonated'' a nuclear weapon on an enemy target. However. Ellsberg said that nuclear "weapons are designed to kill people or to threaten to kill people ... . When you point a gun at someone in a confrontation, you are using the gun. If you get your way without pulling the trigger, that's the best use of the gun", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, p. 3). The section on "[[w:Daniel Ellsberg#Nuclear threats by the United States|Nuclear threats by the United States]] in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Daniel Ellsberg|Daniel Ellsberg]] includes a table documenting 17 international crises during which all 11 presidents from Truman to George W. Bush threatened use of nuclear weapons. Ellsberg also reported that, "America's top general, just two days after the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6th Capitol insurrection]], was so worried about the then-President's angry and erratic behavior that he called a secret meeting with top deputies, including the chain of command for the country's nuclear arsenal. This was generated by concerning intelligence that the Chinese were worried about an attack on them by the United States. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Milley, was worried that the President might try to start a nuclear war to distract from his imminent removal from office, having lost an election. He actually was discussing with other officers whether they should be prepared to obey or not obey such an order. That would be, in effect, mutiny. They began to investigate whether he could be restrained by other people, or whether it was really true that he could order this as a sole authority. The answer to that is yes. And the answer as to whether he could be constrained: no. Constitutionally there could be a mutiny. In effect there could be a refusal, but that person could be fired in [''sic''] immediately and replaced, and if the next person refused again that process could continue", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, pp. 5-6).</ref> The number of nuclear tests was 1,032 [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|Nuclear weapons of the United States]]" says, "In total [the US] has conducted 1,054 [''not the 1,032 reported by Clark''] known nuclear explosive tests, the most of any country", when accessed 2026-09-07. For this, it cited Sublette (2001).</ref> Clark also referenced an analysis by Washington's Blog claiming that the US has "an economic structure that constantly requires enemies: They found only 21 years out of the 240 years between 1775 and 2015 with no wars. That meant that the US has been at war "more than 90 percent of the time since independence".<ref>See Washington's Blog (2015). This seems to include minor numerical errors, but nothing serious enough to invalidate the claim. For example, the title reads, "America has been at war 91% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776". The table there included a table with an entry for each year between 1776 and 2015, which is 240 entries, not 239.</ref> === Weaponization === Clark continued, {{quote| I think we've been witnessing weaponization of a lot of things. A weapon is not only a physical kinetic weapon, but also a lot of daily things can be weaponized. ... The media can be weaponized to brainwash people. Basic human rights can be weaponized, because education is not equally provided for all. You have to have a certain level of financial resources. Once you get into school, you can be brainwashed. Food security is in a very crucial situation right now. Energy security. Environmental security, medical care [in the US] is so expensive. Retirement life: Who can retire safely? ... There are so many more advanced countries in this world where these items are totally taken for granted. Why do we have to suffer in this country?}} === Growth of Internet, decline of local news === Clark continued, {{quote| In 1991 the Internet became available ... . Newspaper advertising revenue has plunged ... in inverse proportion ... . There used to be 9,000 newspapers available [in the US] about 20 years ago. ... Three thousand of them have disappeared ... . Total newspaper employment has decreased by more than 70 percent over the past two decades. ... Philanthropic giving has been developing ... [but is not enough].<ref>This has been discussed in other ''Media & Democracy'' episodes, especially the [[Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media|2026-01-15 interview with Northwestern Professor Tim Franklin and the Director of their State of Local News subproject, Zach Metzger.]]</ref> ... Where did the laid-off journalists go? ... [O]utlets supported by philanthropic giving. ... Some became independent journalists [and / or] [[w:Influencer|influencer]]s on [[w:Social networking service|SNS]]. ... [F]act checkers with online fact-checking sites. ... [[w:Poynter Institute#International Fact-Checking Network|IFCN, the International Fact-Checking Network]],<ref><!--IFCN-->{{cite Q|Q51698517}}</ref> grew out of the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]]. The Poynter Institute is a university [''sic''] specialized in journalism and fact checking.<ref>To be precise, the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]] is a "School of journalism" but not a "university" by itself.</ref> ... For each fact checking, an evaluation fee is paid in accordance with the regulations. When I checked two or three years ago, one checking was like $300. Those fact-checking website don't ask you to pay them for your questions, but they have some other means to gain income by doing the fact-checking. ... Assessments that require a second phase will be compensated with an additional fee for their extra work ... . The Poynter Institute is funded by the Poynter Foundation.<ref><!--Poynter Foundation-->{{cite Q|Q141345690}}</ref> ... The Poynter Foundation's major donors include [[w:Craig Newmark|Craig Newmark]], a philanthropist known for [[w:Craigslist|Craigslist]], ... the [[w:Omidyar Network|Omidyar Network]] ..., and the [[w:Open Society Foundations|Open Society Foundations]] ... . Google.org provided a $3 million grant and named the Poynter Institute to lead the [[w:Poynter Institute#Election integrity and COVID-19|MediaWise Voter Project]].<ref>Tina Dyakon (2018).</ref> ...}} === When the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed === Clark continued, {{quote| Military spending was sustained by nuclear weapons during the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]]. After the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed to fuel the [[w:Military–industrial complex|military-industry complex]]. So what happened? ... [[w:September 11 attacks|9/11 simultaneous terrorist attacks]]. ... I think [the US] made two big mistakes at this point. One was [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]] became legal [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]], accessed 2026-09-07, notes that the Patriot Act "in certain circumstances gives the government permission to wiretap citizens", loosening the requirement to get a court order first.</ref> ... Second, the cap on political donations was lifted.<ref>''[[w:Citizens United v. FEC|Citizens United v. FEC]]'', accessed 2026-09-07.</ref> ... How did Uncle Sam respond to 9/11? Absolutely no reflection on why our country became a target of terrorism.<ref>In President [[s:George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress, 2001|George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress nine days after the attacks of September 11, 2001]], he asked, "Why do they hate us? ... They hate our freedoms — our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other." However, Bush's comments seem more like [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]]; Clark's comment may be more accurate.</ref> Instead, we found a new enemy: [[w:War on terror|war on terror]]. This one emphasized the government control, single narrative information. ... MICIMATT is a term coined by [[w:Ray McGovern|Ray McGovern]]. MICIMATT stands for Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think-Tank.<ref>McGovern (2020).</ref> These are all intertwined. ... Without any reflection on why we were targeted, we got into the [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]] in 2003. Around this time cable television reached its maturity, and people were enjoying video games and email. ... [[w:AOL|American Online]] popped up with a ... computer war game. After that, the TV news program shows showed us army generals describing our enemy. It was almost completely identical ... . The war became a game on television. ...}} === Discretionary spending 2021 === {{quote| Discretionally spending of 2021. ... This is still during the pandemic. Usually military spending is more than half of the US discretionary budget, but in this particular year it was 47 percent. Education was usually 6 percent, but in this year it was increased to 10 percent because of the pandemic. ... The most powerful government agency is [[w:The Pentagon|The Pentagon]], because they have so much money.}} === Media in Japan === {{quote| Let's talk about the media in Japan. Japan is a [[w:Vassal state|vassal country]] of the United States. ... Japan was defeated in World War II. That was 1945. ... Japan even now has two [[w:Status of forces agreement|SOFA, status of forces agreements]]. One is the [[w:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement|US-Japan SOFA]]. The second one, not so many people are aware of, is with the [[w:United Nations Command–Rear|United Nations Command (UNC)]]. It's still active, because the [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] never ended.<ref>Major military operations in the [[w:Korean conflict|Korean conflict]] ended with an [[w:Korean conflict#Armistice (27 July 1953)|Armistice]], 1953-07-27, but lower level hostilities have continued.</ref> It's going on, which allows a huge military budget for East Asian countries, especially in Japan. The US has 120 military bases in Japan.<ref>Different sources give different numbers for the number of US military bases in Japan. The Wikipedia article on "[[w:United States Forces Japan|United States Forces Japan]]" when accessed 2026-09-07 said the US has "approximately 55,000 active-duty servicemembers and 15 major bases" in Japan.</ref>}} === Japanese language === {{quote| As of December 3 of 2025, ... the Japanese language is [the fourth most used language on the Internet]. The top is always English, more or less 50 percent, because English is the internet language. Next comes Spanish at 6 percent, German almost 6 percent. Japanese used to be 2.4 percent when I started researching this. Now it's up to 5.1 percent. Do you know what I guess? ... Japanese [[w:Anime|anime]] with English subtitles. ... The front page headlines of major Japanese newspapers: Different papers had the same letters: ... "[[w:Assassination of Shinzo Abe|Former Prime Minister Abe was shot and died]]." Exactly the same wording, same phrase was used for every single major newspaper. This means that those newspapers are under the control of somebody. ... Japan has very strong censorship over media. ... Negative comments on COVID vaccines are not covered by the corporate media in Japan, despite the mushrooming group lawsuits. The COVID vaccines are still controversial ... . In Japan, there's overwhelming number of individuals who died or lost control over their bodies, or still having very difficult time, and those people formed group lawsuits, and it's been mushrooming all over Japan.<ref>Pharma Japan (2024).</ref> And still, their mainstream media does not cover this issue. Also, they often say that [[w:Vladimir Putin|Putin]] and [[w:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] are dictators, but [[w:Volodymyr Zelenskyy|Zelenskyy]] is a hero. This is the mainstream media in Japan, and Ukraine can win the war. Victory is almost there. They've been saying this since 2022 February.<ref>''[[w:Le Monde diplomatique|Le Monde diplomatique]]'' offered similar coverage of the [[w:Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]]. Big headlines in their 2023-03 issue read, "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war". The headline in the French edition seems slightly more blunt: “Un an après l’invasion de l’Ukraine, une débàcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-garde du parti de la guerre”: Google translation: "One year after the invasion of Ukraine, a journalistic debacle: The media as the vanguard of the war party." Halimi and Rimbert (2023e, f). See also Graves (2023).</ref> And [[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima]] is safe now. It's all over. That was 2015. More than 15 years have passed. But Fukushima is not safe. The soil in Fukushima was so dangerous that we had to decontaminate. The top five centimeter soil was scraped and stored in plastic bags and was relocated to certain designated area. Now the government of Japan says it is safe enough so that they have already reused it for flower gardens in public buildings in [[w:Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi Prefecture]] and the [[w:Saitama Prefecture|Saitama Prefecture]]. It just started, and before you knew it, that contaminated soil will be spread all across Japan.<ref>The Wikipedia article on the "[[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima nuclear accident]]" cites superficially conflicting reports with some fish deemed safe, others not, and agricultural land taken out of production, because of contamination with radionuclides.</ref>}} === Disaster preparedness === {{quote| In Korea, Taiwan, Italy, in case of flooding and earthquakes, they evacuate to local schools, where they all have individual tents or completely separated individual units for evacuees. In Japan they spread just very flat vinyl sheets on the floor. There are no partitions ... . Absolutely no privacy. This is the way people in Japan are spending their time during the evacuation. ... In the [[w:Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto Prefecture]], where they had a [[w:2026 Kumamoto earthquake|big earthquake this past July]], they are even now still like this. And Kumamoto is a designated area for remote islanders of Okinawa in case of a Taiwan contingency. But this shows that they cannot handle their own people. Therefore, I would like to ask you: Who is your real enemy? To us, to people of Japan, I think for each of us, our own governments are our real enemy.}} == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]. ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Rachel Clark and Pat Elder (2023-11-20) "To supporters of the 2023 VFP Peace Speaking Tour in Japan"-->{{cite Q|Q141170363}} * <!--Tina Dyakon (2018-03-20) "Poynter Receives $3 Million Grant From Google.org to Lead a Program to Teach Teens to Tell Fact From Fiction Online-->{{cite Q|Q141347014}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-09-23) "VFP Japan Speaking Tour #1 - Military Contamination in Nagoya, Japan is also caused by the locals"-->{{cite Q|Q141170219}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-10-01) "Japan Speaking Tour #9 - Sasebo"-->{{cite Q|Q141170316}} * <!--Daniel Ellsberg and Judith Ehrlich (2026-07-30) "An Ordinary Insanity: The Daniel Ellsberg Movie"-->{{cite Q|Q141333622}} * <!--Spencer Graves (2023-05-04) "One year after the invasion of Ukraine: The media, vanguard of the war party"-->{{cite Q|Q138556541}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03e) "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war?-->{{cite Q|Q118225614|date=2023e}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03f) "Un an après l'invasion de l'Ukraine, une débâcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-guarde du parti de la guerre-->{{cite Q|Q118225389|date=2023f}} * <!--Ray McGovern (2020-05-08) "RAY McGOVERN: Once We Were Allies; Then Came MICIMATT-->{{cite Q|Q141347885}} * <!--Pharma Japan (2024-04-18) "Japan Govt Sued for Lack of Information on COVID Vaccine Risks-->{{cite Q|Q141350080|author=Pharma Japan}} * <!--Carey Sublette (2001-08-06) Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests-->{{cite Q|Q141345267}} * <!--US Census Bureau (2025-09-09) Measuring the Nation's Social and Economic Well-Being-->{{cite Q|Q141332802|author=US Census Bureau}} * <!--Washington's Blog (2015-02-20) "America has been at war 93% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776-->{{cite Q|Q141335118|author=Washingtons' Blog}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:Democracy]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> kqwtgvj7kat8gio24bx9vn1686eaqrq 0 331530 2832175 2828683 2026-09-08T05:53:56Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Trust rebuilding after trauma:<br>How can trauma survivors develop trust in similar situations again?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Sad Teen Girl Portrait.jpg|thumb|200x200px|'''Figure 1'''. Even years after trauma, the fear of being hurt can remain]] ;Scenario Imagine a girl named Zara, who experienced a traumatic event several years ago with an ex-boyfriend. This event is very much over, however, Zara continues to feel unsafe and insecure in relationships. When she meets a new boy she likes, she worries they are angry or that she's done something wrong, if they take a little while to respond to her messages. She often struggles to be vulnerable with these people and avoids communicating her feelings for fear of judgement and abandonment. Zara has recently made a new friend at college, someone who is incredibly kind, communicates openly, and doesn't make her second-guess. Despite these consistent, kind behaviours, Zara finds it difficult to believe that person will never hurt her. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Trust is crucial to the success, fulfilment, and longevity of romantic relationships. Trust isn't a single emotion or choice, but a vital concept built on intimacy, love, respect, and care. However, trust can be broken. In this chapter, we discuss how trauma survivors can develop their trust again in similar situations, while learning to accept the emotional responses that may be brought up from previous traumatic experiences. The following points explain the importance and psychological theories that can assist in understanding these processes.   * A lack of trust negatively impacts a relationship, causing interpersonal problems through lying and anxiety * Within monogamous relationships, emotional and physical infidelity is the most common experience that destroys trust with partners. * Betrayal trauma leads to trauma responses, in many instances, causing great emotion and psychological damage.* Rebuilding trust is crucial to relationship recovery and health. * Psychological science provides several perspectives that can explain the process of rebuilding trust in trauma survivors. * This research and theory includes: Attachment theory, betrayal trauma theory, fear generelisation {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Focus questions {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} 1. How can experiences of betrayal trauma disrupt trust and influence future relationships? 2. Why do trauma survivors experience distrust in new situations that correspond with the original traumatic experience? 3. How can trauma survivors rebuild trust through new relationship experiences? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==How can experiences of betrayal trauma disrupt and influence future relationships?== Overview: will explain how betrayal in a relationship from a romantic partner can destroy expectations of trust, safety and reliability in future relationships. === Relationship betrayal by a trusted partner === {{ic|Include at least an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-headings}} ==== Freyd (1996) ==== * Discusses betrayal trauma theory, mentioning how betrayal from that of a trusted person can create psychological pain for the victim. * Explains that there is a sense of "unawareness" when the perpetrator is someone close to you. * Provides support to understand how betrayal effects future trust. ==== Gobin and Freyd (2014) ==== * Discusses betrayal trauma and interpersonal trust * Provides support for the links between betrayal trauma and difficulties having trust * highlights the impacts of betrayal trauma on the ability to make wise decisions about the trustworthiness of others for future. [[File:Jennifer J. Freyd's Two-Dimensional Model for Traumatic Events.gif|thumb|Freyd's Two-Dimensional Model for Traumatic Events]] === Traumas{{g}} impacts on future relationships === {{ic|Include at least an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-headings}} ==== Tyann L. Mosley (2022) ==== * Emphasises the negative effect betrayal trauma plays on future romantic relationships, especially through trust. * Recognises attachment damage of an act of betrayal within a relationship * Highlights Attachment Theory. ==== Das and Jain (2024) ==== * Mentions that partner betrayal trauma is associated with changes in attachment styles * it can further effect trust within relationships * impacts negatively to self esteem and psychological health * Study discovered that experiencing betrayal influences how individuals approach intimacy in future relationships == Why do trauma survivors experience distrust in new situations that correspond with the original traumatic experience? == {{ic|Include at least an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-headings}} === Traumas impact on generalising fear to similiar situations === {{expand}} == How can trauma survivors rebuild trust through new relationship experiences? == {{expand}} <quiz display="simple"> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Learning features== ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|Internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== Provide the references for all citations in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. Alternatively, you can use wiki style (as used on Wikipedia), as long as the information is complete and the formatting is consistent. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Sacks, O. (1985). ''The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales''. Harper & Row. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|External links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Trauma]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Trust]] sfnzu65k69wzu4n95vefd40hjk3brvw 0 331550 2832143 2828510 2026-09-08T00:39:38Z Jtneill 10242 Copyediting 2832143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Reward prediction error:<br>How does discrepancy between expected and actual rewards influence learning, emotion, and motivation?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Scenario Jordan has just finished a university exam they were dreading. Weeks of patchy study, a few all-nighters, and a nagging feeling of "I probably scraped a pass" have Jordan expecting the worst. When the results are released, Jordan opens the portal expecting to see a 55%. Instead, the screen shows 88%, a Distinction. For a split second, Jordan just stares at the number. Then comes a rush of excitement, a genuine jolt of surprise and pleasure that feels far bigger than the grade alone would explain. That same evening, Jordan's flatmate mentions they also got 88% on a different exam, one they'd expected to ace. Their reaction is muted: pleased, but nowhere near as thrilled as Jordan. Why would the exact same result, an 88% produce such different emotional reactions in two people? And why does a "surprisingly good" outcome feel so much more rewarding than an outcome that was fully expected, even when the outcome itself is identical? This gap between what we expect and what we get, and the powerful role it plays in motivation and emotion, is at the heart of reward prediction error. {{RoundBoxBottom}} * Reward prediction error (RPE) is the difference between an expected and an actually received reward, and it is a core signal in how humans and animals learn from experience (Schultz et al., 1997). * RPE was first identified through recordings of dopamine neuron activity in primates, showing that these neurons respond not to reward itself, but to how *unexpected* that reward is (Schultz, 2016). * The concept explains everyday experiences of surprise, disappointment, and motivation — from Jordan's unexpectedly high exam grade to the "high" of an unexpected win. * RPE sits at the intersection of learning theory, neuroscience, and emotion research, and has significant applications to addiction and mood disorders (Schultz, 2016). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is reward prediction error, and how does it differ from reward itself? * How does the brain generate and signal a reward prediction error? * How does reward prediction error shape emotional experience? * How does reward prediction error influence motivation and behaviour? * How can understanding reward prediction error help explain and improve real-world motivational and emotional problems, such as addiction or depression? {{ic|Consider abbreviating this question}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is reward prediction error?== * Reward prediction error is formally defined as the mathematical difference between the reward that was received and the reward that was expected (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). * When an outcome is better than expected, this produces a positive prediction error; when worse than expected, a negative prediction error; when exactly as expected, the error is zero. * Unlike simple reward processing, RPE requires the brain to hold and continuously update an expectation, which is then compared against the actual outcome (Schultz et al., 1997). === The Rescorla-Wagner model === * Developed in 1972, this associative learning model was among the first to formalise how the *strength of an association* (e.g., between a cue and a reward) updates based on prediction error (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). * The model predicts that learning is fastest when prediction errors are large, and slows as expectations become more accurate over repeated trials. * Although originally developed to explain classical conditioning in animals, this model laid the mathematical groundwork for later neuroscience findings on dopamine (Schultz, 2016). === Temporal difference learning === * Temporal difference (TD) learning is a computational framework from reinforcement learning that extends Rescorla-Wagner by predicting rewards at each moment in time, not just at trial's end (Sutton & Barto, 2018). * TD models generate a moment-to-moment prediction error signal that closely matches the real-time firing patterns of dopamine neurons (Schultz et al., 1997). * This close fit between a computational model and actual brain activity is one of the most influential findings connecting computer science and neuroscience. == The neuroscience of reward prediction error == [Figure 2: dopamine firing schematic] * Midbrain dopamine neurons, located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra, fire phasically (in brief bursts) in proportion to prediction error, not the size of the reward itself (Schultz et al., 1997). * As learning progresses and a cue reliably predicts reward, the dopamine burst shifts in time — from occurring at reward delivery to occurring at the earlier predictive cue (see Figure 2). * When a fully expected reward is unexpectedly omitted, dopamine neurons show a dip below baseline firing, mirroring a negative prediction error (Schultz, 2016). === Dopamine and value coding === * Dopamine signalling increases non-linearly with reward value, and is thought to encode a form of formal economic utility rather than raw reward magnitude (Schultz, 2016). * Other brain regions, including the striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex, also show prediction error-related activity, though in smaller sub-populations of neurons (Schultz, 2016). * This distributed signalling suggests RPE is not a single isolated brain event but part of a broader value-learning network. == Reward prediction error and emotion == * Positive prediction errors are consistently associated with positive affect — the surprise and pleasure of an unexpectedly good outcome, as in Jordan's exam result (see Figure 1). * Negative prediction errors are linked to disappointment and frustration, particularly when an expected reward fails to materialise. * Recent research distinguishes *reward* prediction errors from *affective* or emotional prediction errors, suggesting these may be partially separate signals that both independently influence behaviour and learning. == Reward prediction error and motivation == * RPE acts as a "teaching signal" that reinforces behaviours associated with positive outcomes, making those behaviours more likely to be repeated (Sutton & Barto, 2018). * Because dopamine signals shift toward predictive cues over time, RPE plays a central role in why cues (not just rewards themselves) come to motivate behaviour — for example, seeing a coffee cup logo can trigger craving before any coffee is tasted. * This same mechanism underlies both healthy motivation (working toward goals based on learned expectations) and maladaptive motivation, such as compulsive behaviours driven by strong, repeated prediction errors. == Applications: reward prediction error and psychological wellbeing == * Drugs of abuse can artificially and persistently trigger dopamine-based prediction error signals, which is thought to contribute to compulsive drug-seeking behaviour despite known negative consequences (Schultz, 2016). * Blunted or reduced RPE signalling has been associated with anhedonia (reduced ability to feel pleasure) and motivational deficits, both hallmark features of depression. * Understanding RPE has practical, real-world applications — for example, in designing habits, games, and reward systems (gamification) that use well-timed, appropriately unpredictable rewards to sustain motivation and engagement. ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * For the topic development, use at least one figure (even if not ideal) to show that you know how to embed, caption, and cite a figure; this can be the figure in the scenario * For the book chapter, use several figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] which hosts free-to-use media such as photos, diagrams, graphs, video, and audio * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Provide descriptive figure captions (use '''Figure #''' and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. Here are some options: {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples that illustrate concepts in action * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]; can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citation(s) {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as the take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Reward prediction error is best defined as the difference between an expected and an actually received reward:} + True - False &lt;/quiz> </quiz> == Conclusion == * Reward prediction error is the gap between expected and actual reward, and it is encoded by dopamine neurons that respond to surprise rather than reward size alone (Schultz et al., 1997). * RPE helps answer the sub-title question: it shapes motivation by reinforcing rewarded behaviour, and shapes emotion by producing the surprise, pleasure, or disappointment that accompanies unexpected outcomes. * Beyond theory, RPE has direct real-world relevance — helping explain compulsive behaviour in addiction, motivational deficits in depression, and everyday experiences like Jordan's unexpectedly high exam result. ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Reward prediction error hypothesis of dopamine|Reward prediction error hypothesis of dopamine]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Dopamine and social behaviour|Dopamine and social behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[wikipedia:Reinforcement learning|Reinforcement learning]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Kalhan, S., Garrido, M. I., Hester, R., & Redish, A. D. (2023). Reward prediction-errors weighted by cue salience produces addictive behaviours in simulations, with asymmetrical learning and steeper delay discounting. ''Neural Networks, 168'', ггг. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2023.09.023 Keren, H., O'Callaghan, G., Vidal-Ribas, P., Buzzell, G. A., Brotman, M. A., Leibenluft, E., Pan, P. M., Meffert, H., Kaiser, A., Wolke, S., Pine, D. S., & Stringaris, A. (2018). Reward processing in depression: A conceptual and meta-analytic review across fMRI and EEG studies. ''American Journal of Psychiatry, 175''(11), 1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17101124 Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.), ''Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory'' (pp. 64–99). Appleton-Century-Crofts. Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. ''Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18''(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. ''Science, 275''(5306), 1593–1599. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). ''Reinforcement learning: An introduction'' (2nd ed.). MIT Press. }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) ** Hanging indent: Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: *** Use "Edit source" *** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== * [https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(15)00731-X Dopamine prediction errors in reward learning and addiction: From theory to neural circuitry] (Neuron, open-access review) * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultz Dopamine reward prediction error coding] (Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Cognition]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Reward]] avwhheedv9ii17gmyvz0syygesz0l8f 0 331569 2832178 2831925 2026-09-08T05:55:44Z Amirrorslens 3106278 /* Overview */ 2832178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Awe and the diminished self:<br>How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] ; Scenario Leo walks into the desert late at night and is taken aback at the night sky above him. Being alone in the vast and flat plane lets him really perceive the vastness of the stars and leaves him feeling very present and aware of his smallness in comparison. This overwhelming feeling leaves Leo seeking connection with others, and a new found sense of purpose. * Author Note: REPLACE WITH A REAL CASE STUDY - such as near death experience (The Good Place coded) (Might modify scenario to incude this aspect similar to the purple feature box on this page) {{RoundBoxBottom}} '''KEY PSYCH SCIENCE''' * Maslow * Awe is considered a [[wikipedia:Peak_experience|peak experience]] according to Maslow (REFERENCE NEEDED ACTION NOW), (see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Awe and well-being|Awe and well-being]]) ** Experiencing awe = indicator of reaching highest level of self-actualisation and self-transcendence) * Awe can have positive individual and community effects (pro-social behaviour) CITE REFERENCES{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is awe as an emotion and experience? * How does the experience of awe diminish the self? * What is the effect of a diminished sense of self? * How can awe be integrated into modern life? i.e. How can we trigger or experience everyday moments of awe? * How can the experience of awe be applied for social and individual good?{{RoundBoxBottom}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''QUESTIONS AND NOTES FOR SELF''' * Where do I fit discussions of the Self in here? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Awe == === Vastness === ==== Physical ==== ===== > Other People ===== ====== >> Acts of Talent or Skill ====== ====== >> Acts of Virtue or Humanness ====== - updating wordview link ===== > Nature ===== - smallness effect link - See also previous book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Awe and nature|Awe and nature]] - eclipse: seeking connection post link ====== >> Space ====== - smallness effect link ==== Conceptual ==== ===== > Learning ===== - updating wordview link ===== > Religion ===== - smallness effect link - seeking connection post link ====== >> Buddhism / Awareness ''(see also)'' ====== ===== > The Arts ===== ===== > Psychedelics ===== - ego-death - oneness (link to buddhism), LINK TO SELF === Need for Accommodation === ==== Smallness ==== - [[wikipedia:Overview_effect|Overview effect]] ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== - seeking connection after feelings of smallness ===== Mental Structures (Schemas) ===== ==== Failures to Accommodate ==== ===== Fear ===== - threat-based awe (Keltner and Haidt) - [[wikipedia:Nihilism|Nihilism]] -> depression ===== Trauma ===== - dissociation (near death experiences) - denial ==The Self / Perception == - discussion of what the self is - introduction of schemas - perception - ego death dissolving perception, awe experiences diminishing the self ==Applications== ===Community=== *global meditation bringing down crime rates and violence? need source ===Individual=== ==== Therapy / Personal Growth ==== * GESTALT THERAPY ** present moment ** inner child work ===== Humility ''(Rework heading and how this fits into other sections)'' ===== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) ===== Psychedelic Therapies ===== * MDMA therapies for depression * LSD and psylocibin guided therapies <nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki> == Tables == * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Which of the following is an appraisal of the emotion awe? |type="()"} + Vastness - Smallness {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Arvidson, P. S. (2022). Reverent Awe and the Field of Consciousness. Human Studies, 45(3), 397-416. Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(2), 185. Cavallaro, R. M., Church, M. H., Giddens, B. J., & Rivera, G. N. (2025). Complex effects of awe on meaning in life and true self-knowledge. Self and Identity, 24(3), 189-216. Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770-778. Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but still significant: Awe and the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 52(9), 3032-3045. Gao, R. (2026). From awe to pro-environmental behavior-a meta-analysis of the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 958-970. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475-488. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 123(3), 576. Kim, Y., Nusbaum, H. C., & Yang, F. (2023). Going beyond ourselves: The role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 98-116. Li, R., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., & Nie, A. (2024). A meta-analysis examining the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24702-24711. Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2024). The evolutionary function of awe: A review and integrated model of seven theoretical perspectives. Emotion Review, 16(1), 46-63. McMann, G. B. (2025). Role of Vastness and Accommodation of Awe in Personal Change and Growth Grand Canyon University]. Perez, K. A., Lench, H. C., Thompson, C. G., & North, S. (2023). Experimental elicitations of awe: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 18-33. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(6), 883. Piff, P. K., Singhal, I., & Bai, Y. (2025). Bridging me to we: Awe is a conduit to cohesive collectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101979. Rivera, G. N., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Awe and meaning: Elucidating complex effects of awe experiences on meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-405. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. Shukla, S. (2021). Indian classical music, awe, and healing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 355. Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of personality and social psychology, 114(2), 258. Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., & Kramer, J. H. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044. Tanhan, F., DENİZ, M., & Akgün, G. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, Formulation and Usage Area Awe Terapi: Temelleri, Formülasyonu ve Kullanım Alanları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65). Tanhan, F., Deniz, M. E., & Akgün, G. E. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, formulation and usage area. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 300-319. }} ==External links== * [https://self-transcendence.org/theory Self-transendence] (Self-transcendence.org) * [https://fitmind.org/ Ancient wisdom + modern science] (Fitmind.org) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] i2b1dk7e3y1c3bjyqdtc3iv6vaibjo7 2832181 2832178 2026-09-08T06:35:12Z Amirrorslens 3106278 reorganising heading structure and integrating research citations 2832181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Awe and the diminished self:<br>How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] ; Scenario Leo walks into the desert late at night and is taken aback at the night sky above him. Being alone in the vast and flat plane lets him really perceive the vastness of the stars and leaves him feeling very present and aware of his smallness in comparison. This overwhelming feeling leaves Leo seeking connection with others, and a new found sense of purpose. * Author Note: REPLACE WITH A REAL CASE STUDY - such as near death experience (The Good Place coded) (Might modify scenario to incude this aspect similar to the purple feature box on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Motivation for using AI companions|this page]]) {{RoundBoxBottom}} '''KEY PSYCH SCIENCE''' * Maslow * Awe is considered a [[wikipedia:Peak_experience|peak experience]] according to Maslow (REFERENCE NEEDED ACTION NOW), (see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Awe and well-being|Awe and well-being]]) ** Experiencing awe = indicator of reaching highest level of self-actualisation and self-transcendence) * Awe can have positive individual and community effects (pro-social behaviour) CITE REFERENCES{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is awe as an emotion and experience? * How does the experience of awe diminish the self? * What is the effect of a diminished sense of self? * How can awe be integrated into modern life? i.e. How can we trigger or experience everyday moments of awe? * How can the experience of awe be applied for social and individual good?{{RoundBoxBottom}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''QUESTIONS AND NOTES FOR SELF''' * Where do I fit discussions of the Self in here? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Awe == [[wikipedia:Awe|Awe]] is an emotion that ... (general definition, innate). General overview of the experience. Quick introduction for process and criteria of awe (vastness (stimulus whether conceptual or physical) -> experience of awe as an emotion -> need for accommodation). Edwards et al. (2026) define awe to be an emotion elicited from experiencing great vastness that dramaticallt expands a person's frame of reference. === Elicitors of Awe === Might be wise to include a figure here of elicitors as they are hard to categorise and often overlap. ==== Physical Vastness ==== Nature, Space, might be wise to mention depth perception studies here. Why particuarly these things. Work in thesis on space video here. ==== Conceptual Vastness ==== Witnessing other people or learning things, coming of age moments, witnessing things for the first time theories here. Music and virtues act of skills. Author Note: Want to be careful I'm not veering off into seeing things for the first time theory, we want to narrow it down to awe and really nail down that criteria. I worry though that the need for accommodation is the thing though. In the sense that ===== Psychedelics ===== I feel psychedelics needs its own subsection here as it is particuarly relevant to my applications, and provides a good segue to need for accommodations. === Need for Accommodation === Discussion of what it means to require the need for knowledge structures to be updated. See also: [[wikipedia:Schema_(psychology)|Schemas]] ==== Memory Consolidation ==== == Effect of Awe on the Self == Authors Note: This is where we will have a short section on the self (what it means, collection of experiences and stories we tell ourselves, superceding that, buddhist definitions of the self and awareness and appreciating life as tenets, lojong etc.) ===== Perception of the self ===== ====== ''(previously Humility)'' ====== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) === Pro-Social Behaviour === [[wikipedia:Prosocial_behavior|Prosocial behaviour]] refers to social behaviours that benefit everyone. READ ABSTRACTS OF ALL REFERENCES AND CITE SOMEWHERE ACTION NOW == Current Applications == === Psychedelic Therapies === == RESEARCH == Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but Still Significant: Awe and the Self. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''52''(9), 3032-3045. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672251359336</nowiki> - four within-person experiments that examined awe's effects on existensial significance (or insignificance) -> awe shrinks self without making one feel insignificant == PREVIOUS SUBMISSION == LOST IN THE SAUCE DOWN HERE == Awe == === Vastness === ==== Physical ==== ===== > Other People ===== ====== >> Acts of Talent or Skill ====== ====== >> Acts of Virtue or Humanness ====== - updating wordview link ===== > Nature ===== - smallness effect link - See also previous book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Awe and nature|Awe and nature]] - eclipse: seeking connection post link ====== >> Space ====== - smallness effect link ==== Conceptual ==== ===== > Learning ===== - updating wordview link ===== > Religion ===== - smallness effect link - seeking connection post link ====== >> Buddhism / Awareness ''(see also)'' ====== ===== > The Arts ===== ===== > Psychedelics ===== - ego-death - oneness (link to buddhism), LINK TO SELF === Need for Accommodation === ==== Smallness ==== - [[wikipedia:Overview_effect|Overview effect]] ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== - seeking connection after feelings of smallness ===== Mental Structures (Schemas) ===== ==== Failures to Accommodate ==== ===== Fear ===== - threat-based awe (Keltner and Haidt) - [[wikipedia:Nihilism|Nihilism]] -> depression ===== Trauma ===== - dissociation (near death experiences) - denial ==The Self / Perception == - discussion of what the self is - introduction of schemas - perception - ego death dissolving perception, awe experiences diminishing the self ==Applications== ===Community=== *global meditation bringing down crime rates and violence? need source ===Individual=== ==== Therapy / Personal Growth ==== * GESTALT THERAPY ** present moment ** inner child work ===== Humility ''(Rework heading and how this fits into other sections)'' ===== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) ===== Psychedelic Therapies ===== * MDMA therapies for depression * LSD and psylocibin guided therapies <nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki> == Tables == * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Which of the following is an appraisal of the emotion awe? |type="()"} + Vastness - Smallness {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Arvidson, P. S. (2022). Reverent Awe and the Field of Consciousness. Human Studies, 45(3), 397-416. Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(2), 185. Cavallaro, R. M., Church, M. H., Giddens, B. J., & Rivera, G. N. (2025). Complex effects of awe on meaning in life and true self-knowledge. Self and Identity, 24(3), 189-216. Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770-778. Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but still significant: Awe and the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 52(9), 3032-3045. Gao, R. (2026). From awe to pro-environmental behavior-a meta-analysis of the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 958-970. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475-488. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 123(3), 576. Kim, Y., Nusbaum, H. C., & Yang, F. (2023). Going beyond ourselves: The role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 98-116. Li, R., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., & Nie, A. (2024). A meta-analysis examining the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24702-24711. Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2024). The evolutionary function of awe: A review and integrated model of seven theoretical perspectives. Emotion Review, 16(1), 46-63. McMann, G. B. (2025). Role of Vastness and Accommodation of Awe in Personal Change and Growth Grand Canyon University]. Perez, K. A., Lench, H. C., Thompson, C. G., & North, S. (2023). Experimental elicitations of awe: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 18-33. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(6), 883. Piff, P. K., Singhal, I., & Bai, Y. (2025). Bridging me to we: Awe is a conduit to cohesive collectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101979. Rivera, G. N., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Awe and meaning: Elucidating complex effects of awe experiences on meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-405. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. Shukla, S. (2021). Indian classical music, awe, and healing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 355. Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of personality and social psychology, 114(2), 258. Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., & Kramer, J. H. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044. Tanhan, F., DENİZ, M., & Akgün, G. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, Formulation and Usage Area Awe Terapi: Temelleri, Formülasyonu ve Kullanım Alanları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65). Tanhan, F., Deniz, M. E., & Akgün, G. E. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, formulation and usage area. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 300-319. }} ==External links== * [https://self-transcendence.org/theory Self-transendence] (Self-transcendence.org) * [https://fitmind.org/ Ancient wisdom + modern science] (Fitmind.org) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 4juewizo0qwstn34ltrk632v3129sxq 2832182 2832181 2026-09-08T06:38:00Z Amirrorslens 3106278 2832182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Awe and the diminished self:<br>How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] ; Scenario Leo walks into the desert late at night and is taken aback at the night sky above him. Being alone in the vast and flat plane lets him really perceive the vastness of the stars and leaves him feeling very present and aware of his smallness in comparison. This overwhelming feeling leaves Leo seeking connection with others, and a new found sense of purpose. * Author Note: REPLACE WITH A REAL CASE STUDY - such as near death experience (The Good Place coded) (Might modify scenario to incude this aspect similar to the purple feature box on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Motivation for using AI companions|this page]]) {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== '''KEY PSYCH SCIENCE''' ==== * Maslow === Overview === * Awe is considered a [[wikipedia:Peak_experience|peak experience]] according to Maslow (REFERENCE NEEDED ACTION NOW), (see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Awe and well-being|Awe and well-being]]) ** Experiencing awe = indicator of reaching highest level of self-actualisation and self-transcendence) * Awe can have positive individual and community effects (pro-social behaviour) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is awe as an emotion and experience? * How does the experience of awe diminish the self? * What is the effect of a diminished sense of self? * How can awe be integrated into modern life? i.e. How can we trigger or experience everyday moments of awe? * How can the experience of awe be applied for social and individual good?{{RoundBoxBottom}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''QUESTIONS AND NOTES FOR SELF''' * Where do I fit discussions of the Self in here? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Awe == [[wikipedia:Awe|Awe]] is an emotion that ... (general definition, innate). General overview of the experience. Quick introduction for process and criteria of awe (vastness (stimulus whether conceptual or physical) -> experience of awe as an emotion -> need for accommodation). Edwards et al. (2026) define awe to be an emotion elicited from experiencing great vastness that dramaticallt expands a person's frame of reference. === Elicitors of Awe === Might be wise to include a figure here of elicitors as they are hard to categorise and often overlap. ==== Physical Vastness ==== Nature, Space, might be wise to mention depth perception studies here. Why particuarly these things. Work in thesis on space video here. ==== Conceptual Vastness ==== Witnessing other people or learning things, coming of age moments, witnessing things for the first time theories here. Music and virtues act of skills. Author Note: Want to be careful I'm not veering off into seeing things for the first time theory, we want to narrow it down to awe and really nail down that criteria. I worry though that the need for accommodation is the thing though. In the sense that ===== Psychedelics ===== I feel psychedelics needs its own subsection here as it is particuarly relevant to my applications, and provides a good segue to need for accommodations. === Need for Accommodation === Discussion of what it means to require the need for knowledge structures to be updated. See also: [[wikipedia:Schema_(psychology)|Schemas]] ==== Memory Consolidation ==== == Effect of Awe on the Self == Authors Note: This is where we will have a short section on the self (what it means, collection of experiences and stories we tell ourselves, superceding that, buddhist definitions of the self and awareness and appreciating life as tenets, lojong etc.) ===== Perception of the self ===== ====== ''(previously Humility)'' ====== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) === Pro-Social Behaviour === [[wikipedia:Prosocial_behavior|Prosocial behaviour]] refers to social behaviours that benefit everyone. READ ABSTRACTS OF ALL REFERENCES AND CITE SOMEWHERE ACTION NOW == Current Applications == === Psychedelic Therapies === == RESEARCH == Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but Still Significant: Awe and the Self. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''52''(9), 3032-3045. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672251359336</nowiki> - four within-person experiments that examined awe's effects on existensial significance (or insignificance) -> awe shrinks self without making one feel insignificant - benefits of awe == PREVIOUS SUBMISSION == LOST IN THE SAUCE DOWN HERE == Awe == === Vastness === ==== Physical ==== ===== > Other People ===== ====== >> Acts of Talent or Skill ====== ====== >> Acts of Virtue or Humanness ====== - updating wordview link ===== > Nature ===== - smallness effect link - See also previous book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Awe and nature|Awe and nature]] - eclipse: seeking connection post link ====== >> Space ====== - smallness effect link ==== Conceptual ==== ===== > Learning ===== - updating wordview link ===== > Religion ===== - smallness effect link - seeking connection post link ====== >> Buddhism / Awareness ''(see also)'' ====== ===== > The Arts ===== ===== > Psychedelics ===== - ego-death - oneness (link to buddhism), LINK TO SELF === Need for Accommodation === ==== Smallness ==== - [[wikipedia:Overview_effect|Overview effect]] ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== - seeking connection after feelings of smallness ===== Mental Structures (Schemas) ===== ==== Failures to Accommodate ==== ===== Fear ===== - threat-based awe (Keltner and Haidt) - [[wikipedia:Nihilism|Nihilism]] -> depression ===== Trauma ===== - dissociation (near death experiences) - denial ==The Self / Perception == - discussion of what the self is - introduction of schemas - perception - ego death dissolving perception, awe experiences diminishing the self ==Applications== ===Community=== *global meditation bringing down crime rates and violence? need source ===Individual=== ==== Therapy / Personal Growth ==== * GESTALT THERAPY ** present moment ** inner child work ===== Humility ''(Rework heading and how this fits into other sections)'' ===== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) ===== Psychedelic Therapies ===== * MDMA therapies for depression * LSD and psylocibin guided therapies <nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki> == Tables == * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Which of the following is an appraisal of the emotion awe? |type="()"} + Vastness - Smallness {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Arvidson, P. S. (2022). Reverent Awe and the Field of Consciousness. Human Studies, 45(3), 397-416. Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(2), 185. Cavallaro, R. M., Church, M. H., Giddens, B. J., & Rivera, G. N. (2025). Complex effects of awe on meaning in life and true self-knowledge. Self and Identity, 24(3), 189-216. Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770-778. Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but still significant: Awe and the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 52(9), 3032-3045. Gao, R. (2026). From awe to pro-environmental behavior-a meta-analysis of the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 958-970. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475-488. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 123(3), 576. Kim, Y., Nusbaum, H. C., & Yang, F. (2023). Going beyond ourselves: The role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 98-116. Li, R., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., & Nie, A. (2024). A meta-analysis examining the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24702-24711. Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2024). The evolutionary function of awe: A review and integrated model of seven theoretical perspectives. Emotion Review, 16(1), 46-63. McMann, G. B. (2025). Role of Vastness and Accommodation of Awe in Personal Change and Growth Grand Canyon University]. Perez, K. A., Lench, H. C., Thompson, C. G., & North, S. (2023). Experimental elicitations of awe: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 18-33. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(6), 883. Piff, P. K., Singhal, I., & Bai, Y. (2025). Bridging me to we: Awe is a conduit to cohesive collectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101979. Rivera, G. N., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Awe and meaning: Elucidating complex effects of awe experiences on meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-405. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. Shukla, S. (2021). Indian classical music, awe, and healing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 355. Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of personality and social psychology, 114(2), 258. Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., & Kramer, J. H. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044. Tanhan, F., DENİZ, M., & Akgün, G. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, Formulation and Usage Area Awe Terapi: Temelleri, Formülasyonu ve Kullanım Alanları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65). Tanhan, F., Deniz, M. E., & Akgün, G. E. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, formulation and usage area. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 300-319. }} ==External links== * [https://self-transcendence.org/theory Self-transendence] (Self-transcendence.org) * [https://fitmind.org/ Ancient wisdom + modern science] (Fitmind.org) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 1ia52ixxtb7v16nx585qrfz26v454mb 1 331575 2832174 2827385 2026-09-08T05:53:11Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832174 wikitext text/x-wiki ==References== Great start on the scenario. Here are some starting articles to help you get started 10.1007/s40653-026-10.3390/children13010122 - 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1684921 - Psychotherapy for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: efficacy and therapeutic factors 10.1080/26408066.2026.2633764 - The Experience of Posttraumatic Growth Among Sexual Violence Survivors: A Meta-Ethnographic Review and Synthesis of Qualitative Literature [[User:U3263365|U3263365]] ([[User talk:U3263365|discuss]] •[[Special:Contributions/U3263365|contribs]]) 05:12, 27 August 2026 (UTC) --[[User:U3263365|U3263365]] ([[User talk:U3263365|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3263365|contribs]]) 05:39, 27 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- Conceptual --> # Messy heading structure – needs work (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) # The top-level headings are the focus questions. Consider paraphrasing these headings. # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings # Consider dropping the 3rd heading level / Remove citations as headings # Check grammar (e.g,. possessive apostrophe missing) |3= <!-- Overview--> # Very good to excellent <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # I moved an image into the feature box to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A promising description of the problem/topic is planned or presented <!-- Style --> # Use 3rd person point of view for main body text (except 1st/2nd person point of view can work within feature boxes for scenarios) <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Partial development # Overly focused on individual studies; instead focus on the key theoretical perspectives and how well these are supported by research evidence <!-- Theory and research --> ## Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- Citations --> # Insufficient use of citations <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) provide(s) a somewhat clear description that is connected with the main text, but could be improved (adjusted) <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) # Well done on creating and uploading your own image! {{smile}}—this can also be listed on your user page as a social contribution |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Basic <!-- Description about self --> # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Add description about self <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # Add link to book chapter |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 05:53, 8 September 2026 (UTC) 8maaecriic5i4xs9tuw33kq2yemupef 2 331577 2832011 2828501 2026-09-07T12:28:08Z Jtneill 10242 /* Social Contributions */ {{ic|Use a numbered list as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} 2832011 wikitext text/x-wiki == About Me == My name is Lily Robertson, I am in my fourth year of study at the University of Canberra, studying Psychology. This is typically a three year degree, but I choose to study abroad for a semester in Hong Kong, which resulted in my study extending to four years. == Hobbies == * I play '''[https://www.hockey.org.au/ hockey]''' every weekend in the winter months, and am currently driving from Canberra to [https://www.alburycity.nsw.gov.au/ Albury] every weekend to complete the 2026 season. * I'm passionate about '''[https://www.jetpens.com/blog/KOKUYO-Campus-A-Comprehensive-Guide/pt/235?srsltid=AfmBOoo3o2xduLkS4stPc_lDOxqr_c7zmHG5asyrMns_jC2_gPSuGn0b stationary]''' and '''[https://www.officeworks.com.au/shop/officeworks/p/miffy-vinyl-sticker-20-pack-mifyvnsk20 stickers]''', I have a draw dedicated to small, decorative stickers that I use to embellish a number of items, such as notebooks, calendars, my laptop and other various stationary items. * [[File:My Cinamoroll Keychain.jpg|thumb|219x219px]]I collect '''[https://www.kpopbazaar.com.au/products/stray-kids-6th-fanmeeting-stay-in-our-little-house-official-md-skzoo-secret-plush-micro-ver keychains]''', and have 21 plush key chains, and numerous small photo frames that allow me to interchange the pictures and cards that I carry, often choosing them with intent to match with my outfit == Book chapter I'm working on == '''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Gender and achievement motivation|Gender and achievement motivation]]:''' ''How does gender shape where, how, and under what conditions achievement motivation is expressed?'' == Social Contributions == {{ic|Use a numbered list as shown in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]}} [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Conspiracy theory motivation#Motives]] - multiple sitation issues, unnecessary sitation deleted and higlighted need for reference when siting previous study [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Criminal record self-stigma and motivation#Comment]] - added comment regarding the lay out of the page, and effective use of subheadings to break up the text https://unicanberra.instructure.com/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457412 - replied to Ryans post about his gambling game, found it very underwhelming jq3r76tqu9f00tekn7wodls9az5tev3 1 331614 2832012 2828372 2026-09-07T12:30:11Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832012 wikitext text/x-wiki == An Australian source on gender and race interacting == Hi U3242837, Your sub-title asks under what conditions achievement motivation is expressed, so you may already be thinking about context. If you want a recent Australian study where gender and race interact rather than operate separately, this one is useful: * Guerzoni, M. A., Prehn, J., & Peacock, H. (2024). Mothers and sportsmen: The gendered and racialised nature of role model selection for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander youths. ''Australian Journal of Social Issues, 59''(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.311 They found role model selection among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people is strongly gendered - family members, particularly mothers, and male sportspeople dominate nominations - which has consequences for whose achievement gets modelled as attainable. Stronach et al. (2023) pairs well with it if you want a media angle: * Stronach, M., O'Shea, M., & Maxwell, H. (2023). 'You can't be what you can't see': Indigenous Australian sportswomen as powerful role models. ''Sport in Society, 26''(6), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2088356 I am writing [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Indigenous Australian role models and motivation|Indigenous Australian role models and motivation]] if any of that is useful to you. [[User:Jshottt|Jshottt]] ([[User talk:Jshottt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jshottt|contribs]]) 14:23, 27 August 2026 (UTC) == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:U3242837|Hi [[User:U3242837|U3242837]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 12:30, 7 September 2026 (UTC) |} <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Insufficient alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Basic <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A basic description of the problem/topic is planned or presented <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Basic development # What are the differences in achievement motivation between genders? <!-- Scope --> # The scope is limited; I think a clearer understanding of what the gender differences are and how theory and research accounts for those differences is needed # Some cultural context is needed; do the gender d9fferences vary between cultures # Consider the role of self-concept <!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. [bold] ... <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # One in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki link]] for first mention of key term to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed links to [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic # Only cite sources that you have consulted # To be developed <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links # A more thorough literature search is recommended. The goal is to identify and use the best academic theory and research about this topic. |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Good ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Excellent <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 12:30, 7 September 2026 (UTC) 8vnw5rm4mx00gzcutuuh4wkmxs3hymd 2 331624 2832176 2828567 2026-09-08T05:54:55Z Jtneill 10242 /* Book Chapter */ {{ic|Use an internal links - see Tutorial 2}} 2832176 wikitext text/x-wiki == User Page: ChillPsychGuy0607 == == About Me == Hello, my name is Jack and I'm in my third year at university completing my double bachelors in ''Human Movement & Psychology''. My career goal is to do clinical or behavioural psychology. I am the oldest out of three siblings (one sister and one brother) and some things I enjoy to do in my spare time include: * Go to the gym * Play soccer * Watch F1 * socialise with my friends * Spend time with my family * Read * Watch movies and tv == Book Chapter == I am currently working on ''Fear Extinction: What Psychological And Neural Processes Underlie The Extinction Of Fear Responses?'' Link to [https://w.wiki/TsFu Chapter] {{ic|Use an internal links - see Tutorial 2}} == Social Contributions == Social Contributions Include: * Discussion on book [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Future orientation and criminal behaviour#c-ChillPsychGuy0607-20260828042700-Future Orientation and Criminal behaviour feedback|chapter]] * Discuss on the discussion board on ''[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=810325 Canvas]'' * Added figure 1. on [https://w.wiki/TsHz book chapter] 876huzphob1orwuhmqkmdz9dg757v8f 2832177 2832176 2026-09-08T05:55:18Z Jtneill 10242 /* Book Chapter */ 2832177 wikitext text/x-wiki == User Page: ChillPsychGuy0607 == == About Me == Hello, my name is Jack and I'm in my third year at university completing my double bachelors in ''Human Movement & Psychology''. My career goal is to do clinical or behavioural psychology. I am the oldest out of three siblings (one sister and one brother) and some things I enjoy to do in my spare time include: * Go to the gym * Play soccer * Watch F1 * socialise with my friends * Spend time with my family * Read * Watch movies and tv == Book Chapter == I am currently working on ''Fear Extinction: What Psychological And Neural Processes Underlie The Extinction Of Fear Responses?'' Link to [https://w.wiki/TsFu Chapter] {{ic|Use an internal link - see Tutorial 2}} == Social Contributions == Social Contributions Include: * Discussion on book [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Future orientation and criminal behaviour#c-ChillPsychGuy0607-20260828042700-Future Orientation and Criminal behaviour feedback|chapter]] * Discuss on the discussion board on ''[https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=810325 Canvas]'' * Added figure 1. on [https://w.wiki/TsHz book chapter] kvuq99094kbixkp64qieqpd28xnnotz 2 331744 2832026 2830446 2026-09-07T14:56:46Z JonAwbrey 29537 spacing 2832026 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Sign Relations== ===Display 1=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" cellpadding="10" | [[File:Sign Relation Display 1.png|220px]] |} ====LaTeX==== {| align="center" cellpadding="8" | <math>\begin{array}{ccl} O & = & \text{Object Domain} \\[6pt] S & = & \text{Sign Domain} \\[6pt] I & = & \text{Interpretant Domain} \end{array}</math> |} ===Display 2=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" cellpadding="10" | [[File:Sign Relation Display 2.png|440px]] |} ====LaTeX==== {| align="center" cellpadding="8" | <math>\begin{array}{cclcl} O & = & \{ \text{Ann}, \text{Bob} \} & = & \{ \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B} \} \\[6pt] S & = & \{ \text{“Ann”}, \text{“Bob”}, \text{“I”}, \text{“you”} \} & = & \{ \text{“A”}, \text{“B”}, \text{“i”}, \text{“u”} \} \\[6pt] I & = & \{ \text{“Ann”}, \text{“Bob”}, \text{“I”}, \text{“you”} \} & = & \{ \text{“A”}, \text{“B”}, \text{“i”}, \text{“u”} \} \end{array}</math> |} ===Table 1=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" cellpadding="10" | [[File:Sign Relation Twin Tables LA LB 2.0.png|800px]] |} ====LaTeX==== {| align="center" style="width:80%" | width="50%" | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; text-align:center; width:90%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 1a. Sign Relation of Interpreter A}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:ghostwhite" | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> |- | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\text{“B”}</math> | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\text{“B”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“B”}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> | <math>\text{“B”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> |} | width="50%" | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; text-align:center; width:90%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 1b. Sign Relation of Interpreter B}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:ghostwhite" | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:33%" | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> | <math>\text{“A”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{A}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> | <math>\text{“u”}</math> |- | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\text{“B”}</math> | style="border-top:1px solid black" | <math>\text{“B”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“B”}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> | <math>\text{“B”}</math> |- | <math>\mathrm{B}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> | <math>\text{“i”}</math> |} |} ==Higher Order Sign Relations &bull; Examples== ===Table 36=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 36. Semantics for Higher Order Signs}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object Denoted}</math> | <math>\text{Equivalent Signs}</math> |- | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“A”} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“B”} \end{matrix}</math> |- | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{“A”} \\ \text{“B”} \\ \text{“i”} \\ \text{“u”} \end{matrix}</math> | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“A”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“B”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“i”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“u”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 37=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 37. Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{s} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{s} \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{t} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 38=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 38. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 39=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 39. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] s_3 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 40=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 40. Reflective Origin} ~ \mathrm{Ref}^0 L(\text{A})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 41=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 41. Reflective Origin} ~ \mathrm{Ref}^0 L(\text{B})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 42=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 42. Higher Ascent Sign Relation} ~ \mathrm{Ref}^1 L(\text{A})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 43=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 43. Higher Ascent Sign Relation} ~ \mathrm{Ref}^1 L(\text{B})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 44=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:70%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 44. Higher Import Sign Relation} ~ \mathrm{HI}^1 L(\text{A})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 45=== ====PNG==== ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:70%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 45. Higher Import Sign Relation} ~ \mathrm{HI}^1 L(\text{B})</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \\ \text{A} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{A} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & ) \\ ( & \text{B} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & , & {}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle} & ) \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> 857rhho5nfrelpi94k1pkoy996gaj69 2832114 2832026 2026-09-07T21:15:09Z JonAwbrey 29537 delete old versions + add png stubs 2832114 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Higher Order Sign Relations &bull; Examples== ===Table 36=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 36. Semantics for Higher Order Signs}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Semantics for Higher Order Signs.png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 36. Semantics for Higher Order Signs}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object Denoted}</math> | <math>\text{Equivalent Signs}</math> |- | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“A”} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“B”} \end{matrix}</math> |- | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{“A”} \\ \text{“B”} \\ \text{“i”} \\ \text{“u”} \end{matrix}</math> | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“A”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“B”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“i”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“u”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 37=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 37. Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign.png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 37. Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{s} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{s} \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{t} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 38=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 38. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1)}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1).png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 38. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 39=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 39. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2)}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2).png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 39. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] s_3 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> 99a5jdvf16hlsfis0nppbiowjlttr8w 1 331777 2832179 2830400 2026-09-08T06:28:59Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832179 wikitext text/x-wiki == Food for thought: Integrating Pavlov's classical conditioning == Hey there, Great job on developing your topic, I enjoyed reading your book chapter so far! I wondered whether you had considered incorporating concepts from Pavlov's [[wikipedia:Classical_conditioning|classical conditioning]], even briefly, to help contextualise fear-conditioning. From my understanding, fear-conditioning is a specific form of classical conditioning, so including Pavlov's theory may be relevant to your chapter. Best regards. [[User:U3285438|U3285438]] ([[User talk:U3285438|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3285438|contribs]]) 05:21, 2 September 2026 (UTC) == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:ChillPsychGuy0607|Hi [[User:ChillPsychGuy0607|ChillPsychGuy0607]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:28, 8 September 2026 (UTC) |} <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # The structure/scope may be overly ambitious within the maximum word count; if so, be selective about what's essential to address the question <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there is room for improvement (e.g., there are 5 focus questions) # There are probably too many focus questions (e.g., #4 isn't needed to address the question; this could be embedded elsewhere where relevant) <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions # Very good # Good # Basic # Insufficient # Hasn't been developed – Needs scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # Promising scenario; I've added a sentence to the end # Avoid animated image in the scenario box (too distracting); use a static image instead <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented; keep it simple; don't get overly detailed here <!-- Focus questions --> # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Promising development # Focus on providing an integrative review of the most relevant theories and research on the topic <!-- Scope --> # The scope is about right, but it may be that all planned aspects cannot be reasonably covered within the book chapter word count; in that case, be selective and concentrate on key aspects that address the question in the sub-title <!-- Citation style --> # Use [https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles APA style 7th edition for citations] <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings # Remove in-text bold # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] # Consider using Studiosity Writing Feedback+ or a similar writing-support service (e.g., Grammarly) to improve the quality of written expression and check for grammatical and spelling errors in the book chapter draft. <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider decreasing image size(s) to make them less dominant |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Excellent in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]]. Also embed linksto [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]]. <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Focus scenarios on real-world situations (rather than summaries of research articles) <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section # Focus the quiz question(s) on the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Promising use of table(s) # Include citations for source(s) of information in Table 1 |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Very good <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- Citations --> # Only include references which have been accessed and read <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Good ## Use internal links (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Some links are incomplete (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Good ## Most of these links should be moved into References and cited ## Link here to the most relevant external non-peer-reviewed resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Very good <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # Use an internal link to the book chapter (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:28, 8 September 2026 (UTC) rfw47gpttocniu6rzupiqc3ujyvujkj 1 331792 2832129 2830666 2026-09-07T23:07:50Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832129 wikitext text/x-wiki == Interest In subject == I found this topic really interesting and I think the chapter is developing really well. I also noticed a slight structuring error in your reference list so I made a small edit to ensure it remained consistent and improved the layout. Good luck with the rest of your chapter !!! [[User:Ckopplemann|Ckopplemann]] ([[User talk:Ckopplemann|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ckopplemann|contribs]]) 04:34, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:LMM26|Hi [[User:LMM26|LMM26]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:07, 7 September 2026 (UTC) |} <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Basic [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – would benefit from further development (refinement) # The headings appear to focus on GM itself, rather than how to cultivate it <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |3= <!-- Overview--> # Insufficient <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section # However, the scenario doesn't illustrate the development of a GM <!-- Description --> # The description is general about GM; it doesn't sufficiently focus on the ''development of a GM'' <!-- Style --> <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # More specifically, revise the FQs to focus on the ''development of a GM'' |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Insufficient development due to lack of emphasis on theory, research, and examples of ''developing a GM'' <!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- Other --> # For sections with sub-sections, provide key points for an overview paragraph prior to branching into the sub-headings <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion hasn't been developed # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # A figure is presented and captioned # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Basic use of scenario/example/case study, but the scenario does not illustrate the topic <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Very good <!-- Systematic reviews --> # Well done on identifying relevant systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf doi formatting] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent <!-- External links --> # External links ## Very good ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order |9= <!-- User page --> # Used effectively <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Excellent – at least three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence # Good – two out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other type of contribution is making: }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:07, 7 September 2026 (UTC) g63mj84ux321u0i883tnegddnb41p34 0 331816 2832033 2831930 2026-09-07T16:46:21Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832033 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times 229 ± 0.2}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.333 ± 0.002 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} ot9mhyqjqluwdopscdd04kw9tzpwai5 2832034 2832033 2026-09-07T16:46:55Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832034 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times 229 ± 0.2}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.333 + 0.002 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} gmwxpnq27dkm15ebaikoijn2ty5bvl0 2832035 2832034 2026-09-07T16:47:21Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832035 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times 229 + 0.2}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.333 + 0.002 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 81h3xza8c8f1kq63qwbkzcgcuz47wkm 2832037 2832035 2026-09-07T16:48:30Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832037 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times 229 \pm 0.2}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.333 \pm 0.002 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} jwbux1tjxyyr433szp9oor3t1mldawu 2832038 2832037 2026-09-07T16:49:33Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832038 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times 229 \pm 0.2}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.333 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} keazvov6rj19f1ss2epan1hosqp54qp 2832039 2832038 2026-09-07T16:50:17Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832039 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.333 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} il6n0gqpibfgx7q5a2oy1wlj7lvyz5b 2832040 2832039 2026-09-07T16:50:53Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832040 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.333 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} f93j3xc5ggt45w9tsdhpawp7e8gyjvh 2832043 2832040 2026-09-07T16:55:16Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Solar Radius Mnemonics */ 2832043 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the 4th power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times 229}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 306.479348 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} cl8d5mqzzvqn4r7sk9pd400uvop1y79 2832044 2832043 2026-09-07T16:57:08Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Heliosphere Mnemonics */ 2832044 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text; AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.479 \pm 0.268\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 0smxrlmy0p5vuxxy6r1boyhnqmfbe1w 2832045 2832044 2026-09-07T17:00:01Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Heliosphere Mnemonics */ 2832045 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.479 \pm 0.268\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 1q5lqmmw1n9uxe1uojnur9rp2mio9dl 2832046 2832045 2026-09-07T17:02:58Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Heliosphere Mnemonics */ 2832046 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 6bnq6sxcjindlyg3sowiad5lsdtc0s1 2832047 2832046 2026-09-07T17:07:39Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Heliosphere Mnemonics */ 2832047 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 229.0 ± 0.2 kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.65} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} akkig4h7oglzpmwvg7xk4bgcl8dj72i 2832048 2832047 2026-09-07T17:10:09Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics */ 2832048 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.377} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 92jq33irpah0w07z9xn7pff4pay20wc 2832049 2832048 2026-09-07T17:12:03Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics */ 2832049 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.376915 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.377} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 9exzsdlz31hc9gzmezaw7o0bfdrebz9 2832050 2832049 2026-09-07T17:18:26Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics */ 2832050 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.08\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.377} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} hg1gvjvt42cdo691ys8966e9u794lv8 2832051 2832050 2026-09-07T17:24:46Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics */ 2832051 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.09\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.8 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.8 \text{ million years} \\ \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim {512 \times 97.377} \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} i24pf6w59yopdlqrq9cxd56gbqmip2m 2832052 2832051 2026-09-07T17:26:23Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Milky Way Mnemonics */ 2832052 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.09\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.9 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.9 \text{ million years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} n4zqxd3zftxq8t0xtu6kme9rw6pkvlh 2832053 2832052 2026-09-07T17:27:10Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics */ 2832053 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.09\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.9 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.9 \text{ million years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} 9dbja38qbbfa6x28fp66f70gcop5obs 2832054 2832053 2026-09-07T17:27:31Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Heliosphere Mnemonics */ 2832054 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.09\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.9 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.9 \text{ million years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} q475b2q751s705sishrsfryvidelm8j 2832072 2832054 2026-09-07T17:53:24Z ~2026-48171-60 3110678 /* Milky Way Mnemonics */ 2832072 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]<br /> [[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]<br /> [https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]<br /> </small> The following mnemonics help one remember the approximate length of the solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>) in terms of [[W:light-second|light-seconds]] (ls), [[W:astronomical units|astronomical units]] (AU), and [[W:parsecs|parsecs]] (pc): <div style="background-color: #f0f4f7;{{Text color default}}; padding: 15px; border-left: 5px solid #AA8080;"> :<math> 1\text{ AU} \approx 499 \text{ ls} \approx 215 \, R_{\odot} </math> :<math> 100\text{ pc} \sim 10^{10} \text{ ls} \sim 16^{8} \, R_{\odot} </math> </div> &hairsp; === Solar Radius Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_1_Timestamp.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun advancing a distance equal to its own radius along its galactic trajectory over a period of 3,055 seconds.|'''Figure 1:''' Motion of the Sun between two successive Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eilers |first1=Anna-Christina |last2=Hogg |first2=David W. |last3=Rix |first3=Hans-Walter |last4=Ness |first4=Melissa |title=The Circular Velocity Curve of the Milky Way from 5 to 25 kpc |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=871 |issue=1 |pages=120 |year=2019 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaf648 |arxiv=1810.09466}}</ref> where 299,792.458 kilometers = 1 light-second. During each 3,055-second period (<math>t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 2.33 light-seconds, which is slightly more than one solar radius (<math>R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> t_{\odot} \equiv 3,055 \text{ seconds} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx \left(2.334 \pm 0.002\right) \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{695,700}{299,792.458} \text{ ls} \\ &\approx 2.320605 \text{ ls} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \approx \frac{499}{215} \text{ ls} \approx 2.3209 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; :<math> R_{\odot} \sim \frac{10^{10}}{16^{8}} \text{ ls} \approx 2.33 \text{ ls} </math> &hairsp; === Heliosphere Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_65536_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|450px|alt=Diagram showing the Sun traveling through the oblong shape of the heliosphere over a span of 16 to the fourth power timestamps.|'''Figure 2:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁴ Bully timestamps.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit. During each 6.344-year period (<math>16^{4}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{4}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 306 astronomical units, which is slightly more than 65,536 solar radii (<math>16^{4}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{4} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 6.344 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 3,055 \times \left(229.0 \pm 0.2\right)}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx \left(306.5 \pm 0.3\right) \text{ AU} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{16^{4} \times 695,700}{149,597,870.7} \text{ AU}\\ & \approx 304.773022 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{16^{4}}{215} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 304.82 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{4}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{10^{10}}{499 \times 16^{4}} \text{ AU} \\ &\approx 305.8 \text{ AU} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; === Naked-Eye Star Mnemonics === [[File:Bully_Metric_Galactic_Orbit_4294967296_Timestamps.png|thumb|center|600px|alt=Diagram showing a stacked histogram of naked-eye stars binned according to brightness and distance from the sun. A large percentage of these stars are closer to the sun than 10¹⁰ light-seconds, which is the distance the sun travels in 16^8 Bully timestamps.|'''Figure 3a:''' Motion of the Sun during the passage of 16⁸ Bully timestamps. The included stacked histogram shows that a large percentage of naked-eye stars are within this travel distance of the sun, 97.156 parsecs or 10¹⁰ light-seconds.]] Assume a solar radius of 695,700 kilometers and a velocity of [https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09466 (229.0 ± 0.2) kilometers per second] where 149,597,870.7 kilometers = 1 astronomical unit and <math>20\,\pi</math> parsecs = <math>60^4</math> astronomical units. During each 415,792-year period (<math>16^{8}\,t_{\odot}</math>), the Sun travels a distance (<math>16^{8}\,d_{\odot}</math>) of a little over 97 parsecs, which is slightly more than 4,294,967,296 solar radii (<math>16^{8}\,R_{\odot}</math>). &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 415,792 \text{ years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<small><math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \times 229.0}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx \left(97.37 \pm 0.09\right) \text{ pc} \end{align} </math></small> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\equiv \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8} \times 695,700}{60^4 \times 149,597,870.7} \text{ pc}\\ &\approx 96.834768 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\approx \frac{20 \pi \times 16^{8}}{60^4 \times 215} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 96.85 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 16^{8}\,R_{\odot} &\sim \frac{20 \pi \times 10^{10}}{60^4 \times 499} \text{ pc} \\ &\approx 97.2 \text{ pc} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; ==== Milky Way Mnemonics ==== [[File:Milky_Way_map_by_Gaia_High_Density_Grid.jpg|thumb|center|600px|'''Figure 3e''': Division of the Milky Way into 32 equal polar sectors (yellow grid).]] The Sun's full orbital path around the Milky Way in '''Figure 3e''' is assumed to be roughly 50,000 parsecs and completed in roughly 212.9 million years. &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,t_{\odot} &\equiv 512 \times 16^{8} \times 3,055 \text{ s} \\ &\approx 212.9 \text{ million years} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; :<math> \begin{align} 512 \times 16^{8}\,d_{\odot} &\sim 512 \times 97.377 \text{ pc} \\ &\sim 50,000 \text{ parsecs} \end{align} </math> &hairsp; == References == {{reflist}} kr2wkr85kz1scc74esk0w5x9i8j9tw8 4 331890 2832036 2831823 2026-09-07T16:48:21Z Codename Noreste 2969951 + 2832036 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="mw-notalk"><noinclude>__NOTOC__</noinclude> {{RoundBoxTop}} ==Instructions== ''Please add your request for [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|interface adminship]] below. Include a short summary of <u>why</u> you think you should be given the privileges and please refer to your <u>involvement</u> in other [[Wikimedia]] projects. If you have [[w:Category:Wikipedia functionaries|sysop/bureaucrat]] status at a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|sister project]], please indicate so as well.'' Please place candidate requests or nominations on a ''subpage'' and ''[[Help:Transclusion|transclude]]'' it here. <inputbox> type = create preload = Template:Nomination 2 prefix = Wikiversity:Candidates for Interface Adminship/ placeholder = Your username buttonlabel = Request interface adminship </inputbox> {{RoundBoxBottom}}</div><includeonly> {{Wikiversity organization}} [[Category:Nominations for Interface Adminship|*]] </includeonly> b2jrd8w8p9s1m6g4kc5uzpfs4cr5qb2 4 331891 2832126 2831827 2026-09-07T22:45:27Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Nominations for Interface Adminship */ + 2832126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Instructions}} == Nominations for Interface Adminship == {{/Codename Noreste}} == See also == * [[Wikiversity:Support staff]] 5if973t1ymdiqajp03nyusu9k82pufx 2 331894 2832076 2831937 2026-09-07T18:19:48Z The Citer 3110681 Needed to emphasize The Citer. 2832076 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi. I'm the "saddest" citer in MediaWiki. ==Origin== Apparently, a mysterious editor was "Citing" articles but without tracing the source/"cite". But even then, I was dubbed '''''The Citer''''' and I created an account to make an article about Microkingdoms. I was almost banned from editing articles, so I made a promise that I would only create articles. It turns out, this is actually edited? Yes, I added a link in Oophaga sylvatica, which is considered editing, but even that made complaints about '''''The Citer'''''. ===Criticism=== Ever since I wanted to make an article about microkingdoms, people kept complaining about me. In fact, I was added to the Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents, which goes to show your reputation can get ruined if you want the wrong thing. Annd, you know what happened: I got blocked. ==Migration to [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikispecies]== After being blocked on Wikipedia, I moved to wikispecies, where I survived much longer. I had a good time up until I made The Other Citer, which marked my downfall. ===Post-Other Citer Blockage=== After my "back-up" account was blocked, I hit a new low: I created Orthokaryote, and when I collabrated with myself, you guessed it: /*"we"*/ got BLOCKED. ==Post second blockage== After all that, it makes sense of why I'm here. But if you block me, then I will have to move yet again. ==Why don't I just try to request unblock requests?== You see, it's just easier to move than to waste hours trying to be unblocked. =Social Circle= ==Friends== [There is no text right here] ==Enemies== [There is no text right here] ==Frenemies== [There is no text right here] 25ffzmcoghbfj63tj8xm19nryli57dt 2832077 2832076 2026-09-07T18:21:53Z The Citer 3110681 /* Why don't I just try to request unblock requests? */ 2832077 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi. I'm the "saddest" citer in MediaWiki. ==Origin== Apparently, a mysterious editor was "Citing" articles but without tracing the source/"cite". But even then, I was dubbed '''''The Citer''''' and I created an account to make an article about Microkingdoms. I was almost banned from editing articles, so I made a promise that I would only create articles. It turns out, this is actually edited? Yes, I added a link in Oophaga sylvatica, which is considered editing, but even that made complaints about '''''The Citer'''''. ===Criticism=== Ever since I wanted to make an article about microkingdoms, people kept complaining about me. In fact, I was added to the Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents, which goes to show your reputation can get ruined if you want the wrong thing. Annd, you know what happened: I got blocked. ==Migration to [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikispecies]== After being blocked on Wikipedia, I moved to wikispecies, where I survived much longer. I had a good time up until I made The Other Citer, which marked my downfall. ===Post-Other Citer Blockage=== After my "back-up" account was blocked, I hit a new low: I created Orthokaryote, and when I collabrated with myself, you guessed it: /*"we"*/ got BLOCKED. ==Post second blockage== After all that, it makes sense of why I'm here. But if you block me, then I will have to move yet again. ==Why don't I just try to request being unblocked?== You see, it's just easier to move than to waste hours trying to be unblocked. =Social Circle= ==Friends== [There is no text right here] ==Enemies== [There is no text right here] ==Frenemies== [There is no text right here] tuq0kwspk7ebaghli5tcmwc76ggb8yg 0 331897 2832109 2831954 2026-09-07T20:59:39Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Missing information|formation and principal parts}} == The Perfect Active Indicative == The perfect tense in Ancient Greek conveys completed aspect (often with a sense of "just now finished"), similar to English's present perfect. '''Aspect''' expresses the relationship between action and time: * '''Simple''': a one-time action, marked with the aorist. * '''Ongoing''': a habitual or on-going action, marked with the present or imperfect. * '''Completed''': a completed action with lasting results, marked with the pluperfect, perfect, or future perfect. This aspect often reflects a state resulting from past action (e.g., if someone '''has''' just died, then he '''is''' dead). ''The result is emphasized, not the action'' (e.g., I have finished the job, i.e., the job is done). {|class="wikitable" |+ λύω ! Active ! Mediopassive |- |λέλυκα||λέλυμαι |- |λέλυκας||λέλυσαι |- |λέλυκε(ν)||λέλυται |- |λελύκατον||λέλυσθον |- |λελύκατον||λέλυσθον |- |λελύκαμεν||λελύμεθα |- |λελύκατε||λέλῠσθε |- |λελύκασι(ν)||λέλυνται |} i6o7k4oveh0kh7sbipbs6zhytrl74jt 6 331905 2832016 2026-09-07T12:38:58Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832016 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 04qg3o98tlqq43gxffqdgm56cybt6mu 6 331906 2832017 2026-09-07T12:39:47Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2C Multi-Level (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832017 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2C Multi-Level (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 17gcf6dn6lu4ja5359bglv7bxkc61oc 6 331907 2832020 2026-09-07T12:45:27Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832020 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ra61v9oac4ao4yuhyhvcmr8uizz9v7o 0 331908 2832030 2026-09-07T15:23:22Z The Citer 3110681 Created page with "[[Image:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a ''ginkgo''.]] Ginkgos are a class/phylum/divison of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. ==Information== *Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant *English Common Name: Ginkgo, maide..." 2832030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a ''ginkgo''.]] Ginkgos are a class/phylum/divison of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. ==Information== *Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant *English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree *Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit *Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==References== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgopsida Wikipedia:Ginkgopsida] gvrx3l7cwb1pdot7hoexcc8aevlr2mp 2832069 2832030 2026-09-07T17:46:42Z The Citer 3110681 2832069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a ''ginkgo''.]] Ginkgos are a class/phylum/divison of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. ==Information== *Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant *English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree *Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit *Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==References== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgopsida Wikipedia:Ginkgopsida] [[Category:Botany]] 9p6b23dcemrv7yisfk1fgmfmujkr4uo 2832075 2832069 2026-09-07T18:17:30Z The Citer 3110681 You know, the template [link Wikipedia:[Insert text]] or [[Wikipedia:[Insert text]]] does pretty much the same thing. 2832075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a ''ginkgo''.]] Ginkgos are a class/phylum/divison of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. ==Information== *Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant *English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree *Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit *Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==References== [[Wikipedia:Ginkgopsida]] [[Category:Botany]] bbxdoodcbowpj4fq5apz4zo3v5t0jxl 2832078 2832075 2026-09-07T18:28:30Z The Citer 3110681 Seemed to misspell "Ginkgoopsida". 2832078 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a ''ginkgo''.]] Ginkgos are a class/phylum/divison of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. ==Information== *Name Meaning: Ginkgo-like plant *English Common Name: Ginkgo, maidenhair tree *Major distinguishing characteristics: Seeds not protected by fruit *Approximate number of species described: 1 living, about 50 extinct ==References== [[Wikipedia:Ginkgoopsida]] [[Category:Botany]] frpoj2e7eiyei0rlny8jhbc8xsjt110 10 331909 2832031 2026-09-07T16:45:23Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Adapted from [[Template:Nomination]]. 2832031 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|{{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>SUBPAGENAME}}}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting any permission. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> [Reasoning for requesting permissions] <includeonly>~~</includeonly><includeonly>~~</includeonly> ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> mh9dz1v3e7hahthn2bxxjid7oxnzttp 4 331910 2832041 2026-09-07T16:53:27Z Codename Noreste 2969951 + 2832041 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|Codename Noreste}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting any permission. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> Hello, everyone. Although it is not mentioned by the interface administrator policy, I would like to run for permanent interface administrator permissions (since my temporary IA rights are about to expire). My original stated reasoning was because of the ability to adjust interface pages for dark mode support and to adjust the CSS. However, I am familiar with CSS and I would like to be the first permanent interface administrator on English Wikiversity (to perform technical maintenance). See also [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group|this discussion]] for context. I already have 2FA enabled as I hold IA rights on several other projects. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:53, 7 September 2026 (UTC) ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== 6o8zaku8zwgoxvm2hw9fcm2s1jranzm 2832133 2832041 2026-09-07T23:54:51Z Jtneill 10242 /* Codename Noreste (talk • email • contribs • stats • logs • global account) */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2832133 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|Codename Noreste}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting any permission. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> Hello, everyone. Although it is not mentioned by the interface administrator policy, I would like to run for permanent interface administrator permissions (since my temporary IA rights are about to expire). My original stated reasoning was because of the ability to adjust interface pages for dark mode support and to adjust the CSS. However, I am familiar with CSS and I would like to be the first permanent interface administrator on English Wikiversity (to perform technical maintenance). See also [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group|this discussion]] for context. I already have 2FA enabled as I hold IA rights on several other projects. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:53, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : I think we would first need a change to policy which currently only allows for 14 to 120 day IA periods. : Could you summarise recent changes you've made to the en.wv interface? : And what future changes are you planning on making to the en.wv interface? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:54, 7 September 2026 (UTC) ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== 90p4ino6a29vtr2g4m2u3k2tqex20zi 6 331911 2832062 2026-09-07T17:36:36Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832062 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=LCal.9A: Recursion (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} kuh57in3tdtkgd7k0vkyzqvsak7rwya 2 331912 2832067 2026-09-07T17:45:34Z Hổ Đại Ca 3110571 /* */ 2832067 wikitext text/x-wiki Riotgame.com i4u5ivyaaqsgwszm0sjeneoonatzaov 2832068 2832067 2026-09-07T17:45:46Z NDG 3006541 Requesting deletion 2832068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Spam}} __NOINDEX__Riotgame.com aeka6l8zf5vyog31nuk10fm1me0zfxs 2832073 2832068 2026-09-07T17:58:24Z Hổ Đại Ca 3110571 2832073 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__MDM.com 7t67gc3ct1syyfjgi04zij4c9ba85ts 2832085 2832073 2026-09-07T18:52:48Z Hổ Đại Ca 3110571 2832085 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://account.apple.com/account/manage/section/payment|title=Manage your Apple Account|last=Inc.|first=Apple|website=account.apple.com|language=en|access-date=2026-09-07}}</ref> tezgw0c3drhrcyxnyuq1zqa9k1etm01 6 331913 2832071 2026-09-07T17:48:34Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} npl1k1otioxts1lqiyppfrgtd3wgsbw 0 331914 2832074 2026-09-07T18:10:09Z The Citer 3110681 After the 3rd try, it might be it's 1st time being established! 2832074 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Bryophyta|Bryophyte]].]] Mosses are small, non-vascular seedless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (/braɪˈɒfətə/, /ˌbraɪ.əˈfaɪtə/) sensu stricto. Bryophyta sensu lato may also refer to the parent group, bryophytes, which comprises liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. [[Image:Mose09.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This is a [[Plant Divisions (Phyla)/Bryophyta|Bryophyte]].]] ==Information== *Name Meaning: Bryum-like plant, moss plant *English Common Name: Moss *Major distinguishing characteristics: Persistent branched sporophytes, no vascular system *Approximate number of species described: 12,000 *It usually grows on lakes ===Other Facts=== ====DNA Repair==== The moss ''Physcomitrium patens'' has been used as a demonstrative organism to study how plants repair damage to their DNA, especially the repair mechanism known as homologous recombination. ==Classes== *Andreaeobryopsida *Andreaeopsida *Bryopsida *Oedipodiopsida *Sphagnopsida *Takakiopsida *Tetraphidopsida ==References== [[Wikipedia:Moss]] 9ssndsdbyvd54wlss4hhuifbvevftob 6 331915 2832083 2026-09-07T18:51:04Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260902 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832083 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260902 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-07 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} qptj8r6len0rbxdnp5yhg2r776ybrcz 14 331916 2832106 2026-09-07T20:33:03Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 Created page with "[[Category:Wikiversity maintenance]]" 2832106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Wikiversity maintenance]] c4cihfuit8w6j4ubf9ste0e5kzjaicj 1 331918 2832117 2026-09-07T21:28:55Z ~2026-48497-27 3110728 /* All tittle that been block by wiki */ new section 2832117 wikitext text/x-wiki == All tittle that been block by wiki == Unblock it all because it's personal for use. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-48497-27|~2026-48497-27]] ([[User talk:~2026-48497-27|talk]]) 21:28, 7 September 2026 (UTC) eno8wtsr0iywclc0b4s0cm03uipa5ob 2 331919 2832119 2026-09-07T21:29:57Z ~2026-48497-27 3110728 Fixed typo and the contant. 2832119 wikitext text/x-wiki new page in new are. i2vqrcsacaus67zvw3hozwh2s2p0tma 3 331920 2832120 2026-09-07T21:40:26Z Jtneill 10242 Welcome 2832120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User talk||{{error|Error: substitution required. Use <nowiki>{{subst:Welcomeip}}</nowiki> instead.}}[[Category:Template substitution errors]]<div style="display:none;">}}{{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> Hello, and [[Wikiversity:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to [[Wikiversity]]. Thank you for your contributions. Currently, you are [[Help:Editing|editing]] without a permanent account. 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Adding such content or editing articles maliciously is considered [[Wikiversity:Blocking policy|vandalism]]. The [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction]] is a good place to start learning about Wikiversity. For now, if you are stuck, you can ask a question on {{#if:|[[user talk:{{{1}}}|my Talk page]]|my Talk page}}. I will answer your questions as far as I can! Thank you again for contributing to Wikiversity. -- -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 21:40, 7 September 2026 (UTC) </div> {{Robelbox/close}} {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User talk||</div>}} 8omojr86iisrzk80nqbmf9unlnrikfo 3 331921 2832128 2026-09-07T23:04:44Z Jtneill 10242 Welcome 2832128 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], Flickstar888!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Jtneill|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:04, 7 September 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} ih9gslnkrumkhufvwyggyym0bgo7jb1 1 331922 2832140 2026-09-08T00:37:39Z Jtneill 10242 Topic development feedback 2832140 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement <!-- Other ---> # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Very good <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # What are the key theories? <!-- Focus questions --> # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Promising development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underdeveloped # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic # Only use references you have consulted <!-- Systematic reviews --> # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## Insufficient ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Not created – see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]] |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:37, 8 September 2026 (UTC) 6pj4v6z0c3mqrauhy7p1akmigi6nmye 2832142 2832140 2026-09-08T00:39:16Z Jtneill 10242 2832142 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement <!-- Other ---> # Avoid having sections with only 1 sub-heading – use 0 or 2+ sub-headings <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Very good alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure, but there may be room for improvement <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Very good <!-- GenAI ---> # Does this section include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, it needs to be acknowledged as such in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # Add an image to the scenario to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented # What are the key theories? <!-- Focus questions --> # Reasonably good alignment between focus questions and heading structure, but consider closer alignment |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Promising development # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is typical of AI-generated material with minimal human oversight. See [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]] for guidance about ethical and professional practice. <!-- Theory and research --> # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. <!-- GenAI ---> # Do these key points include [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underdeveloped # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider incorporating additional scenarios, examples, or case studies to illustrate key concepts. These could build on the Overview scenario or introduce new real-world situations in the main body of the chapter to demonstrate how the concepts apply in practice. <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic # Only use references you have consulted <!-- Systematic reviews --> # At least one relevant systematic review and/or meta-analysis has been identified |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## Insufficient ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Very brief description about self – consider expanding # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # None summarised on user page with direct link(s) to evidence (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]). Looking ahead to the book chapter, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Socialcontribution|social contributions]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:37, 8 September 2026 (UTC) 9a19wqrkuxlf8awn96503xulkidehvo 3 331923 2832144 2026-09-08T00:41:25Z Jtneill 10242 Welcome 2832144 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome== {{Robelbox|theme=9|title='''[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]], U3284437!'''|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or get in touch with [[User talk:Jtneill|me personally]] if you would like some [[Help:Contents|help]]. Remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature#How to add your signature|sign]] your comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. Using the signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] makes it simple. We invite you to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] and [[Wikiversity|assume good faith]]. Please abide by our [[Wikiversity:Civility|civility]], [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Foundation:Terms of Use|terms of use]] policies. To find your way around, check out: <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Wikiversity:Introduction|Introduction to Wikiversity]] * [[Help:Guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|how to edit]] * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] or visit an educational level portal:<br>[[Portal:Pre-school Education|pre-school]] | [[Portal:Primary Education|primary]] | [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]] | [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]] | [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal]] * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] links in left-hand navigation menu </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] * Learn [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your observations * Discuss issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] </div> <br clear="both"/> To get started, experiment in the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or on [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! ---- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 00:41, 8 September 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} g4o8bnp7ocwx033qessgfhpg0nzh3u6 1 331924 2832167 2026-09-08T04:33:17Z U3285438 3103750 /* Recommendation for 'see also' section */ new section 2832167 wikitext text/x-wiki == Recommendation for 'see also' section == Hi there, Great job on your topic development! I am writing a related chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|emotion dysregulation]], so I enjoyed reading your work thus far. I thought that the links currently listed in your ''See also'' section seem better suited to the ''External links'' section, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FExtended_process_model_of_emotion_regulation&diff=2832166&oldid=2830650 which I have added for you]. It may be worth relocating those links, and including some relevant book chapters or Wikipedia pages instead (e.g., [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Cognitive strategies and emotion regulation|cognitive strategies and emotion regulation]] (Book chapter, 2025)). Best regards. [[User:U3285438|U3285438]] ([[User talk:U3285438|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3285438|contribs]]) 04:33, 8 September 2026 (UTC) p4545m2u2lgyg2occehrgphanmk5vqq 6 331925 2832204 2026-09-08T08:04:26Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832204 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 07mh2xhl4723ri2w0dedgec2lsvmntb 6 331926 2832205 2026-09-08T08:07:15Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832205 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 07mh2xhl4723ri2w0dedgec2lsvmntb 2832206 2832205 2026-09-08T08:08:21Z Young1lim 21186 /* Summary */ 2832206 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2C Multi-Level (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 7kbp0jb8afccv3uh1uwl4iaodlyk4dx 0 331927 2832208 2026-09-08T08:09:56Z Michael Ten 654933 creating direct 2832208 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Basic income]] bhohkogf7t9vytfu5qfspe4tw1ru4xq 6 331928 2832221 2026-09-08T08:43:16Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832221 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} q6wtj7m8ufnrdnsbarrxkvv2t6iotpq 6 331929 2832223 2026-09-08T08:58:58Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832223 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260907 - 20260905) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 1fhssdmwafyhnz7ct6motzm56wqigyu 6 331930 2832226 2026-09-08T09:13:43Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832226 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} bir9batm7wlsqoaqobkfjf5d5vlu20i 1 331931 2832232 2026-09-08T11:14:55Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Overview section */ new section 2832232 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview section == Suggestion about overview section [[User:P U3270518|P U3270518]] ([[User talk:P U3270518|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/P U3270518|contribs]]) 11:14, 8 September 2026 (UTC) qh9sbslnok9u9wpxgnzne0rx2d6bwly 2832233 2832232 2026-09-08T11:19:37Z P U3270518 3106535 suggestion for overview section 2832233 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview section == Hi, Really interesting chapter. Just a suggestion to improve it better. It is a good idea to put your overview section into a feature box so it stands out more. It will make it easier for readers to identify the information. --[[User:P U3270518|P U3270518]] ([[User talk:P U3270518|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/P U3270518|contribs]]) 11:19, 8 September 2026 (UTC) hj29yuc70smmtr14j7us4482wb1p86k 1 331932 2832235 2026-09-08T11:42:42Z P U3270518 3106535 /* See also and external links section */ new section 2832235 wikitext text/x-wiki == See also and external links section == Hello, Interesting chapter. It is good to include sources in parentheses where relevant. You could also consider adding conclusion and take away messages at the end to make main points easier for readers to understand. Thanks [[User:P U3270518|P U3270518]] ([[User talk:P U3270518|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/P U3270518|contribs]]) 11:42, 8 September 2026 (UTC) o5odj990z68ng47noqhx2w31lkzgrgg