Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2835 2832365 2190893 2026-09-09T07:51:26Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832365 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{text default color}}" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{text default color}} padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Theory and Practice of Media Literacy </div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> A resource for scholars and others interested in media literacy. This document was originally developed by graduate students enrolled in BTMM 589, "Theory and Practice of Media Literacy Education" which was taught by Professor Renee Hobbs in the Fall of 2006 at Temple University's School of Communication and Theater. Students enrolled in the course in the Fall of 2007 continue to develop, modify and expand the site, contributing their own understanding of the course readings and critical analysis. <!-- PICTURE ON ONE BOX SECTION - optional -->[[Image: girl_with_poster_2.jpg|right|350px]] <!-- [[Image:Nuvola apps package edutainment.png|right|64px]] --> ;Linked Pages of Interest ;1. [[Media literacy]] ;2. [[Why is Media Literacy Important]] ;3. [[Intellectual Traditions in Media Literacy]] ;4. [[Media Literacy in K-12 Settings]] ;5. [[Great Debates in Media Literacy]] ;6. [[What does Media Literacy look like in Non-School Settings]] ;7. [[Research on Media Literacy]] </div> |} ====Agenda of Media Literacy: Empowerment or Activist?==== Media literacy has developed from two theoretical views: inoculation theory and cultural studies theory. These two views originate from different assumptions about subject matter, how audience is impacted, and how the subject matter is taught (Christ & Potter, 1998). One camp of scholars see the agenda of media literacy as empowering individuals to explore and to control the effects of media on themselves. Another camp sees the agenda of media literacy as transforming society through activist work where individuals are motivated to change institutions to make them more democratic (Christ & Potter, 1998). "Teachers need to consider where they are comfortable on the spectrum of activism…we need to consider what we want ''action'' to mean…Teachers might also make a distinction between how they are personally involved and how they might more safely channel their students’ activities” (Anderson, quoted in Schwarz, p. 236). '''Renee: I wonder what "safely" means in this context. Safe for whom? One of the most wonderful and maddening professors I had as an undergraduate was an English teacher who urged us to engage politically with the world. As in intellectual leadership to urge students to step into activist work or is it essentially coercive? ''' There is a split within media literacy organizations which further illustrate this conflict between empowerment and activism. [The Alliance for a Media Literate America][http://www.amlainfo.org/] (AMLA) situates critical thinking, analysis and creative production at the fore of its mission. Although the [Action Coalition for Media Education] [[http://www.acmecoalition.org/]](ACME), supports a similar mission, they remain driven by an underlying critique of commercial media and corporate involvement in media literacy. Through their work and project materials, ACME further investigates how the media is shaped by advertising, censorship and communication regulations. Critics fear that media literacy education can become a substitute for social and political action. One concept that deserves further exploration is the question of what constitutes ''action''. Among media reform groups, there is often an implicit (and sometimes explicit)hierarchy of what constitutes the most important issues on the reform agenda and what forms of action are more significant. Drawing upon the work of scholarship on ''service learning,'' there is a need for research that examines how students interpret educational experiences which invite them to take various forms of political and social action. ====Conceptual Issues==== Scholars conceptualize and debate over media literacy differently according to a variety of reference points. Christ and Potter (1998) offer a summary of the different approaches to defining the media literacy field and its boundaries. “Media literacy” can be regarded as a public policy issue; a critical cultural issue; a set of pedagogical tools for school teachers; suggestions for parents; a McLuhanesque speculation; or a topic of scholarly inquiry from a physiological, cognitive or anthropological standpoint. Media literacy has also been defined as the study of textual interpretation; of context and ideology; or of the audience. The terms “media” and “literacy” acquire yet additional connotations when considered separately. Studies with a focus on a specific “medium” may favor oral and written language; still and moving images; computers; television; or multimedia. “Literacy”, on the other hand, can be regarded as a skill; as an accumulation of knowledge; or as a perspective on the world (Christ and Potter, 1998). ''''''Applications of media literacy'''''' Media literacy practioners often disagree on media literacy's role within the school curriculum. For example, some practitioners of media literacy in higher education aim to train students in a specific skill they will need to acquire a job. This approach to media literacy is challenged by practioners who believe this focus is too narrow. The latter approach focuses on the importance of educating students in a broad manner to participate in a complex society (Christ & Potter, 1998). '''Practioner Coalitions for Media Education Progression''' History has proven that a people are stronger and make more progress when united for a common goal. In the case of media education the same lesson applies. According to media literacy strategist Kathleen Tyner, ‘by emphasizing the central goal of teaching about the media in order to develop democratic citizenship skills, successful coalitions can be formed to overcome barriers to media education in the United States.’ It is with this premise in mind that Tyner identifies 4 categories to which media education currently falls under in ''The Tale of the Elephant: Media Education in the United States''. Tyner gives both the traditional problems with each stance and shares the changes that educators are making to improve curriculum. ''Protectionism'' This view states that educators act as the ‘gatekeepers’ and ‘arbitrators’ of taste. Tyner points out that because protectionist are always on the defense to popular culture, they approach change through a ‘knee-jerk political response to educational reform’ that reaps ‘disjointed funding and confused teaching practices in the United States.’ As media becomes more and more entertaining and pleasurable, and as students grow in their skepticism to educators being the vessels of truth, this conservative view leaves little room for effective teaching of what quality culture is or is not. ''Technology Education'' Tyner notes that much of what is considered media education currently in America falls in this category and is favored for its perpetuation of job readiness through student acquisition of technology skills. Problems arise in its computer-centered approach which discounts other needed media skills, its avoidance of technology’s influence on content, as well as its partnerships with communications corporations whose motivations are typically self-serving. ''Media Arts Education'' This category focuses on the self-expression and creativity of students. The funding and participation of educators, media professionals, and out-of-school programs is growing in this area. The problem lies in the risk that as students gain confidence and positive self-esteem through their creations, they misinterpret empowerment. According to Tyner, ‘true self-esteem that enables students to give back to their communities grows out of a mastery of skills, and also out of identifying, analyzing and overcoming the daily erosion of human dignity in an unjust society.’ ''Democracy Education'' The development of citizenship skills is critical for educators of this stance. The problem is the lack of good examples in the daily operations of American schools. It’s hard to teach citizenship when the very institution they teach in contradicts what they say. Furthermore, as classrooms become more culturally diverse the lack of diversity in textbooks reflects the challenge of teaching critical analysis of media representation. Despite theses problems and other barriers identified, there is hope. Tyner states, ‘they are beginning to see past their blinkers in order to forge common goals and objectives, long-range planning and practical ideas for implanting media education in the United States.’ For the sake of the future of media education, I hope she is right. ==== Media Literacy as a Special Subject or Integrated Across the Curriculum ==== Whether media literacy should be taught as its own specialist subject or integrated throughout the curriculum of science, social studies, history, the arts, and literature depends on a school's context of educational policy, funding, administration, and teachers. Media literacy can be integrated into classrooms most easily by teachers discussing the media texts they use in the classroom. Hobbs (1998) gives the example of a ninth-grade science teacher who had students visually analyze two different documentaries about the Exxon-Valdez oil spill disaster--one produced by Jacques cousteau and the other by Exxon. Buckingham (2003) argues for media education across the curriculum in all subjects. Media education can work with a wide range of subject areas and address learning objectives, as "many media education activities involve competencies such as literacy and numeracy, as well as skills in areas such as technology, problem-solving and research" (Buckingham, 2003, p. 89). Buckingham (2003) explains how media education can be studied in history, science, foreign languages, and music (pp. 90-91). On the other hand, media literacy as a separate subject usually happens as a "pragmatic option" yet it can be successful. For instance, the University of Maryland offers a popular Media Literacy course to undergraduates as part of their core courses. Integrating media literacy across the curriculum may enhance each subject, however the downfall is that teachers may be untrained in media literacy and incoherently include key media literacy concepts. Teaching media literacy as a separate course would provide a coherent coverage of media analysis and production, but the course may be marginalized as a "soft option" that is seen as less rigorous than traditional subjects (Buckingham, 2003). ====Focus on Popular Culture==== As Hobbs (1998) points out in the "Great Debates" article, some teachers worry that the texts of popular culture are not rich enough, not substantial enough, to warrant significant levels of attention in the classroom. English teachers, at both the high school and college levels, often use texts that speak about the human condition in ways that reflect the deeply humanistic orientation of their field. This idea is often dismissed by those approaching the field from the perspective of cultural studies. Some, like John Fiske, claim that the texts of mass media and popular culture are just as rich and nuanced as classic works of literature, but that they reflect different values than those found in the literary canon. Others, like Robert Scholes, acknowledge that the texts of mass media and popular culture may often be more simplistic than literary texts, but that the reading process can be made more complex in responding to these texts. While most educators agree that the inclusion of mass media and popular culture connects to students' lived experience and increased perceived relevance, some media literacy educators prefer to focus on those classic works of film and visual media that have "stood the test of time." ====Financing Media Literacy Efforts: Accept Funding from Media Corporations?==== A rift in the field exists between those that believe media literacy efforts should not accept any corporate sponsorship or funding from media corporations (Heins & Cho, 2003), and those that believe that accepting funding from media organizations is an opportunity to advance the field and carry out projects that might otherwise go unfunded. For instance, The Alliance for a Media Literate America (AMLA) accepts funds from a variety of sources including media corporations, but the AMLA includes several restrictions in its operational policies, such as not being fully dependent on corporate funders, not allowing them to vote on issues related to AMLA, and not accepting direction or policy from the corporate interests (Alliance For a Media Literate America, 2005). Conversely, others believe that accepting funding for media literacy initiatives from media corporations is like sleeping with the enemy. Citizens for Media Literacy, for example, does not accept any funding from media corporations because they believe it is a conflict of interest and they stand a philosophical ground against Big Media (Heins & Cho, 2003). Thus, the issue of accepting funding from media corporations has created divisions between those in the media literacy movement. ====The Role of the "Practitioner" in Media Literacy==== While the ultimate goals of media literacy are being debated, so are the approaches. This is not only debated in the k-12 setting, but also in higher education. The question remains - is it more helpful to bring in a person representing the current hierarchical media system or is it more beneficial to bring in a representative that will explain new advancements in technology? Advancements that will progress the future of media – challenge the current the media systems (Christ and Potter, 1998)? Which option is a media educator to choose? Being as that two levels( K-12 and higher education) intertwine (both levels are encouraging/creating practitioners), following and implementing the current media systems would ultimately defeat the premise behind media literacy. This leads to Blanchard and Christ’s idea that there are two different types of learning experiences – media workshops and laboratories. The former is based on the current systems of management and content. While the latter challenges all of the current ideals and make recommendations for the future (Christ and Potter, 1998). The latter is favored by Blanchard and Christ as these laboratories will most likely encourage students who want to become practitioners, to improve these media industry outlets (Christ and Potter, 1998). ====The Role of the Teacher in Media Literacy==== The role of the teacher is questioned by many media literacy scholars. Some scholars advocate that media literacy can contribute to a nonhierarchical classroom environment. The teacher student relationship becomes based on "reflection and dialogue" (Christ & Potter, 1998). Other scholars insist this method is contradictory; a teacher cannot be the bearer of truth and an "equal partner in dialogue"(Christ & Potter, 1998, p. 11). ====Traditional v. Nonhierarchical Teaching Methods==== Effective media literacy programs create an environment for students to find questions in need of answering. A non-traditional method of teaching is needed to foster this kind learning where student-teacher interaction creates a democratic learning environment. The teacher becomes an equal in the inquiry of the media, contrary to his or her traditional hierarchical role as the all-knowing mentor. Many see this as an opportunity for students to learn how to learn independently of the traditional system but others see it as jeopardizing the teacher’s authority and professionalism (Christ & Potter, 1998). ====Application Issues==== '''Curriculum''' Among the many aspects of the on-going discussion, scholars are grappling with the issue of whether or not to include the teaching of the aesthetics and the language of media production in Media Literacy curricula. Those in favor claim that that learning the techniques of production leads to an increased awareness of the construction of media messages and their underlying meanings, which in turn could potentially foster the much desired attitude of skepticism. In opposition, others argue that this inclusion could, instead of developing a critical attitude, lead to the students being 'seduced' into mindless imitation of such media constructions. Still others encourage training students in media production for the purpose of instilling in them a proactive attitude and will to 'better' the 'status quo' of the industry (Christ & Potter, 1998). Besides the purpose and content of curriculum, scholars have also found varying approaches to the structure of Media Literacy programs. In some, media studies is a distinct discipline; in others media education is an element within a curriculum or across the entire curriculum; and for others, it is incorporated as a topic within an intergrated, interdisciplinary curriculum. Each has their objectives and governing ideologies, but is ultimately determined by 'resources and will' (Christ & Potter, 1998). Hobbs and Frost through a study in 1995, demonstrated that Media Literacy was most effective when integrated across disciplines. Project Look Sharp also advocates (through its various publications) the incorporating of media education into existing curricula as opposed to having it as a distinct course, claiming that this approach is not just more effective, but also less burdensome on the teachers (Heins & Cho, 2003). Instead of defining media literacy with a certain set of skill or knowledge, it can be looked at in terms of the key concepts of production, language, representation and audience. This is advantageous because “it does not specify particular objects of study (a ‘canon’ of prescribed texts, for example); and this enables media education to remain responsive to students’ interests and enthusiasms” (Buckingham, 2003, p. 53). The ''production'' of media texts is important to study in order to make connections between media, better know the industry structure, technologies and regulations and how media texts are accessed and made. The ''language'' of media looks at meanings, conventions and codes found in texts as well as recognizing genres, decisions of language choices and how technology can change its meaning. When students investigate bias, stereotyping, authenticity and realism in texts they are learning how influences manipulate ''representations'' of reality in the media. Who the media address, how and why they address them, and how receivers of media make sense and use it is all explored under the key concept of ''audience''. Students interactively address these concepts through exercises in which they research and produce media, log and reflect on diaries of their own media use, and critically compare and analyze media texts (Buckingham, 2003). This allows students to draw on their own experiences with media, keeping them interested and utilizing texts that are relevant to the child’s social experiences. This can help lessen the dilemma of the student’s social background affecting the teacher’s ability to assess and create curricula. '''Renee: I'm not sure what is meant by the 'dilemma of the student's background.' It is important to talk about how social class affects media discourse and taste.It is also important to not only look critically at mainstream texts, but to think about how "alternative" media function.''' '''Teaching''' '''Assessment''' Since institutional support for media literacy in K-12 programs translates into funding, assessment and outcomes are central elements of a politicized debate over media literacy assessment standards and methods (Christ and Potter, 1998). There are arguments on whether assessment should focus on knowledge, skills, behavior, attitudes, affect, values or other concepts. Christ and Potter (1998) point to the two (out of 23) most relevant to media literacy standards developed by the National Communication Association as the closest approximation to "certified" national guidelines, which measure an understanding of media's impact and media use. How “media literate” a child is does not depend specifically on their age, grade level, or level of literacy in general, but depends more on the child’s social background and experience with media. The child’s level of media literacy should not be accessed by a set of vocabulary or notions of media theory at certain ages. Children are empowered by questioning media texts and their reality or meaning. These critical reflections of media are related to a socializing function in which children can demonstrate their critical competence. Therefore, their social background is important in observing their level of literacy. This “suggests that making sense of the media is not simply a matter of what goes on inside children’s heads: it is an interpersonal phenomenon, in which social interests and identities are unavoidably at stake” (Buckingham, 2003, p. 48). This can create a great deal of difficulty for the media literacy instructor who may have students from a variety of different social backgrounds. The more diverse the student body, the more difficulty the teacher will probably have in not only assessing the student but creating curricula to benefit everyone. ====Media Literacy for What Ends? Creativity, Vocationalism, Critical Thinking==== When addressing the application of media literacy in the higher education classroom setting, many media education programs in the United States look at the purpose of their curriculum as a way to prepare students to work in media industry after they graduate. They focus only on their task to make their pupils technically efficient and competent in writing for media. But this often overlooks the need to make their students literate in reading media texts critically and not just producing them. The practitioner oriented approach can be problematic if you have professional newscasters speak to students about how to create the “status quo” news broadcast unless you can counter it by reviewing the presentation through a critical lens afterwards (Christ & Potter, 1998). ''Media education for Vocation'' Because media literacy debates often relate k-12, vocational purpose is rarely discussed. However, in the US, the mission of media education programs in higher education is to train students to have the competitive ability to get a job in a media industry. Such a limited focus has been questioned by works in the media literacy field. The consequences for not having courses of production and writing skills for employment but educating students to be media literate citizens need to be further discussed. (Christ & Potter, 1998) ''Media literacy for Critical Thinking'' Developing critical thinking has been one of the major educational goals for media literacy because it is believed to enhance people’s intellectual development. Being media literate includes adopting critical stance toward popular culture. During the early stage of media literacy, critical viewing skills were encouraged to counteract the presumed negative effects of media violence. However, critical thinking skills in this more media embedded society are advocated for young people to be able to deconstruct the messages, to see producers and senders of the message and to analyze the purpose of the message. Young people’s critical stance toward popular culture can help them to fully acknowledge and appreciate the complexity, creativity and potential of the mass media. (Heins & Cho, 2003) ====Old Media Literacy vs. New Media Literacy==== ====Protectionism vs. Empowerment==== Many media literacy educators oppose the "protectionist" approach to media literacy, which focuses on preventing children from consuming "objectionable" media messages. These educators feel that by labeling certain media messages as "bad" and others as "good", there is a strong possibility of alienating students. Bob McCannon, head of the New Mexico Media Literacy Project, insists that protectionist media literacy helps students to analyze and criticize mass media. Critics assert that this philosophy merely teaches students to pass value judgments on popular media instead of employing critical analysis skills ([http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html The Free Expression Policy Project]). One critic of the protectionist method is Goodman, who advocates that after school programs "move beyond models of prevention and protection" (Goodman, 2003, p. 104) to the learner-centered, youth empowerment model. The former, instead of encouraging decision-making, ownership, and actively engaging students in community problem-solving, often treats students as "passive recipients of knowledge" (p. 104), focusing more on the problems that need fixing, and failing to initiate the involvement that is required to tackle these issues. Media literacy is especially important to students from disadvantaged backgrounds as a means of empowerment over their environment. Many students from low-income families also have poor vocabularies and writing skills. Other forms of media that they can identify with and are literate in like music, television and film, allow them to express themselves where writing would not. “As producers, authors, and artists fluent in multuple literacies, inner-city youth can frame their own place in society” (Goodman, 2003, p. 31). ====Media Literacy and Media Advocacy==== Goodman (2003) through his work with the youth at the Educational Video Center, has demonstrated the power of both the 'process' and the 'product' of the students' work in procuring both social and political capital. The development of vital relationships with community leaders, the building of social networks, the creation of work that serves as leverage for disseminating information and stimulating action in the community, are a few reflections of how his "media production students find a unity of purpose in their learning as students, their work as artists, and their engagement as citizens" (p.107). Buckingham (2003) makes a firm stance on the Protectionism-Empowerment continuum, strongly advocating for a shift in the curricular paradigm towards goals of 'preparation'. From this same perspective, he acknowledges the importance of harnessing the 'participatory potential' of the newer technologies for the development of students' creativity through conscious incoporation of media production in the classrooms; one of the benefits of which is the "enabling [of] their voices to be heard" (p.14). Although he vocalizes his support for the much-debated practical aspects of media literacy, he seems cautious in awarding it the status of a potential tool in the hands of youth for garnering social capital. He dismisses the positions of technological or 'media' determinists - Postman and Tapscott - who in viewing the relationship between childhood and media technologies, propound a more direct link between technology and social change. He claims that "technologies do not produce social changes irrespective of how they are used" (p. 23) but yet recognizes youth as 'cultural producers' given their increased access to and participation in new technologies. He is careful to discern "consumer sovereignty masquerading as... cultural rights" (p. 31) in the larger discourse of 'childrens' rights' and is hesitant to accept claims of children as 'independent social and political actors'. Yet in spite of Buckingham's insistent disunion between media production and social currency, he places media literacy in the larger social theory of literacies - a theory that implies that "acquiring literacy (in whatever form) makes possible social action" (p. 39). It seems that Buckingham recognizes the possible theoretical links between media literacy, media production and social action but is yet to be convinced of these practically playing out. Although he declares some of these claims 'exaggerated', it would be problematic to entirely dismiss the potential of media production as a catalyst to not only general literacy, possible cognitive and psychological change, but also social change. Consider and discuss the following quote: :''"For media production in order to become really emancipatory, it is necessary that the means of production, the media infrastructure, is controlled by the public"'' (Ebersbach & Glaser, 2004, p. 74) ====Role of Media Corporations==== There has been much debate over the role of media corporations in the media literacy movement. Some scholars believe that media corporations should not be part of the media literacy movement, since their main goal is monetary profit, not an educated audience. Others believe that since media corporations provide access to mass audiences, it is beneficial to have media literacy experts working within these structures as well as outside of them. Some media corporations have created their own media literacy programs and/or offered corporate funding to media educators. Many media literacy experts view this as a conflict of interest. According to [http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html The Free Expression Policy Project]: "The conflict over corporate sponsorship also highlights a philosophical rift between those who focus on analysis of media content and those who view the structure of the media industry as an equally important concern." ''Channel One'' One example of the controversy involves [http://www.channelone.com/ Channel One], which "had been widely criticized as a cynical and educationally dubious marketing scheme that sold a captive audience of schoolchildren to advertisers" ([http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html The Free Expression Policy Project], 2003). The school district of Billerica, Massachusetts took advantage of Channel One's offer to provide schools with media equipment in exchange for broadcasting 12 minutes of news and two minutes of advertising to students daily. The school district received much criticism for this decision, and in 1992 they hired Renee Hobbs to create a comprehensive program to train teachers to teach media literacy using Channel One. Hobbs later became a paid consultant to Channel One. In 1999, Channel One was a sponsor of The National Media Education Conference. Due to this sponsorship, several media literacy experts refused to attend. In addition, conference organizers were pressured to create a special meeting to discuss the controversy over Channel One's sponsorship. The debate over Channel One continued long after the conference. According to [http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html The Free Expression Policy Project]: <blockquote>In one post-conference note to a media literacy listserv, Renee Hobbs recounted how she had been "deeply troubled" by Channel One's presence in classrooms when first approached by the Billerica School District, but eventually found that it provided "regular daily opportunity for a media literacy lesson." In particular, she said, Channel One's teen-directed advertising made teachers acutely aware of the need to teach media literacy skills. Hobbs accused "ivory tower" colleagues of demonizing Channel One, which, she pointed out, was now received by 40% of U.S. secondary schools (Renee Hobbs, e-mail communication to media-l@nmsu.edu, Dec. 22, 1999). Bob McCannon of the New Mexico Media Literacy Project responded to Hobbs: "You, for better or worse and, undoubtedly, with the sincerest motives, are now a paid part of the PR process" (Bob McCannon, e-mail communication to media-l@nmsu.edu, Dec. 22, 1999). McCannon told journalist Manning that "media literacy is being hijacked by corporate interests who are using the movement to buy legitimacy and deflect criticism of their products." Hobbs responded: "If I gave workshops every day for the rest of my life, I could never reach the eight million children Channel One reaches every day." (Manning, "Channel One Enters the Media Literacy Movement" as cited in [http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html The Free Expression Policy Project])</blockquote> ====References==== [[Category:Media literacy]] *Buckingham, D. (2003). ''Media Education: Literacy, Learning, and Contemporary Culture.'' Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press. *Christ, W. & Potter, W. (1998, Winter). Media literacy, media education, and the academy. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 5-15. *Ebersbach, A., Glaser, M. (2004) Towards emancipatory use of a medium: the wiki, International Journal of Information Ethics, Vol. 2, November 2004, pp. 70-77. Available online from: http://www.i-r-i-e.net/issue_2.htm *Goodman, S. (2003). ''Teaching Youth Media: A Critical Guide to Literacy, Video Production & Social Change.'' New York, NY: Teachers College Press. *Heins, M. & Cho, C. (2003). Media Literacy: An Alternative to Censorship. ''The Free Expression Policy Project.'' Retrieved September 29, 2006, from http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/medialiteracy2d.html *Tyner, K. (1993). The Tale of the Elepahnt: Media Education in the United States. In C. Bazalgette, E. Bevort & J. Savino (Eds.), ''New Directions: Media Education Worldwide''. London: British Film Institute (pp. 170-176). [[Category: Media]] [[Category: Media studies]] [[Category: Media literacy]] [[Category:Teaching]] [[Category:Curriculum]] hbu4jlh88x5ts5au6qw9uz85f12hxhv 0 2849 2832272 1959596 2026-09-08T18:34:04Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832272 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: LimeGreen; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|left|64px|]] [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|right|64px|]] {{center top}}[[Topic:Electrical Engineering|Wikiversity Electrical Engineering School]]<br>The Lessons in<br>ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS COURSE{{center bottom}} |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | ==Circuit Analysis Part II (Laws & Theorems)== This part is an introduction to some useful Electric Circuit Laws and theorems. You are encouraged to master the theorems and laws that will be discussed herein as they form a basis upon which most Circuit analysis methods are built. ==Lesson Review== What you need to remember from Previous Lessons. * Review all lessons thus far ( i,e Read and be sure you understand lesson reviews done thus far ) == Lesson 5: Preview == This Lesson is about Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson. * Remember what was learned in Passive sign convention, You can go back and revise Lesson 1. * Define Kirchhoff's Voltage Law ( word-by-word ). * Kirchhoff's Voltage Law: <math>\sum_nv_n = v_4 + v_1 + v_2 + v_3 = 0</math> | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| {{Circuit Analysis Courses Content}} |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 1: Kirchhoff's Voltage Law == [[w:Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff|Kirchhoff's]] Voltage Law states: <blockquote> ''The algebraic sum of the [[voltage]]s around a closed circuit path must be zero.'' </blockquote> Notice that a closed circuit path insists that if one circuit element is chosen as a starting point, then one must be able to traverse the circuit elements in that loop and return to the element in the beginning. Mathematically, The Kirchhoff's Voltage Law is given by :<math>\sum_nv_n = 0</math> For reference, this law is sometimes called '''Kirchhoff's Second Law''', '''Kirchhoff's Loop Rule''', and '''Kirchhoff's Second Rule'''. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 2:Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (Cont...)== {{image|name=KVL.png|width=200px|pad=10px|caption=<p style="text-align:center;">'''Figure 5.1''': <math>v_4 + v_1 + v_2 + v_3 = 0</math></p>|float=right}} We observe five voltages in Figure 5.1: <br> v₄ across a voltage source, and the four voltages v₁, v₂, v₃ and v₅ across the resistors R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₅, respectively. <br> The voltage source and resistors R₁, R₂ and R₃ comprise a closed circuit path, thus the sum of the voltages v₄, v₁, v₂ and v₃ must be zero: <br> :<math>\sum_nv_n = v_4 + v_1 + v_2 + v_3 = 0</math> <br> The resistor R₅ is outside the closed path in question, and thus plays no role in the calculation of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law for this path. (Note that alternate closed paths can be defined which include the resistor R₅. In these cases, the voltage v₅ across R₅ must be considered in calculating Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.) |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}};border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 3== Now, if we take the point ''d'' in the image as our reference point and arbitrarily set its voltage to zero, we can observe how the voltage changes as we traverse the circuit clockwise. <br> Going from point ''d'' to point ''a'' across the voltage source, we experience a voltage increase of v₄ volts (as the symbol for the voltage source in the image indicates that point ''a'' is at a positive voltage with respect to point ''d''). <br> On traveling from point ''a'' to point ''b'', we cross a resistor. We see clearly from the diagram that, since there is only a single voltage source, current must flow from it's positive terminal to its negative terminal--clockwise around the circuit path. Thus from [[Ohm's Law]], we observe that the voltage drops from point ''a'' to point ''b'' across resistor R₁. <br> Likewise, the voltage drops across resistors R₂ and R₃. Having crossed R₂ and R₃, we arrive back at point ''d'', where our voltage is zero (just as we defined). So we experienced one increase in voltage and three decreases in voltages as we traversed the circuit. <br> The implication from Kirchhoff's Voltage Law is that, in a simple circuit with only one voltage source and any number of resistors, the voltage drop across the resistors is equal to the voltage applied by the voltage source: :<math>v_4 = v_1 + v_2 + v_3</math> Kirchhoff's Voltage Law is a direct result of the electromagnetism force being a conservative one, i.e. the work done by the force on an electron is independent of the route taken, and depends only on the endpoints of motion. This is analogous to the electrons in circuits experiencing voltage drops and rises across circuit elements, and so KVL is true for any closed loop where the net displacement of an electron following the path of the loop is zero. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law can easily be extended to circuitry that contains capacitors. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 4 : Example == {{image|name=EE-102-L05-Fig2.jpg|width=250px|pad=10px|caption=<p style="text-align:center;">'''Figure 5.2: Example 1'''</p>|float=left}} Consider Figure 5.2 with the following Parameters: :<math>V_1 = 15V</math> :<math>V_2 = 7V</math> :<math>R_1 = 20\Omega</math> :<math>R_2 = 5\Omega</math> :<math>R_3 = 10\Omega</math> Find current through <math>R_3</math> using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. <br> <br> <br> <br> <u>'''Solution:'''</u> {{image|name=EE-102-L05-Fig3.jpg|width=250px|pad=10px|caption=<p style="text-align:center;">'''Figure 5.3: Example 1 loops'''</p>|float=right}} We can see that there are two closed paths (loops) where we can apply KVL in, Loop 1 and 2 as shown in figure 5.3 '''<u>From Loop 1 we get:</u>''' :<math>V_1 - V_{R3} - V_{R1} = 0</math> <u>'''From Loop 2 we get:'''</u> :<math>V_2 + V_{R3} - V_{R2} = 0</math> A bit confused? Sorry. But look at the explanation in Part 3 of this lesson and review the [[../Passive Sign Convention/]]. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 5 : Example (Continued)== The above results can further be simplified as follows: <math>V_1 - (I_1 - I_2)*R_3 - I_1*R_1 = 0 </math> <br> <br> <math>I_2 = \frac{I_1\times{(R_3+R_1)} - V_1}{R_3}</math> ..... (1) and <br> <br> <math>V_2 + (I_1 - I_2)*R_3 - I_2*R_2 = 0 </math> <br> <br> <math>I_2 = \frac{I_1\times{R_3} + V_2}{R_2 + R_3}</math> ..... (2) <br> <br> By equating above (1) and (2) we can eliminate <math>I_2</math> and hence get the following: <br> <br> <math>I_1 = \frac{V_2*R_3 + V_1*(R_2+R_3)}{(R_2+R_3)(R_3+R_1)-R_{3}^{2}}</math> ..... (3) We end up with the above three equations and now substitute the values given in the above equations and solve the variables. <br> <br> If you feel lost up to this point, do go back to the beginning of the example and try it out again. Think of this as just another mathematical problem requiring solving by use of simultaneous equations with two unknowns! Notice that we work with variables only and try to solve the equation to its simplest form. Only after arriving at a simplified equation can we then substitute in the values of resistors, voltages and currents. This can save you a lot of trouble because, if you go wrong you can easily trace your work to the problem. | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 6 : Example (Continued) == It should be clear that: from (3) <br> <br> <math>\begin{matrix}\ I_1 &=& \frac{(7V)*(10\Omega) + (15V)*(15\Omega)}{(15\Omega)*(30\Omega)-(10\Omega)^{2}} \\ \ \\ \ &=& \frac{295}{350} \\ \ \\ \ & = & 0.843A \end{matrix}</math>. Substitute the above result into (2) <math>\begin{matrix}\ I_2 &=& \frac{(7V)+(0.843A\times{10\Omega})}{15\Omega} \\ \ \\ \ &=& \frac{15.43V}{15\Omega} \\ \ \\ \ & = & 1.029A \end{matrix}</math>. <br> <br> The positive sign for <math>I_2</math> only tells us that Current <math>I_2</math> flows in the same direction to our initial assumed direction. Thus now we can calculate Current through <math>R_3</math> as follows: <br> <math>\begin{matrix}\ I_{R3} &=& (I_1 - I_2) \\ \ \\ \ &=& 0.843A -(1.029A) \\ \ \\ \ & = & -0.186A \end{matrix}</math>. The Negative sign for <math>I_{R3}</math> is the result of <math>I_1</math> < <math>I_2</math>, which tells us that Current <math>I_2</math> is stronger than <math>I_1</math> resulting in <math>I_{R3}</math> flowing in the same direction as the stronger Current <math>I_2</math>. If you are lost repeat this example and try to follow the logic, otherwise just send a message to the course instructor as outlined in Part 8. |} {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | == Part 7: == The method used to solve the above problem is very tedious, when the complexity of the circuit is increased the method becomes very cumbersome and almost impossible to use in solving circuit equations. This method is used just to illustrate KVL in this lesson. In Lesson 08, a more efficient method of solving these kinds of circuit problems using KVL is introduced in a form of mesh analysis. Try the following exercise on your own and compare your answers with the given possible solution. ==Exercise 5== {{image|name=EE-102-L05-Fig4.jpg|width=250px|pad=10px|caption=<p style="text-align:center;">'''Figure 5.4: Exercise 5'''</p>|float=right}} Consider Figure 5.4 with the following Parameters: :<math>V_1 = 15V</math> :<math>V_2 = 7V</math> :<math>R_1 = 20\Omega</math> :<math>R_2 = 5\Omega</math> :<math>R_3 = 10\Omega</math> Find current through <math>R_3</math> using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. ---- *'''[[/Answers/|Answers to Exercise 5]]''' | style="width: 50%; background-color: PaleGreen;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 2px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="1"| == Part 8: == <u>'''Further Reading Links:'''</u> * [[w:Kirchhoff's circuit laws|Kirchhoff's circuit laws]] <u>'''References:'''</u> * [[w:James W. Nilsson|Nilsson, James W.]] and [[w:Susan A. Riedel|Riedel, Susan A.]] ''Electric Circuits (5th ed.).'' Addison-Wesley. (1996).{{ISBN|020155707X}} [[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|right|64px|]] ==Completion list== Once you finish your Exercises you can post your score here! To post your score just e-mail your course co-ordinator your name and score *{{email|user=Thuvack|subject=Question on EE 102: Simple Resistive circuits|text=Click Here}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]. *#… *#… *#… *#… *#… *#… *#… |} {{Template:EE102 page turner |PreviousLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Resistors in Parallel |PreviousPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Circuit Analysis Quiz 1 |NextPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Kirchhoff%27s Current_Law |LessonFirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis/Simple Resistive Circuits |NextLesson= Electric Circuit Analysis/Kirchhoff%27s Current_Law |FirstPage= Electric Circuit Analysis }} [[Category:Electric circuits analysis]] [[Category:Physics]] 649pq2ibskjkc0kl5gehszctf12dfr0 0 6072 2832403 2783785 2026-09-09T10:14:35Z Michael Ten 654933 added top part and == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas == 2832403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nanotechnology''' involves technologies that utilizes distances that are measured in terms of a billionth of a meter. == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and learning related AI prompt ideas == * What is the current state of the art of nanotechnology? * How can nanotechnology be applied to robotics potentially? * What are potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine and biotechnology? ==Learning resources and projects== * [[School:Nanotechnology]] * [[Nanotechnology readings]] * [[Electron Beam Lithography]] ==See also== * [[School:Engineering]] ==External links== * [https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mfyu/www/ One nanotech researcher's website] * [http://cmm.mrl.uiuc.edu/ Center for Microanalysis of Materials] - at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign * The [http://www.nano.gov/html/edu/home_edu.html Education Center] of the national nanotechnology initiative which provides [http://www.nano.gov/html/edu/eduunder.html a list of university programs]. * [http://www.stayclean.at/eng/nanotechnologie.php A company offering biologically inspired surface coatings using nanotechnology] * [http://www.nanotech.utdallas.edu/ University of Dallas Nanotech Institute] * [http://nanoed.org/ NanoEd Resource Portal] A repository of nano-related courses, conceptual materials, simulations, seminars, college degree programs and other resources. * [http://freescienceonline.blogspot.com/2007/06/nanotechnology-university-video.html Nanotechnology lectures] * [http://www.understandingnano.com UnderstandingNano Website] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-76-multi-scale-system-design-fall-2004/index.htm Multi-Scale System Design - MIT (2004)] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-340-nano-life-an-introduction-to-virus-structure-and-assembly-fall-2005/ Nano-life: An Introduction to Virus Structure and Assembly - MIT (2005)] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-57-nano-to-macro-transport-processes-spring-2012/ Nano-to-Macro Transport Processes - MIT (2012)] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-781j-submicrometer-and-nanometer-technology-spring-2006/ Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology - MIT (2006)] === Scholarly papers === * [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5767/1580?ijkey=tXo7TvfX0UwDw&keytype=ref&siteid=sci Fuel-Powered Artificial Muscles] === Open source software === * [http://sourceforge.net/projects/sxmpp SXM++] - Program to capture data from scanning tunneling microscopes :<small>[[/Related news archives|Archives]]</small> [[Category:Nanotechnology| ]] [[Category:Engineering]] [[Category:Materials science|*]] 2t4h577o2ij204lnbfpzypefkybmisl 0 7637 2832297 2830056 2026-09-09T00:44:38Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832297 wikitext text/x-wiki Learning a different alphabet may seem daunting at first, but Greek characters are very similar to the Latin ones English speakers are used to. Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the {{w|Phoenicians}}, who were the first recorded civilization to create one; Latin similarly developed from Greek and other languages. The word alphabet itself comes from the words '''alpha''' and '''beta''', which come from the even older letters Aleph and Bet. It's a lot to take in at one go, so don't feel bad if you fail to remember all of these immediately. You will have plenty of time to get these characters under your belt. When you feel ready, try to convert some Greek into English and some English into Greek below. == Greek Orthography == Ancient Greek is a '''phonetic''' language. {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation !!Notes |- |Α α||alpha||a like hat||ambiguous vowel |- |Β β/ϐ||beta||b like boy, later v like vase||β at the beginning of the word, ϐ inside |- |Γ γ||gamma||g like good, later y like yes||[[w:Voiced velar nasal|[ŋ]]] when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and μ |- |Δ δ||delta||d like dad|| |- |Ε ε/ϵ||epsilon||ĕ like '''a'''te|| |- |Ζ ζ||zeta||z like '''zd'''raví, later z like zoo|| |- |Η η||eta||ē like help|| |- |Θ θ/ϑ||theta||th [tʰ] like too, later th like thick||<u>never</u> pronounced like 'th' in 'this' |- |Ι ι||iota||i like h'''e'''||ambiguous vowel |- |Κ κ/ϰ||kappa||k like kick|| |- |Λ λ||lambda||l like look|| |- |Μ μ||mu||m like moon|| |- |Ν ν||nu||n like noon|| |- |Ξ ξ||xi||x like axe|| |- |Ο ο||omicron||ŏ like oak|| |- |Π π/ϖ||pi||p like port|| |- |Ρ ρ/ϱ||rho||r like Spanish a'''rr'''oz||pronounced [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar trills|[r̥]]] with rough-breathing |- |Σ σ/ς||sigma||s like see||'ς' is used at a word's end. |- |Τ τ||tau||t like tall|| |- |Υ υ||upsilon||u [[w:Close front rounded vowel| [y]]] like French tu||ambiguous vowel |- |Φ φ||phi||ph like u'''ph'''old, later f like fit|| |- |Χ χ||chi||kh like '''k'''idding, later ch like loch|| |- |Ψ ψ||psi||ps like lapse|| |- |Ω ω||omega||ō [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔː]]] like God|| |} Alpha, iota, and upsilon are the only ambiguous vowels, meaning they can be short (marked by the macron ‘ᾰ’) or long (breve ‘ᾱ’). Ancient authors used the macron and breve to indicate syllable weight in poetic meters. For instance, a [[w:Dactyl (poetry)|dactyl]] in poetry is – ◡ ◡. Ancient Greek had a true length distinction, which relates to the language’s rhythm and vowel contractions. ==Obsolete Letters== By ~403, the following letters were lost: {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation |- | Ϝ/Ͷ ϝ/ͷ||Wau/Digamma||'w' as in 'why' |- | Ϛ ϛ||Stigma||'st' as in 'stay' |- | Ͱ/┤ ͱ/𐌝||Heta||'h' as 'hope' |- | M ϻ||San||'s' as in 'seed' |- | Ϸ ϸ||Sho||'sh' as in 'shy' |- | Ϙ ϙ/ϟ||Koppa||'k' as in 'kite' |- | Ͳ/Ϡ ͳ/ϡ||Sampi||long 's' as in 'site' |} == Two-Letter Combination Sounds == ===Proper Diphthongs (Two-Vowel Combinations)=== * αυ [au̯] - like 'au' in 'aural' * ευ [eu̯] - like 'eu' in 'feud' * ηυ [ɛːu̯] - like 'ew' in 'tewan' * (non-[[w:Attic Greek|Attic]]) ωυ [ɔːu̯] - like 'alw' in 'always' * υι [y] - like 'u' in 'tu' * ει [e] - like 'ai' in 'wait' * ου [uː] - like 'oo' in 'food' or like 'ou' in 'thought' * οι [ǒi̯] - like 'oi' in 'oil' * αι [ǎi̯] - like 'i' in 'hi' ===Other Combinations=== * γγ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * γκ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * μπ - like 'mp' in 'emperor' * ντ - like 'nt' in 'enter' ==Typography== [[File:Fragmentary marble inscription MET DP132672.jpg|Fragmentary_marble_inscription_MET_DP132672|thumb|200px|An {{w|Attic Greek}} inscription]] After 1981 in modern Greek, there is mostly only one accent used in publications or privately. It is known as ''tonos'' ' ΄ ' and represents the stressed syllable of a word. It may occur on one of the three ending syllables (on a vowel), but there are cases where there are two accents; one on the ending and one on the third from the word's end. Before 1981 (but also today, though not so often for practical reasons), the other accents have been used and may be seen in ancient, medieval, and most printed modern texts. These are the ὀξεῖα ' ´ ' (acute), βαρεῖα ' ` ' (grave), and περισπωμένη ' ῀ ' (circumflex). There are also two 'breathing' marks: the δασεῖα ' ῾ ' (rough; makes a ' h ' sound) and the ψιλή ' ᾽ ' (smooth; the absence of rough breathing). The breathing marks can only be used on the 1st syllable. Sometimes you also see the symbol ' ι ' under a (long) vowel, like ' ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ ' which shows a later silenced ' i ' sound (glide). In Greek, the question mark is ' ; ', the semi-colon in English. Quotations are represented with ' « ' and ' » '. However, Ancient Greek was '''never''' written with accents nor lower-case letters; this is known as {{w|scriptio continua}}. [[Category:Ancient Greek Language]] 4botsl99q0vt3vkd2gkozejevm8n7wf 2832300 2832297 2026-09-09T01:01:43Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832300 wikitext text/x-wiki Learning a different alphabet may seem daunting at first, but Greek characters are very similar to the Latin ones English speakers are used to. Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the {{w|Phoenicians}}, who were the first recorded civilization to create one; Latin similarly developed from Greek and other languages. The word alphabet itself comes from the words '''alpha''' and '''beta''', which come from the even older letters Aleph and Bet. It's a lot to take in at one go, so don't feel bad if you fail to remember all of these immediately. You will have plenty of time to get these characters under your belt. When you feel ready, try to convert some Greek into English and some English into Greek below. == Greek Orthography == Ancient Greek is a '''phonetic''' language. {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation !!Notes |- |Α α||alpha||a like hat||ambiguous vowel |- |Β β/ϐ||beta||b like boy, later v like vase||β at the beginning of the word, ϐ inside |- |Γ γ||gamma||g like good, later y like yes||[[w:Voiced velar nasal|[ŋ]]] when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and μ |- |Δ δ||delta||d like dad|| |- |Ε ε/ϵ||epsilon||ĕ like '''a'''te|| |- |Ζ ζ||zeta||z like '''zd'''raví, later z like zoo|| |- |Η η||eta||ē like help|| |- |Θ θ/ϑ||theta||th [tʰ] like too, later th like thick||<u>never</u> pronounced like 'th' in 'this' |- |Ι ι||iota||i like h'''e'''||ambiguous vowel |- |Κ κ/ϰ||kappa||k like kick|| |- |Λ λ||lambda||l like look|| |- |Μ μ||mu||m like moon|| |- |Ν ν||nu||n like noon|| |- |Ξ ξ||xi||x like axe|| |- |Ο ο||omicron||ŏ like oak|| |- |Π π/ϖ||pi||p like port|| |- |Ρ ρ/ϱ||rho||r like Spanish a'''rr'''oz||pronounced [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar trills|[r̥]]] with rough-breathing |- |Σ σ/ς||sigma||s like see||'ς' is used at a word's end. |- |Τ τ||tau||t like tall|| |- |Υ υ||upsilon||u [[w:Close front rounded vowel| [y]]] like French tu||ambiguous vowel |- |Φ φ||phi||ph like u'''ph'''old, later f like fit|| |- |Χ χ||chi||kh like '''k'''idding, later ch like loch|| |- |Ψ ψ||psi||ps like lapse|| |- |Ω ω||omega||ō [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔː]]] like God|| |} Alpha, iota, and upsilon are the only ambiguous vowels, meaning they can be short (marked by the macron ‘ᾰ’) or long (breve ‘ᾱ’). Ancient authors used the macron and breve to indicate syllable weight in poetic meters. For instance, a [[w:Dactyl (poetry)|dactyl]] in poetry is – ◡ ◡. Ancient Greek had a true length distinction, which relates to the language’s rhythm and vowel contractions. ==Obsolete Letters== By ~403, the following letters were lost: {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation |- | Ϝ/Ͷ ϝ/ͷ||Wau/Digamma||'w' as in 'why' |- | Ϛ ϛ||Stigma||'st' as in 'stay' |- | Ͱ/┤ ͱ/𐌝||Heta||'h' as 'hope' |- | M ϻ||San||'s' as in 'seed' |- | Ϸ ϸ||Sho||'sh' as in 'shy' |- | Ϙ ϙ/ϟ||Koppa||'k' as in 'kite' |- | Ͳ/Ϡ ͳ/ϡ||Sampi||long 's' as in 'site' |} == Two-Letter Combination Sounds == ===Proper Diphthongs (Two-Vowel Combinations)=== * αυ [au̯] - like 'au' in 'aural' * ευ [eu̯] - like 'eu' in 'feud' * ηυ [ɛːu̯] - like 'ew' in 'tewan' * (non-[[w:Attic Greek|Attic]]) ωυ [ɔːu̯] - like 'alw' in 'always' * υι [y] - like 'u' in 'tu' * ει [e] - like 'ai' in 'wait' * ου [uː] - like 'oo' in 'food' or like 'ou' in 'thought' * οι [ǒi̯] - like 'oi' in 'oil' * αι [ǎi̯] - like 'i' in 'hi' ===Other Combinations=== * γγ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * γκ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * μπ - like 'mp' in 'emperor' * ντ - like 'nt' in 'enter' ==Typography== [[File:Fragmentary marble inscription MET DP132672.jpg|Fragmentary_marble_inscription_MET_DP132672|thumb|200px|An {{w|Attic Greek}} inscription]] After 1981 in modern Greek, there is mostly only one accent used in publications or privately. It is known as ''tonos'' ' ΄ ' and represents the stressed syllable of a word. It may occur on one of the three ending syllables (on a vowel), but there are cases where there are two accents; one on the ending and one on the third from the word's end. Before 1981 (but also today, though not so often for practical reasons), the other accents have been used and may be seen in ancient, medieval, and most printed modern texts. These are the ὀξεῖα ' ´ ' (acute), βαρεῖα ' ` ' (grave), and περισπωμένη ' ῀ ' (circumflex). There are also two 'breathing' marks: the δασεῖα ' ῾ ' (rough; makes a ' h ' sound) and the ψιλή ' ᾽ ' (smooth; the absence of rough breathing). The breathing marks can only be used on the 1st syllable. Sometimes you also see the symbol ' ι ' under a (long) vowel, like ' ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ ' which shows a later silenced ' i ' sound (glide). In Greek, the question mark is ' ; ', the semi-colon in English. Quotations are represented with ' « ' and ' » '. However, Ancient Greek was '''never''' written with accents nor lower-case letters; this is known as {{w|scriptio continua}}. ==Exercises== Pronounce ζῆτα. {{Solution|/zdɛ̂ː.ta/. Remember, ζ is 'zd', not 'z'.}} Pronounce ἰχθύς. {{Solution|/ikʰ.tʰy̌ːs/. Remember the aspirated consonants!}} Pronounce Ἀλέξανδρος. {{Solution|/a.lék.san.dros/. Get used to words with many syllables.}} Transcribe εἴρω. {{Solution|ĕirō. Vowels can be long or short.}} Transcribe ἡσῠχᾰ́ζω. {{Solution|hēsukházō.}} [[Category:Ancient Greek Language]] f2br34znqcyct3nxict45yqo7a0yp1b 2832312 2832300 2026-09-09T02:32:23Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 /* Exercises */ 2832312 wikitext text/x-wiki Learning a different alphabet may seem daunting at first, but Greek characters are very similar to the Latin ones English speakers are used to. Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the {{w|Phoenicians}}, who were the first recorded civilization to create one; Latin similarly developed from Greek and other languages. The word alphabet itself comes from the words '''alpha''' and '''beta''', which come from the even older letters Aleph and Bet. It's a lot to take in at one go, so don't feel bad if you fail to remember all of these immediately. You will have plenty of time to get these characters under your belt. When you feel ready, try to convert some Greek into English and some English into Greek below. == Greek Orthography == Ancient Greek is a '''phonetic''' language. {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation !!Notes |- |Α α||alpha||a like hat||ambiguous vowel |- |Β β/ϐ||beta||b like boy, later v like vase||β at the beginning of the word, ϐ inside |- |Γ γ||gamma||g like good, later y like yes||[[w:Voiced velar nasal|[ŋ]]] when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and μ |- |Δ δ||delta||d like dad|| |- |Ε ε/ϵ||epsilon||ĕ like '''a'''te|| |- |Ζ ζ||zeta||z like '''zd'''raví, later z like zoo|| |- |Η η||eta||ē like help|| |- |Θ θ/ϑ||theta||th [tʰ] like too, later th like thick||<u>never</u> pronounced like 'th' in 'this' |- |Ι ι||iota||i like h'''e'''||ambiguous vowel |- |Κ κ/ϰ||kappa||k like kick|| |- |Λ λ||lambda||l like look|| |- |Μ μ||mu||m like moon|| |- |Ν ν||nu||n like noon|| |- |Ξ ξ||xi||x like axe|| |- |Ο ο||omicron||ŏ like oak|| |- |Π π/ϖ||pi||p like port|| |- |Ρ ρ/ϱ||rho||r like Spanish a'''rr'''oz||pronounced [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar trills|[r̥]]] with rough-breathing |- |Σ σ/ς||sigma||s like see||'ς' is used at a word's end. |- |Τ τ||tau||t like tall|| |- |Υ υ||upsilon||u [[w:Close front rounded vowel| [y]]] like French tu||ambiguous vowel |- |Φ φ||phi||ph like u'''ph'''old, later f like fit|| |- |Χ χ||chi||kh like '''k'''idding, later ch like loch|| |- |Ψ ψ||psi||ps like lapse|| |- |Ω ω||omega||ō [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔː]]] like God|| |} Alpha, iota, and upsilon are the only ambiguous vowels, meaning they can be short (marked by the macron ‘ᾰ’) or long (breve ‘ᾱ’). Ancient authors used the macron and breve to indicate syllable weight in poetic meters. For instance, a [[w:Dactyl (poetry)|dactyl]] in poetry is – ◡ ◡. Ancient Greek had a true length distinction, which relates to the language’s rhythm and vowel contractions. ==Obsolete Letters== By ~403, the following letters were lost: {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation |- | Ϝ/Ͷ ϝ/ͷ||Wau/Digamma||'w' as in 'why' |- | Ϛ ϛ||Stigma||'st' as in 'stay' |- | Ͱ/┤ ͱ/𐌝||Heta||'h' as 'hope' |- | M ϻ||San||'s' as in 'seed' |- | Ϸ ϸ||Sho||'sh' as in 'shy' |- | Ϙ ϙ/ϟ||Koppa||'k' as in 'kite' |- | Ͳ/Ϡ ͳ/ϡ||Sampi||long 's' as in 'site' |} == Two-Letter Combination Sounds == ===Proper Diphthongs (Two-Vowel Combinations)=== * αυ [au̯] - like 'au' in 'aural' * ευ [eu̯] - like 'eu' in 'feud' * ηυ [ɛːu̯] - like 'ew' in 'tewan' * (non-[[w:Attic Greek|Attic]]) ωυ [ɔːu̯] - like 'alw' in 'always' * υι [y] - like 'u' in 'tu' * ει [e] - like 'ai' in 'wait' * ου [uː] - like 'oo' in 'food' or like 'ou' in 'thought' * οι [ǒi̯] - like 'oi' in 'oil' * αι [ǎi̯] - like 'i' in 'hi' ===Other Combinations=== * γγ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * γκ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * μπ - like 'mp' in 'emperor' * ντ - like 'nt' in 'enter' ==Typography== [[File:Fragmentary marble inscription MET DP132672.jpg|Fragmentary_marble_inscription_MET_DP132672|thumb|200px|An {{w|Attic Greek}} inscription]] After 1981 in modern Greek, there is mostly only one accent used in publications or privately. It is known as ''tonos'' ' ΄ ' and represents the stressed syllable of a word. It may occur on one of the three ending syllables (on a vowel), but there are cases where there are two accents; one on the ending and one on the third from the word's end. Before 1981 (but also today, though not so often for practical reasons), the other accents have been used and may be seen in ancient, medieval, and most printed modern texts. These are the ὀξεῖα ' ´ ' (acute), βαρεῖα ' ` ' (grave), and περισπωμένη ' ῀ ' (circumflex). There are also two 'breathing' marks: the δασεῖα ' ῾ ' (rough; makes a ' h ' sound) and the ψιλή ' ᾽ ' (smooth; the absence of rough breathing). The breathing marks can only be used on the 1st syllable. Sometimes you also see the symbol ' ι ' under a (long) vowel, like ' ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ ' which shows a later silenced ' i ' sound (glide). In Greek, the question mark is ' ; ', the semi-colon in English. Quotations are represented with ' « ' and ' » '. However, Ancient Greek was '''never''' written with accents nor lower-case letters; this is known as {{w|scriptio continua}}. ==Exercises== Pronounce ζῆτα. {{Solution|/zdɛ̂ː.ta/. Remember, ζ is 'zd', not 'z'.}} Pronounce ἰχθύς. {{Solution|/ikʰ.tʰy̌ːs/. Recall the aspirated consonants.}} Pronounce Ἀλέξανδρος. {{Solution|/a.lék.san.dros/. Practice to read long words.}} Transcribe εἴρω. {{Solution|ĕirō. Vowels can be long or short.}} Transcribe ἡσυχάζω. {{Solution|hēsukházō.}} [[Category:Ancient Greek Language]] 70h12qcipeiox5h554yqwq4w2kdjdq0 2832313 2832312 2026-09-09T03:14:14Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832313 wikitext text/x-wiki Learning a different alphabet may seem daunting at first, but Greek characters are very similar to the Latin ones English speakers are used to and also '''phonetic''', so pronunciation is '''unambiguous'''. Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the {{w|Phoenicians}}, who were the first recorded civilization to create one; Latin similarly developed from Greek and other languages. The word "alphabet" itself comes from the words '''alpha''' and '''beta''', which come from the even older letters Aleph and Bet. It's a lot to take in at one go, so don't feel bad if you fail to remember all of these immediately. You will have plenty of time to get these characters under your belt. When you feel ready, try to convert some Greek into English and some English into Greek below. == Greek Orthography == {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation !!Notes |- |Α α||alpha||a like hat||ambiguous vowel |- |Β β/ϐ||beta||b like boy, later v like vase||β at the beginning of the word, ϐ inside |- |Γ γ||gamma||g like good, later y like yes||[[w:Voiced velar nasal|[ŋ]]] when used before γ, κ, ξ, χ, and μ |- |Δ δ||delta||d like dad|| |- |Ε ε/ϵ||epsilon||ĕ like '''a'''te|| |- |Ζ ζ||zeta||z like '''zd'''raví, later z like zoo|| |- |Η η||eta||ē like help|| |- |Θ θ/ϑ||theta||th [tʰ] like too, later th like thick||<u>never</u> pronounced like 'th' in 'this' |- |Ι ι||iota||i like h'''e'''||ambiguous vowel |- |Κ κ/ϰ||kappa||k like kick|| |- |Λ λ||lambda||l like look|| |- |Μ μ||mu||m like moon|| |- |Ν ν||nu||n like noon|| |- |Ξ ξ||xi||x like axe|| |- |Ο ο||omicron||ŏ like oak|| |- |Π π/ϖ||pi||p like port|| |- |Ρ ρ/ϱ||rho||r like Spanish a'''rr'''oz||pronounced [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar trills|[r̥]]] with rough-breathing |- |Σ σ/ς||sigma||s like see||'ς' is used at a word's end. |- |Τ τ||tau||t like tall|| |- |Υ υ||upsilon||u [[w:Close front rounded vowel| [y]]] like French tu||ambiguous vowel |- |Φ φ||phi||ph like u'''ph'''old, later f like fit|| |- |Χ χ||chi||kh like '''k'''idding, later ch like loch|| |- |Ψ ψ||psi||ps like lapse|| |- |Ω ω||omega||ō [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|[ɔː]]] like God|| |} Alpha, iota, and upsilon are the only ambiguous vowels, meaning they can be short (marked by the macron ‘ᾰ’) or long (breve ‘ᾱ’). Ancient authors used the macron and breve to indicate syllable weight in poetic meters. For instance, a [[w:Dactyl (poetry)|dactyl]] in poetry is – ◡ ◡. Ancient Greek had a true length distinction, which relates to the language’s rhythm and vowel contractions. ==Obsolete Letters== By ~403, the following letters were lost: {| class="wikitable" !Greek !!Name !!Pronunciation |- | Ϝ/Ͷ ϝ/ͷ||Wau/Digamma||'w' as in 'why' |- | Ϛ ϛ||Stigma||'st' as in 'stay' |- | Ͱ/┤ ͱ/𐌝||Heta||'h' as 'hope' |- | M ϻ||San||'s' as in 'seed' |- | Ϸ ϸ||Sho||'sh' as in 'shy' |- | Ϙ ϙ/ϟ||Koppa||'k' as in 'kite' |- | Ͳ/Ϡ ͳ/ϡ||Sampi||long 's' as in 'site' |} == Two-Letter Combination Sounds == ===Proper Diphthongs (Two-Vowel Combinations)=== * αυ [au̯] - like 'au' in 'aural' * ευ [eu̯] - like 'eu' in 'feud' * ηυ [ɛːu̯] - like 'ew' in 'tewan' * (non-[[w:Attic Greek|Attic]]) ωυ [ɔːu̯] - like 'alw' in 'always' * υι [y] - like 'u' in 'tu' * ει [e] - like 'ai' in 'wait' * ου [uː] - like 'oo' in 'food' or like 'ou' in 'thought' * οι [ǒi̯] - like 'oi' in 'oil' * αι [ǎi̯] - like 'i' in 'hi' ===Other Combinations=== * γγ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * γκ - like 'ng' in 'ding' * μπ - like 'mp' in 'emperor' * ντ - like 'nt' in 'enter' ==Typography== [[File:Fragmentary marble inscription MET DP132672.jpg|Fragmentary_marble_inscription_MET_DP132672|thumb|200px|An {{w|Attic Greek}} inscription]] After 1981 in modern Greek, there is mostly only one accent used in publications or privately. It is known as ''tonos'' ' ΄ ' and represents the stressed syllable of a word. It may occur on one of the three ending syllables (on a vowel), but there are cases where there are two accents; one on the ending and one on the third from the word's end. Before 1981 (but also today, though not so often for practical reasons), the other accents have been used and may be seen in ancient, medieval, and most printed modern texts. These are the ὀξεῖα ' ´ ' (acute), βαρεῖα ' ` ' (grave), and περισπωμένη ' ῀ ' (circumflex). There are also two 'breathing' marks: the δασεῖα ' ῾ ' (rough; makes a ' h ' sound) and the ψιλή ' ᾽ ' (smooth; the absence of rough breathing). The breathing marks can only be used on the 1st syllable. Sometimes you also see the symbol ' ι ' under a (long) vowel, like ' ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ ' which shows a later silenced ' i ' sound (glide). In Greek, the question mark is ' ; ', the semi-colon in English. Quotations are represented with ' « ' and ' » '. However, Ancient Greek was '''never''' written with accents nor lower-case letters; this is known as {{w|scriptio continua}}. ==Exercises== Pronounce ζῆτα. {{Solution|/zdɛ̂ː.ta/. Remember, ζ is 'zd', not 'z'.}} Pronounce ἰχθύς. {{Solution|/ikʰ.tʰy̌ːs/. Recall the aspirated consonants.}} Pronounce Ἀλέξανδρος. {{Solution|/a.lék.san.dros/. Practice to read long words.}} Transcribe εἴρω. {{Solution|ĕirō. Vowels can be long or short.}} Transcribe ἡσυχάζω. {{Solution|hēsukházō.}} [[Category:Ancient Greek Language]] 6bn7zl8c9i9bty26fw4adi0t3327kyi 0 9376 2832275 2696694 2026-09-08T18:46:11Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832275 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{center top}} {{Basic filmmaking:Table of contents:Creating the thumbnail storyboards}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | {{center top}}<big>Five example storyboards for our movie.</big>{{center bottom}} |- | style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" | ==Example Thumbnail Storyboards== :The major challenge is finding the best way to start the movie. There is no correct answer. :Therefore, I will show you some interesting examples: | style="width: 40%; background-color: #EFFFEF;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;" | == Empty Space == This space is empty. |} <!-- 1 --> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 99%; background-color: red;{{Text default color}}; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f0f0ff;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;"| ===Example 1. Start with a wide-angle shot…=== {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Fade In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Dolly In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Pedestal Down{{center bottom}} |- | [[Image:REPtsb1.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1c.jpg]] | [[Image:REPtsb2.jpg]] |} {{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 1|'''''CLICK HERE TO SEE MORE.''''']] (Example 1) [[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] {{center bottom}} In this [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 1|EXAMPLE (1)]], the scene starts with a simple wide angle shot showing the entire movie set. Two people are viewing a movie poster in front of a theater. The camera quickly dollies in and we see that the poster is for '''''Star Wars'''''. The Star Wars' theme plays for three seconds. Then the camera moves down to watch the back of the Younger Person who beings to speak… |} <!-- 2 --> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 99%; background-color: green;{{Text default color}}; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f0f0ff;{{Text default color}}; border: 2px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ===Example 2. Start with a side shot…=== {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Fade In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Cut To{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Dolly Out{{center bottom}} |- | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1a.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1b.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1c.jpg]] |} {{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 2|'''''CLICK HERE TO SEE MORE.''''']] (Example 2) [[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] {{center bottom}} In this [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 2|EXAMPLE (2)]], the scene starts with a simple wide angle shot from the side of two people looking at a movie poster on the wall. We hear the sounds outside a movie theater at night. Then the camera cuts to the poster which is '''''Star Wars'''''. The camera moves back past the heads of the two people. The Young Person begins to speak… |} <!-- 3 --> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 99%; background-color: blue;{{Text default color}}; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f0f0ff;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ===Example 3. Start with a close-up shot of the young person….=== {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Fade In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Cut To{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Cut To{{center bottom}} |- | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1e.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1b.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1f.jpg]] |} {{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 3|'''''CLICK HERE TO SEE MORE.''''']] (Example 3) [[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]]{{center bottom}} In this [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 3|EXAMPLE (3)]], the scene starts with a close-up shot of the Young Person who is obviously interested in something he sees. Then the camera cuts to movie poster for '''''Star Wars''''' and the musical theme plays for three seconds. Then the camera cuts to a side view of the Young Person and perhaps someone standing next to the Young Person. The Young Person begins to speak… |} <!-- 4 --> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 99%; background-color: yellow;{{Text default color}}; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f0f0ff;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ===Example 4. Start with a close-up shot of the movie poster…=== {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Fade In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Cut To{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Dolly To{{center bottom}} |- | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1b.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1e.jpg]] | [[Image:SBTDSChooseTSB1d.jpg]] |} {{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]] [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 4|'''''CLICK HERE TO SEE MORE.''''']] (Example 4) [[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]]{{center bottom}} In this [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Examples/Example 4|EXAMPLE (4)]], the scene starts with a close-up shot of the movie poster and then cuts to the Young Person. The camera slowly dollies out to show both the Younger Person and the Older Person. The Younger Person begins to speak… |} <!-- 5 --> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="width: 99%; background-color: orangered;{{Text default color}}; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f0f0ff;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ===Example 5. Start with a close-up shot of the movie poster…=== {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Fade In{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}}Dolly To{{center bottom}} | bgcolor="#f0f0ff" | {{center top}} {{center bottom}} |- | [[Image:Thumbnail storyboard SBTDS Ugoglen 1.jpg|160px]] | [[Image:Thumbnail storyboard SBTDS Ugoglen 2.jpg|160px]] | [[Image:Thumbnail storyboard SBTDS Ugoglen 3.jpg|160px]] |} {{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]][[Film School:Thumbnail storyboard:SBTDS:Ugoglen| '''''CLICK HERE TO SEE MORE.''''']] (Example 5) [[Image:Gtk-media-play-ltr.svg|32px]]{{center bottom}} In this [[Film School:Thumbnail storyboard:SBTDS:Ugoglen| EXAMPLE (5)]], the scene starts with a close-up shot of the movie poster and then the camera slowly dollies out to show both the Younger Person and the Older Person. The Younger Person begins to speak… |} ---- ---- {{center top}} {{Film School:Storyboarding:Reference Materials}}<br> {{Homework04}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|128px]] ==The Next Page== :Continue this lesson at [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/What software for thumbnail storyboards?|What software for thumbnail storyboards?]] [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]] {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking}} |} [[Category:Film School/LessonPages]] [[Category:Thumbnail Storyboard Lesson]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] 6xwepw4ay2dz7l82cv51s74xz4tl6ul 0 9418 2832280 2146031 2026-09-08T18:53:18Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832280 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==CURRENTLY THIS IS AN ORPHAN PAGE == {{center top}} {{Basic filmmaking:Table of contents:Creating the thumbnail storyboards}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | {{center top}}<big>Tools for storyboarding.</big>{{center bottom}} |- | style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | [[Image:Crystal Clear action editcut.png|100px|right]] ===OPTION 1 - Paper and Pencil=== :Obviously, '''paper and pencil''' are the best possible tools for thumbnail storyboarding. :The only problem is how do you show your sketches to the other members of our jolly crew who live all around the world. *If you use pencil and paper, you have to scan your pictures into a computer… and that can take more time than drawing the pictures on a computer to start with. ---- ===OPTION 2 - Adobe Photoshop=== [[Image:Reptsb5.jpg|frame|A thumbnail storyboard frame created quickly using Adobe Photoshop 5.5]] :Adobe '''Photoshop''' is ideal for storyboarding because it is fast… once you become familiar with the program. Photoshop has round and square marquee tools for making selections which can be '''filled''' and '''stroked''' to create heads, eyes, and bodies. :All you need is Photoshop 4 or better to make wonderful storyboards. An old antique computer is perfect for this. (Though Photoshop is not free, you can use an old version which is almost free. I use version 5.5 on a laptop made 10 years ago.) ---- ===OPTION 3 - {{font|color=maroon|ArtRage }}(Free demo version)=== ;{{font|color=green|Highly Recommended}} !!! :[[Image:ArtRage 2 SB 1.jpg|frame|A very simple storyboard frame created using the free version of ArtRage.]] :[http://www.artrage.com/artrage.html ArtRage 2] is a fun painting program simulating simple artist tools. '''Ambient Design''' is a New Zealand based company founded by Andy Bearsley and Matt Fox-Wilson who came from MetaCreations Corp. They offer a [http://www.artrage.com/artragedown.html free version] of ArtRage 2 which has only some of the features of the full version. Still, the free version is more than enough to do this project. ;Note 1:ArtRage 2 requires a graphic tablet since a mouse is not a good painting tool. I tried using a mouse and could not do it. You must have an artist's tablet attached to your computer to get the benefit of pressure sensitivity. ---- ===OPTION 4 - Camera=== :Some film directors prefer to get real actors and have them walk through the script. As the actor move into position, the director photographs them. This way the director can use the actual lenses in the actual location. ---- ===OPTION 5 - {{font|color=maroon|FrameForge 3D Studio 2}} - (Free demo version)=== :Good news! I have just discovered this wonderful program called "FrameForge". :[http://www.frameforge3d.com/ FrameForge 3D Studio 2] is a fun program which you can being using almost immediately. Download the free [http://www.frameforge3d.com/download.php demo version] and try it. I think you will like it!!! :For more info, look at the article on the right. | style="width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" | {{center top}} <h3>FrameForge 3D Studio 2</h3> <h4>The {{font|color=purple|Free }}Demo Version</h4> [[Image:Shot 3011.jpg]] <h5>The young person looks at the movie poster.</h5>{{center bottom}} ==A wonderful opportunity== ;FrameForge 3D Studio 2 [http://www.frameforge3d.com/ FrameForge] is a great 3D storyboarding program. It is designed for professional storyboard artists to create lens accurate images for real motion pictures. Best of all, this program is well designed and well written. This is rare! ;The Advantage of FrameForge FrameForge has a unique advantage. The program teaches you about lenses. FreameForge 3D Studio is an excellent program for people who do not understand the impact of lenses. Unless you are an expert with SLR fixed-focus cameras, I strongly suggest that you start with the {{font|color=orangered|free }}demo version of FreameForge 3D Studio to experiment with the way camera lenses work. After you know this, then you can begin creating thumbnail storyboards with pencil and paper. ;The Free Demo Version You can download a free demo version of FrameForge. This free version has limitations but the demo program works well enough for completing the storyboards for our movie while learning a tremendous amount about camera lenses. |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | [[Image:Crystal Clear action editdelete.png|right|96px]] ==Other Software== ;Not Recommended :[http://www.sketchup.com/ Sketch Up] has a [http://www.sketchup.com/index.php?title=Download+Page free demo version of SketchUp 5] which is fully working for 8 hours... which is enough time for you to experiment with the program creating storyboards. The program is absolutely fascinating but too awkward for storyboarding. I will continue to test this. There has to be some use in filmmaking for this wonderful program. ;Not Recommended :[http://www.openoffice.org/ Open Office 2] has a [http://www.openoffice.org/product/index.html draw] module which is designed for full size pages. It has no paint features for drawing expressions on the actor's faces. Therefore, creating small thumbnail storyboards is difficult. | style="width: 50%; background-color: Lavender;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 400px;" | [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|right|96px]] ==Untested== Here are interesting products that I need to test. ;I have not tried this product :[http://www.powerproduction.com/artist.html Storyboard Artist] by Power Products provides professional level features that are easy to learn and access. Creates print boards and QuickTime animatics. Also useful for prototyping games and other visual projects. ;I have not tried this product :[http://www.powerproduction.com/quick.html Storyboard Quick] by Power Products comes complete with pre-drawn image libraries which includes rotating characters; both specific and generic locations plus everyday props. ;I have not tried this product :[http://www.powerproduction.com/studioben.html Storyboard Artist Studio] by Power Products contains all of the features of StoryBoard Artist with additional features such as a sketch mode which turns all your frames into a sketch-like look so no matter what you use in a frame, the printed page looks like you sketched it. ;New version :[http://www.eazydraw.com/ EazyDraw] has a free version. My original test of the demo version discovered a bug which apparently has now been fixed. Small windows could not be created in the demo version. Now I must test the newest version. ;An interesting program but can I load it? :[http://www.gimp.org GIMP] is the GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is a freely distributed piece of software for such tasks as photo retouching, image composition and image authoring. It works on many operating systems, in many languages. The GIMP ORG provides the free source code which then must be compiled in X11. Previously, this program was too difficult to load so I did not recommend it to the average filmmaker. (For more detail, see [[GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)|WikiU Film School - Problems installing GIMP]].) ;New Loader :[http://www.gimp.org/macintosh/ GIMP for the Macintosh] now has a new loader. The previous free loader reqires extensive knowledge of Unix code so it was not appropriate for filmmakers. The newest verion is 80 MEGs so I am unable to download it. (Anyone with a fast connection and a Mac?) ;Totally new options :[http://www.gimp.org/windows/ GIMP for the Window] was previously difficult to load or was not free. Now there is a wide range of ways to get this program for free (or almost free.) With the introduction of Ubuntu and Edubuntu, all the pain is gone. Also, loaders for Gimp for Windows from Jernej Simoncic apparently makes this very easy. (I have not tested this.) |} {{center top}} {{Template:Film School:Thumbnail Storyboarding:Completed Assignments}} {{Template:Film School:Storyboarding:Reference Materials}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|128px]] ==The Next Page== :The next page explains why FrameForge 3D Studio is an ideal learning tool. :* [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Pre-Visualization|Previsualization with tools such as FrameForge 3D Studio and DAZ Studio]] [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]] {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking}} |} ---- ---- [[Category:Film School/LessonPages]] [[Category:Thumbnail Storyboard Lesson]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] klssna5g20inbwqv7m4bqyci5xbo9nm 0 9438 2832276 2146030 2026-09-08T18:48:37Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832276 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{center top}} {{Basic filmmaking:Table of contents:Creating the thumbnail storyboards}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #ffffa0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | {{center top}}<big><!---[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]]--> Creating a storyboard by using the storyboard library</big>{{center bottom}} |- | style="width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | [[Image:Film school thumbnail storyboarding library.jpg|right|300px]] ==The Storyboard Library== To use these storyboards, simple write down the numbers of the frames you like. :As new frames are used at this site, they are added to the library of [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Storyboard frames|Storyboard Frames]] so all you have to do is print out either the [[Storyboard Outline for Seduced by the Dark Side | Storyboard Worksheet]] or [[Reference:SBTDS:Unformatted Script Outline|Script Outline]] and look at the library of [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Storyboard frames|Storyboard Frames]] and write the number of the storyboard on the worksheet. The library page will eventually be moved to [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Storyboard/Storyboard Frames|Reference:SBTDS:Storyboard Frames]]. |} {{center top}} {{Template:Film School:Thumbnail Storyboarding:Completed Assignments}} {{Template:Film School:Storyboarding:Reference Materials}} {{center bottom}} {| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|128px]] ==End of Lesson== :Now create your storyboard. Then go to the [[Filmmaking Basics/3D Storyboard|Lesson for creating 3D storyboards]] [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|24px]] {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking}} |} [[Category:Film School/LessonPages]] [[Category:Thumbnail Storyboard Lesson]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] 97lhzzt5m7w62hh1sgiydm3zs0c96qh 0 30217 2832359 2707588 2026-09-09T07:24:31Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center top}}<big>[[Image:Nuvola apps important yellow.svg|48px]] This page is under construction this week[[Image:Panneau travaux.svg|48px]]</big>{{center bottom}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Wheat;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Filmmaking Software Review for [[Topic:Narrative Film Production|Narrative Film Production]]'''</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left? --> [[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.svg|right]] ==[http://sketchup.google.com Google's Free SketchUp 6]== :This is an extremely unusual program which can be useful for pre-visualization in filmmaking. </div> |} {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" rowspan="3"| <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Review by [[User:Robert_Elliott|Robert Elliott]]'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Nuvola apps knotify.png|right|96px]] ===Google's Free SketchUp 6=== :Google purchase SketchUp and then released two new versions. One is the free SketchUp version 6 and the other is the professional version (not free) SketchUp Pro 6 ;Unusual :This program is unusual. It is very exacting but highly unintuitive. This takes a bit of getting used to but once you do understand how it works, it is extremely powerful as a 3D sketching tool. ;Other confused programs :Other programs which take a long time to learn are often confusing because the authors of the program are confused and not too bright. (PageMaker is an example of a program which works well but is awkward to learn because the authors of the program were never typesetters. Apple's Logic is another program which is a hopeless mess because the authors added on to it without fixing the previous parts.) ;The authors of SketchUp :Not so with SketchUp. The authors of SketchUp are extremely bright and very focused. However, the design that they came up with is not what the average person will call intuitive. Even people who have used many other sophisticated computer programs will be very confused by this program. ;Very rewarding challenge :Think of SketchUp as a computer '''puzzle game'''. You must put on your thinking cap to master this program. Fortunately, your time and effort will not be wasted. Every step you learn allows you to be more productive with the program. ;The challenge :The authors of SketchUp realize they have a problem educating people how to use this program. Therefore, the program comes with a huge number of very sophisticated learning aides. This is by far, the best example of a well designed instructions for any program I have ever seen. ;Five Stars :If you can master this program, you will find it very useful and fun. If you do not master this program, it can be total pain. ;Highly recommended :Since it is free, it is worth downloading immediately and trying. If you like the way it works, you will be extremely happy with this program. If you don't then you are not out anything. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}};padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''SketchUp's uses for film students'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Crystal Clear app starthere.png|100px|right]] * Pre-visualization of movie sets * 3D Storyboarding * Having fun!!! </div> |- | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}};padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Rating'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Crystal Clear action bookmark.svg|right]] * Five Stars :The program is extremely unique. </div> |- | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Program Information</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> {{center top}} <!-- [[Image:Notation Protege Screen Shot.png|300px]] --> {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; font-size: 90%;" | '''Name:''' | Google SketchUp 6 |- | '''Developer:''' | Google |- | '''Genre:''' | 3D Quick Draw |- | '''Operating System:''' | Macintosh OS X, Windows |} {{center bottom}} </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" rowspan="1"| <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Storyboarding with Google SketchUp 6</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Crystal Clear action forward.png|right|96px]] ;To be continued </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Unusual perspective</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Nuvola apps khangman.png|96px|right]] ;More later... </div> |} <!------------------------> <!--- Conclusion ---------> <!------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Recommendation'''</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left? --> [[Image:Nuvola apps personal.png|right|64px]] ;Bottom Line I highly recommend this program. More later... [[User:Robert Elliott|Robert Elliott]] 21:09, 18 March 2007 (UTC) </div> |} [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Film School]] [[Category:Narrative Film Production]] [[Category:Software Review]] [[Category:Filmmaking Software]] a6me42cx6fsq7527pxu0gd8z5lrxxed 0 32309 2832357 2707591 2026-09-09T07:22:14Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832357 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Wheat;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Filmmaking Software Review for [[Topic:Narrative Film Production|Narrative Film Production]]'''</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left? --> [[Image:Nuvola apps korganizer.svg|right]] ==[http://www.gimp.org/ GIMP]== :This is a photo program similar to Photoshop. I like this program. It feels good (unlike CinePaint.) </div> |} {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | style="width:60%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" rowspan="2"| <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}};padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Review by [[User:Robert_Elliott|Robert Elliott]]'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Gimp in action-Percy and Son.png|400px]] <!--[[Image:Nuvola apps knotify.png|right|96px]]--> ===GIMP - Macintosh version=== :I am reviewing the Macintosh OS X version. There are versions for a dozen other operating systems. :Anyone interested in filmmaking should immediately download this free program. It is fun! :Note: there are two versions of GIMP. One for developers and one for normal people. Do NOT download the version on the GIMP org page. Instead follow the instructions at [[GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)]]. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Uses at Wikiversity Film School'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Crystal Clear app starthere.png|100px|right]] * Adobe Photoshop replacement * Storyboarding </div> |- | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:40%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Rating'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> [[Image:Crystal Clear action bookmark.svg|right]] * Five Stars :For filmmakers who want a free version of Photoshop, this is a good start. </div> |} {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:98%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">'''Recommendation'''</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left? --> [[Image:Nuvola apps personal.png|right|64px]] I highly recommend this program. [[User:Robert Elliott|Robert Elliott]] [[User:Robert Elliott|Robert Elliott]] 04:23, 5 April 2007 (UTC) </div> |} [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Film School/Software Reviews]] [[Category:Narrative Film Production]] [[Category:Software Review]] [[Category:Filmmaking Software]] tcfpdk25war61huzu0ceg615fyr1zxg 0 34027 2832273 2190896 2026-09-08T18:38:47Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832273 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <!--------------------------------> <!-- HEADER SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {{Basic filmmaking:Table of contents:Camera lenses}} <!--------------------------------> <!-- HEADER SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | {{center top}}<big><big><big>[[Image:Crystal Clear action apply.png|64px]] Please take this second pop quiz! [[Image:Crystal Clear app clock.svg|64px]]</big></big></big>{{center bottom}} |} <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color: LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" rowspan="1"| <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">1. The thumbnail storyboard frame</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_ksnapshot.png|right|96px]] --><br><br> {{center top}}[[Image:Kinsuji thumbnail 14.jpg|320px]]{{center bottom}} ==The original storyboard frame== This is the shot that we want. Now we have to recreate this shot in FrameForge 3D Studio. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #777; background-color:#fff7f7;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #777; background-color:#fdd;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">2. The 3D Storyboarding software</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_kappfinder.png|96px|right]]--> {{center top}}[[Image:FrameForge used by Kinsuji.png|320px]]{{center bottom}} ===FrameForge 3D Studio=== In FrameForge 3D Studio, drag the characters to the stage and create the movie set. Select your camera and begin. But soon, there is a problem. The old person is in the way of the camera. And you cannot move the camera to the right because the movie set is in the way. So what do you do? </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color: #f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" rowspan="1"| <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">3. The problem</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_ksnapshot.png|right|96px]] --> {{center top}}<br><br>'''Not good!'''<br><br>[[Image:Illustration what we got.png|320px]]<br><br><br> <big><big>Here is the picture you got.</big></big><br><br>{{center bottom}} </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">4. The desired results</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_kappfinder.png|96px|right]]--> {{center top}}<br><br>'''Good shot!'''<br><br>[[Image:Illustration what we need.png|320px]]<br><br><br> <big><big>Here is the picture you need!</big></big><br><br>{{center bottom}} </div> |} {| cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #fffff7;{{Text default color}}; border: 5px solid #ff0; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!-- colspan="3"--> | [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_kappfinder.png|128px|right]] ==What do you do?== #Move the movie set out of the way? #Move the actors to a different location? #Change the focal length from a telephoto to a very wide angle? :What should you do? {{center top}} <p style = "font-size: 90%">'''(Note: This is a trick question.)'''</p> ---- ---- <br><big><big><big>{{email|user=Robert_Elliott|subject=My answer of what to do to get the picture I want - Wikiversity|text=Email me with your answer.}} {{Click|image=Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|link=Special:Emailuser/Robert_Elliott|width=64px|height=64px}}</big></big></big><br> [[Image:Crystal Clear action bookmark.svg|24px]] [[WikiU Film School Point System|2 points]] for your answer. [[Image:Crystal Clear action bookmark.svg|24px]] {{center bottom}} |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: Cornsilk;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top;--> -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | [[Image:Crystal Clear action find.png|right|128px]] ==The next page== :Learn the answer to the question above by going to the next lesson [[Filmmaking Basics/Camera Lenses/Positioning the camera|Positioning the camera]]. {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking}} |} <!--{{Reference materials for the Storyboarding Lesson of Course 1}}--> {{Template:Page Turner Template |PreviousLesson=Lesson:3D Storyboard |PreviousPage=LessonPage:Filmmaking:Camera Lenses:Basic moods |NextPage=LessonPage:Filmmaking:Camera Lenses:Positioning the camera |LessonFirstPage=Lesson:Camera Lenses |NextLesson=Lesson:Animatic Dialog Recording |FirstPage=Filmmaking Basics }} </div> [[Category:Film School]] [[Category:Thumbnail Storyboard Lesson]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Quizzes]] {{Film School:All about lenses:Pop Quiz 2:Completed answers}} 133f4g2877nsqzzbupkthklaushmvgy 0 38480 2832385 2190975 2026-09-09T09:02:43Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832385 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <!--------------------------------> <!-- HEADER SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Wheat;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">How to get started using GarageBand to create a film score</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!-- Top, Right, Bottom, Left --> <!-- PICTURE ON HEADER SECTION --> {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5|| style="width:100%" | bgcolor=Cornsilk | {{center top}}[[Image:Papa Bear With Pipe.png|240px]]<br /><br />'''The instructions below'''<br />Below are the instruction for <br />scoring a scene with GarageBand.{{center bottom}}<br /> | bgcolor=Cornsilk | ==Setting up GarageBand to create a film score== :If you want to use GarageBand to do film scoring, try using a very simple setup. :*Create only one musical cue at a time. :*When you are finished with each cue, export it as an audio file. Start the audio file at the beginning of the movie. Each audio file will have long silence from the beginning of the movie to the start of the cue. That's no problem. :*Finally when all the cues are finished, mix all the audio clips together just by dragging them all to a blank GarageBand project and start them all at the beginning of the movie. ;The really hard way : Danny Elfmann creates a timing track (tempo track) for the entire scene BEFORE he begins composing. Somehow, he knows exactly how many beats per minute each cue will be and exactly when a cue slows down and when it speeds up. : He knows this '''before''' he composes a single note. Amazingly difficult. And with some programs (such as Logic Express), making tempo changes is almost impossible if you use this method. ;The easy way : There is a much easier way to do film scoring. It takes just a bit longer but you can make changes in the tempo of any cue without effecting the other cues. To do this, you<nowiki>:</nowiki> :*Create each music cue separately, as a separate project file in GarageBand. :*Later, combine all the musical cues with a simple audio mix in a separate GarageBand project. Very simple! |}{{center bottom}} </div> |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 1</p> ---- ---- <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION Step #1 --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#efe;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#afa;{{text default color}};padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Step 1. Housekeeping: Before you start</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Broom icon.svg|right|96px]] <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 1</p> ===Reduce the size of the movie=== :To conserve energy, it is a good idea to reduce the size of the movie before you do anything else. :For this example, I will use film scoring project movie from "Home Wrecker". This disk is available from your instructor on loan for one month. {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Export File.png|400px]]{{center bottom}}<br /> ;Step 1<nowiki>:</nowiki> Export the movie [ File Menu, command-E. ] :You can convert the movie clips to a smaller, faster movie clip using Apple's Movie Player and QuickTime Pro. ;Movie to QuickTime movie :Select the "Movie to QuickTime movie" option and then look at the settings (see next box below.) ;The whole movie :I use the whole movie. I do not trim the movie or just use a tiny piece of the movie. That gets confusing fast. Using the whole movie is better. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Movie Player is a useful tool</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> ===Before=== {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Movie Before.png]]<br /><br /> This movie looks great but it needs to be exported to a smaller, faster movie for use in GarageBand. {{center bottom}} ---- ---- ===After=== {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Movie After.png]]<br /><br />Now the movie is smaller and faster and requires very little computer power.{{center bottom}} </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- ONE BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Here are the menus and settings for doing the export</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON ONE BOX SECTION - optional --> To make your movie file run faster by exporting to a new codec, you can change the settings to Photo-JPEG compression with only 12 frames per second at half size. The audio should be the same as the project so you hear it clearly. {{center top}} {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5|| style="width:100%" | bgcolor=LightYellow | {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Movie Settings.png|160px]]<br />Check the audio and video settings.{{center bottom}} | bgcolor=LightYellow | {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Changing Frame Rate.png|200px]]<br />Change the frame rate to 12fps.{{center bottom}} | bgcolor=LightYellow | {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Codec Change.png|300px]]<br />Change the codec to JPEG{{center bottom}} |}{{center bottom}} </div> |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 2</p> ---- ---- <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION Step #2 --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#efe;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#afa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Step 2. Set up GarageBand for a single cue</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Broom icon.svg|right|96px]] <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 2</p> ===Set up GarageBand for scoring=== :You are ready to import the movie into GarageBand and begin scoring the first cue. :For this example, I will create the musical score for when the man and the girl think about what happened last night. :Once the movie is imported into GarageBand (by dragging the icon to the empty video track in GarageBand), you should also set up a region marker to be sure you only work with the movie just at the cue. :I set my beats per minute and other scoring information based totally on the cue I want to work on. The cue will be somewhere in the middle of the scene. I can ignore all the other cues because the other cues are done separately. While I am working on this cue, I don't care about the timing (tempo) for any of the other cues. The timing of the other cues can change and they have no effect on my music for the cue I am currently working on. This makes scoring so much easier!!!! </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Movie Player is a useful tool</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Drag Movie.png|400px]]{{center bottom}} ;Step 2<nowiki>:</nowiki> Load the movie into GarageBand :Once you open GarageBand, you need to import the movie to the video track. You do this simply by dragging the icon file from either the finder or from the pulldown list of icons under MOVIEs in GarageBand. :If you have a lot of movies in your movie folder, dragging the icon from the finder or desktop will be easier. </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- ONE BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Here are the settings that make scoring much easier in GarageBand</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON ONE BOX SECTION - optional --> {{center top}}<Big><Big><Big>[[Image:Film Scoring Loop Region Off.png]] → [[Image:Film Scoring Loop Region On.png]]</big></big></big><br /> The first thing to do is to turn on the "Play Cycle Region only" feature so you don't have to watch the whole movie.{{center bottom}} {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Select Region.png]]<br />Now you are ready to begin adding musical instruments<br />[[Image:Film Scoring New Track Menu.png]]<br /> Then select the region you are interested in. Now every time you hit the space bar or you select '''record''', it only plays the selected region.<br /> [[Image:Film Scoring New Instrument Region.png|300px]] Now you can add new instruments and create new regions (Command Click) and draw notes (also Command Click) and import Midi files. Have fun! {{center bottom}} </div> |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 3</p> ---- ---- <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION Step #3 --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#efe;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#afa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Step 3. Export the finished music for the first cue</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Broom icon.svg|right|96px]] <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 3</p> ===Convert the first cue to an AIFF file=== :When you are finished creating the music for the film cue, you need to export the music at full quality. You don't want to export the movie, or the audio from the movie; only the cue you have just now created. :Therefore, before you can export the audio clip to AIFF or WAV, you need to do a few things: :* Turn off the looping of the region. :* Hide the movie track (which turns the movie picture off, but not the audio for the movie.) :* Turn off the audio for the movie track. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">The film cue is ready for exporting</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Completed Cue.png|400px]]{{center bottom}} </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- ONE BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Here are the settings that make scoring much easier in GarageBand</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON ONE BOX SECTION - optional --> {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Select Region.png]]<br /> You need to turn off the "Play Cycle Region only" feature.{{center bottom}} {{center top}}<Big><Big><Big>[[Image:Film Scoring Loop Region On.png]] → [[Image:Film Scoring Loop Region Off.png]]</big></big></big><br /> To do that, simply turn off the region control.<br /><br />Hide the video track to turn off the video track during export. [[Image:Film Scoring Hide Video Menu.png]]<br /> <br />Turn off the audio for the video track.<br /><br />[[Image:Film Scoring Audio Off.png]]<br /><br /> Even though it is hidden, the audio remains behind and must be turned off. <br />Now you are ready to export the cue. Only your music will be exported. [[Image:Film Scoring Ready to Export.png|300px]]<br /><br />Everything looks the same, except at the top of the screen where the picture track is missing and the region has been turned off. [[Image:Film Scoring Share AIFF.png]]{{center bottom}} </div> |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 4</p> ---- ---- <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION Step #4 --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#efe;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#afa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Step 4. Set up GarageBand for the next cue</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Broom icon.svg|right|96px]] <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 4</p> ===Set up GarageBand for the next film cue=== :You repeat Step 2 and step 3 for each film cue. :If you do not like one of your cues, or you want to change the tempo of one of the cues, this has no effect on the other cues. :Go ahead. Make all the changes you want. :In the end, you have a lot of audio files of great sounding cues. Each cue has a very long silence at the beginning of the audio clip. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Movie Player is a useful tool</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Drag Movie.png|400px]]{{center bottom}} ;Step 2 and 3 repeated<nowiki>:</nowiki> Load the movie into GarageBand and begin a new cue. :Once you open a new GarageBand project, you need to import the movie to the video track just like you did in step 2. You do this simply by dragging the icon of the movie file from the finder or the list of files in GarageBand. </div> |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 5</p> ---- ---- <!--------------------------------> <!-- TWO BOX SECTION --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="1" style="width:45%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#efe;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7d7; background-color:#afa;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Step 5. Set up GarageBand to mix all the cues</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON LEFT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> [[Image:Broom icon.svg|right|96px]] <p style = "font-size: 24pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Step 5</p> ===Set up GarageBand to combine all the cues=== :All the audio files need to be mixed together. This is very easy for two reasons<nowiki>:</nowiki> :* All the audio is already at the right level. :* All the audio clips start at the beginning of the movie. That solves all synchronization problems. :Just drag all the audio files to GarageBand, positioning the start of each audio file at the beginning. :If you want to export the movie along with the music, you import the movie file (this time, the original high res version) by dragging the icon of the movie to the video track. :Later, if you do not want to export the movie with the final music for the scene, you simple hide the video track and turn off the volume for the movie track. </div> | style="padding:0em 0.5em 0em 0.5em;" | | style="width:55%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Start the same way you start any GarageBand project</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> <!-- PICTURE ON RIGHT OF TWO BOX SECTION --> {{center top}}[[Image:Film Scoring Final Mix.png|400px]]{{center bottom}} ;Step 5<nowiki>:</nowiki> Load the movie into GarageBand :Just like you did in step 2, you can import the movie to the video track simply by dragging the icon of the movie file to the empty video track. :Then you drag the audio file for all the musical cues to GarageBand. :You line up all the cues to start at zero. :Finally, you export the project to a disk, etc. </div> |} <!--------------------------------> <!-- FOOTER --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;{{text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Wheat;{{text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">If you have any questions</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON FOOTER SECTION --> [[Image:Papa Bear.png|128px|right]] {{Contact your instructor: Film scoring}} </div> |} [[Category:Film School]] [[Category:Narrative Film Production]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Mad Max film scoring]] [[Category:Film Scoring Lessons]] [[Category:Howtos]] l1em78c94y6wv4bbsf33kknf03gjgrn 0 41025 2832274 2818239 2026-09-08T18:42:14Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832274 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{:{{BASEPAGENAME}}/Table of Contents}} <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"><!--PADDING--></div> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #ffffa0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><big>[[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|128px]] Additional info about melodies in movies [[Image:Musica clasicismo.png|128px]]</big></big></big></div> |} <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"><!--PADDING--></div> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffffd0;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | [[Image:Musica renacimiento.png|100px|right]] == Melodies can be themes== ; Another use of melodies : You can use a melody as theme (a motiv). ; Associating a melody with an actor, location, or action : In a movie, there are always themes. There are the "good guy" and the "bad guy". There is the "romantic love interest". : Some locations can have special meaning to the characters in the movie. : Certain actions can evoke certain feelings in the audience. : All of these need musical themes. A musical theme is simple melody which create s specific feeling. | style="width: 50%; background-color: cornsilk;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 200px;" | [[Image:Nuvola apps kuickshow.png|96px|right]] ==Controlling the audience== ; Spoon feed the audience : It might seem unnecessary to the filmmaker but audiences like to be told what his going on. Audiences want the movie explained to them. : The only easy way to do this is with music. And the easiest way to do this is with musical themes. :* When the bad guys appear, play a musical theme for the bad guys. :* When the children appear, play a bright and bubbly theme for children (assuming you want the audience to like the children in your motion picture.) :* When the love interest appears on the movie, play a romantic theme. |} <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"><!--PADDING--></div> <!--------------------------------> <!-- Assignment 3 --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Gold; background-color:LightYellow;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Gold; background-color:#ffffaa;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">A melody that represents a person, thing, or action.</div> <div style="padding:1em 5em 1em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON ONE BOX SECTION - optional --> [[Image:Noteicon4.svg|right|128px]] ===[[Image:Blue check.svg|48px]]Your assignment - Part 3 - <span style="color: Green;">A motiv</span>[[Image:Nuvola apps juk.png|48px]]=== :Create a melody (musical theme) for characters in the movie. :*2 points each. Create a musical leitmotif (leitmotiv) for a character in a movie. :To make this assignment easy, I have selected the story of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" ==="Goldilocks and the Three Bears"=== :;The four characters in the story :1. The Papa Bear :2. The Mama Bear :3. The Baby Bear :4. Goldilocks :Create a short melody (motiv) for each of these characters. ;Keep it simple!!!! :Use about 7 notes of a single musical instrument. That is all!!!! :Try to keep it under 4 seconds. NO LONGER!!!! :The purpose is to create a mood, not to create beautiful music. <p style = "font-size: 14pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center">Create motiv (melody) for each of these figures.</p> <div style="text-align: center;"> {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5|| style="width:100%" | bgcolor=LightYellow | <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:Papa bear background cloths.png|128px]]<br>Papa Bear<br>Create a seven note musical theme.</div> | bgcolor=LightYellow | <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:Mama bear.png|128px]]<br>Mama Bear<br>Create a seven note musical theme.</div> | bgcolor=LightYellow | <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:DAZ_Baby_Bear.png|128px]]<br>Baby Bear<br>Create a seven note musical theme.</div> | bgcolor=LightYellow | <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:3D Universe Eggbert A.png|128px]]<br>Goldilocks Duck<br>Create a seven note musical theme.</div> |}</div> </div> |} <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"><!--PADDING--></div> {{Film Scoring for Musicians:Bear Family Motiv:Completed Assignments}} <!--------------------------------> <!-- FOOTER --> <!--------------------------------> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:0em 0em 1em 0em; width:100%" | colspan="2" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Cornsilk;{{Text default color}};" | <div style="border-bottom:1px solid Sienna; background-color:Wheat;{{Text default color}}; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">Using a motiv to create continuity</div> <div style="padding:2em 5em 0em 3em;"> <!--Top, right, bottom, left --> <!-- PICTURE ON FOOTER SECTION --> [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_kdict.png|128px|right]] ==The next page== :Now that you have created a motiv, you can play the motiv in different ways to create both moods and continuity. [[Film scoring/Creating continuity|Exercise<nowiki>:</nowiki> Creating continuity]] {{Contact your instructor: Film scoring for musicians}} </div> |} [[Category:Film scoring]] [[Category:Film School]] [[Category:Filmmaking]] [[Category:Narrative Film Production]] nqeqggrhxvjuqkxszsbkqb6hno4lq2b 0 46641 2832364 2579874 2026-09-09T07:51:00Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832364 wikitext text/x-wiki === History === Paula Johnston is a 26 year old accountancy student who comes to you complaining of absence of menstruation for a period of 4 months. ---- ''' What is the presenting complaint?''' <br style="clear: both;"> <div style="clear: both; width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}">'''Presenting Complaint''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 12pt" align=left> : '''Oligomenorrhoea''' - this is the absence of menstruation for a period between 6 weeks and 6 months. '''Amenorrhoea''' is the absence of periods for over six months </div> </div> '''The etiology of oligomenorrhoea is extensive. You make it easier for yourself by narrowing it down to specific organ systems. Dysfunction of which organ systems and organs can cause oligomenorrhoea?''' <br style="clear: both;"> <div style="clear: both; width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}">'''Etiology''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 12pt" align=left> : '''Endocrine System''' ::* Hypothalamus ::* Pituitary Gland ::* Thyroid Gland ::* Pancreas ::* Adrenal Gland : '''Reproductive/Endocrine System''' ::*Ovaries </div> </div> '''Verbally practice your history taking from a patient with oligomenorrhoea. What information will you try to attain from the patient?''' <br style="clear: both;"> <div style="clear: both; width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}">'''Full History and Responses''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size: 12pt" align=left> : '''History of Presenting Complaint''' ::* Onset: 4 months ago ::* Periodicity: Constantly no periods ::* Duration: 4 months ::* Has this happened before? No : '''Menstrual History''' (normal) ::* Menarche: 12 years old ::* 1st day of last menstrual period: 4 months ago ::* No. of days bleeding: 3 ::* Frequency: 26-30 days ::* Regularity: Irregular ::* Bleeding between periods: No ::* Bleeding after intercourse: No ::* Nature of periods - clots? No ::* Heavy? Light ::* Flooding? No : '''Past Gynecological History''' ::*Gynecological symptoms: None ::*Gynecological diagnoses: None ::*Gynecological surgery: None ::*Abnormal smears: None : '''Past Obstetric History''' ::* No. of children: None ::* No. of pregnancies: None : '''Drug History''' ::* Prescribed Medications: None ::* Non-prescribed medications: None ::* Recreational drugs: None : '''Family History''' ::* Medical Conditions: None ::* Gynecological conditions: Premature Menopause (Mother at 37; Sister at 35) ::* Malignancies: None : '''Social History''' ::* Support Network: Extensive ::* Smoking: No ::* Alcohol: No : </div> </div> [[Category:Reproductive medicine]] [[Category:Gynaecology|case 1]] sxufu4jmaaxcbyzsxv4hy7u78aorogz 0 54800 2832380 2318851 2026-09-09T08:42:17Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832380 wikitext text/x-wiki Welcome to the learning project on '''Horticulture'''! The following is a suggested list of headings for a learning project. For more information, please read the [[Template_talk:Learning_project_boilerplate#Directions for use|directions]]. Please organise the page as you see fit. __NOTOC__ ==Learning project summary== * '''Project code:''' HRT * '''Suggested Prerequisites:''' ** ... ** ... ** ... * '''Time investment:''' * '''Assessment suggestions:''' * '''[[Wikiversity:Major portals|Portal]]: '''[[Portal:...]](List main portal/s here) * '''[[Wikiversity:Schools|School]]: '''[[School:...]] (List main school/s here) * '''Department:''' [[Topic:...]] * '''Stream:''' * '''Level:''' ==Content summary== Students will develop a broad understanding of the components of horticultural theory and can participate in suggested practical activities to enhance the theoretic knowledge garnered from the materials. ==Goals== This learning project aims give students the knowledge to: *Collect and classify plants *Acquire specialist knowledge *Plan and manage long term weed, pest & disease control *Establish and maintain turf *Design plant displays *Manage plant health *Manage a controlled growing environment *Assess trees ==Contents== [[Image:SF Japanese Garden.JPG|thumb|right|A Japanese garden.]] '''Def.''' the "art or science of cultivating gardens"<ref name=HorticultureWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Wdgwdgwdg|Wdgwdgwdg]] |title=horticulture |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 March 2010 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horticulture |accessdate=2013-10-25 }}</ref> is called '''horticulture'''. '''Def.''' "the process or action of cultivating of the soil, particularly in"<ref name=GardeningWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Saltmarsh|Saltmarsh]] |title=gardening |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 February 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gardening |accessdate=2013-10-25 }}</ref> an "outdoor area containing one or more types of plants"<ref name=GardenWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Facts707|Facts707]] |title=garden |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 May 2010 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garden |accessdate=2013-10-25 }}</ref> is called '''gardening'''. {{clear}} ===Learning materials=== Add learning materials here. See also the box below. ===Readings and other resources=== {{Sisterprojectsearch}} Each project/lesson/activity may have a suggested reading selection. For example: * '''[[w: Horticulture]]''' * '''[[b: ...]]''' * ... ===Lessons=== * Lesson 1: [[/How to Identify plants/]] * Lesson 2: [[//]]* ... ===Activities=== * Activity 1: * Activity 2: ===Assignments=== ===Tests and quizzes=== * Quiz 1: * Quiz 2: * Test 1: * ... ==Subpages== Subpages can be created - using the syntax <nowiki>'[[/concepts/]]'</nowiki> (for concepts involved in this learning project & without the quotes). ==Active participants== Active participants in this [[Portal:Learning Projects#Learning Groups|Learning Group]] * --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 05:32, 17 September 2021 (UTC) ==Inactive participants== * [[User:HortMan|HortMan]] 12:28, 6 April 2008 (UTC) {| width="100%" style="background:#FFFCCF;{{text default color}}; border:1px solid #DAA520" | ==[[Portal:Learning Materials|Learning materials]]== Learning materials and [[Portal:Learning Projects|learning projects]] are located in the main Wikiversity namespace (i.e. without any prefix such as 'Topic:' or 'School:'). Simply make a [[link]] to the name of the learning resource, lesson, or learning project (these are independent pages in the [[Wikiversity:Namespaces|main namespace]], and sometimes subpages when appropriate) and start writing! You should also read about the [[Portal:Education/Wikiversity model|Wikiversity:Learning model]]. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects - and you are encouraged to cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource. |} ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Agronomy]] * [[Remedy/Alcohols|Alcohols]] * [[Aquaculture]] * [[Forestry]] * [[Fruit and its importance]] * [[Reproductive health/Glandular system|Glandular system]] * [[Horticulture]] * [[Medicine]] * [[Remedy/Minerals|Minerals]] * [[Remedy/Oils|Oils]] * [[Remedy/Plants|Plants]] * [[Pomology]] * [[Remedy/Waxes|Waxes]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== <!-- footer templates --> {{Medicine resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Medicinal plants}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Agronomy]] [[Category:Horticulture| ]] pym5anblyauh7j06f70egjt3rtimdjo 0 56290 2832405 2830258 2026-09-09T10:27:18Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Discussion questions and essay ideas */ added section after edit and review... === Medical nanorobotics and transient biomedicine discussion questions and essay ideas === 2832405 wikitext text/x-wiki Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.<ref>[[Wikipedia: Robotics]]</ref> {{RightTOC}} [[File:Shadow Hand Bulb large.jpg|thumb|right|Robotic hand]] == Courses == * [[Introduction to Robotics]] * [[Robotic Mechanics and Modeling]] == Learning projects and resources == * [[Artificial_Intelligence_and_Robotics_Laboratory|Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory]] * [[Anthropomorphic Robotics Project]] * [[/What is a robot?/]] * [[/Projects/]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] - Robots can use varying levels of artificial intelligence - some hardly at all, some more than less. Some robots only performs actions they are programmed to do. Some robots rely on various types of AI to engage in actions. * [[Automatic Control and Robotics]] ==Discussion questions and essay ideas== * Would building an affordable and mass-producible laundry folding robot be technologically possible? * What is the state of the art in humanoid robotics? How fast is the rate of change of advancement of these technologies? === Medical nanorobotics and transient biomedicine discussion questions and essay ideas === {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * Could transient, biocompatible robots or nanorobots safely perform useful tasks inside the human body and then biodegrade or leave? ** Could they repair tissue, modify aesthetic features (e.g. tattoos), deliver targeted medicines, or contribute to longevity/healthspan interventions? *** Would mechanical nanorobots be ideal, or would biological and biohybrid systems be more practical? *** How could such systems safely enter, operate within, and leave the body in a way without permanent implantation or problematic side effects? ==Readings and media== ===Wikipedia=== {{colbegin|4}} * [[Wikipedia:Robotics|Robotics]] * [[w:Mobile industrial robots|Mobile industrial robots]] * [[w:Articulated soft robotics|Articulated soft robotics]] * [[w:Robot locomotion|Robot locomotion]] * [[w:Motion planning|Motion planning]] * [[w:Robot kinematics|Robot kinematics]] * [[w:Mobile robot|Mobile robot]] * [[w:Cloud robotics|Cloud robotics]] * [[w:Autonomous robot|Autonomous robot]] * [[w:Workplace robotics safety|Workplace robotics safety]] * [[w:Soft robotics|Soft robotics]] * [[w:Cobot|Cobot]] * [[w:Template:Robotics|Template:Robotics]] * [[w:Open-source robotics|Open-source robotics]] * [[w:Robotics suite|Robotics suite]] * [[w:Comparison of domestic robots|Comparison of domestic robots]] * [[w:Robot tax|Robot tax]] * [[w:Industrial robot|Industrial robot]] * [[w:Cartesian coordinate robot|Cartesian coordinate robot]] * [[w:Robotic arm|Robotic arm]] * [[w:Articulated robot|Articulated robot]] * [[w:Robotics simulator|Robotics simulator]] * [[w:Robotics|Robotics]] * [[w:Human–robot interaction|Human–robot interaction]] * [[w:Domestic robot|Domestic robot]] * [[w:Personal robot|Personal robot]] {{colend}} ===External=== * [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=65CC0384A1798ADF Stanford: Introduction To Robotics Lectures on YouTube] * [http://wiki.roboteducation.org/Main_Page Institute for Personal Robots in Education Wiki] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy3zjXK4ao4 Google Just Put an A.I. Brain in a Robot (Research Breakthrough)] (video) == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Robotics| ]] [[Category:Automation]] kl71p8vcmctk7vphb3im0bfipbhogl3 0 65329 2832286 2830957 2026-09-08T20:20:30Z Atcovi 276019 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Bariatricresearch|Bariatricresearch]] ([[User_talk:Bariatricresearch|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Cromium|Cromium]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 1800240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nursing care of Clients with Nutritional Disorders''' Nutritional Standards to Promote Health include dietary recommendations, food guide pyramids for adequate nutrition. Nutritional assessment includes diet history, Anthropometric measurements (measurement of height and weight, assessment of body fat [body mass index]). == Obesity == Overweight means increased body weight for height compared to standard. Obesity is one of the most preventable health problems; it means at least 20% above upper limit of normal range for ideal body weight, due to excess adipose tissue. Obesity is adequately described by the amount of body fat. Morbid obesity has severe negative effects on health. Complications of Obesity Complications related to obesity include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), Obstructive sleep apnea, depression and other mental health/behavioral health problems, urinary incontinence, cholelithiasis, chronic back pain, early osteoarthritis, delayeded wound healing, and increased susceptibility to infection. == Pathophysiology of Obesity == Pathophysiology of obesity includes excess calories stored as fat, which can result from excess energy intake, deficient energy expenditure, or a combination of both. The appetite is controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and by emotional factors. Other factors contributing to the pathophysiology of obesity include hormones (thyroid, insulin, leptin). Two types of obesity are upper body (central) obesity with waist-hip ratio greater than 0.8, and lower body (peripheral) obesity. == Risk Factors of Obesity == Risk Factors for obesity include genetic, physiologic, physical activity, psychologic, environmental (fast foods, vending machines), sociocultural (family meals, rewards). == Obesity and Health Promotion == Include health promotion/illness prevention. Teach the potential consequences and complications. Teach the importance of eating a healthy diet, and that foods eaten away from home tend to be higher in fat, cholesterol, and salt, and lower in calcium. Reinforce need for regular moderate activity for at least 30 minutes per day, five or six days a week. Educate regarding diet and activity for children and adolescents, and continuing throughout adulthood. == Collaborative Care of Obesity == Collaborative Care includes diagnostics; BMI (20-2), anthropometry, underwater weighing, thyroid profile, serum glucose, lipid profile, cholesterol, ECG, treatment, and medications. Nonsurgical Management of obesity may include fasting, very low-calorie diets of 400 to 800 calories per day, novelty diets, diet therapy, exercise programs, drug therapy, OTC medications such as Meridia or Xenical, complementary and alternative therapies and treatments, behavioral therapy, food records which may help identify/eliminate cues that precipitate eating. Surgical Management of Obesity may include liposuction, bariatric surgery, preoperative care, operative procedures, vertical banded gastroplasty, circumgastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Postoperative Care of Obesity includes analgesia, skin care, nasogastric tube placement, diet, prevention of postoperative complications. Observe for dumping syndrome signs such as tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping. == Nursing Care of Obesity == Nursing Care includes health promotion. Start early. Nursing diagnosis (ND) and interventions include possibilities such as the following: Imbalanced nutrition: more than body requirements; identify factors contributing to food excess, establish realistic goals, assess knowledge and provide patient teaching, discuss how patient can implement behavior modification. Activity intolerance; assess current activity level, after medical clearance plan an individualized program. Ineffective therapeutic regimen management; discuss ability to incorporate change, help identify behavior modification strategies, plan ways to deal with stress and interruptions in regimen. Chronic low self-esteem; encourage patient to verbalize feelings, set small goals, refer to counseling if appropriate. == Home care of Obesity == Home care includes lifestyle changes; recruit the whole family, establish realistic goals with non food rewards, identify an exercise buddy, expect failures and learn to deal with them, use community resources. == Malnutrition == Malnutrition may result from inadequate intake of nutrients, or may be caused by inadequate nutrition intake, impaired absorption or increased metabolic need. == Pathophysiology of malnutrition == Pathophysiology of malnutrition includes starvation (inadequate dietary intake; as it continues the body breaks down fats into fatty acids and ketones), acute stress which produces a state of hypermetabolism and catabolism (cells and tissue breakdown; increased energy expenditure and nutrients needs) protein and calorie malnutrition (PCM): both proteins and calories are deficient. == Risk Factors of malnutrition == Risk Factors of malnutrition include age, poverty and homelessness, functional health problems, oral or GI problems affecting food intake, chronic pain or disease, medications or treatment, acute problems (infection, surgery, trauma). Manifestations and Complications of malnutrition Manifestations and Complications of malnutrition include weight loss, wasted appearance, dry and brittle hair, pale mucous membranes. == Collaborative Care of malnutrition == The goal of collaborative Care of malnutrition is torestore ideal body weight, to replace and restore depleted nutrients. Laboratory Assessment of malnutrition includes BMI less than 20, hematology (iron, Hgb, protein studies, albumin below 3 mg/dl, serum cholesterol 160-200, other laboratory tests, total lymphocyte count reduced, serum electrolytes. Collaborative Care of malnutrition Collaborative Care of malnutrition includes medications, fluid and dietary management, correct imbalances, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition. == Enteral Nutrition for malnutrition == There are different types of enteral products for nutrients, methods of administration of total enteral nutrition, and types of tubes (nasoenteric tube, enterostomal tube), types of feedings. Complications of total enteral nutrition include clogged tube, dislodgement, aspiration, fluid excess, increased osmolarity, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances. == Parenteral Nutrition for malnutrition == Parenteral Nutrition for malnutrition includes partial parenteral nutrition and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Complications include fluid imbalances, electrolyte imbalances, glucose imbalances, and infection. == Nursing diagnoses and Interventions for malnutrition == Nursing diagnosis (ND) and interventions include possibilities such as the following: Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements; assess client, provide rest, assess knowledge and provide teaching. Risk for infection; monitor for infection, maintain medical asepsis, teach signs of infection and hand washing techniques. Risk for deficient fluid volume; monitor for dehydration, measure input and output, daily weight, allow frequent, preferred fluids. Risk for impaired skin integrity; assess skin, turn every two hours, keep skin dry and clean. {{CourseCat}} [[Category:Nutrition]] 33ggemdfgfyqigpl70p5jd5545l1msd 0 71817 2832386 2586079 2026-09-09T09:09:10Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832386 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|thumb|left|250px|''Welcome to History of Germany course!'']] {{secondary}} {{tertiary education}} {{Template:contrib-using}} '''Welcome to the '''History of Germany''' Course at Wikiversity. In this course we will study German [[History]] since Antiquity to the Modern Day. ''Good luck...'' ''' --[[User:EarlGrey2005|EarlGrey2005]] <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Rules of this course == *'''Students must do homework.''' *'''Students must ask questions about Germany.''' *'''Students must take quizzes.''' *'''Successful students will become assistants.''' If you wish to take this course, please add this template to your user page: ''<nowiki>{{History of Germany}}</nowiki>'' </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Schedule == The aim of this course is that to give some knowledge about German History on a student level.. Students have to do their homework, follow the lessons, solve the quizzes and if they need, they should ask their questions to their instructor. If the students aren't interested in their homework, they don't spend any effort for them, don't follow the lessons and don't solve the quizzes, they will add in to inactive students list. Before being added to inactive students list, they will be warned. When the 1st quarter is completed, the most succesful students who obey the rules of this lesson will be chosen as assistant students. In the 2nd quarter, the most succesful students(that were already assistant students) will be chosen as an assistant professor. In the 3rd and 4th quarter, the most successful student(that was a assistant professor) will be chosen as professional student. When the course is over, successful students will get an award from the instructor. </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == General Quizzes == *[[Germanic Peoples/Quiz|Guiz over Week I]] </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Lessons == ===Semester I=== ==== Quarter 1: Germanic Tribes, 750 BC - 768 AD ==== *<u>''Week I:'' </u> [[Germanic Peoples|'''Germanic Peoples''']] *<u>''Week II:'' </u> [[Roman Expansion and Teutoburg Forest|'''Roman Expansion and Teutoburg Forest''']] *<u>''Week III:'' </u> '''[[Stem Duchies]]''' *<u>''Week IV:'' </u> '''[[Frankish Empire]]''' *<u>''Week V:'' </u> '''[[Who were the Frankish Kings?]]''' *<u>''Week VI:'' </u> '''[[Frankish Expansion]]''' ==== Quarter 2: Early Holy Roman Empire==== *<u>''Week VII:'' </u> '''[[Christmas Day, 800 AD]]''' *<u>''Week VIII:'' </u> [[East Francia]] *<u>''Week IX:'' </u> [[Otto the Great]] *<u>''Week X:'' </u> [[Church and State]] *<u>''Week XI:'' </u> [[Change and Reform]] *<u>''Week XII:''</u> [[The Protestant Reformation]] ===Semester I=== ==== Quarter 3: Late Holy Roman Empire to the German Empire ==== *<u>''Week XIII:'' </u> [[Thirty Years War]] *<u>''Week XIV:'' </u> [[War of the Austrian Succession]] *<u>''Week XV:'' </u> [[French Revolution]] *<u>''Week XVI:'' </u> [[German Confederation]] *<u>''Week XVII:''</u> [[Franco-Prussian War]] *<u>''Week XVIII:'' </u> [[Road to World War I]] ==== Quarter 4: World War I to Modern Day ==== * ''<u>Week XIX:</u>'' [[World War One]] * ''<u>Week XX:</u>'' [[German Revolution of 1918-19]] * ''<u>Week XXI:</u>'' [[Weimar Republic]] * ''<u>Week XXII:</u>'' [[Nazi Germany and World War Two]] * ''<u>Week XXIII:</u>'' [[Cold War in Germany]] * ''<u>Week XXIV:</u>'' [[Modern Day Germany]] </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Homework this week == No Homework Yet </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Questions == is even a non-german allowed to participate to the course? I wait impatiently the answer ---- </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Students == '''If you want to be a student of this course, please add your user name below:''' FargoPiperStone pythonliving DrMonymona Stuart Halley Victoria.Engelherz TyroneB1 # [[User:EarlGrey2005|EarlGrey2005]] </div> <div style="clear:both; background-color:#E0FFFF;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:5em;padding:5px 2em;border:3px solid #88c"> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Germanic tribes (750BC-1AD).png|Germanic tribes (750BC-1AD) File:Europe and the Near East at 476 AD.png|Europe in 476 AD, after Odoacer. </gallery> </div> == Resources == *[[w:History of Germany|en.wiki History of Germany]] *[https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Germany Brittanica History of Germany] *[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac62 HistoryWorld History of Germany] [[Category:History courses]] g21mo5mygzn8nyvjbzi0hbud22xnkbe 0 80370 2832396 2821961 2026-09-09T09:59:43Z Michael Ten 654933 added some. 2832396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[wikt:idea|Ideas]] are useful for learning, teaching, and research. Metaphorically speaking, ideas are some of the core building blocks of all these activities. In one sense, everything can be thought of as being an idea. For humans, language is utilized to express, represent, and communicate ideas. Mathematics utilizes numbers to represent ideas. Everything on a wiki is in one sense, an idea. "Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind." -[[q:Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard Kipling]] This area of this wiki can be utilized for meta-cognition about ideas as ideas, and epistemological exploration of ideas as a concept in relation to learning, teaching, and research. ==Questions== * What are ideas? * How do ideas come about? * What are your ideas? ==See also== * [[w:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] (Wikipedia - disambiguation! :() ==External links== * [http://www.ideasfestival.com.au Ideas Festival] * [http://www.pool.org.au Pool] * [http://www.ted.com TED: Ideas worth spreading] [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] {{stub}} 9mgs1gwaiwxbnj7w8wmuh5hqdmz0e7o 2832397 2832396 2026-09-09T10:02:06Z Michael Ten 654933 updated section tittle and added... == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == 2832397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[wikt:idea|Ideas]] are useful for learning, teaching, and research. Metaphorically speaking, ideas are some of the core building blocks of all these activities. In one sense, everything can be thought of as being an idea. For humans, language is utilized to express, represent, and communicate ideas. Mathematics utilizes numbers to represent ideas. Everything on a wiki is in one sense, an idea. "Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind." -[[q:Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard Kipling]] This area of this wiki can be utilized for meta-cognition about ideas as ideas, and epistemological exploration of ideas as a concept in relation to learning, teaching, and research. == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == * What are ideas? * How do ideas come about? * What are your ideas? * How might theoretical ideas be useful in futurism and futures studies? ** How might speculative ideas (perhaps of technologies that might currently be classified as science fiction) be utilized differently in futurism compared to futures studies? ==See also== * [[w:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] (Wikipedia - disambiguation! :() ==External links== * [http://www.ideasfestival.com.au Ideas Festival] * [http://www.pool.org.au Pool] * [http://www.ted.com TED: Ideas worth spreading] [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] {{stub}} o9105gu20z65gyeuxuyxyu53o6cc2y9 0 93687 2832366 2249815 2026-09-09T07:53:56Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832366 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="background:#dfdfdf;{{text default color}}border-collapse:separate; margin-left:6.0em; border-spacing:1px;width:75%" class="inflection-table" |- !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" colspan="2" | !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Present !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Simple future !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Imperfect |-<!-- 1st set singular --> |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}}; width:16%" |1st person |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}}; width:4%" rowspan="3" |''singular'' |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:22%" |είμαι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:29%" |θα είμαι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:29%" |ήμουν,&nbsp; ήμουνα¹ |- |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |είσαι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα είσαι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |ήσουν,&nbsp; ήσουνα¹ |- |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |είναι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα είναι |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |ήταν,&nbsp; ήτανε¹ |-<!-- 1st set plural --> |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |1st person |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" rowspan="3" |''plural'' |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είμαστε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα είμαστε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |ήμαστε,&nbsp; ήμασταν³ |- |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είσαστε,&nbsp; είστε² |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα είσαστε,&nbsp; θα είστε² |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |ήσαστε,&nbsp; ήσασταν³ |- |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είναι |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα είναι |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |ήταν,&nbsp; ήτανε¹ |- <!-- Footnotes --> |style="background:#eeeeee;{{text default color}}; text-align:left" colspan="5" |<!-- --><small>The imperfect forms '''ήταν''' and '''ήτανε''' have the dated alternatives ήσαν and ήσανε.</small><br><!-- --><small>1. These vowel-terminated alternative forms are used in informal situations.</small><br><!-- --><small>2. The second form may be used interchangeably with the first.</small><br><!-- --><small>3. The present & imperfect forms are homophonic, the alternative imperfect forms can be used where differentiation is necessary.</small> |} [[Category:Greek]] mh7ggr5w84ve2r2fiaruulv1e8gz8ea 0 94367 2832281 1578762 2026-09-08T18:56:30Z Michael Ten 654933 added - Scientology (as a word) means something to the effect of "the study of knowing". 2832281 wikitext text/x-wiki Scientology (as a word) means something to the effect of "the study of knowing". ==Learning Resources== *[[Church of Scientology]] *[[Origins of Scientology]] *[[Free-use Scientology-related video project]] ==External Resources== ===Followers of this religion=== *[[media:Tom_Cruise_2006.jpg|Tom Cruise]] === Official Sites === *[http://www.scientology.org/ Main Church Official Website] *[http://www.whatisscientology.org/ What is Scientology: Catechism] *[http://www.scientology-tampa.org/ Tampa Church Site] *[http://www.volunteerministers.org/ Volunteer Ministers] ==See also == * [[Epistemology]] [[Category:Scientology]] 3aujch0ja5lwc6cjilc4ax1jmzx2t5m 8 94627 2832302 2195856 2026-09-09T01:38:59Z Jtneill 10242 2832302 wikitext text/x-wiki # External URLs matching this list will *not* be blocked even if they would # have been blocked by blacklist entries. # # Syntax is as follows: # * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment # * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts inside URLs <!-- leave this line exactly as it is --> <pre> \bereticopedia\.org\b #Research about the history of heretics and inquisitors in the Mediterranean world \bviartis\.net\b #Per Wikiversity:Request custodian action \btutorialspoint\.com\b #Per Wikiversity:Request custodian action \btwitter\.com\b #Twitter - includes educational discussion/hashtags \byoutu\.be\b #Youtube - many educational videos here \bdoi\.org\b #doi.org - universal locators for published articles </pre> 32hinjodkah28446i7aj1glx5cv2m2q 0 100066 2832378 1718302 2026-09-09T08:41:08Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832378 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="background:#dfdfdf;{{text default color}};border-collapse:separate; margin-left:6.0em; border-spacing:1px;width:75%" class="inflection-table" |- !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" colspan="2" | !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Present !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Simple future !style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Imperfect |-<!-- 1st set singular --> |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}}; width:16%" |1st person |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}}; width:4%" rowspan="3" |''singular'' |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:22%" |έχω |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:29%" |θα έχω |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; width:29%" |είχα |- |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |έχεις |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα έχεις |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |είχες |- |style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}; |έχει |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα έχει |style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |είχε |-<!-- 1st set plural --> |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |1st person |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" rowspan="3" |''plural'' |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |έχουμε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα έχουμε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είχαμε |- |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |έχετε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα έχετε |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είχατε |- |style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |έχουν, &nbsp;έχουνε¹ |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα έχουν, &nbsp;θα έχουνε¹ |style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |είχαν, &nbsp;είχανε¹ |- <!-- Footnotes --> |style="background:#eeeeee;{{text default color}}; text-align:left" colspan="5" |<!-- --><small>1. These alternatives are frequent in colloquial speech, but uncommon in formal situations.</small> |} [[Category:Greek]] k34lqh2matzkppqh9vxepq91vb0tecd 0 112924 2832282 2739828 2026-09-08T19:31:18Z Bariatricresearch 3110524 Added bariatric surgery as a recognized risk for thiamine deficiency and Wernicke encephalopathy, with supporting source. 2832282 wikitext text/x-wiki == ENDOCRINE DRUGS == '''Hormones''' are the biological active substances that are produced by endocrine glands. They possess high activity being present in small doses. Hormones regulate processes of reproduction, growth, development of organism and model it’s protective reactions. By chemical structure hormone drugs are divided on next groups:<br> 1. Substances of protein or peptide structure (drugs of hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic hormones, and calcitonin);<br> 2. Derivatives of aminoacids (agents of thyroid hormones);<br> 3. Steroid substances (drugs of adrenal cortex and gonadal hormones).<br> Hormones interact with specific receptors, located on cellular membranes or intracellularly. Hormones of protein structure predominantly bind with receptors on cellular membranes. Mostly these receptors are co-operated with adenylate cyclase system, which stimulating leads to increasing of cAMP forming, and it’s through protein kinases influence on intracellular processes. Adenylat cyclase, cAMP and calcium-ions are mediators among receptors and intercellular processes. Steroid hormones enter cells of target tissues and binds to an intracellular specific receptor. The hormone receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulate their transcription and proteins synthesis.<br> Hormonal drugs are received from different sources. Some agents are extracted from correspondent animal gland (thyreoidine, bovine insulin), another are synthesized (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine). Also, hormones can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques (human insulin) by inserting the human proinsulin gene into E coli or yeast.<br> Hormonal drugs are used for the treatment of endocrine diseases (substitutive, stimulating, and inhibiting therapy) and nonendocrine diseases (allergic disorders, cancer). It is necessary to remember, that during prolonged using of high doses of hormonal substances, the atrophy of endocrine glands is possible, in result of which during sudden cessation of the treatment “syndrome of breaking” (withdraw) may develop. It is characterized by symptoms of acute endocrine insufficiency.<br> === SUBSTANCES OF PROTEIN AND AMINOACID STRUCTURE === ==== HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY HORMONES ==== Neuroendocrine control of metabolism, growth, and certain aspects of reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis). The pituitary gland consists of anterior and intermediate lobes (adenohypophysis), and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which release a number of hormones that either control the secretion of other endocrine glands or affect the metabolic actions of target tissues directly. The secretion of anterior lobe hormones is regulated by hormones formed in the hypothalamus. These hormones are small peptides that function as releasing or inhibiting hormones. The posterior lobe hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary posterior lobe, from which they are released into the circulation.<br> Six anterior pituitary hormones are recognized: somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). <br> '''Somatotropin''' (growth hormone) is a peptide hormone. It deficiency leads to short stature. Somatotropin for pharmacologic use is produced with recombinant DNA technology. Somatotropin can be administered intramuscularly. Pharmacologic doses of growth hormone cause longitudinal growth indirectly via another class of peptide hormones, the somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors that are synthesized predominantly in the liver. Also somatotropin stimulates growing of skeletal muscle and organs. It increases protein synthesis, which results in nitrogen retention. Somatotropin cause the retention of phosphorus, sodium, and potassium through promotion of cellular growth. The metabolic action of growth hormone is an initial insulin-like effect with increased tissue uptake of both glucose and amino acids and decreased lipolysis. Within a few hours, there is a peripheral insulinantagonistic effect with impaired glucose uptake and increased lipolysis. Somatotropin is indicated for long-term treatment of growth failure in children caused by pituitary growth hormone deficiency (pituitary dwarfism). Adverse effects often include arthralgia and fluid retention. <br> '''Somatostatin''' is found in the hypothalamus. It has been synthesized. Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit the release of growth hormone, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin. Somatostatin has limited therapeutic usefulness because of its short duration of action (half-life 2-3 minutes) and its multiple effects on many secretory systems. Octreotide is synthetic analogous of somatostatin. It is more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting growth hormone release. Because of this relatively reduced effect on pancreatic β-cells, octreotide has been particularly useful in treating acromegaly and carcinoid tumors (gastrinoma, glucagonoma) without provoking hyperglycemia. The serum half-life of octreotide is about 80 minutes. Adverse effects of therapy include biliary sludge and steatorrhea. <br> '''Thyrotropin''' is normally secreted as part of a feedback system of thyroid hormone level regulation. It stimulates each step of thyroid hormone synthesis, including iodine uptake. In hyperthyroidism, the serum thyrotropin level is suppressed. Therapeutic thyrotropin is prepared from bovine anterior pituitaries. Thyrotropin is used diagnostically to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Thyroid tenderness and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may occur. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone that is found in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce thyrotropin. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of thyrotropin is blocked by thyroxine and potentiated by lack of thyroxine. Protirelin (rifathyroin) is a synthetic analogous of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Protirelin is indicated as an adjunct for distinguishes between secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism.<br> '''Adrenocorticotropins''' (ACTH) primary endocrine function is to stimulate synthesis and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin is an ACTH that is obtained from porcine or bovine pituitary glands. Synthetic human ACTH is known as cosyntropin. Both animal and synthetic corticotropin are well absorbed by the intramuscular route. Cosyntropin is preferred because it is less antigenic. The biologic half-live of agents is under 20 minutes. The effects of long-acting repository forms of corticotropin persist for up to several days with a zinc hydroxide complex. Corticotropin shares many actions of the corticosteroids due to its ability to increase endogenous corticosteroid synthesis. Corticotropin is indicated as an aid in diagnosing adrenocortical insufficiency and after prolonged using of glucocorticoids for restoring of adrenal’s cortex functioning. But it may also cause depression of ACTH production. The toxicity of therapeutic doses of ACTH resembles that of the glucocorticoids with the added mild virilism (hyperandrogenism) in women. <br> '''Follicle-stimulating hormone''' (FSH) stimulates gametogenesis and follicular development in women and spermatogenesis in men. It is needed for proper ovarian estrogenesis. Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) are a mixture of partially catabolized human FSH and LH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. They are used in states of infertility to stimulate ovarian follicle development in women and spermatogenesis in men and for pituitary or hypothalamic hypogonadism with infertility. In both sexes, they must be used in conjunction with a luteinizing hormone. Overstimulation of the ovary with hMG can lead to ovarian enlargement. <br> '''Luteinizing hormone''' (LH) acts on testicular Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production. In the ovary, LH acts on the mature follicle to induce ovulation, and it stimulates the corpus luteum in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to produce progesterone. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the human placenta and excreted into the urine, whence it can be extracted and purified. It is very similar to LH in structure. hCG can be used in combination with human menotropin to induce ovulation in women and for stimulation of testosterone secretion by the testes of men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. hMG and hCG are administered intramuscularly. Androgen-dependent neoplasia and precocious puberty are contraindications to hCG use.<br> '''Gonadotropin-releasing hormone''' (GnRH) is produced by hypothalamus and controls the release of gonadotropins (FSH, LH). Pharmaceutical GnRH is synthetic. Analogs (e.g., leuprolide, nafarelin) are more potent and longer-lasting than native GnRH. GnRH and its analogs are administered parenterally. Pulsatile intravenous administration stimulates FSH and LH secretion. Thus, GnRH is used to treat infertility caused by hypothalamic hypogonadism in both sexes. In contrast, GnRH administered continuously or GnRH analogs administered in depot formulations inhibit gonadotropin release and induce hypogonadism. Leuprolide, nafarelin are used to treat prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis. Danazol is gonadotropin inhibitor. It suppresses the output of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH, LH). As a result, anovulation and associated amenorrhea occur. Danazol is being used to treat gynecomastia, endometriosis, and menorrhagia.<br> '''Prolactin''' is the principal hormone that stimulates the development of mammary glands and lactation. Its preparation - lactin is obtained from bovine pituitary glands. Lactin is available for use in lactation-deficient women in period following birth. For patients with symptomatic hyperprolactinemia, inhibition of prolactin secretion can be achieved with bromocriptine and other dopamine agonists. Also bromocriptine may be used to treat acromegaly and Parkinson’s disease.<br> The hormones of the intermediate lobe have melanocyte-stimulating properties. Its preparation – intermedin that is obtained from bovine pituitary gland is used for the treatment of degenerative processes in retina and hemeralopia (impairment of vision in reduced illumination) in eye-drops form. <br> Two posterior pituitary hormones are known: vasopressin and oxytocin. Their structures are very similar. Pharmaceutical vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetics. Pituitrine and adiurecrine are used in clinics also. They are the extracts of bovine pituitary gland. In pharmacologic doses, oxytocin can be used to induce uterine contractions and maintain labor. It can also be used for control of postpartum uterine hemorrhage. '''Oxytocin''' elicit milk ejection in lactating women. Oxytocin is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It circulating half-life is 5 minutes. Contraindications include fetal distress, prematurity, abnormal fetal presentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, and other predispositions for uterine rupture. Desaminooxytocin is a synthetic analog of oxytocin. It is act longer than parental agent and is used subglossal. <br> '''Vasopressin''' (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) possesses antidiuretic and vasopressor properties. A deficiency of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin interacts with two types of receptors. V1 receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle cells and mediate vasoconstriction. V2 receptors are found on renal tubule cells and mediate antidiuresis through increased water permeability and water resorption in the collecting tubules. Vasopressin is administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or intranasal routes. The half-life of circulating ADH is approximately 20 minutes. Desmopressin is a long-acting synthetic analog of vasopressin with an antidiuretic-to-pressor ratio 4000 times that of vasopressin. Vasopressin and desmopressin are the alternative treatments of choice for pituitary diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin (but not desmopressin) can cause vasoconstriction and should be used cautiously in-patients with coronary artery disease. ==== THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS ==== The normal thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine). These hormones contain iodine as an essential part of the molecule. Nearly all of the iodide intake is via the gastrointestinal tract from food, water, or medication. Once taken up by the thyroid gland, iodide undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions that convert it into active thyroid hormone. First of all iodide is oxidized to iodine, in which form it rapidly iodinates tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin molecule to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). This process is called iodide organification. Two molecules of DIT combine within the thyroglobulin molecule to form l-thyroxine (T4). One molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT combine to form T3. Thyroid hormones are released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis of thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 in plasma are reversibly bound to globulin. Thyrotropin (pituitary) stimulates the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. These thyroid hormones, in a negative feedback fashion, act in the pituitary to block the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and in the hypothalamus to inhibit it synthesis and secretion. <br> The free forms of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3 enter the cell. Within the cell, T4 is converted to T3, which is more potent than T4, and the T3 enters the nucleus, where it binds to a specific receptor. Most of the effects of thyroid on metabolic processes appear to be mediated by activation of nuclear receptors that lead to increased formation of RNA and subsequent protein synthesis.<br> Thyroid hormones have both catabolic (calorigenic) and anabolic effects. Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolism and consequently increase oxygen consumption of almost all tissues in the body. Thyroid hormones augment energy expenditure by stimulating ATP synthesis and ATP consumption for countless ion and substrate cycles. They increase body temperature and speed up the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. However, thyroid hormone also potentiates the secretion and action of growth hormone and are necessary for the normal growth and development of all vertebrates. Many of the manifestations of thyroid hyperactivity resemble sympathetic nervous system overactivity (tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, tremor, excessive sweating, and nervousness). The secretion and degradation rates of hormones, including catecholamines, cortisol, estrogens, testosterone, and insulin, are affected by thyroid status. Diminished production of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism, myxedema) leads to clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency, including low metabolic rate, tendency to weight gain, somnolence and edema of subcutaneous tissue. Thyroid deprivation in early life results in cretinism (mental retardation, dwarfism). <br> Thyroid preparations may be synthetic (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine) or of animal origin (thyreoidine).<br> Synthetic L-thyroxine is the preparation of choice for thyroid replacement because of its stability, lack of allergenic foreign protein, and long half-life (7 days), which permits once-daily administration. Oral absorption of current preparations of L-thyroxine is averaging 80%. Although triiodothyronine (liothyronine) is 3-4 times more active than L-thyroxine, it is not recommended for routine replacement therapy because of its shorter half-life (24 hours), which requires multiple daily doses. Furthermore, because of its greater hormone activity and consequent greater risk of cardiotoxicity, T3 should be avoided in-patients with cardiac disease. T3 is almost completely absorbed (95%) and minimally interfered with by intraluminal binding proteins. Thyreoidine (thyroid) is the preparation of bovine desiccated thyroid gland. It contains the combination of thyroid hormones. Thyreoidin has variable hormone concentrations and high protein antigenicity. <br> Thyroid hormones are indicated as replacement therapy in the treatment of hypothyroidism. In general, L-thyroxine is the preferred thyroid hormone because of the absence of variability. Triiodthyronine is recommended because of its short half-life and readily reversible effects for initial therapy in myxedema and myxedema coma. It may also be preferred when gastrointestinal absorption processes are impaired. <br> Antithyroid drugs are used in case of hyperthyroidism. <br> The thioamides '''mercazolil''' (methimazole) and '''propylthiouracil''' are major drugs for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Mercazolil is about ten times more active than propylthiouracil. Mercazolil and propylthiouracil are rapidly absorbed. They are readily accumulated by the thyroid gland. The major action is to prevent thyroid hormones synthesis by inhibiting iodine organification. A single dose of mercazolil exerts an antithyroid effect for longer than 24 hours; thus it can be used one time a day. Since the synthesis rather than the release of hormones is affected, the onset of these agents is slow, often requiring 3-4 weeks before stores of T4 are depleted. The adverse effects are rash, leukopenia, and goiter. It can be explained by decreasing of thyroid hormones level in blood that leads to increasing of thyrotropin synthesis. The last one stimulates thyroid gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia. For preventing of goitergenic effect iodine drugs are used. Potassium perchlorate (KClO4) can block uptake of iodide by the gland. Since these effects can be overcome by large doses of iodides, their effectiveness is somewhat unpredictable. Potassium perchlorate is rarely used clinically because it’s mild antithyroid activity and adverse effects (leukopenia, anemia).<br> Iodides – potassium iodide, sodium iodide - have multiple effects on the thyroid gland. They decrease the thyrotropin synthesis. Also iodides inhibit hormone's release and decrease the size and vascularity of the hyperplastic gland that make these drugs valuable as preoperative preparation for surgery. Disadvantages of iodide therapy include an increase in intraglandular stores of iodine, which may delay onset of thioamide therapy or prevent use of radioactive iodine therapy for several weeks. Iodide should not be used alone, because the gland will "escape" from the iodide block in 2-8 weeks. Adverse reactions include acneiform rash (similar to that of bromism), swollen salivary glands, conjunctivitis, and rhinorrhea.<br> Radioactive iodine (131I) is used for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. It is concentrated by the thyroid gland. Its therapeutic effect depends on emission of β-rays with an effective half-life of 5-8 days. Within a few weeks after administration, destruction of the thyroid parenchyma is evidenced by epithelial necrosis and follicular disruption. <br> The '''calcitonin''' secreted by the thyroid gland. The principal effects of calcitonin are to lower serum calcium and phosphate by actions on bone and kidney. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. In the kidney, calcitonin reduces both calcium and phosphate reabsorption. Also it decreases gastrin secretion and reduces gastric acid output. Human calcitonin monomer has a half-life of about 10 minutes. Salmon calcitonin (miacalcic) has a longer half-life. Both human calcitonin and miacalcic are synthesized. In addition, calcitonin is present in calcitrin that is obtained from porcine thyroid gland. The ability of calcitonin to block bone resorption and lower serum calcium makes it a useful drug for the treatment of hypercalcemia and osteoporosis.<br> '''Parathormone''' (parathyroid hormone, PTH) is produced by the parathyroid gland. PTH enhances calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine. In bone, PTH increases the activity and number of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. It increases bone remodeling, a specific sequence of cellular events initiated by osteoclastic bone resorption and followed by osteoblastic bone formation. In the kidney, PTH increases the ability of the nephron to reabsorb calcium but reduces its ability to reabsorb phosphate. Another important action of PTH on the kidney is its stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. All these effects are result in increasing serum calcium.<br> Parathyreoidine is produced from bovine parathyroid gland. It is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneous. Its action starts in 4 hours and last 24 hours. Parathyreoidine is used for hypothyroid tetany treatment.<br> ==== PANCREATIC HORMONES AND ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ==== '''Insulin''' is synthesized in β-cells islets of Langerhans, which interspersed throughout the pancreatic gland. Insulin is a small protein that contains 51 amino acids arranged in two chains linked by disulfide bridges. Within the β-cell, insulin precursor is produced and than proinsulin is hydrolyzed into insulin. Insulin releasing from pancreatic β-cells is stimulated in response to a glucose, mannose, certain amino acids (e.g., leucine, arginine), and vagal activity. Hyperglycemia results in increased intracellular ATP levels, which close the ATP-dependent potassium channels, and results in depolarization of the β-cell and opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The resulting increased intracellular calcium triggers secretion of the hormone. The liver and kidney remove insulin from the circulation, presumably by hydrolysis of the disulfide connections through the action of insulinase. The half-life of circulating insulin is 3-5 minutes. Once insulin has entered the circulation, it is bound by specialized receptors that are found on the membranes of most tissues. The full insulin receptor consists of α-subunit, which is entirely extracellular and constitutes the recognition site, and a β-subunit that spans the membrane. The β-subunit contains a tyrosine kinase. When insulin binds to the α-subunit at the outside surface of the cell, tyrosine kinase activity is stimulated in the β-portion that leads to the series of phosphorylation within the cell. Finally, the insulin-receptor complex is internalized where insulin is act.<br> Insulin promotes uptake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in most tissues and plays a pivotal in maintaing normal glucose levels in serum. Also, insulin activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, stimulates protein and free fatty acid synthesis, and inhibits release of free fatty acid from adipose cells. Insulin increases active glucose transport through liver, muscle and adipose cellular membranes, and promotes conversion of intracellular glucose and free fatty acid to the appropriate storage forms (glycogen and triglyceride, respectively). Insulin secreted in response to food intake induces a shift in substrate utilization, stimulating glucose oxidation and suppressing beta oxidation. The change in carbohydrate oxidation often exceeds that of fat oxidation, producing a small thermogenic effect. This increase in carbohydrate metabolism helps to prevent hyperglycemia and glucotoxicity when serum glucose levels rise quickly. Although insulin is well known for its anabolic effects, insulin infusions also increase resting energy expenditure by stimulating sympathetic activity and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. Insulin also exerts a hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and muscles . In addition, insulin decreases protein catabolism and ketogenesis. <br> Administered insulin substitutes for the lack of endogenous insulin secretion and partially corrects the disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. They’re two types of diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes (IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is a catabolic disorder in which circulating insulin is virtually absent. Exogenous insulin is therefore required. Type II diabetes (NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) represents a group comprising milder forms of diabetes that occur predominantly in obese. Circulating endogenous insulin is relatively inadequate because of tissue insensitivity. When dietary treatment fail to correct hyperglycemia, sulfonylurea drugs are usually prescribed. Insulin therapy may be required to achieve satisfactory glycemic control. Three principal types of insulins are available (1) short-acting – insulin, (2) intermediate-acting – insulin-semilente, insulin-lente, (3) long-acting – insulin-ultralente.<br> Short-acting insulin is dispensed as solutions and contains small amounts of zinc to improve their stability and shelf-life. Another insulins have been modified to provide prolonged action and are dispensed as suspensions with varying concentrations of zinc in acetate buffer (ultralente and lente insulins). Conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy presently consists of split-dose injections of mixtures of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins or multiple doses of short-acting insulin preprandially in association with any of insulin suspensions (lente, or ultralente) whose prolonged duration of action provides overnight basal insulin levels. Clinical trials have demonstrated that optimal time of preprandial subcutaneous injection of regular human insulin is 30 minutes before the meal. Short-acting soluble insulin is the only type that should be administered intravenously and it is particularly useful when the insulin requirement is changing rapidly, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or after surgery.<br> According to the sources insulins are divided into beef, pork, and human. The beef hormone is slightly more antigenic than pork insulin. Human insulin, which is less expensive and immunogenic than pork insulin, has generally supplanted it. Currently, all insulins in Ukraine are available in a concentration of 40 units/ml.<br> Hypoglycemic reactions are the most common complication of insulin therapy. They may result from a delay in taking a meal or an overdosing of insulin. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, tremulousness, nausea, and hunger. They may progress to convulsions and coma if untreated. In a case of mild hypoglycemia orange juice, glucose, or any sugar-containing beverage or food may be given. In case of unconsciousness the treatment of choice is to give 20 ml of 40% glucose solution by intravenous infusion or solutions of adrenaline or glucagon injected either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. <br> Because sensitivity is often to noninsulin protein contaminants, the new highly purified insulins have markedly reduced the incidence of insulin allergy, especially local reactions. Some diabetic patients have a high titer of circulating anti-insulin antibodies. This results in extremely high insulin requirementsoften more than 200 units daily. Atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue may occur at the site of injection. <br> '''Oral hypoglycemic drugs''' <br> The major oral medications currently available for treating hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetics are the class of compounds known as sulfonylureas.<br> '''Sulfonylureas''' release insulin from β-cells and potentiate the action of insulin on its target tissues. Sulfonylureas inhibit the efflux of potassium ion through the channel and results in depolarization. Depolarization, in turn, opens a voltage-gated calcium channel and results in calcium influx and the release of preformed insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs might restore peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Sulfonylureas are absorbed from gastrointestinal tract readily and completely. Mostly they bind with blood proteins (70-99%). Sulfonylureas are metabolized in liver and excreted mainly via kidneys. The most serious adverse effect is hypoglycemia. Also disulfiram-like reaction (flushing of the face, neck, and arms) may occur with any of the sulfonylureas when alcohol is ingested concurrently. <br> There are two generations of sulfonylureas: first generation are butamide, chlorpropamide; second generation are glibenclamide, glipizide. Butamide (tolbutamide) is well absorbed but rapidly oxidized in the liver. Its duration of effect is relatively short (6-10 hours). It is administered before each meal and at bedtime. Chlorpropamide has a long duration of effect (24-48 hours) and is slowly metabolized in the liver. The maintenance dose is given in the morning. Potential for serious adverse effects is high because of chlorpropamide prolonged action. Also chlorpropamide can cause antidiuretic effect. Diabetes patients who have not responded to butamide or chlorpropamide may respond to the more potent second-generation sulfonylureas. <br> Duration of action of glipizide and glibenclamide (gliburide) is approximately 24 hours. These agents should be ingested 30 minutes before breakfast, since rapid absorption is delayed when the drug is taken with food. The dose is given once a day. Serious adverse effect occurs more often with glibenclamide than with chlorpropamide and glipizide, because of prolonged action of glibenclamide. Gliclazide has the same serum half-life and duration of action as glibenclamide. In addition, it reduces platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and has fibrinolytic activity – hence gliclazide has prevent possible disorders of microcirculation during mellitus diabetes. <br> Second group of oral hypoglycemic compounds consists of the biguanides. These agents reduce blood glucose even in the absence of pancreatic β-cell function. Currently proposed mechanisms of action include direct stimulation of glycolysis in tissues, with increased glucose removal from blood, and slowing of glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Biguanides cause the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles (probably due to stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis). Biguanides have been most often prescribed for patients with refractory obesity. To this group belongs buformin (glibutide) and meformin. They are well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. The onset of maximal hypoglycemic effect is 5 hours and duration of effect is 14 hours. A common schedule would be to begin with a single daily tablet given for several days. If this is well tolerated, to add a second tablet if hyperglycemia persists. The toxic effects of biguanides are gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) and lactic acidosis. Biguanides does not provoke hypoglycemia.<br> Glucagon is synthesized in α-cells of Langerhans islets. The pharmacologic result of glucagon infusion is to raise blood glucose at the expense of stored hepatic glycogen. Glucagon has a potent inotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart. Thus, it produces an effect very similar to that of β-adrenoreceptor agonists without requiring functioning β-receptors. The major use of glucagon is for emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemic reactions in insulin-dependent patients when unconsciousness precludes oral feedings and use of intravenous glucose is not possible. <br> === HORMONES OF STEROID STRUCTURE === ==== ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS ==== The adrenal cortex releases a large number of steroids that may be classified as those having important effects on intermediary metabolism (glucocorticoids), those having principally salt-retaining activity (mineralocorticoids), and those having androgenic or estrogenic activity. The glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) in humans are cortisol (major) and cortisone. They are synthesized from cholesterol. The rate of their secretion changes in a circadian rhythm governed by irregular pulses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) that peak in the early morning hours and after meals. In plasma, they are bound to plasma proteins. Free hormone diffuses across cell membranes and complex with specific cytoplasmic receptors. These complexes then enter the cell nucleus, bind to DNA, and stimulate transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent protein synthesis. Glucocorticoids in rapid feedback way suppress the synthesis of pituitary ACTH. Most of the glucocorticoids are inactivated in the liver by reduction and conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate, and are excreted into the urine.<br> '''Effects of glucocorticoids'''. The glucocorticoids have important dose-related effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In the liver, glucocorticoids increase glycogen deposition by stimulating glycogen synthase activity and increasing glucose production from protein (gluconeogenesis). Glucocorticoids inhibit the peripheral glucose uptake and lead to hyperglycemia. Glucocorticoids have catabolic effects in lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin. In children, the catabolic effects of excessive amounts of glucocorticoid reduce growth. Glucocorticoids increase lipolysis and mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissues, leading to increased plasma fatty acid concentrations. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and calcium excretion, and decrease gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. These actions may lead to inhibition of bone growth in children and adolescents and the development of osteoporosis at any age.<br> Glucocorticoids have immunodepressive and anti-inflammation activities. Glucocorticoids decrease or prevent tissue responses to inflammatory processes, thereby reducing development of symptoms of inflammation without affecting the underlying cause. Glucocorticoids inhibit accumulation of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and leukocytes, at sites of inflammation. They also inhibit phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme release, and release of several chemical mediators of inflammation. They reduce the permeability of inflamed capillaries and reduce of leukocyte adherence to the capillary endothelium, leading to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and edema formation; and diminish the activity of the phospholipase A2 with subsequent inhibition of the inflammation mediators synthesis (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes) from arachidonic acid. Mechanisms of immunosuppressant action may involve prevention or suppression of cell-mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) immune reactions as well as more specific actions affecting the immune response. Glucocorticoids reduce the concentration of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes), monocytes, and eosinophils. They also decrease binding of immunoglobulin to cell surface receptors and inhibit the synthesis, and release of interleukins, thereby decreasing T-lymphocyte blastogenesis and reducing expansion of the primary immune response. Glucocorticoids may also decrease concentrations of complement components and immunoglobulins. <br> The structural and functional changes in the lungs near term, including the production of pulmonary surfactant required for air breathing, are stimulated by glucocorticoids. Treatment of the mother with large doses of glucocorticoid reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants delivered prematurely. <br> Steroids having glucocorticoid activity have become important agents for use in the treatment of many inflammatory and allergic disorders. Indications. Glucocorticoids are indicated for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects in the treatment of allergic disorders (allergic rhinitis, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions, bronchial asthma, transfusion reactions), collagen disorders (dermatomyositis, vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever), dermatitis, autoimmune anemia, chronic hepatitis, leukemia, ophthalmic disorders (iridocyclitis, keratitis). For most indications, glucocorticoid administration provides symptomatic relief but has no effect on the underlying disease processes. Use of these medications does not eliminate the need for other therapies that may be required.<br> '''Glucocorticoids''' are indicated (in physiologic doses) as replacement therapy in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency states. For this purpose are indicated cortisone, hydrocortisone (cortisol), and fludrocortisone because of their significant mineralocorticoid activity (see table 8.2). Cortisone is transformed in organism to hydrocortisone. It is used orally (tablets) or intramuscularly (suspension). Hydrocortisone can be injected intra-articulate (suspension) for the treatment of arthritis or can be applied topically (ointment) for dermatitis treatment. Fludrocortisone, a synthetic corticosteroid, is the most commonly prescribed salt-retaining hormone.<br> Natural glucocorticoids are used mostly in those cases, when their mineralocorticoid activity is desirable (adrenal insufficiency). However, agents having minimal mineralocorticoid activity are preferred in all another cases. This group includes prednisolone, methylprednisolone, fluorinated glucocorticoids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone), and bisfluorinated glucocorticoids (flumethasone, synaflane). It is consider, that presence of the fluor atom in glucocorticoids molecule has decrease its mineralocorticoid activity and its absorption from skin. Prednisolone is used orally, topically. It must be injected intramuscularly or intravenously for emerge states (anaphylactic reaction, bronchial asthma attack, shock states of different etiology). In generally, triamcinolone and dexamethasone are produced as tablets. Thanks to their bed absorption from skin (that diminish their systemic effects) flumethasone, synaflane (fluocinolone) are prescribed in ointment form for the treatment of dermatitis of different etiology. <br> '''Adverse effects'''. When the glucocorticoids are used less than 1 week, it is unusual to see serious adverse effects. The major undesirable effects of the glucocorticoids are the result of their hormonal actions and lead to the clinical picture of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. The appearance of the face is altered by rounding. Fat tends to be redistributed from the extremities to the trunk and face. Over a period of time can appear such adverse effects as weight gain, thinning of the skin (with striae), hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Wound healing is also impaired. Other serious complications include the development of peptic ulcers, bacterial and mycotic infections. Glucocorticoids (especially, cortisone and hydrocortisone) cause some sodium and fluid retention and loss of potassium. Nowadays antagonists of the synthesis or action of the glucocorticoids are well-known. They can be used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Mifepristone is a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to glucocorticoid as well as to progesterone receptors. Metyrapone is an inhibitor of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids synthesis. <br> The most important mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone. However, small amounts of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) are also formed and released. Its actions, effects, and metabolism are similar to aldosterone. ACTH and angiotensin produce a stimulation of aldosterone release. Also its secretion is enhanced by dietary sodium restriction. Mineralocorticoids act by binding to the receptor in the cytoplasm of cells of the kidneys collecting tubules. Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium from urine by the distal renal tubules, loosely coupled to the secretion of potassium ion. Excessive levels of aldosterone lead to hypernatremia, hypokalemia, increased plasma volume, and hypertension. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCSA) is used in practice. It is prescribed in case of chronic adrenal glands insufficiency, myasthenia and adynamia. Adverse effects of DOCSA are edema, hypertension.<br> '''Spironolactone''' is steroid that competes with aldosterone for binding sites and decrease its effect peripherally. It is used as diuretic drug (chapter “Diuretic drugs”) and for the treatment of hyperaldosteronism. <br> ==== THE GONADAL HORMONES. ESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS ==== The ovary has important gametogenic and hormonal functions. First of all hypothalamic produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (see “Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones”). At the beginning of each cycle, a variable number of follicles, each containing an ovum, begin to enlarge in response to FSH. After 5 or 6 days, one of the follicles begins to develop more rapidly. The granulosa cells of this follicle synthesize estrogens. When ovum is matured, follicle is ruptures and ovulation is appearing. Following the above events, the cavity of the ruptured follicle fills is transformed to the corpus luteum. The cells of this structure produce estrogens and progesterone for the remainder of the cycle, or longer if pregnancy occurs. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and ceases hormone production. The endometrium, which proliferated during the follicular phase and developed its glandular structure during the luteal phase, is shed in the process of menstruation. <br> The major estrogens produced by women are estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estradiol appears to be the major secretory product of the ovary. Most estrone and estriol are formed in the liver from estradiol. As noted above, estrogens are produced in the ovarian follicle and in corpus luteum. During pregnancy, the fetoplacental unit synthesizes a large amount of estrogen. When released into the circulation, estradiol binds strongly to a sex hormone-binding globulin. Estrogens are metabolized in the liver and their conjugated metabolites excreted in the bile. However, the conjugates may be hydrolyzed in the intestine to active, reabsorbable compounds. <br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Free plasma estrogens enter the cell and bind to their receptor. The receptor-hormone complex binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulates their transcription and proteins synthesis. <br> Estrogens stimulate the development of the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes as well as the growth of the axillary and pubic hair. They stimulate stromal development and ductal growth in the breast and are responsible for the accelerated growth phase and the closing of the epiphyses of the long bones that occur at puberty. Estrogen also plays an important role in the development of the endometrial lining (proliferation). Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone. Estrogens increase high-density lipoproteins level, slightly reduce low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol levels. Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood. They are responsible for estrous behavior in animals and influence libido in humans. They facilitate the loss of intravascular fluid into the extracellular space, producing edema. <br> Many agents of steroid estrogens are used in medicine. They are estrone, estradiol dipropionas, and ethinyl estradiol. Estrone and estradiol are produced as oil solutions and are injected intramuscularly. Estrone is acts during 24 hours, however estradiol – 2-4 days. Ethinyl estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen. It’s in 50 times more potent than estrone. Furthermore, ethinyl estradiol is available for ingestion. In addition to the steroid estrogens, a variety of nonsteroid compounds with estrogenic activity have been synthesized and used clinically. These include synestrol, diethylstilbestrol. Synestrol is the synthetic analogue of estradiol. It is taken orally and injected intramuscularly.<br> '''Indications.''' Estrogens are indicated for replacement therapy in estrogen-deficient patients (upset of menstrual cycle - dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, castration, or menopause). They are indicated for complex treatment of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women and prostatic carcinoma in men. Estrogens alone or combined with progestins can be used for contraception. They have been used extensively to replace estrogen in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, and osteoporosis associated with menopause. For this purpose patients can use estrogens or their combination with gestagens: proginova (contains estradiol valeriat; 21 dragee for month), clinorm (two-phase agent; 9 dragee that contain estradiol valeriat; 12 dragee - estradiol valeriat + levonorgestrel [gestagen]).<br> '''Adverse effects.''' Estrogen therapy may cause a menorrhagia, endometrial hyperplasia. They can be prevented by administration of a progestin agent with estrogen in each cycle. Nausea and breast tenderness are common and can be minimized by using the smallest effective dose of estrogen. Estrogen can lead to cholestasis, thrombophlebitis, peripheral edema, and hypertension. Diethylstilbestrol should be avoided during pregnancy. <br> Nowadays antiestrogen agents are well-known. Tamoxifen is a competitive inhibitor of estrogen receptors and is extensively used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. It is a nonsteroidal agent that is given orally. <br> '''Progesterone''' is the most important progestin in humans. It is synthesized in the ovary (corpus luteum), testis, adrenal, and in placenta during pregnancy. The level of progesterone in the female is higher the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of the cycle. Progestins enter the cell and bind to progesterone receptors. The ligand-receptor complex binds to a response element to activate gene transcription, resulting in an increase in protein synthesis. Progesterone causes the maturation and secretory changes in the endometrium that are seen following ovulation. Also it leads to relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and stimulation of mammary alveolar tissue growth. Progesterone is responsible for pregnancy preservation. It also has depressant and hypnotic effects on the brain.<br> Progesterone is rapidly absorbed following administration by any route. It is almost completely metabolized in one passage through the liver, and for that reason it is quite ineffective when administered orally. In the liver, progesterone is metabolized and conjugated with glucuronic acid. It is excreted into the urine. A variety of progestin compounds have been synthesized. In general, such compounds as oxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) and medroxyprogesterone are the most closely related, pharmacologically as well as chemically, to progesterone. Oxyprogesterone and medroxyprogesterone have a long duration of action. They are used in oil solution intramuscularly once in 7-14 days. Pregnine is in 5 times weaker than progesterone. However, pregnine is available for oral and subglossal (sublingual) route of using. A group of testosterone-derivatives with progestin activity - levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone) - has been introduced, principally as components of oral contraceptives. They do not support pregnancy in test animals, are more effective gonadotropin inhibitors, and may have minimal androgenic or anabolic activity.<br> Progestins have been used in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent habitual abortion or to treat threatened abortion, however their usefulness is doubtful. Progestins are used for the treatment of amenorrhea in the presence of estrogen. They are useful in producing long-term ovarian suppression for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and for contraception. Progestins may cause changes in menstrual flow, edema, and hypertension. <br> It is already synthesized antiprogestin agent – mifepristone. It binds strongly to the progesterone receptor and inhibits the activity of progesterone. Mifepristone is used for termination of early pregnancies. <br> ==== CONTRACEPTIVES. ==== A large number of oral contraceptives containing estrogens or progestins (or both) are now available for clinical use. Two types of preparations are used for oral contraception: (1) combinations of estrogens and progestins and (2) continuous progestin therapy. The estrogenic component of commercially oral contraceptive combinations is ethinyl estradiol. The progestinic component is levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone), or norgestrel. The combinations of estrogens and progestins exert their contraceptive effect largely through selective inhibition of pituitary function that results in inhibition of ovulation. The combination agents also produce a change in the cervical mucus, endometrium, and uterine tubes, which decrease the likelihood of conception and implantation. <br> Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives are usually classified according to their formulation. Monophasic preparations contain fixed-combination of estrogen and progestin (non-ovlon, rigevidon, and microgynon). Biphasic (anteovin) and triphasic (trisiston, tri-regol) preparations are consist of 2 or 3 sequentially administered fixed combinations of estrogen and progestin. Bi- and triphasic contraceptives are more physiological, because differences of estrogen-progestin correlation are imitate normal fluctuation of female sex hormones.<br> Most combinations are available as 21-day dosage preparations. In establishing an oral contraceptive dosage cycle, the menstrual cycle is usually considered to be 28 days. The first day of bleeding is counted as the first day of the cycle. Administration of oral contraceptives usually begins on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle and is usually administered once daily for 21 consecutive days. The pregnancy rate with combination agents is estimated to be about 0.5-1 per 100 woman years at risk. About 97% of patients will ovulate by the third posttreatment cycle. Progestins and estrogens are also useful in the treatment of endometriosis. It is now clear that these compounds reduce the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. <br> '''Adverse effects.''' Minor adverse effects are frequent, but most are mild and many are transient. Mild adverse effects are headache, nausea, mastalgia, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, and edema. Severe adverse effects are rare and include increasing coagulability of blood (risk of thromboembolic disease), hypertension, reduction of glucose tolerance, cholestatic jaundice, depression. These drugs should be avoided in patients with estrogen-dependent neoplasm. These agents are contraindicated in adolescents in whom epiphysial closure has not yet been completed.<br> Small doses of progestins can be used for contraception also. Progestin-only contraceptives alter cervical mucus and endometrium so that sperm migration into the uterus and probable implantation is inhibited. In addition, continuous administration of the drugs decreases the ovum transport by altering motility in fallopian tubes. Although progestin-only oral contraceptives are less effective than estrogen-progestin combinations, they are particularly suited for use in patients for whom estrogen administration is undesirable. Orally can be taken continuin, microlut. Unlike estrogen-progestin combinations, progestin-only oral contraceptives must be taken daily, without interruption, to be effective. The main adverse effect is incidences of abnormal bleeding. <br> Pregnancy can be prevented following coitus by the administration of large doses of estrogens or progestins (postcoital contraceptives). For example postinor (contain l-norgestrel). When treatment is begun within 72 hours, it is effective 99% of the time. Postcoital contraceptives can be used not more than 4 times a month.<br> ==== ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND ANTIANDROGENS ==== The testis, like the ovary, has both gametogenic and endocrine functions. In humans, the most important androgen secreted by the testis (in the interstitial or Leydig cells) is testosterone. Endogenous plasma testosterone is maintained and regulated by gonadotropins within a normal range by a negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary. In blood circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin. In many target tissues (for example in prostate), testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone. Androgens are highly lipid-soluble and enter cells of target tissues by passive diffusion. Testosterone or dihydrotestosterone binds to an intracellular androgen receptor. The hormone-receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and initiates or suppresses transcription, and protein synthesis. In the liver testosterone is transformed into nonactive substances such as androsterone that is then conjugated and excreted into the urine.<br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Androgens stimulate spermatogenesis, development of male sexual organs (seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum) and secondary sexual characteristics (male hair, enlargement of the larynx, and thickening of vocal cords). Androgens increase linear bone growth and bone density, and help fuse the epiphysial growth centres. They cause nitrogen retention that indicates an increasing of protein synthesis within the body (anabolic effect). That leads to growing of skeletal muscles and parenchymal organs. They also stimulate erythrocyte production.<br> The ethers of testosterone have been used extensively in clinics (testosterone propionate and testosterone enanthate). They are injected intramuscularly one time in 2 days or in 3-4 weeks correspondently. These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection. Methyltestosterone is testosterone derivative that is active when given by mouth (subglossal).<br> '''Indications.''' Androgens are used to replace or augment endogenous androgen secretion in hypogonadal men. Androgens have also been used in the treatment of breast cancer as a supplement to chemotherapy in women until 60 years. Androgens are sometimes given for the therapy of dysmenorrhea, postmenopausal syndrome. In women, the administration of testosterone is associated with masculinizing actions (virilism): hirsutism, acne, depression of menses, and deepening of the voice. Sodium retention and edema may appear also. <br> Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Chemical changes results in reduction of their androgenic properties comparatively with testosterone and retention of their anabolic features. Many anabolic steroids are used in clinics: methandrostenolone, phenoboline (nandrolone phenylpropionate), retabolil (nandrolone decanoate). Phenoboline and retabolil are used intramuscularly. Duration of action is 2-3 weeks. Methandrostenolone is used orally daily. Anabolic steroids have been used for reversing of protein loss after trauma, surgery, or prolonged immobilization and in patients with debilitating diseases. Anabolic agents are indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. These agents have been used to stimulate growth in boys with delayed puberty. <br> Since complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects is not possible, anabolic steroids produce slight masculinizing actions. In addition, anabolic steroids can cause nausea, edema, hypercalcemia, and upset of liver function. <br> The potential usefulness of antiandrogens for the treatment of patients producing excessive amounts of testosterone has led to the search for effective drugs that can be used for this purpose. Since dihydrotestosterone appears to be the essential androgen in the prostate, androgen effects in this tissues can be reduced by an inhibitor of 5-reductase. Finasteride, an inhibitor of this enzyme, produces a reduction in dihydrotestosterone levels. It has been reported to be moderately effective in reducing prostate size in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cyproterone acetate is effective antiandrogen that inhibits the action of androgens at the target organ. These compounds have been used in women for the treatment of hirsutism and in men to decrease excessive sexual drive. Flutamide, is a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptor that has been used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Spironolactone, a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone (see “Diuretic drugs”) also competes for the androgen receptors in target tissues. It also reduces the synthesis of testosterone. It is used for the treatment of hirsutism in women.<br> ==VITAMINS== Vitamins (lat. vita, life, + amine) are the organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, that are essential to normal metabolism, usually as coenzymes; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.<br> Vitamins are usually divided on water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. To water-soluble are concerned vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), PP (nicotinic acid), B5 (panthotenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin), B15 (pangame acid), Bc (folic acid), C (ascorbic acid), P (group of bioflavonoids). To fat-soluble are concerned - vitamins A (retinol), D2 (egrocalciferol), D3 (cholecalciferol), E (tocopherol), K (phyloquinone).<br> Needs of organism in vitamins are changed in dependence to age, work, climate, character of feeding, etc. The hard work, neuro-psychical stress, pregnancy, and breast-feeding, hard climate conditions lead to the higher vitamin demands. Also it is higher in children than in adults. Hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis appear during vitamin’s deficiency. Nowadays avitaminosis is observed comparatively seldom. Hypovitaminosis is more often observed. It is characterized by not determined symptoms (fatigue, headache, weakness, lowering of capacity for work, lowering of resistance for infections and other diseases, etc.). Avitaminosis is the brightest appearance of vitamin's insufficiency. It is characterized by clearly expressed specific symptomatology and is stipulated by full absence or prolonged vitamin deficiency. Reasons of vitamin's deficiency in organism include low content of vitamins in meals (“alimentary” hypovitaminosis), disorders of vitamin's absorption from intestine that evoked by diseases of GI and liver (“secondary” or “endogenic” hypovitaminosis), and considerable increasing of dietary requirements. However, prolonged overdosing of vitamins, usually fat-soluble (vitamins A, D), can cause development of hypervitaminosis.<br> Vitamin drugs are used in substitutive, adaptive and pharmacodynamic therapy. Substitutive vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis. Adaptive vitaminotherapy is used for bettering of organism's adaptation for quickly changing conditions of environment (spring-autumn) and in hard conditions (polar or tropical climate, climbing, work under surface of water, during flying by plains, etc.). Doses for substitutive and adaptive therapy are in 2-3 times higher than physiologic dietary requirements and are used for course therapy. <br> Pharmacodynamic vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of diseases that are not caused by vitamin's deficiency. It's basic difference from substitutive therapy is in using of higher vitamin's doses, which in dozens and hundreds times exceed daily requirements. Example is using of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) by 100000 IU per day for treating of tubercular lupus of skin.<br> === WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Ascorbic acid''' (vitamin C, antiscorbutic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in fresh fruits, vegetables, berries (wild rose). Citrus fruits are a particularly good source of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is synthesized for use as a drug. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions.<br> Ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation, tissue repair and preservation of blood vessel integrity. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration. In addition, ascorbic acid enhances the absorption of nonheme iron. <br> Ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels: ulceration of the gums hemorrhages into the skin and from the mucous membranes, debility, and immunity impairment. <br> Vitamin C is readily absorbed after oral administration. Ascorbic acid is widely distributed in body tissues. Large concentrations of the vitamin are found in the liver, leukocytes, and adrenal glands. Mostly ascorbic acid is metabolized to oxalates, which are excreted in the urine. Large doses of ascorbic acid may cause acidification of the urine, occasionally leading to precipitation of urate, oxalate stones, or drugs in the urinary tract. Ascorbic acid is used to prevent and to treat scurvy. It has been prescribed for hemorrhagic states, fever, infection, and trauma, poisoning by different substances, anemia, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer, and the common cold. Ascorbic acid may be useful to treat idiopathic methemoglobinemia. Ascorbic acid injection has been reported to be incompatible with many drugs.<br> '''Thiamine''' (vitamin B1, antineuritic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, nuts, and meat. Thiamine combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver, kidneys, and leukocytes to form thiamine diphosphate (thiamine pyrophosphate) which is a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (in the decarboxylation of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids). Thiamine diphosphate is also a coenzyme of transketolase in the utilization of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway.<br> Thiamine deficiency leads to increased pyruvic and lactic acids concentration in the blood (acidosis). The organ systems principally affected by thiamine deficiency are the peripheral nervous system (polyneuritis), cardiovascular system (heart failure), and GI tract. In severe cases thiamine deficiency results in beriberi (paresis, paralysis) and encephalopathy syndrome. Administration of thiamine completely reverses the cardiovascular and GI symptoms of thiamin deficiency; however, the degree of improvement in neurologic symptoms depends on the duration and severity of the lesions. <br> Following oral administration thiamine is readily absorbed; however, the total amount absorbed following oral administration of a large dose is limited. GI absorption of thiamine is decreased in alcoholics and in patients with cirrhosis or malabsorption. Following oral administration thiamine is readily absorbed; however, the total amount absorbed following oral administration of a large dose is limited. GI absorption of thiamine is decreased in alcoholics and in patients with cirrhosis or malabsorption. Following bariatric surgery, thiamine deficiency can develop because of reduced intake, prolonged vomiting, and altered gastrointestinal absorption, and severe deficiency may lead to Wernicke encephalopathy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiamine Deficiency and Wernicke Encephalopathy After Bariatric Surgery |url=https://bariliquidforce.com/reference/thiamine-deficiency-and-wernicke-encephalopathy-after-bariatric-surgery.html |website=Bari Liquid Force |access-date=8 September 2026 }}</ref> Thiamine is rapidly and completely absorbed following intramuscular administration.<br> Thiamine is used to prevent and to treat thiamin deficiency syndromes including beriberi, encephalopathy syndrome, and peripheral neuritis. It is also used for the treatment of paresis, neuritis, heart failure, arrhythmia, and ketoacidosis. Thiamine commercially is available in form of thiamin bromide or thiamin chloride for oral and intramuscular administration. The probable adverse effect is hypersensitivity.<br> '''Riboflavin''' (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including milk, meat, eggs, nuts, cereal grains, and yeast. In humans, an exogenous source of riboflavin is required for tissue respiration. Riboflavin is converted to the coenzyme, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes act as hydrogen-carrier molecules for several enzymes (flavoproteins) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of organic substrates and in intermediary metabolism. Riboflavin is also indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity.<br> Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) results in cheilosis (angular stomatitis), glossitis, keratitis, ocular changes (photophobia, hemeralopia), and anemia. <br> Riboflavin is readily absorbed from the upper GI tract. FAD and FMN are widely distributed into body tissues, including GI mucosal cells, erythrocytes, and the liver. Free riboflavin is present in the retina. Vitamin B2 is used to prevent riboflavin deficiency and to treat ariboflavinosis. Riboflavin may be useful in treating keratitis, iritis, skin and infectional diseases. Commercially available is riboflavin (oral, topical), riboflavin mononucleotide (injection). Riboflavin is nontoxic.<br> '''Vitamin PP''' (B3) has two forms: nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide). Nicotinic acid and tryptophan (that is converted to nicotinamide) present in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains. Commercially available nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are prepared synthetically. Nicotinic acid is incorporated into 2 coenzymes: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). They act as hydrogen-carrier molecules in glycogenolysis, tissue respiration, and lipid metabolism (more than 150 reactions). In large doses, nicotinic acid (not nicotinamide) produces peripheral vasodilatation, predominantly of cutaneous vessels in the face, neck, and chest; decreases serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations; activates the fibrinolytic system. Nicotinic acid reportedly increases gastric acid secretion. Vitamin PP deficiency results in pellagra that accompanied by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (loss of cognitive functions). <br> Vitamin PP is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration, as well as from subcutaneous and i.m. injection site. It is widely distributed into body tissues. Metabolites of vitamin PP are excreted in urine. Vitamin PP is used to prevent and to treat nicotinic acid deficiency. Large doses of nicotinic acid are used for the treatment of atherosclerosis (antilipemic agent); conditions associated with deficient circulation (e.g., peripheral vascular disease and vascular spasm), gastritis, and liver diseases. <br> Large doses of nicotinic acid can cause flushing (face, neck), pruritus, heartburn, hypotension, and headache. Long-term using of nicotinic acid may impair glucose tolerance and lead to lipid dystrophy of liver (methionine can prevent liver damage).<br> Nowadays some drugs include nicotinic acid. For example, nicoverine (nicotinic acid + papaverine), nicoshpan (nicotinic acid + no-spa). Papaverine and no-spa relieve smooth muscle spasm (spasmolytics) and nicotinic acid enhances their action, especially vasodilatation. Thus, nicoverine and nicospan are used for the treatment of hypertonia. Litonit (lithium salt of nicotinic acid) is known as tranquilizer. The head of department pharmacology of Odessa medical university prof. V.I.Kresyun investigated it. Nowadays litonit is used for alcoholism treatment. Current work of department pharmacology OMU is based on the study of neurotropic and hepatotropic activities of newly synthesized compounds of germanium and nicotinic acid as well as nicotinamide. These substances possess tranquilizer and hepatoprotective effects, that open’s perspective of their purpose investigation.<br> Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including cereal grains, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are converted to the active forms of the vitamin, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate, which act as coenzymes in a wide variety of reactions in nitrogenous metabolism. They are involved in transamination, deamidation, and decarboxylation of amino acids, in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide. Pyridoxine appears to be essential in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the CNS and in the synthesis of heme. The vitamin is also involved in lipid metabolism. <br> Deficiency of the vitamin has rarely been identified in humans. Artificial pyridoxine deficiency affects the peripheral nerves (neuritis), CNS (seizure), skin (dermatitis), and the hematopoietic system (leukopenia). Pyridoxine deficient state can occur during treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid that inhibits the conversion of vitamin B6 to the pyridoxal phosphate.<br> Vitamin B6 is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is stored mainly in the liver. Pyridoxine is used to prevent and to treat vitamin B6 deficiency. Also it is indicated for the treatment of hematopoietic upset (leukopenia, anemia), disorders of nervous system (neuritis, parkinsonism, and vertigo), and hepatitis.<br> Commercially available form is pyridoxine hydrochloride (oral, injection). Long-term administration of megadose of pyridoxine can cause sensory neuropathy.<br> '''Pantothenic acid''' (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is widely distributed in plant and animal tissues. Rich sources of pantothenic acid include meat, vegetables, cereal grains, eggs, and milk. Also it is synthesized in bowel by E.coli. In humans, an exogenous source of pantothenic acid is required for intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Pantothenic acid is a precursor of coenzyme A which is required for acetylation reactions in gluconeogenesis, in the release of energy from carbohydrates, in the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, and in the synthesis of steroid hormones, acetylcholine, and other compounds. <br> Dietary deficiency of pantothenic acid has not been clinically identified in humans. Experimentally produced pantothenic acid deficiency resulted in drowsiness, fatigue, headache, paresthesia of legs, and GI complaints.<br> Pantothenic acid is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is widely distributed into body tissues, mainly as coenzyme A. Highest concentrations are found in the liver and adrenal glands. Pantothenic acid is excreted unchanged. The vitamin is commercially available as the calcium salt (calcium pantothenate). It has been used orally and parenterally. Calcium pantothenate is indicated for the treatment of peripheral neuritis, toxicosis during pregnancy, hepatitis, atony of intestine, streptomycin neurotoxicity, and catarrhal respiratory disorders. Pantothenic acid is usually nontoxic even in large doses. Allergic reactions to it have been reported occasionally.<br> '''Pangame acid''' (vitamin B15) is considered to vitamin-like substances. It is donator of methyl groups and possesses antihypoxant action. It is used in form of calcium pangamate during dystrophy of myocardium, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, diseases of liver, and during treatment of alcoholism.<br> '''Rutine''' (vitamin P) unites group of bioflavonoids, which are present in green tea, citrus's, wild rose, etc. Together with ascorbic acid it takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes and prevents forming of lipid's peroxides. It increases firmness and lowers penetrability of capillaries. So, it is used in combination with ascorbic acid (ascorutine) for the treatment of increased penetrability of vessels (capillary toxicosis, hemorrhagical diathesis), allergy, and polyarthritis.<br> '''Vitamin U''' is contained in cabbage, asparagus, and fresh tomato. It is donator of methyl groups and takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes. It is used enterally during ulcerative disease of stomach and duodenum, gastritis, and colitis.<br> '''Vitamin B12''' (cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (vitamin Bc, pteroylglutamic acid) are discussed in chapter “Agents used in anemias”. Multivitamins. When a single vitamin deficiency is evident, other vitamin deficiencies (clinical or subclinical) often accompany it. Therapeutic multivitamin preparations may, therefore, be useful in these patients. Therapeutic multivitamins may also be indicated in pathologic conditions in which nutritional requirements are greatly increased (e.g., alcoholism, hyperthyroidism, severe illness or injury, cachexia) or in conditions in which absorption, utilization, or excretion of vitamins is abnormal (including malabsorption syndromes).<br> The vitamin combination chosen should fit the needs of the individual patient. It should be remembered that some vitamins (especially vitamins A and D) and many minerals may be toxic in large doses, and dosage of multivitamin preparations containing these agents should take the patient's dietary intake into account. Vitamins are usually administered orally; however, the drugs may be given parenterally in patients in whom oral administration is not feasible, including those receiving total parenteral nutrition. Multivitamin injections are reportedly incompatible with i.v. solutions containing various drugs. Multivitamin preparations are tablets or dragee “Hexavit”, “Pangexavit”, “Decamevit”, “Aerovit”, “Glytamevit”, “Unicap”, etc. For instance, dragee “Hexavit” includes vitamin A, B1, B2, PP, B6, C.<br> ===FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Vitamin A''' is a fat-soluble vitamin that is present in foods in a variety of forms: retinol (vitamin A1), dehydroretinol (vitamin A2), and retinoic acid. Vitamin A is present in esterified form in eggs, milk, butter, and oily salt-water fish. Provitamin A carotenoid pigments (including α-, β-, and γ-carotene), the most active of which is β-carotene, are present in green and yellow vegetables and fruits and are converted to retinol in humans. <br> In humans, an exogenous source of vitamin A is required for growth, vision, reproduction, and the integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces. Vitamin A has been reported to act as a cofactor in mucopolysaccharide synthesis. In the retina, retinol is converted to the aldehyde (retinal), which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment. Under the influence of light rhodopsin is splited into retinal and opsin that accompanied with perceiving of light. In darkness the resynthesis of rhodopsin is occur. Thus, rhodopsin is necessary for visual adaptation for darkness.<br> Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia or hemeralopia - impairment of vision in reduced illumination), xerophthalmia (dryness of the cornea) and keratomalacia (ulceration of the cornea), hyperkeratosis of the skin, immunodeficiency, and epithelial metaplasia of mucous membranes that decrease resistance to infections. That’s why, vitamin A is known also as “antiinfection agent”.<br> Vitamin A is readily and completely absorbed if fat absorption is normal. Retinol esters are hydrolyzed in the GI lumen by pancreatic enzymes and in presence of bile. Retinol is absorbed and then reesterified, mainly to retinyl palmitate. It is stored in the liver. Normal body stores of vitamin A are sufficient to meet the body's requirements for several months. Retinol is released from the liver bound to the plasma proteins. Vitamin A metabolites are excreted in urine and feces. <br> Vitamin A is used to prevent and to treat symptoms of vitamin A deficiency such as xerophthalmia and night blindness. Oral administration of water-miscible vitamin A preparations may be useful in preventing deficiency in patients with malabsorption. Vitamin A may be useful in infections, skin disorders (burns, ichthyosis, and psoriasis), however, other retinoids (e.g., etretinate, isotretinoin) are currently being investigated for use in the treatment of these dermatological disorders. Vitamin A has been studied in animals as an anticarcinogen; further study in humans is needed to determine efficacy. For clinical use, vitamin A is available as retinol (vitamin A alcohol) or esters of retinol formed from acetic and palmitic acids. Vitamin A activity is preferably expressed in International units (IU). <br> Doses of vitamin A that do not exceed the physiologic requirement are usually nontoxic. Effects of acute overdosing are vomiting, diarrhea, confusion or unusual excitement. Chronic overdosing includes bone or joint pain, painful hyperostosis of the bones (thickening of bones), drying or cracking of skin, loss of hair, unusual tiredness. Large doses of vitamin A are teratogenic in animals. Treatment of hypervitaminosis A consists of discontinuance of vitamin A and symptomatic therapy as indicated.<br> Group of '''vitamin D''' (antirachitic vitamins) includes fat-soluble vitamins that possess antirachitic and hypercalcemic activity. Because they are activated in the body and have regulatory effects, they are sometimes considered hormones. Vitamin D analogs include cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Vitamin D is present in fish oil, liver of aquatic mammals (e.g., seals, polar bears), eggs, butter, and milk. Ergocalciferol is formed from ergosterol. Cholecalciferol is formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light. In the human body, cholecalciferol is hydroxylated to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) in liver and then to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and secacalcifediol (24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in kidneys. Ergocalciferol has the same conversion as cholecalciferol.<br> Calcitriol and calcifediol enhance the efficiency of intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption in the small intestine and stimulate renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. They exhibit potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects. Recent evidence suggests that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates bone formation. Vitamin D deficiency results in skeletal demineralization. In children, vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets that is characterized by skeletal deformations (e.g., frontal bossing), and outward and inward deformities of the lower limbs resulting in bowed legs and knocked knees, respectively. In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to an osteoporosis (reduced bone mass) and osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Any alteration in cutaneous production of cholecalciferol, GI vitamin D absorption, or metabolism of the vitamin to its active form (i.e., calcitriol) can result in it deficiency. <br> Vitamin D is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. The presence of bile is required for it absorption. Vitamin D is incorporated into chylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatic system and then associates mainly with a specific α-globulin as well as vitamin D hydroxylated metabolites. 25-hydroxylatedvitamin D2, D3 are stored in fat and muscles. The metabolites of vitamin D analogs are excreted principally in bile and feces. Activity of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol is expressed in International Units (IU). <br> For clinical use, vitamin D is available as cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, calcitriol, and calfediol. Vitamin D is used to prevent or treat rickets, osteoporosis, hypocalcemic tetany, and to manage psoriasis and hypoparathyroidism. Administration of excessive doses of vitamin D may lead to hypervitaminosis D manifested by hypercalcemia. Early symptoms of hypercalcemia may include weakness, drowsiness, metallic taste, vomiting, vertigo, and bone pain. Later consequences of hypercalcemia may include impairment of renal function, osteoporosis, and metastatic calcification of organs and vessels. Treatment of vitamin D intoxication consists of withdrawal of the drug, administration of fluids, corticosteroids, and calciuric diuretics (e.g., furosemide and ethacrynic acid). <br> '''Vitamin E''' (antisterility vitamin) is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including vegetable oils, cereal grains, animal fats, meat, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. The vitamin exists in a variety of forms: α-, β-, and γ-tocopherols. The most biologically active natural form of the vitamin is α-tocopherol. <br> The exact biologic function of vitamin E in humans is unknown, although the vitamin is believed to act as an antioxidant. It has been postulated that vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membranes) and other oxygen-sensitive substances (vitamins A, C) from oxidation. Vitamin E delays the accumulation of free radicals resulting in excessive lipid peroxidation. Thus, it limits atherosclerosis and CNS neuronal generation (Alzheimer's disease). Vitamin E also may inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion. Vitamin E deficiency does not cause specific disease in adults; however, in premature neonates thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may occur. In animals, avitaminosis E is associated with infertility in male and spontaneous abortion in female, dystrophy of skeletal muscles and myocardium. <br> Absorption of vitamin E from the GI tract depends on the presence of bile and only half of the vitamin obtained from dietary sources is absorbed. After absorption, vitamin E reaches the lymph circulation and then is transported with plasma proteins. Vitamin E is distributed to all tissues and is stored in adipose tissue. Vitamin E is metabolized in the liver is excreted primarily in the bile. <br> Vitamin E has been used for the treatment of habitual abortion, infertility, myodystrophy, dementia, angina pectoris, and thrombophlebitis. For drug use, vitamin E is available as tocopherol acetate. Vitamin E is usually nontoxic, however it may cause allergic reactions and pain in site of injection.<br> == ENZYME PREPARATIONS AND ENZYME INHIBITORS == Enzyme agents are the preparations of enzymes. They are widely used in medicine for the different purposes. The first enzyme agents group (trypsin) is indicated for purulent-necrotic processes; the second group (pancreatin) increases digestive activity; the third group (streptokinase) has fibrinolytic properties; the fourth group includes different enzyme drugs (lydaza, penicillinase). <br> Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that formed in the small intestine. It hydrolyzes peptides, amides, etc. Crystallized trypsin, a purified preparation of the pancreatic enzyme. It is used in medicine for debridement (excision) of wounds and ulcers for dead tissues, fibrin, and viscous secretes. In addition it has antiinflamation activity and permit antibodies, leukocytes, and antibiotics better access to the infected area. Trypsin is nonactive (safe) relatively for undamaged tissues. It is used in inhalation for the cleaning of bronchi for viscous mucus or exudate during bronchitis, pneumonia. Trypsin is injected intramuscularly or used topically for the treatment of thrombophlebitis, parodontitis, osteomyelitis, and purulent infections of soft tissues. The agent can irritate tissues at the site of its application and can cause allergic reactions or intoxication that predominantly are evoked by absorption of necrotic tissues. Chymotrypsin is a proteinase of the gastrointestinal tract. It hydrolyzes proteins. Chymotrypsin is similar in indications to trypsin.<br> Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are the enzymes. They hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds in DNA and proteins. These agents have the same to trypsin using. Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are obtained from the cattle pancreas as well as chymotrypsin and trypsin.<br> Collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme capable of specifically hydrolyzing peptide bonds of collagen. The enzyme debrides necrotic tissue without damaging granulation tissue. It is derived from cattle pancreas. Collagenase is used to promote debridement of necrotic tissue in the treatment of severe burns and dermal ulcers. Pain and burning may occur at the site of collagenase application.<br> Pepsin is the principal digestive enzyme (protease) of gastric juice, formed from pepsinogen; it hydrolyzes peptide bonds at low pH values, reducing proteins to smaller molecules. For medical purpose it is obtained from stomach mucous membrane of hog. Pepsin is indicated for replacement therapy of stomach upset such as achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice) or hypoacidity (lower than normal level of hydrochloric acid). Natural gastric juice is digestive fluid secreted by the stomach glands of the dogs or horses. It normalizes secretion and motility of gastrointestinal tract. Abomin is received from the stomach mucous membrane of calf or lamb. It contains the summary of proteolytic enzymes. Gastric juice and abomin have the same indications as pepsin. <br> Pancreatin is a substance containing enzymes, principally amylase, lipase, and protease, obtained from the pancreas of the cattle and hog. Pancreatin is used as replacement therapy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, or other conditions in which pancreatic insufficiency impairs fat digestion. Pancreatic exocrine replacement therapy should not delay or supplant treatment of the primary disorder. The medication is taken before meals. Because pancreatin has a high purine content, hyperuricemia, uric acid renal stones may be seen as a side effect. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Panzynorm forte (contain pancreatin, bile extract, and extract of stomach mucous membrane), festal (pancreas enzymes and bile extract), mezym forte (pancreas enzymes) are the digestive enzyme replacement products also. Their are used for the treatment of digestive insufficiency of gastro-intestinal tract.<br> Fibrinolytic drugs (fibrinolysine, streptokinase, and urokinase) are discussed in chapter “Anticoagulant drugs”. Lydaza (hyaluronidase) is a protein enzyme that found widely distributed in nature. Lydaza for injection is a sterile, dry, soluble enzyme product prepared from cattle’s testes. The potency of the drug is expressed in conventional units. Lydaza modifies the permeability of connective tissue through the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid. Occurring as one of the principal viscous polysaccharides of connective tissue and skin, hyaluronic acid is one of the chief ingredients of the tissue cement, which offers resistance to the diffusion of liquids through tissue. Lydaza is indicated in the treatment of ankylosis (stiffening) of the joints and postburn scars. The enzyme also hastens the disappearance of swelling after hemorrhage. Adverse effects from lydaza are rare. Occasional sensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria) have been reported.<br> Penicillinase is a β-lactamase enzyme, which destroy all biosynthetic and majority of semisynthetic penicillins. It is produced by certain strains of microbes (e.g. staphylococci). Penicillinase is used in case of acute or delays hypersensitivity for penicillins. <br> Asparaginasa is an enzyme that is isolated for clinical use from various bacteria. The drug is used to treat leukemia. It acts indirectly by catabolic depletion of serum asparagine. These results in inhibition of protein synthesis in neoplastic cells, requiring an external source of asparagine (see chapter “Immunodepressants”).<br> Enzyme inhibitors are discussed in other topics: (1) proteinase inhibitors (contrycal) one can see in chapter “Drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases”; (2) fibrinolytic inhibitors (aminocapronic acid) see in “Drugs used in bleeding disorders”; (3) cholinesterase-inhibiting drugs (proserine) see in “Cholinomimetics”; (4) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (nialamide) see in “Antidepressant agents”; (5) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (diacarb) see in “Diuretic agents”; (6) xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol) see in “Drugs used in gout”; (7) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors (teturam) see in “The alcohols”. [[Category:Drugs]] pan33ux121ri0qmzywkuyq3y1rvd5vz 2832283 2832282 2026-09-08T19:40:15Z Bariatricresearch 3110524 Removed duplicated text introduced during prior citation edit. 2832283 wikitext text/x-wiki == ENDOCRINE DRUGS == '''Hormones''' are the biological active substances that are produced by endocrine glands. They possess high activity being present in small doses. Hormones regulate processes of reproduction, growth, development of organism and model it’s protective reactions. By chemical structure hormone drugs are divided on next groups:<br> 1. Substances of protein or peptide structure (drugs of hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic hormones, and calcitonin);<br> 2. Derivatives of aminoacids (agents of thyroid hormones);<br> 3. Steroid substances (drugs of adrenal cortex and gonadal hormones).<br> Hormones interact with specific receptors, located on cellular membranes or intracellularly. Hormones of protein structure predominantly bind with receptors on cellular membranes. Mostly these receptors are co-operated with adenylate cyclase system, which stimulating leads to increasing of cAMP forming, and it’s through protein kinases influence on intracellular processes. Adenylat cyclase, cAMP and calcium-ions are mediators among receptors and intercellular processes. Steroid hormones enter cells of target tissues and binds to an intracellular specific receptor. The hormone receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulate their transcription and proteins synthesis.<br> Hormonal drugs are received from different sources. Some agents are extracted from correspondent animal gland (thyreoidine, bovine insulin), another are synthesized (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine). Also, hormones can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques (human insulin) by inserting the human proinsulin gene into E coli or yeast.<br> Hormonal drugs are used for the treatment of endocrine diseases (substitutive, stimulating, and inhibiting therapy) and nonendocrine diseases (allergic disorders, cancer). It is necessary to remember, that during prolonged using of high doses of hormonal substances, the atrophy of endocrine glands is possible, in result of which during sudden cessation of the treatment “syndrome of breaking” (withdraw) may develop. It is characterized by symptoms of acute endocrine insufficiency.<br> === SUBSTANCES OF PROTEIN AND AMINOACID STRUCTURE === ==== HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY HORMONES ==== Neuroendocrine control of metabolism, growth, and certain aspects of reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis). The pituitary gland consists of anterior and intermediate lobes (adenohypophysis), and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which release a number of hormones that either control the secretion of other endocrine glands or affect the metabolic actions of target tissues directly. The secretion of anterior lobe hormones is regulated by hormones formed in the hypothalamus. These hormones are small peptides that function as releasing or inhibiting hormones. The posterior lobe hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary posterior lobe, from which they are released into the circulation.<br> Six anterior pituitary hormones are recognized: somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). <br> '''Somatotropin''' (growth hormone) is a peptide hormone. It deficiency leads to short stature. Somatotropin for pharmacologic use is produced with recombinant DNA technology. Somatotropin can be administered intramuscularly. Pharmacologic doses of growth hormone cause longitudinal growth indirectly via another class of peptide hormones, the somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors that are synthesized predominantly in the liver. Also somatotropin stimulates growing of skeletal muscle and organs. It increases protein synthesis, which results in nitrogen retention. Somatotropin cause the retention of phosphorus, sodium, and potassium through promotion of cellular growth. The metabolic action of growth hormone is an initial insulin-like effect with increased tissue uptake of both glucose and amino acids and decreased lipolysis. Within a few hours, there is a peripheral insulinantagonistic effect with impaired glucose uptake and increased lipolysis. Somatotropin is indicated for long-term treatment of growth failure in children caused by pituitary growth hormone deficiency (pituitary dwarfism). Adverse effects often include arthralgia and fluid retention. <br> '''Somatostatin''' is found in the hypothalamus. It has been synthesized. Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit the release of growth hormone, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin. Somatostatin has limited therapeutic usefulness because of its short duration of action (half-life 2-3 minutes) and its multiple effects on many secretory systems. Octreotide is synthetic analogous of somatostatin. It is more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting growth hormone release. Because of this relatively reduced effect on pancreatic β-cells, octreotide has been particularly useful in treating acromegaly and carcinoid tumors (gastrinoma, glucagonoma) without provoking hyperglycemia. The serum half-life of octreotide is about 80 minutes. Adverse effects of therapy include biliary sludge and steatorrhea. <br> '''Thyrotropin''' is normally secreted as part of a feedback system of thyroid hormone level regulation. It stimulates each step of thyroid hormone synthesis, including iodine uptake. In hyperthyroidism, the serum thyrotropin level is suppressed. Therapeutic thyrotropin is prepared from bovine anterior pituitaries. Thyrotropin is used diagnostically to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Thyroid tenderness and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may occur. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone that is found in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce thyrotropin. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of thyrotropin is blocked by thyroxine and potentiated by lack of thyroxine. Protirelin (rifathyroin) is a synthetic analogous of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Protirelin is indicated as an adjunct for distinguishes between secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism.<br> '''Adrenocorticotropins''' (ACTH) primary endocrine function is to stimulate synthesis and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin is an ACTH that is obtained from porcine or bovine pituitary glands. Synthetic human ACTH is known as cosyntropin. Both animal and synthetic corticotropin are well absorbed by the intramuscular route. Cosyntropin is preferred because it is less antigenic. The biologic half-live of agents is under 20 minutes. The effects of long-acting repository forms of corticotropin persist for up to several days with a zinc hydroxide complex. Corticotropin shares many actions of the corticosteroids due to its ability to increase endogenous corticosteroid synthesis. Corticotropin is indicated as an aid in diagnosing adrenocortical insufficiency and after prolonged using of glucocorticoids for restoring of adrenal’s cortex functioning. But it may also cause depression of ACTH production. The toxicity of therapeutic doses of ACTH resembles that of the glucocorticoids with the added mild virilism (hyperandrogenism) in women. <br> '''Follicle-stimulating hormone''' (FSH) stimulates gametogenesis and follicular development in women and spermatogenesis in men. It is needed for proper ovarian estrogenesis. Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) are a mixture of partially catabolized human FSH and LH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. They are used in states of infertility to stimulate ovarian follicle development in women and spermatogenesis in men and for pituitary or hypothalamic hypogonadism with infertility. In both sexes, they must be used in conjunction with a luteinizing hormone. Overstimulation of the ovary with hMG can lead to ovarian enlargement. <br> '''Luteinizing hormone''' (LH) acts on testicular Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production. In the ovary, LH acts on the mature follicle to induce ovulation, and it stimulates the corpus luteum in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to produce progesterone. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the human placenta and excreted into the urine, whence it can be extracted and purified. It is very similar to LH in structure. hCG can be used in combination with human menotropin to induce ovulation in women and for stimulation of testosterone secretion by the testes of men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. hMG and hCG are administered intramuscularly. Androgen-dependent neoplasia and precocious puberty are contraindications to hCG use.<br> '''Gonadotropin-releasing hormone''' (GnRH) is produced by hypothalamus and controls the release of gonadotropins (FSH, LH). Pharmaceutical GnRH is synthetic. Analogs (e.g., leuprolide, nafarelin) are more potent and longer-lasting than native GnRH. GnRH and its analogs are administered parenterally. Pulsatile intravenous administration stimulates FSH and LH secretion. Thus, GnRH is used to treat infertility caused by hypothalamic hypogonadism in both sexes. In contrast, GnRH administered continuously or GnRH analogs administered in depot formulations inhibit gonadotropin release and induce hypogonadism. Leuprolide, nafarelin are used to treat prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis. Danazol is gonadotropin inhibitor. It suppresses the output of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH, LH). As a result, anovulation and associated amenorrhea occur. Danazol is being used to treat gynecomastia, endometriosis, and menorrhagia.<br> '''Prolactin''' is the principal hormone that stimulates the development of mammary glands and lactation. Its preparation - lactin is obtained from bovine pituitary glands. Lactin is available for use in lactation-deficient women in period following birth. For patients with symptomatic hyperprolactinemia, inhibition of prolactin secretion can be achieved with bromocriptine and other dopamine agonists. Also bromocriptine may be used to treat acromegaly and Parkinson’s disease.<br> The hormones of the intermediate lobe have melanocyte-stimulating properties. Its preparation – intermedin that is obtained from bovine pituitary gland is used for the treatment of degenerative processes in retina and hemeralopia (impairment of vision in reduced illumination) in eye-drops form. <br> Two posterior pituitary hormones are known: vasopressin and oxytocin. Their structures are very similar. Pharmaceutical vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetics. Pituitrine and adiurecrine are used in clinics also. They are the extracts of bovine pituitary gland. In pharmacologic doses, oxytocin can be used to induce uterine contractions and maintain labor. It can also be used for control of postpartum uterine hemorrhage. '''Oxytocin''' elicit milk ejection in lactating women. Oxytocin is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It circulating half-life is 5 minutes. Contraindications include fetal distress, prematurity, abnormal fetal presentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, and other predispositions for uterine rupture. Desaminooxytocin is a synthetic analog of oxytocin. It is act longer than parental agent and is used subglossal. <br> '''Vasopressin''' (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) possesses antidiuretic and vasopressor properties. A deficiency of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin interacts with two types of receptors. V1 receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle cells and mediate vasoconstriction. V2 receptors are found on renal tubule cells and mediate antidiuresis through increased water permeability and water resorption in the collecting tubules. Vasopressin is administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or intranasal routes. The half-life of circulating ADH is approximately 20 minutes. Desmopressin is a long-acting synthetic analog of vasopressin with an antidiuretic-to-pressor ratio 4000 times that of vasopressin. Vasopressin and desmopressin are the alternative treatments of choice for pituitary diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin (but not desmopressin) can cause vasoconstriction and should be used cautiously in-patients with coronary artery disease. ==== THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS ==== The normal thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine). These hormones contain iodine as an essential part of the molecule. Nearly all of the iodide intake is via the gastrointestinal tract from food, water, or medication. Once taken up by the thyroid gland, iodide undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions that convert it into active thyroid hormone. First of all iodide is oxidized to iodine, in which form it rapidly iodinates tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin molecule to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). This process is called iodide organification. Two molecules of DIT combine within the thyroglobulin molecule to form l-thyroxine (T4). One molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT combine to form T3. Thyroid hormones are released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis of thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 in plasma are reversibly bound to globulin. Thyrotropin (pituitary) stimulates the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. These thyroid hormones, in a negative feedback fashion, act in the pituitary to block the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and in the hypothalamus to inhibit it synthesis and secretion. <br> The free forms of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3 enter the cell. Within the cell, T4 is converted to T3, which is more potent than T4, and the T3 enters the nucleus, where it binds to a specific receptor. Most of the effects of thyroid on metabolic processes appear to be mediated by activation of nuclear receptors that lead to increased formation of RNA and subsequent protein synthesis.<br> Thyroid hormones have both catabolic (calorigenic) and anabolic effects. Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolism and consequently increase oxygen consumption of almost all tissues in the body. Thyroid hormones augment energy expenditure by stimulating ATP synthesis and ATP consumption for countless ion and substrate cycles. They increase body temperature and speed up the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. However, thyroid hormone also potentiates the secretion and action of growth hormone and are necessary for the normal growth and development of all vertebrates. Many of the manifestations of thyroid hyperactivity resemble sympathetic nervous system overactivity (tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, tremor, excessive sweating, and nervousness). The secretion and degradation rates of hormones, including catecholamines, cortisol, estrogens, testosterone, and insulin, are affected by thyroid status. Diminished production of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism, myxedema) leads to clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency, including low metabolic rate, tendency to weight gain, somnolence and edema of subcutaneous tissue. Thyroid deprivation in early life results in cretinism (mental retardation, dwarfism). <br> Thyroid preparations may be synthetic (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine) or of animal origin (thyreoidine).<br> Synthetic L-thyroxine is the preparation of choice for thyroid replacement because of its stability, lack of allergenic foreign protein, and long half-life (7 days), which permits once-daily administration. Oral absorption of current preparations of L-thyroxine is averaging 80%. Although triiodothyronine (liothyronine) is 3-4 times more active than L-thyroxine, it is not recommended for routine replacement therapy because of its shorter half-life (24 hours), which requires multiple daily doses. Furthermore, because of its greater hormone activity and consequent greater risk of cardiotoxicity, T3 should be avoided in-patients with cardiac disease. T3 is almost completely absorbed (95%) and minimally interfered with by intraluminal binding proteins. Thyreoidine (thyroid) is the preparation of bovine desiccated thyroid gland. It contains the combination of thyroid hormones. Thyreoidin has variable hormone concentrations and high protein antigenicity. <br> Thyroid hormones are indicated as replacement therapy in the treatment of hypothyroidism. In general, L-thyroxine is the preferred thyroid hormone because of the absence of variability. Triiodthyronine is recommended because of its short half-life and readily reversible effects for initial therapy in myxedema and myxedema coma. It may also be preferred when gastrointestinal absorption processes are impaired. <br> Antithyroid drugs are used in case of hyperthyroidism. <br> The thioamides '''mercazolil''' (methimazole) and '''propylthiouracil''' are major drugs for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Mercazolil is about ten times more active than propylthiouracil. Mercazolil and propylthiouracil are rapidly absorbed. They are readily accumulated by the thyroid gland. The major action is to prevent thyroid hormones synthesis by inhibiting iodine organification. A single dose of mercazolil exerts an antithyroid effect for longer than 24 hours; thus it can be used one time a day. Since the synthesis rather than the release of hormones is affected, the onset of these agents is slow, often requiring 3-4 weeks before stores of T4 are depleted. The adverse effects are rash, leukopenia, and goiter. It can be explained by decreasing of thyroid hormones level in blood that leads to increasing of thyrotropin synthesis. The last one stimulates thyroid gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia. For preventing of goitergenic effect iodine drugs are used. Potassium perchlorate (KClO4) can block uptake of iodide by the gland. Since these effects can be overcome by large doses of iodides, their effectiveness is somewhat unpredictable. Potassium perchlorate is rarely used clinically because it’s mild antithyroid activity and adverse effects (leukopenia, anemia).<br> Iodides – potassium iodide, sodium iodide - have multiple effects on the thyroid gland. They decrease the thyrotropin synthesis. Also iodides inhibit hormone's release and decrease the size and vascularity of the hyperplastic gland that make these drugs valuable as preoperative preparation for surgery. Disadvantages of iodide therapy include an increase in intraglandular stores of iodine, which may delay onset of thioamide therapy or prevent use of radioactive iodine therapy for several weeks. Iodide should not be used alone, because the gland will "escape" from the iodide block in 2-8 weeks. Adverse reactions include acneiform rash (similar to that of bromism), swollen salivary glands, conjunctivitis, and rhinorrhea.<br> Radioactive iodine (131I) is used for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. It is concentrated by the thyroid gland. Its therapeutic effect depends on emission of β-rays with an effective half-life of 5-8 days. Within a few weeks after administration, destruction of the thyroid parenchyma is evidenced by epithelial necrosis and follicular disruption. <br> The '''calcitonin''' secreted by the thyroid gland. The principal effects of calcitonin are to lower serum calcium and phosphate by actions on bone and kidney. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. In the kidney, calcitonin reduces both calcium and phosphate reabsorption. Also it decreases gastrin secretion and reduces gastric acid output. Human calcitonin monomer has a half-life of about 10 minutes. Salmon calcitonin (miacalcic) has a longer half-life. Both human calcitonin and miacalcic are synthesized. In addition, calcitonin is present in calcitrin that is obtained from porcine thyroid gland. The ability of calcitonin to block bone resorption and lower serum calcium makes it a useful drug for the treatment of hypercalcemia and osteoporosis.<br> '''Parathormone''' (parathyroid hormone, PTH) is produced by the parathyroid gland. PTH enhances calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine. In bone, PTH increases the activity and number of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. It increases bone remodeling, a specific sequence of cellular events initiated by osteoclastic bone resorption and followed by osteoblastic bone formation. In the kidney, PTH increases the ability of the nephron to reabsorb calcium but reduces its ability to reabsorb phosphate. Another important action of PTH on the kidney is its stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. All these effects are result in increasing serum calcium.<br> Parathyreoidine is produced from bovine parathyroid gland. It is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneous. Its action starts in 4 hours and last 24 hours. Parathyreoidine is used for hypothyroid tetany treatment.<br> ==== PANCREATIC HORMONES AND ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ==== '''Insulin''' is synthesized in β-cells islets of Langerhans, which interspersed throughout the pancreatic gland. Insulin is a small protein that contains 51 amino acids arranged in two chains linked by disulfide bridges. Within the β-cell, insulin precursor is produced and than proinsulin is hydrolyzed into insulin. Insulin releasing from pancreatic β-cells is stimulated in response to a glucose, mannose, certain amino acids (e.g., leucine, arginine), and vagal activity. Hyperglycemia results in increased intracellular ATP levels, which close the ATP-dependent potassium channels, and results in depolarization of the β-cell and opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The resulting increased intracellular calcium triggers secretion of the hormone. The liver and kidney remove insulin from the circulation, presumably by hydrolysis of the disulfide connections through the action of insulinase. The half-life of circulating insulin is 3-5 minutes. Once insulin has entered the circulation, it is bound by specialized receptors that are found on the membranes of most tissues. The full insulin receptor consists of α-subunit, which is entirely extracellular and constitutes the recognition site, and a β-subunit that spans the membrane. The β-subunit contains a tyrosine kinase. When insulin binds to the α-subunit at the outside surface of the cell, tyrosine kinase activity is stimulated in the β-portion that leads to the series of phosphorylation within the cell. Finally, the insulin-receptor complex is internalized where insulin is act.<br> Insulin promotes uptake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in most tissues and plays a pivotal in maintaing normal glucose levels in serum. Also, insulin activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, stimulates protein and free fatty acid synthesis, and inhibits release of free fatty acid from adipose cells. Insulin increases active glucose transport through liver, muscle and adipose cellular membranes, and promotes conversion of intracellular glucose and free fatty acid to the appropriate storage forms (glycogen and triglyceride, respectively). Insulin secreted in response to food intake induces a shift in substrate utilization, stimulating glucose oxidation and suppressing beta oxidation. The change in carbohydrate oxidation often exceeds that of fat oxidation, producing a small thermogenic effect. This increase in carbohydrate metabolism helps to prevent hyperglycemia and glucotoxicity when serum glucose levels rise quickly. Although insulin is well known for its anabolic effects, insulin infusions also increase resting energy expenditure by stimulating sympathetic activity and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. Insulin also exerts a hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and muscles . In addition, insulin decreases protein catabolism and ketogenesis. <br> Administered insulin substitutes for the lack of endogenous insulin secretion and partially corrects the disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. They’re two types of diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes (IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is a catabolic disorder in which circulating insulin is virtually absent. Exogenous insulin is therefore required. Type II diabetes (NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) represents a group comprising milder forms of diabetes that occur predominantly in obese. Circulating endogenous insulin is relatively inadequate because of tissue insensitivity. When dietary treatment fail to correct hyperglycemia, sulfonylurea drugs are usually prescribed. Insulin therapy may be required to achieve satisfactory glycemic control. Three principal types of insulins are available (1) short-acting – insulin, (2) intermediate-acting – insulin-semilente, insulin-lente, (3) long-acting – insulin-ultralente.<br> Short-acting insulin is dispensed as solutions and contains small amounts of zinc to improve their stability and shelf-life. Another insulins have been modified to provide prolonged action and are dispensed as suspensions with varying concentrations of zinc in acetate buffer (ultralente and lente insulins). Conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy presently consists of split-dose injections of mixtures of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins or multiple doses of short-acting insulin preprandially in association with any of insulin suspensions (lente, or ultralente) whose prolonged duration of action provides overnight basal insulin levels. Clinical trials have demonstrated that optimal time of preprandial subcutaneous injection of regular human insulin is 30 minutes before the meal. Short-acting soluble insulin is the only type that should be administered intravenously and it is particularly useful when the insulin requirement is changing rapidly, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or after surgery.<br> According to the sources insulins are divided into beef, pork, and human. The beef hormone is slightly more antigenic than pork insulin. Human insulin, which is less expensive and immunogenic than pork insulin, has generally supplanted it. Currently, all insulins in Ukraine are available in a concentration of 40 units/ml.<br> Hypoglycemic reactions are the most common complication of insulin therapy. They may result from a delay in taking a meal or an overdosing of insulin. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, tremulousness, nausea, and hunger. They may progress to convulsions and coma if untreated. In a case of mild hypoglycemia orange juice, glucose, or any sugar-containing beverage or food may be given. In case of unconsciousness the treatment of choice is to give 20 ml of 40% glucose solution by intravenous infusion or solutions of adrenaline or glucagon injected either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. <br> Because sensitivity is often to noninsulin protein contaminants, the new highly purified insulins have markedly reduced the incidence of insulin allergy, especially local reactions. Some diabetic patients have a high titer of circulating anti-insulin antibodies. This results in extremely high insulin requirementsoften more than 200 units daily. Atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue may occur at the site of injection. <br> '''Oral hypoglycemic drugs''' <br> The major oral medications currently available for treating hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetics are the class of compounds known as sulfonylureas.<br> '''Sulfonylureas''' release insulin from β-cells and potentiate the action of insulin on its target tissues. Sulfonylureas inhibit the efflux of potassium ion through the channel and results in depolarization. Depolarization, in turn, opens a voltage-gated calcium channel and results in calcium influx and the release of preformed insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs might restore peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Sulfonylureas are absorbed from gastrointestinal tract readily and completely. Mostly they bind with blood proteins (70-99%). Sulfonylureas are metabolized in liver and excreted mainly via kidneys. The most serious adverse effect is hypoglycemia. Also disulfiram-like reaction (flushing of the face, neck, and arms) may occur with any of the sulfonylureas when alcohol is ingested concurrently. <br> There are two generations of sulfonylureas: first generation are butamide, chlorpropamide; second generation are glibenclamide, glipizide. Butamide (tolbutamide) is well absorbed but rapidly oxidized in the liver. Its duration of effect is relatively short (6-10 hours). It is administered before each meal and at bedtime. Chlorpropamide has a long duration of effect (24-48 hours) and is slowly metabolized in the liver. The maintenance dose is given in the morning. Potential for serious adverse effects is high because of chlorpropamide prolonged action. Also chlorpropamide can cause antidiuretic effect. Diabetes patients who have not responded to butamide or chlorpropamide may respond to the more potent second-generation sulfonylureas. <br> Duration of action of glipizide and glibenclamide (gliburide) is approximately 24 hours. These agents should be ingested 30 minutes before breakfast, since rapid absorption is delayed when the drug is taken with food. The dose is given once a day. Serious adverse effect occurs more often with glibenclamide than with chlorpropamide and glipizide, because of prolonged action of glibenclamide. Gliclazide has the same serum half-life and duration of action as glibenclamide. In addition, it reduces platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and has fibrinolytic activity – hence gliclazide has prevent possible disorders of microcirculation during mellitus diabetes. <br> Second group of oral hypoglycemic compounds consists of the biguanides. These agents reduce blood glucose even in the absence of pancreatic β-cell function. Currently proposed mechanisms of action include direct stimulation of glycolysis in tissues, with increased glucose removal from blood, and slowing of glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Biguanides cause the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles (probably due to stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis). Biguanides have been most often prescribed for patients with refractory obesity. To this group belongs buformin (glibutide) and meformin. They are well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. The onset of maximal hypoglycemic effect is 5 hours and duration of effect is 14 hours. A common schedule would be to begin with a single daily tablet given for several days. If this is well tolerated, to add a second tablet if hyperglycemia persists. The toxic effects of biguanides are gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) and lactic acidosis. Biguanides does not provoke hypoglycemia.<br> Glucagon is synthesized in α-cells of Langerhans islets. The pharmacologic result of glucagon infusion is to raise blood glucose at the expense of stored hepatic glycogen. Glucagon has a potent inotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart. Thus, it produces an effect very similar to that of β-adrenoreceptor agonists without requiring functioning β-receptors. The major use of glucagon is for emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemic reactions in insulin-dependent patients when unconsciousness precludes oral feedings and use of intravenous glucose is not possible. <br> === HORMONES OF STEROID STRUCTURE === ==== ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS ==== The adrenal cortex releases a large number of steroids that may be classified as those having important effects on intermediary metabolism (glucocorticoids), those having principally salt-retaining activity (mineralocorticoids), and those having androgenic or estrogenic activity. The glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) in humans are cortisol (major) and cortisone. They are synthesized from cholesterol. The rate of their secretion changes in a circadian rhythm governed by irregular pulses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) that peak in the early morning hours and after meals. In plasma, they are bound to plasma proteins. Free hormone diffuses across cell membranes and complex with specific cytoplasmic receptors. These complexes then enter the cell nucleus, bind to DNA, and stimulate transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent protein synthesis. Glucocorticoids in rapid feedback way suppress the synthesis of pituitary ACTH. Most of the glucocorticoids are inactivated in the liver by reduction and conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate, and are excreted into the urine.<br> '''Effects of glucocorticoids'''. The glucocorticoids have important dose-related effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In the liver, glucocorticoids increase glycogen deposition by stimulating glycogen synthase activity and increasing glucose production from protein (gluconeogenesis). Glucocorticoids inhibit the peripheral glucose uptake and lead to hyperglycemia. Glucocorticoids have catabolic effects in lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin. In children, the catabolic effects of excessive amounts of glucocorticoid reduce growth. Glucocorticoids increase lipolysis and mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissues, leading to increased plasma fatty acid concentrations. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and calcium excretion, and decrease gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. These actions may lead to inhibition of bone growth in children and adolescents and the development of osteoporosis at any age.<br> Glucocorticoids have immunodepressive and anti-inflammation activities. Glucocorticoids decrease or prevent tissue responses to inflammatory processes, thereby reducing development of symptoms of inflammation without affecting the underlying cause. Glucocorticoids inhibit accumulation of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and leukocytes, at sites of inflammation. They also inhibit phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme release, and release of several chemical mediators of inflammation. They reduce the permeability of inflamed capillaries and reduce of leukocyte adherence to the capillary endothelium, leading to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and edema formation; and diminish the activity of the phospholipase A2 with subsequent inhibition of the inflammation mediators synthesis (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes) from arachidonic acid. Mechanisms of immunosuppressant action may involve prevention or suppression of cell-mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) immune reactions as well as more specific actions affecting the immune response. Glucocorticoids reduce the concentration of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes), monocytes, and eosinophils. They also decrease binding of immunoglobulin to cell surface receptors and inhibit the synthesis, and release of interleukins, thereby decreasing T-lymphocyte blastogenesis and reducing expansion of the primary immune response. Glucocorticoids may also decrease concentrations of complement components and immunoglobulins. <br> The structural and functional changes in the lungs near term, including the production of pulmonary surfactant required for air breathing, are stimulated by glucocorticoids. Treatment of the mother with large doses of glucocorticoid reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants delivered prematurely. <br> Steroids having glucocorticoid activity have become important agents for use in the treatment of many inflammatory and allergic disorders. Indications. Glucocorticoids are indicated for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects in the treatment of allergic disorders (allergic rhinitis, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions, bronchial asthma, transfusion reactions), collagen disorders (dermatomyositis, vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever), dermatitis, autoimmune anemia, chronic hepatitis, leukemia, ophthalmic disorders (iridocyclitis, keratitis). For most indications, glucocorticoid administration provides symptomatic relief but has no effect on the underlying disease processes. Use of these medications does not eliminate the need for other therapies that may be required.<br> '''Glucocorticoids''' are indicated (in physiologic doses) as replacement therapy in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency states. For this purpose are indicated cortisone, hydrocortisone (cortisol), and fludrocortisone because of their significant mineralocorticoid activity (see table 8.2). Cortisone is transformed in organism to hydrocortisone. It is used orally (tablets) or intramuscularly (suspension). Hydrocortisone can be injected intra-articulate (suspension) for the treatment of arthritis or can be applied topically (ointment) for dermatitis treatment. Fludrocortisone, a synthetic corticosteroid, is the most commonly prescribed salt-retaining hormone.<br> Natural glucocorticoids are used mostly in those cases, when their mineralocorticoid activity is desirable (adrenal insufficiency). However, agents having minimal mineralocorticoid activity are preferred in all another cases. This group includes prednisolone, methylprednisolone, fluorinated glucocorticoids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone), and bisfluorinated glucocorticoids (flumethasone, synaflane). It is consider, that presence of the fluor atom in glucocorticoids molecule has decrease its mineralocorticoid activity and its absorption from skin. Prednisolone is used orally, topically. It must be injected intramuscularly or intravenously for emerge states (anaphylactic reaction, bronchial asthma attack, shock states of different etiology). In generally, triamcinolone and dexamethasone are produced as tablets. Thanks to their bed absorption from skin (that diminish their systemic effects) flumethasone, synaflane (fluocinolone) are prescribed in ointment form for the treatment of dermatitis of different etiology. <br> '''Adverse effects'''. When the glucocorticoids are used less than 1 week, it is unusual to see serious adverse effects. The major undesirable effects of the glucocorticoids are the result of their hormonal actions and lead to the clinical picture of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. The appearance of the face is altered by rounding. Fat tends to be redistributed from the extremities to the trunk and face. Over a period of time can appear such adverse effects as weight gain, thinning of the skin (with striae), hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Wound healing is also impaired. Other serious complications include the development of peptic ulcers, bacterial and mycotic infections. Glucocorticoids (especially, cortisone and hydrocortisone) cause some sodium and fluid retention and loss of potassium. Nowadays antagonists of the synthesis or action of the glucocorticoids are well-known. They can be used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Mifepristone is a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to glucocorticoid as well as to progesterone receptors. Metyrapone is an inhibitor of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids synthesis. <br> The most important mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone. However, small amounts of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) are also formed and released. Its actions, effects, and metabolism are similar to aldosterone. ACTH and angiotensin produce a stimulation of aldosterone release. Also its secretion is enhanced by dietary sodium restriction. Mineralocorticoids act by binding to the receptor in the cytoplasm of cells of the kidneys collecting tubules. Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium from urine by the distal renal tubules, loosely coupled to the secretion of potassium ion. Excessive levels of aldosterone lead to hypernatremia, hypokalemia, increased plasma volume, and hypertension. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCSA) is used in practice. It is prescribed in case of chronic adrenal glands insufficiency, myasthenia and adynamia. Adverse effects of DOCSA are edema, hypertension.<br> '''Spironolactone''' is steroid that competes with aldosterone for binding sites and decrease its effect peripherally. It is used as diuretic drug (chapter “Diuretic drugs”) and for the treatment of hyperaldosteronism. <br> ==== THE GONADAL HORMONES. ESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS ==== The ovary has important gametogenic and hormonal functions. First of all hypothalamic produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (see “Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones”). At the beginning of each cycle, a variable number of follicles, each containing an ovum, begin to enlarge in response to FSH. After 5 or 6 days, one of the follicles begins to develop more rapidly. The granulosa cells of this follicle synthesize estrogens. When ovum is matured, follicle is ruptures and ovulation is appearing. Following the above events, the cavity of the ruptured follicle fills is transformed to the corpus luteum. The cells of this structure produce estrogens and progesterone for the remainder of the cycle, or longer if pregnancy occurs. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and ceases hormone production. The endometrium, which proliferated during the follicular phase and developed its glandular structure during the luteal phase, is shed in the process of menstruation. <br> The major estrogens produced by women are estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estradiol appears to be the major secretory product of the ovary. Most estrone and estriol are formed in the liver from estradiol. As noted above, estrogens are produced in the ovarian follicle and in corpus luteum. During pregnancy, the fetoplacental unit synthesizes a large amount of estrogen. When released into the circulation, estradiol binds strongly to a sex hormone-binding globulin. Estrogens are metabolized in the liver and their conjugated metabolites excreted in the bile. However, the conjugates may be hydrolyzed in the intestine to active, reabsorbable compounds. <br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Free plasma estrogens enter the cell and bind to their receptor. The receptor-hormone complex binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulates their transcription and proteins synthesis. <br> Estrogens stimulate the development of the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes as well as the growth of the axillary and pubic hair. They stimulate stromal development and ductal growth in the breast and are responsible for the accelerated growth phase and the closing of the epiphyses of the long bones that occur at puberty. Estrogen also plays an important role in the development of the endometrial lining (proliferation). Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone. Estrogens increase high-density lipoproteins level, slightly reduce low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol levels. Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood. They are responsible for estrous behavior in animals and influence libido in humans. They facilitate the loss of intravascular fluid into the extracellular space, producing edema. <br> Many agents of steroid estrogens are used in medicine. They are estrone, estradiol dipropionas, and ethinyl estradiol. Estrone and estradiol are produced as oil solutions and are injected intramuscularly. Estrone is acts during 24 hours, however estradiol – 2-4 days. Ethinyl estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen. It’s in 50 times more potent than estrone. Furthermore, ethinyl estradiol is available for ingestion. In addition to the steroid estrogens, a variety of nonsteroid compounds with estrogenic activity have been synthesized and used clinically. These include synestrol, diethylstilbestrol. Synestrol is the synthetic analogue of estradiol. It is taken orally and injected intramuscularly.<br> '''Indications.''' Estrogens are indicated for replacement therapy in estrogen-deficient patients (upset of menstrual cycle - dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, castration, or menopause). They are indicated for complex treatment of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women and prostatic carcinoma in men. Estrogens alone or combined with progestins can be used for contraception. They have been used extensively to replace estrogen in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, and osteoporosis associated with menopause. For this purpose patients can use estrogens or their combination with gestagens: proginova (contains estradiol valeriat; 21 dragee for month), clinorm (two-phase agent; 9 dragee that contain estradiol valeriat; 12 dragee - estradiol valeriat + levonorgestrel [gestagen]).<br> '''Adverse effects.''' Estrogen therapy may cause a menorrhagia, endometrial hyperplasia. They can be prevented by administration of a progestin agent with estrogen in each cycle. Nausea and breast tenderness are common and can be minimized by using the smallest effective dose of estrogen. Estrogen can lead to cholestasis, thrombophlebitis, peripheral edema, and hypertension. Diethylstilbestrol should be avoided during pregnancy. <br> Nowadays antiestrogen agents are well-known. Tamoxifen is a competitive inhibitor of estrogen receptors and is extensively used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. It is a nonsteroidal agent that is given orally. <br> '''Progesterone''' is the most important progestin in humans. It is synthesized in the ovary (corpus luteum), testis, adrenal, and in placenta during pregnancy. The level of progesterone in the female is higher the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of the cycle. Progestins enter the cell and bind to progesterone receptors. The ligand-receptor complex binds to a response element to activate gene transcription, resulting in an increase in protein synthesis. Progesterone causes the maturation and secretory changes in the endometrium that are seen following ovulation. Also it leads to relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and stimulation of mammary alveolar tissue growth. Progesterone is responsible for pregnancy preservation. It also has depressant and hypnotic effects on the brain.<br> Progesterone is rapidly absorbed following administration by any route. It is almost completely metabolized in one passage through the liver, and for that reason it is quite ineffective when administered orally. In the liver, progesterone is metabolized and conjugated with glucuronic acid. It is excreted into the urine. A variety of progestin compounds have been synthesized. In general, such compounds as oxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) and medroxyprogesterone are the most closely related, pharmacologically as well as chemically, to progesterone. Oxyprogesterone and medroxyprogesterone have a long duration of action. They are used in oil solution intramuscularly once in 7-14 days. Pregnine is in 5 times weaker than progesterone. However, pregnine is available for oral and subglossal (sublingual) route of using. A group of testosterone-derivatives with progestin activity - levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone) - has been introduced, principally as components of oral contraceptives. They do not support pregnancy in test animals, are more effective gonadotropin inhibitors, and may have minimal androgenic or anabolic activity.<br> Progestins have been used in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent habitual abortion or to treat threatened abortion, however their usefulness is doubtful. Progestins are used for the treatment of amenorrhea in the presence of estrogen. They are useful in producing long-term ovarian suppression for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and for contraception. Progestins may cause changes in menstrual flow, edema, and hypertension. <br> It is already synthesized antiprogestin agent – mifepristone. It binds strongly to the progesterone receptor and inhibits the activity of progesterone. Mifepristone is used for termination of early pregnancies. <br> ==== CONTRACEPTIVES. ==== A large number of oral contraceptives containing estrogens or progestins (or both) are now available for clinical use. Two types of preparations are used for oral contraception: (1) combinations of estrogens and progestins and (2) continuous progestin therapy. The estrogenic component of commercially oral contraceptive combinations is ethinyl estradiol. The progestinic component is levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone), or norgestrel. The combinations of estrogens and progestins exert their contraceptive effect largely through selective inhibition of pituitary function that results in inhibition of ovulation. The combination agents also produce a change in the cervical mucus, endometrium, and uterine tubes, which decrease the likelihood of conception and implantation. <br> Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives are usually classified according to their formulation. Monophasic preparations contain fixed-combination of estrogen and progestin (non-ovlon, rigevidon, and microgynon). Biphasic (anteovin) and triphasic (trisiston, tri-regol) preparations are consist of 2 or 3 sequentially administered fixed combinations of estrogen and progestin. Bi- and triphasic contraceptives are more physiological, because differences of estrogen-progestin correlation are imitate normal fluctuation of female sex hormones.<br> Most combinations are available as 21-day dosage preparations. In establishing an oral contraceptive dosage cycle, the menstrual cycle is usually considered to be 28 days. The first day of bleeding is counted as the first day of the cycle. Administration of oral contraceptives usually begins on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle and is usually administered once daily for 21 consecutive days. The pregnancy rate with combination agents is estimated to be about 0.5-1 per 100 woman years at risk. About 97% of patients will ovulate by the third posttreatment cycle. Progestins and estrogens are also useful in the treatment of endometriosis. It is now clear that these compounds reduce the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. <br> '''Adverse effects.''' Minor adverse effects are frequent, but most are mild and many are transient. Mild adverse effects are headache, nausea, mastalgia, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, and edema. Severe adverse effects are rare and include increasing coagulability of blood (risk of thromboembolic disease), hypertension, reduction of glucose tolerance, cholestatic jaundice, depression. These drugs should be avoided in patients with estrogen-dependent neoplasm. These agents are contraindicated in adolescents in whom epiphysial closure has not yet been completed.<br> Small doses of progestins can be used for contraception also. Progestin-only contraceptives alter cervical mucus and endometrium so that sperm migration into the uterus and probable implantation is inhibited. In addition, continuous administration of the drugs decreases the ovum transport by altering motility in fallopian tubes. Although progestin-only oral contraceptives are less effective than estrogen-progestin combinations, they are particularly suited for use in patients for whom estrogen administration is undesirable. Orally can be taken continuin, microlut. Unlike estrogen-progestin combinations, progestin-only oral contraceptives must be taken daily, without interruption, to be effective. The main adverse effect is incidences of abnormal bleeding. <br> Pregnancy can be prevented following coitus by the administration of large doses of estrogens or progestins (postcoital contraceptives). For example postinor (contain l-norgestrel). When treatment is begun within 72 hours, it is effective 99% of the time. Postcoital contraceptives can be used not more than 4 times a month.<br> ==== ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND ANTIANDROGENS ==== The testis, like the ovary, has both gametogenic and endocrine functions. In humans, the most important androgen secreted by the testis (in the interstitial or Leydig cells) is testosterone. Endogenous plasma testosterone is maintained and regulated by gonadotropins within a normal range by a negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary. In blood circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin. In many target tissues (for example in prostate), testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone. Androgens are highly lipid-soluble and enter cells of target tissues by passive diffusion. Testosterone or dihydrotestosterone binds to an intracellular androgen receptor. The hormone-receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and initiates or suppresses transcription, and protein synthesis. In the liver testosterone is transformed into nonactive substances such as androsterone that is then conjugated and excreted into the urine.<br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Androgens stimulate spermatogenesis, development of male sexual organs (seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum) and secondary sexual characteristics (male hair, enlargement of the larynx, and thickening of vocal cords). Androgens increase linear bone growth and bone density, and help fuse the epiphysial growth centres. They cause nitrogen retention that indicates an increasing of protein synthesis within the body (anabolic effect). That leads to growing of skeletal muscles and parenchymal organs. They also stimulate erythrocyte production.<br> The ethers of testosterone have been used extensively in clinics (testosterone propionate and testosterone enanthate). They are injected intramuscularly one time in 2 days or in 3-4 weeks correspondently. These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection. Methyltestosterone is testosterone derivative that is active when given by mouth (subglossal).<br> '''Indications.''' Androgens are used to replace or augment endogenous androgen secretion in hypogonadal men. Androgens have also been used in the treatment of breast cancer as a supplement to chemotherapy in women until 60 years. Androgens are sometimes given for the therapy of dysmenorrhea, postmenopausal syndrome. In women, the administration of testosterone is associated with masculinizing actions (virilism): hirsutism, acne, depression of menses, and deepening of the voice. Sodium retention and edema may appear also. <br> Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Chemical changes results in reduction of their androgenic properties comparatively with testosterone and retention of their anabolic features. Many anabolic steroids are used in clinics: methandrostenolone, phenoboline (nandrolone phenylpropionate), retabolil (nandrolone decanoate). Phenoboline and retabolil are used intramuscularly. Duration of action is 2-3 weeks. Methandrostenolone is used orally daily. Anabolic steroids have been used for reversing of protein loss after trauma, surgery, or prolonged immobilization and in patients with debilitating diseases. Anabolic agents are indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. These agents have been used to stimulate growth in boys with delayed puberty. <br> Since complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects is not possible, anabolic steroids produce slight masculinizing actions. In addition, anabolic steroids can cause nausea, edema, hypercalcemia, and upset of liver function. <br> The potential usefulness of antiandrogens for the treatment of patients producing excessive amounts of testosterone has led to the search for effective drugs that can be used for this purpose. Since dihydrotestosterone appears to be the essential androgen in the prostate, androgen effects in this tissues can be reduced by an inhibitor of 5-reductase. Finasteride, an inhibitor of this enzyme, produces a reduction in dihydrotestosterone levels. It has been reported to be moderately effective in reducing prostate size in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cyproterone acetate is effective antiandrogen that inhibits the action of androgens at the target organ. These compounds have been used in women for the treatment of hirsutism and in men to decrease excessive sexual drive. Flutamide, is a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptor that has been used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Spironolactone, a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone (see “Diuretic drugs”) also competes for the androgen receptors in target tissues. It also reduces the synthesis of testosterone. It is used for the treatment of hirsutism in women.<br> ==VITAMINS== Vitamins (lat. vita, life, + amine) are the organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, that are essential to normal metabolism, usually as coenzymes; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.<br> Vitamins are usually divided on water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. To water-soluble are concerned vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), PP (nicotinic acid), B5 (panthotenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin), B15 (pangame acid), Bc (folic acid), C (ascorbic acid), P (group of bioflavonoids). To fat-soluble are concerned - vitamins A (retinol), D2 (egrocalciferol), D3 (cholecalciferol), E (tocopherol), K (phyloquinone).<br> Needs of organism in vitamins are changed in dependence to age, work, climate, character of feeding, etc. The hard work, neuro-psychical stress, pregnancy, and breast-feeding, hard climate conditions lead to the higher vitamin demands. Also it is higher in children than in adults. Hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis appear during vitamin’s deficiency. Nowadays avitaminosis is observed comparatively seldom. Hypovitaminosis is more often observed. It is characterized by not determined symptoms (fatigue, headache, weakness, lowering of capacity for work, lowering of resistance for infections and other diseases, etc.). Avitaminosis is the brightest appearance of vitamin's insufficiency. It is characterized by clearly expressed specific symptomatology and is stipulated by full absence or prolonged vitamin deficiency. Reasons of vitamin's deficiency in organism include low content of vitamins in meals (“alimentary” hypovitaminosis), disorders of vitamin's absorption from intestine that evoked by diseases of GI and liver (“secondary” or “endogenic” hypovitaminosis), and considerable increasing of dietary requirements. However, prolonged overdosing of vitamins, usually fat-soluble (vitamins A, D), can cause development of hypervitaminosis.<br> Vitamin drugs are used in substitutive, adaptive and pharmacodynamic therapy. Substitutive vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis. Adaptive vitaminotherapy is used for bettering of organism's adaptation for quickly changing conditions of environment (spring-autumn) and in hard conditions (polar or tropical climate, climbing, work under surface of water, during flying by plains, etc.). Doses for substitutive and adaptive therapy are in 2-3 times higher than physiologic dietary requirements and are used for course therapy. <br> Pharmacodynamic vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of diseases that are not caused by vitamin's deficiency. It's basic difference from substitutive therapy is in using of higher vitamin's doses, which in dozens and hundreds times exceed daily requirements. Example is using of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) by 100000 IU per day for treating of tubercular lupus of skin.<br> === WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Ascorbic acid''' (vitamin C, antiscorbutic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in fresh fruits, vegetables, berries (wild rose). Citrus fruits are a particularly good source of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is synthesized for use as a drug. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions.<br> Ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation, tissue repair and preservation of blood vessel integrity. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration. In addition, ascorbic acid enhances the absorption of nonheme iron. <br> Ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels: ulceration of the gums hemorrhages into the skin and from the mucous membranes, debility, and immunity impairment. <br> Vitamin C is readily absorbed after oral administration. Ascorbic acid is widely distributed in body tissues. Large concentrations of the vitamin are found in the liver, leukocytes, and adrenal glands. Mostly ascorbic acid is metabolized to oxalates, which are excreted in the urine. Large doses of ascorbic acid may cause acidification of the urine, occasionally leading to precipitation of urate, oxalate stones, or drugs in the urinary tract. Ascorbic acid is used to prevent and to treat scurvy. It has been prescribed for hemorrhagic states, fever, infection, and trauma, poisoning by different substances, anemia, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer, and the common cold. Ascorbic acid may be useful to treat idiopathic methemoglobinemia. Ascorbic acid injection has been reported to be incompatible with many drugs.<br> '''Thiamine''' (vitamin B1, antineuritic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, nuts, and meat. Thiamine combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver, kidneys, and leukocytes to form thiamine diphosphate (thiamine pyrophosphate) which is a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (in the decarboxylation of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids). Thiamine diphosphate is also a coenzyme of transketolase in the utilization of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway.<br> Thiamine deficiency leads to increased pyruvic and lactic acids concentration in the blood (acidosis). The organ systems principally affected by thiamine deficiency are the peripheral nervous system (polyneuritis), cardiovascular system (heart failure), and GI tract. In severe cases thiamine deficiency results in beriberi (paresis, paralysis) and encephalopathy syndrome. Administration of thiamine completely reverses the cardiovascular and GI symptoms of thiamin deficiency; however, the degree of improvement in neurologic symptoms depends on the duration and severity of the lesions. <br> Following oral administration thiamine is readily absorbed; however, the total amount absorbed following oral administration of a large dose is limited. GI absorption of thiamine is decreased in alcoholics and in patients with cirrhosis or malabsorption. Following bariatric surgery, thiamine deficiency can develop because of reduced intake, prolonged vomiting, and altered gastrointestinal absorption, and severe deficiency may lead to Wernicke encephalopathy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiamine Deficiency and Wernicke Encephalopathy After Bariatric Surgery |url=https://bariliquidforce.com/reference/thiamine-deficiency-and-wernicke-encephalopathy-after-bariatric-surgery.html |website=Bari Liquid Force |access-date=8 September 2026 }}</ref> Thiamine is rapidly and completely absorbed following intramuscular administration.<br> Thiamine is used to prevent and to treat thiamin deficiency syndromes including beriberi, encephalopathy syndrome, and peripheral neuritis. It is also used for the treatment of paresis, neuritis, heart failure, arrhythmia, and ketoacidosis. Thiamine commercially is available in form of thiamin bromide or thiamin chloride for oral and intramuscular administration. The probable adverse effect is hypersensitivity.<br> '''Riboflavin''' (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including milk, meat, eggs, nuts, cereal grains, and yeast. In humans, an exogenous source of riboflavin is required for tissue respiration. Riboflavin is converted to the coenzyme, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes act as hydrogen-carrier molecules for several enzymes (flavoproteins) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of organic substrates and in intermediary metabolism. Riboflavin is also indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity.<br> Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) results in cheilosis (angular stomatitis), glossitis, keratitis, ocular changes (photophobia, hemeralopia), and anemia. <br> Riboflavin is readily absorbed from the upper GI tract. FAD and FMN are widely distributed into body tissues, including GI mucosal cells, erythrocytes, and the liver. Free riboflavin is present in the retina. Vitamin B2 is used to prevent riboflavin deficiency and to treat ariboflavinosis. Riboflavin may be useful in treating keratitis, iritis, skin and infectional diseases. Commercially available is riboflavin (oral, topical), riboflavin mononucleotide (injection). Riboflavin is nontoxic.<br> '''Vitamin PP''' (B3) has two forms: nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide). Nicotinic acid and tryptophan (that is converted to nicotinamide) present in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains. Commercially available nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are prepared synthetically. Nicotinic acid is incorporated into 2 coenzymes: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). They act as hydrogen-carrier molecules in glycogenolysis, tissue respiration, and lipid metabolism (more than 150 reactions). In large doses, nicotinic acid (not nicotinamide) produces peripheral vasodilatation, predominantly of cutaneous vessels in the face, neck, and chest; decreases serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations; activates the fibrinolytic system. Nicotinic acid reportedly increases gastric acid secretion. Vitamin PP deficiency results in pellagra that accompanied by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (loss of cognitive functions). <br> Vitamin PP is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration, as well as from subcutaneous and i.m. injection site. It is widely distributed into body tissues. Metabolites of vitamin PP are excreted in urine. Vitamin PP is used to prevent and to treat nicotinic acid deficiency. Large doses of nicotinic acid are used for the treatment of atherosclerosis (antilipemic agent); conditions associated with deficient circulation (e.g., peripheral vascular disease and vascular spasm), gastritis, and liver diseases. <br> Large doses of nicotinic acid can cause flushing (face, neck), pruritus, heartburn, hypotension, and headache. Long-term using of nicotinic acid may impair glucose tolerance and lead to lipid dystrophy of liver (methionine can prevent liver damage).<br> Nowadays some drugs include nicotinic acid. For example, nicoverine (nicotinic acid + papaverine), nicoshpan (nicotinic acid + no-spa). Papaverine and no-spa relieve smooth muscle spasm (spasmolytics) and nicotinic acid enhances their action, especially vasodilatation. Thus, nicoverine and nicospan are used for the treatment of hypertonia. Litonit (lithium salt of nicotinic acid) is known as tranquilizer. The head of department pharmacology of Odessa medical university prof. V.I.Kresyun investigated it. Nowadays litonit is used for alcoholism treatment. Current work of department pharmacology OMU is based on the study of neurotropic and hepatotropic activities of newly synthesized compounds of germanium and nicotinic acid as well as nicotinamide. These substances possess tranquilizer and hepatoprotective effects, that open’s perspective of their purpose investigation.<br> Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including cereal grains, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are converted to the active forms of the vitamin, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate, which act as coenzymes in a wide variety of reactions in nitrogenous metabolism. They are involved in transamination, deamidation, and decarboxylation of amino acids, in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide. Pyridoxine appears to be essential in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the CNS and in the synthesis of heme. The vitamin is also involved in lipid metabolism. <br> Deficiency of the vitamin has rarely been identified in humans. Artificial pyridoxine deficiency affects the peripheral nerves (neuritis), CNS (seizure), skin (dermatitis), and the hematopoietic system (leukopenia). Pyridoxine deficient state can occur during treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid that inhibits the conversion of vitamin B6 to the pyridoxal phosphate.<br> Vitamin B6 is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is stored mainly in the liver. Pyridoxine is used to prevent and to treat vitamin B6 deficiency. Also it is indicated for the treatment of hematopoietic upset (leukopenia, anemia), disorders of nervous system (neuritis, parkinsonism, and vertigo), and hepatitis.<br> Commercially available form is pyridoxine hydrochloride (oral, injection). Long-term administration of megadose of pyridoxine can cause sensory neuropathy.<br> '''Pantothenic acid''' (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is widely distributed in plant and animal tissues. Rich sources of pantothenic acid include meat, vegetables, cereal grains, eggs, and milk. Also it is synthesized in bowel by E.coli. In humans, an exogenous source of pantothenic acid is required for intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Pantothenic acid is a precursor of coenzyme A which is required for acetylation reactions in gluconeogenesis, in the release of energy from carbohydrates, in the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, and in the synthesis of steroid hormones, acetylcholine, and other compounds. <br> Dietary deficiency of pantothenic acid has not been clinically identified in humans. Experimentally produced pantothenic acid deficiency resulted in drowsiness, fatigue, headache, paresthesia of legs, and GI complaints.<br> Pantothenic acid is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is widely distributed into body tissues, mainly as coenzyme A. Highest concentrations are found in the liver and adrenal glands. Pantothenic acid is excreted unchanged. The vitamin is commercially available as the calcium salt (calcium pantothenate). It has been used orally and parenterally. Calcium pantothenate is indicated for the treatment of peripheral neuritis, toxicosis during pregnancy, hepatitis, atony of intestine, streptomycin neurotoxicity, and catarrhal respiratory disorders. Pantothenic acid is usually nontoxic even in large doses. Allergic reactions to it have been reported occasionally.<br> '''Pangame acid''' (vitamin B15) is considered to vitamin-like substances. It is donator of methyl groups and possesses antihypoxant action. It is used in form of calcium pangamate during dystrophy of myocardium, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, diseases of liver, and during treatment of alcoholism.<br> '''Rutine''' (vitamin P) unites group of bioflavonoids, which are present in green tea, citrus's, wild rose, etc. Together with ascorbic acid it takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes and prevents forming of lipid's peroxides. It increases firmness and lowers penetrability of capillaries. So, it is used in combination with ascorbic acid (ascorutine) for the treatment of increased penetrability of vessels (capillary toxicosis, hemorrhagical diathesis), allergy, and polyarthritis.<br> '''Vitamin U''' is contained in cabbage, asparagus, and fresh tomato. It is donator of methyl groups and takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes. It is used enterally during ulcerative disease of stomach and duodenum, gastritis, and colitis.<br> '''Vitamin B12''' (cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (vitamin Bc, pteroylglutamic acid) are discussed in chapter “Agents used in anemias”. Multivitamins. When a single vitamin deficiency is evident, other vitamin deficiencies (clinical or subclinical) often accompany it. Therapeutic multivitamin preparations may, therefore, be useful in these patients. Therapeutic multivitamins may also be indicated in pathologic conditions in which nutritional requirements are greatly increased (e.g., alcoholism, hyperthyroidism, severe illness or injury, cachexia) or in conditions in which absorption, utilization, or excretion of vitamins is abnormal (including malabsorption syndromes).<br> The vitamin combination chosen should fit the needs of the individual patient. It should be remembered that some vitamins (especially vitamins A and D) and many minerals may be toxic in large doses, and dosage of multivitamin preparations containing these agents should take the patient's dietary intake into account. Vitamins are usually administered orally; however, the drugs may be given parenterally in patients in whom oral administration is not feasible, including those receiving total parenteral nutrition. Multivitamin injections are reportedly incompatible with i.v. solutions containing various drugs. Multivitamin preparations are tablets or dragee “Hexavit”, “Pangexavit”, “Decamevit”, “Aerovit”, “Glytamevit”, “Unicap”, etc. For instance, dragee “Hexavit” includes vitamin A, B1, B2, PP, B6, C.<br> ===FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Vitamin A''' is a fat-soluble vitamin that is present in foods in a variety of forms: retinol (vitamin A1), dehydroretinol (vitamin A2), and retinoic acid. Vitamin A is present in esterified form in eggs, milk, butter, and oily salt-water fish. Provitamin A carotenoid pigments (including α-, β-, and γ-carotene), the most active of which is β-carotene, are present in green and yellow vegetables and fruits and are converted to retinol in humans. <br> In humans, an exogenous source of vitamin A is required for growth, vision, reproduction, and the integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces. Vitamin A has been reported to act as a cofactor in mucopolysaccharide synthesis. In the retina, retinol is converted to the aldehyde (retinal), which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment. Under the influence of light rhodopsin is splited into retinal and opsin that accompanied with perceiving of light. In darkness the resynthesis of rhodopsin is occur. Thus, rhodopsin is necessary for visual adaptation for darkness.<br> Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia or hemeralopia - impairment of vision in reduced illumination), xerophthalmia (dryness of the cornea) and keratomalacia (ulceration of the cornea), hyperkeratosis of the skin, immunodeficiency, and epithelial metaplasia of mucous membranes that decrease resistance to infections. That’s why, vitamin A is known also as “antiinfection agent”.<br> Vitamin A is readily and completely absorbed if fat absorption is normal. Retinol esters are hydrolyzed in the GI lumen by pancreatic enzymes and in presence of bile. Retinol is absorbed and then reesterified, mainly to retinyl palmitate. It is stored in the liver. Normal body stores of vitamin A are sufficient to meet the body's requirements for several months. Retinol is released from the liver bound to the plasma proteins. Vitamin A metabolites are excreted in urine and feces. <br> Vitamin A is used to prevent and to treat symptoms of vitamin A deficiency such as xerophthalmia and night blindness. Oral administration of water-miscible vitamin A preparations may be useful in preventing deficiency in patients with malabsorption. Vitamin A may be useful in infections, skin disorders (burns, ichthyosis, and psoriasis), however, other retinoids (e.g., etretinate, isotretinoin) are currently being investigated for use in the treatment of these dermatological disorders. Vitamin A has been studied in animals as an anticarcinogen; further study in humans is needed to determine efficacy. For clinical use, vitamin A is available as retinol (vitamin A alcohol) or esters of retinol formed from acetic and palmitic acids. Vitamin A activity is preferably expressed in International units (IU). <br> Doses of vitamin A that do not exceed the physiologic requirement are usually nontoxic. Effects of acute overdosing are vomiting, diarrhea, confusion or unusual excitement. Chronic overdosing includes bone or joint pain, painful hyperostosis of the bones (thickening of bones), drying or cracking of skin, loss of hair, unusual tiredness. Large doses of vitamin A are teratogenic in animals. Treatment of hypervitaminosis A consists of discontinuance of vitamin A and symptomatic therapy as indicated.<br> Group of '''vitamin D''' (antirachitic vitamins) includes fat-soluble vitamins that possess antirachitic and hypercalcemic activity. Because they are activated in the body and have regulatory effects, they are sometimes considered hormones. Vitamin D analogs include cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Vitamin D is present in fish oil, liver of aquatic mammals (e.g., seals, polar bears), eggs, butter, and milk. Ergocalciferol is formed from ergosterol. Cholecalciferol is formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light. In the human body, cholecalciferol is hydroxylated to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) in liver and then to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and secacalcifediol (24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in kidneys. Ergocalciferol has the same conversion as cholecalciferol.<br> Calcitriol and calcifediol enhance the efficiency of intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption in the small intestine and stimulate renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. They exhibit potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects. Recent evidence suggests that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates bone formation. Vitamin D deficiency results in skeletal demineralization. In children, vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets that is characterized by skeletal deformations (e.g., frontal bossing), and outward and inward deformities of the lower limbs resulting in bowed legs and knocked knees, respectively. In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to an osteoporosis (reduced bone mass) and osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Any alteration in cutaneous production of cholecalciferol, GI vitamin D absorption, or metabolism of the vitamin to its active form (i.e., calcitriol) can result in it deficiency. <br> Vitamin D is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. The presence of bile is required for it absorption. Vitamin D is incorporated into chylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatic system and then associates mainly with a specific α-globulin as well as vitamin D hydroxylated metabolites. 25-hydroxylatedvitamin D2, D3 are stored in fat and muscles. The metabolites of vitamin D analogs are excreted principally in bile and feces. Activity of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol is expressed in International Units (IU). <br> For clinical use, vitamin D is available as cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, calcitriol, and calfediol. Vitamin D is used to prevent or treat rickets, osteoporosis, hypocalcemic tetany, and to manage psoriasis and hypoparathyroidism. Administration of excessive doses of vitamin D may lead to hypervitaminosis D manifested by hypercalcemia. Early symptoms of hypercalcemia may include weakness, drowsiness, metallic taste, vomiting, vertigo, and bone pain. Later consequences of hypercalcemia may include impairment of renal function, osteoporosis, and metastatic calcification of organs and vessels. Treatment of vitamin D intoxication consists of withdrawal of the drug, administration of fluids, corticosteroids, and calciuric diuretics (e.g., furosemide and ethacrynic acid). <br> '''Vitamin E''' (antisterility vitamin) is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including vegetable oils, cereal grains, animal fats, meat, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. The vitamin exists in a variety of forms: α-, β-, and γ-tocopherols. The most biologically active natural form of the vitamin is α-tocopherol. <br> The exact biologic function of vitamin E in humans is unknown, although the vitamin is believed to act as an antioxidant. It has been postulated that vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membranes) and other oxygen-sensitive substances (vitamins A, C) from oxidation. Vitamin E delays the accumulation of free radicals resulting in excessive lipid peroxidation. Thus, it limits atherosclerosis and CNS neuronal generation (Alzheimer's disease). Vitamin E also may inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion. Vitamin E deficiency does not cause specific disease in adults; however, in premature neonates thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may occur. In animals, avitaminosis E is associated with infertility in male and spontaneous abortion in female, dystrophy of skeletal muscles and myocardium. <br> Absorption of vitamin E from the GI tract depends on the presence of bile and only half of the vitamin obtained from dietary sources is absorbed. After absorption, vitamin E reaches the lymph circulation and then is transported with plasma proteins. Vitamin E is distributed to all tissues and is stored in adipose tissue. Vitamin E is metabolized in the liver is excreted primarily in the bile. <br> Vitamin E has been used for the treatment of habitual abortion, infertility, myodystrophy, dementia, angina pectoris, and thrombophlebitis. For drug use, vitamin E is available as tocopherol acetate. Vitamin E is usually nontoxic, however it may cause allergic reactions and pain in site of injection.<br> == ENZYME PREPARATIONS AND ENZYME INHIBITORS == Enzyme agents are the preparations of enzymes. They are widely used in medicine for the different purposes. The first enzyme agents group (trypsin) is indicated for purulent-necrotic processes; the second group (pancreatin) increases digestive activity; the third group (streptokinase) has fibrinolytic properties; the fourth group includes different enzyme drugs (lydaza, penicillinase). <br> Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that formed in the small intestine. It hydrolyzes peptides, amides, etc. Crystallized trypsin, a purified preparation of the pancreatic enzyme. It is used in medicine for debridement (excision) of wounds and ulcers for dead tissues, fibrin, and viscous secretes. In addition it has antiinflamation activity and permit antibodies, leukocytes, and antibiotics better access to the infected area. Trypsin is nonactive (safe) relatively for undamaged tissues. It is used in inhalation for the cleaning of bronchi for viscous mucus or exudate during bronchitis, pneumonia. Trypsin is injected intramuscularly or used topically for the treatment of thrombophlebitis, parodontitis, osteomyelitis, and purulent infections of soft tissues. The agent can irritate tissues at the site of its application and can cause allergic reactions or intoxication that predominantly are evoked by absorption of necrotic tissues. Chymotrypsin is a proteinase of the gastrointestinal tract. It hydrolyzes proteins. Chymotrypsin is similar in indications to trypsin.<br> Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are the enzymes. They hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds in DNA and proteins. These agents have the same to trypsin using. Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are obtained from the cattle pancreas as well as chymotrypsin and trypsin.<br> Collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme capable of specifically hydrolyzing peptide bonds of collagen. The enzyme debrides necrotic tissue without damaging granulation tissue. It is derived from cattle pancreas. Collagenase is used to promote debridement of necrotic tissue in the treatment of severe burns and dermal ulcers. Pain and burning may occur at the site of collagenase application.<br> Pepsin is the principal digestive enzyme (protease) of gastric juice, formed from pepsinogen; it hydrolyzes peptide bonds at low pH values, reducing proteins to smaller molecules. For medical purpose it is obtained from stomach mucous membrane of hog. Pepsin is indicated for replacement therapy of stomach upset such as achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice) or hypoacidity (lower than normal level of hydrochloric acid). Natural gastric juice is digestive fluid secreted by the stomach glands of the dogs or horses. It normalizes secretion and motility of gastrointestinal tract. Abomin is received from the stomach mucous membrane of calf or lamb. It contains the summary of proteolytic enzymes. Gastric juice and abomin have the same indications as pepsin. <br> Pancreatin is a substance containing enzymes, principally amylase, lipase, and protease, obtained from the pancreas of the cattle and hog. Pancreatin is used as replacement therapy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, or other conditions in which pancreatic insufficiency impairs fat digestion. Pancreatic exocrine replacement therapy should not delay or supplant treatment of the primary disorder. The medication is taken before meals. Because pancreatin has a high purine content, hyperuricemia, uric acid renal stones may be seen as a side effect. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Panzynorm forte (contain pancreatin, bile extract, and extract of stomach mucous membrane), festal (pancreas enzymes and bile extract), mezym forte (pancreas enzymes) are the digestive enzyme replacement products also. Their are used for the treatment of digestive insufficiency of gastro-intestinal tract.<br> Fibrinolytic drugs (fibrinolysine, streptokinase, and urokinase) are discussed in chapter “Anticoagulant drugs”. Lydaza (hyaluronidase) is a protein enzyme that found widely distributed in nature. Lydaza for injection is a sterile, dry, soluble enzyme product prepared from cattle’s testes. The potency of the drug is expressed in conventional units. Lydaza modifies the permeability of connective tissue through the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid. Occurring as one of the principal viscous polysaccharides of connective tissue and skin, hyaluronic acid is one of the chief ingredients of the tissue cement, which offers resistance to the diffusion of liquids through tissue. Lydaza is indicated in the treatment of ankylosis (stiffening) of the joints and postburn scars. The enzyme also hastens the disappearance of swelling after hemorrhage. Adverse effects from lydaza are rare. Occasional sensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria) have been reported.<br> Penicillinase is a β-lactamase enzyme, which destroy all biosynthetic and majority of semisynthetic penicillins. It is produced by certain strains of microbes (e.g. staphylococci). Penicillinase is used in case of acute or delays hypersensitivity for penicillins. <br> Asparaginasa is an enzyme that is isolated for clinical use from various bacteria. The drug is used to treat leukemia. It acts indirectly by catabolic depletion of serum asparagine. These results in inhibition of protein synthesis in neoplastic cells, requiring an external source of asparagine (see chapter “Immunodepressants”).<br> Enzyme inhibitors are discussed in other topics: (1) proteinase inhibitors (contrycal) one can see in chapter “Drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases”; (2) fibrinolytic inhibitors (aminocapronic acid) see in “Drugs used in bleeding disorders”; (3) cholinesterase-inhibiting drugs (proserine) see in “Cholinomimetics”; (4) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (nialamide) see in “Antidepressant agents”; (5) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (diacarb) see in “Diuretic agents”; (6) xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol) see in “Drugs used in gout”; (7) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors (teturam) see in “The alcohols”. [[Category:Drugs]] rqosw0dqw1j3i498tgmn6jbr8dklzwu 2832288 2832283 2026-09-08T20:20:47Z Atcovi 276019 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Bariatricresearch|Bariatricresearch]] ([[User_talk:Bariatricresearch|talk]]) to last version by [[User:2600:1702:1B20:36B0:C866:BD67:D5DD:34F2|2600:1702:1B20:36B0:C866:BD67:D5DD:34F2]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] 2739828 wikitext text/x-wiki == ENDOCRINE DRUGS == '''Hormones''' are the biological active substances that are produced by endocrine glands. They possess high activity being present in small doses. Hormones regulate processes of reproduction, growth, development of organism and model it’s protective reactions. By chemical structure hormone drugs are divided on next groups:<br> 1. Substances of protein or peptide structure (drugs of hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic hormones, and calcitonin);<br> 2. Derivatives of aminoacids (agents of thyroid hormones);<br> 3. Steroid substances (drugs of adrenal cortex and gonadal hormones).<br> Hormones interact with specific receptors, located on cellular membranes or intracellularly. Hormones of protein structure predominantly bind with receptors on cellular membranes. Mostly these receptors are co-operated with adenylate cyclase system, which stimulating leads to increasing of cAMP forming, and it’s through protein kinases influence on intracellular processes. Adenylat cyclase, cAMP and calcium-ions are mediators among receptors and intercellular processes. Steroid hormones enter cells of target tissues and binds to an intracellular specific receptor. The hormone receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulate their transcription and proteins synthesis.<br> Hormonal drugs are received from different sources. Some agents are extracted from correspondent animal gland (thyreoidine, bovine insulin), another are synthesized (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine). Also, hormones can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques (human insulin) by inserting the human proinsulin gene into E coli or yeast.<br> Hormonal drugs are used for the treatment of endocrine diseases (substitutive, stimulating, and inhibiting therapy) and nonendocrine diseases (allergic disorders, cancer). It is necessary to remember, that during prolonged using of high doses of hormonal substances, the atrophy of endocrine glands is possible, in result of which during sudden cessation of the treatment “syndrome of breaking” (withdraw) may develop. It is characterized by symptoms of acute endocrine insufficiency.<br> === SUBSTANCES OF PROTEIN AND AMINOACID STRUCTURE === ==== HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY HORMONES ==== Neuroendocrine control of metabolism, growth, and certain aspects of reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis). The pituitary gland consists of anterior and intermediate lobes (adenohypophysis), and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which release a number of hormones that either control the secretion of other endocrine glands or affect the metabolic actions of target tissues directly. The secretion of anterior lobe hormones is regulated by hormones formed in the hypothalamus. These hormones are small peptides that function as releasing or inhibiting hormones. The posterior lobe hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary posterior lobe, from which they are released into the circulation.<br> Six anterior pituitary hormones are recognized: somatotropin (growth hormone), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). <br> '''Somatotropin''' (growth hormone) is a peptide hormone. It deficiency leads to short stature. Somatotropin for pharmacologic use is produced with recombinant DNA technology. Somatotropin can be administered intramuscularly. Pharmacologic doses of growth hormone cause longitudinal growth indirectly via another class of peptide hormones, the somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors that are synthesized predominantly in the liver. Also somatotropin stimulates growing of skeletal muscle and organs. It increases protein synthesis, which results in nitrogen retention. Somatotropin cause the retention of phosphorus, sodium, and potassium through promotion of cellular growth. The metabolic action of growth hormone is an initial insulin-like effect with increased tissue uptake of both glucose and amino acids and decreased lipolysis. Within a few hours, there is a peripheral insulinantagonistic effect with impaired glucose uptake and increased lipolysis. Somatotropin is indicated for long-term treatment of growth failure in children caused by pituitary growth hormone deficiency (pituitary dwarfism). Adverse effects often include arthralgia and fluid retention. <br> '''Somatostatin''' is found in the hypothalamus. It has been synthesized. Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit the release of growth hormone, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin. Somatostatin has limited therapeutic usefulness because of its short duration of action (half-life 2-3 minutes) and its multiple effects on many secretory systems. Octreotide is synthetic analogous of somatostatin. It is more potent than somatostatin in inhibiting growth hormone release. Because of this relatively reduced effect on pancreatic β-cells, octreotide has been particularly useful in treating acromegaly and carcinoid tumors (gastrinoma, glucagonoma) without provoking hyperglycemia. The serum half-life of octreotide is about 80 minutes. Adverse effects of therapy include biliary sludge and steatorrhea. <br> '''Thyrotropin''' is normally secreted as part of a feedback system of thyroid hormone level regulation. It stimulates each step of thyroid hormone synthesis, including iodine uptake. In hyperthyroidism, the serum thyrotropin level is suppressed. Therapeutic thyrotropin is prepared from bovine anterior pituitaries. Thyrotropin is used diagnostically to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Thyroid tenderness and symptoms of hyperthyroidism may occur. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone that is found in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce thyrotropin. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of thyrotropin is blocked by thyroxine and potentiated by lack of thyroxine. Protirelin (rifathyroin) is a synthetic analogous of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Protirelin is indicated as an adjunct for distinguishes between secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism.<br> '''Adrenocorticotropins''' (ACTH) primary endocrine function is to stimulate synthesis and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin is an ACTH that is obtained from porcine or bovine pituitary glands. Synthetic human ACTH is known as cosyntropin. Both animal and synthetic corticotropin are well absorbed by the intramuscular route. Cosyntropin is preferred because it is less antigenic. The biologic half-live of agents is under 20 minutes. The effects of long-acting repository forms of corticotropin persist for up to several days with a zinc hydroxide complex. Corticotropin shares many actions of the corticosteroids due to its ability to increase endogenous corticosteroid synthesis. Corticotropin is indicated as an aid in diagnosing adrenocortical insufficiency and after prolonged using of glucocorticoids for restoring of adrenal’s cortex functioning. But it may also cause depression of ACTH production. The toxicity of therapeutic doses of ACTH resembles that of the glucocorticoids with the added mild virilism (hyperandrogenism) in women. <br> '''Follicle-stimulating hormone''' (FSH) stimulates gametogenesis and follicular development in women and spermatogenesis in men. It is needed for proper ovarian estrogenesis. Human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) are a mixture of partially catabolized human FSH and LH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. They are used in states of infertility to stimulate ovarian follicle development in women and spermatogenesis in men and for pituitary or hypothalamic hypogonadism with infertility. In both sexes, they must be used in conjunction with a luteinizing hormone. Overstimulation of the ovary with hMG can lead to ovarian enlargement. <br> '''Luteinizing hormone''' (LH) acts on testicular Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production. In the ovary, LH acts on the mature follicle to induce ovulation, and it stimulates the corpus luteum in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to produce progesterone. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the human placenta and excreted into the urine, whence it can be extracted and purified. It is very similar to LH in structure. hCG can be used in combination with human menotropin to induce ovulation in women and for stimulation of testosterone secretion by the testes of men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. hMG and hCG are administered intramuscularly. Androgen-dependent neoplasia and precocious puberty are contraindications to hCG use.<br> '''Gonadotropin-releasing hormone''' (GnRH) is produced by hypothalamus and controls the release of gonadotropins (FSH, LH). Pharmaceutical GnRH is synthetic. Analogs (e.g., leuprolide, nafarelin) are more potent and longer-lasting than native GnRH. GnRH and its analogs are administered parenterally. Pulsatile intravenous administration stimulates FSH and LH secretion. Thus, GnRH is used to treat infertility caused by hypothalamic hypogonadism in both sexes. In contrast, GnRH administered continuously or GnRH analogs administered in depot formulations inhibit gonadotropin release and induce hypogonadism. Leuprolide, nafarelin are used to treat prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis. Danazol is gonadotropin inhibitor. It suppresses the output of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH, LH). As a result, anovulation and associated amenorrhea occur. Danazol is being used to treat gynecomastia, endometriosis, and menorrhagia.<br> '''Prolactin''' is the principal hormone that stimulates the development of mammary glands and lactation. Its preparation - lactin is obtained from bovine pituitary glands. Lactin is available for use in lactation-deficient women in period following birth. For patients with symptomatic hyperprolactinemia, inhibition of prolactin secretion can be achieved with bromocriptine and other dopamine agonists. Also bromocriptine may be used to treat acromegaly and Parkinson’s disease.<br> The hormones of the intermediate lobe have melanocyte-stimulating properties. Its preparation – intermedin that is obtained from bovine pituitary gland is used for the treatment of degenerative processes in retina and hemeralopia (impairment of vision in reduced illumination) in eye-drops form. <br> Two posterior pituitary hormones are known: vasopressin and oxytocin. Their structures are very similar. Pharmaceutical vasopressin and oxytocin are synthetics. Pituitrine and adiurecrine are used in clinics also. They are the extracts of bovine pituitary gland. In pharmacologic doses, oxytocin can be used to induce uterine contractions and maintain labor. It can also be used for control of postpartum uterine hemorrhage. '''Oxytocin''' elicit milk ejection in lactating women. Oxytocin is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It circulating half-life is 5 minutes. Contraindications include fetal distress, prematurity, abnormal fetal presentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, and other predispositions for uterine rupture. Desaminooxytocin is a synthetic analog of oxytocin. It is act longer than parental agent and is used subglossal. <br> '''Vasopressin''' (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) possesses antidiuretic and vasopressor properties. A deficiency of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin interacts with two types of receptors. V1 receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle cells and mediate vasoconstriction. V2 receptors are found on renal tubule cells and mediate antidiuresis through increased water permeability and water resorption in the collecting tubules. Vasopressin is administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or intranasal routes. The half-life of circulating ADH is approximately 20 minutes. Desmopressin is a long-acting synthetic analog of vasopressin with an antidiuretic-to-pressor ratio 4000 times that of vasopressin. Vasopressin and desmopressin are the alternative treatments of choice for pituitary diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin (but not desmopressin) can cause vasoconstriction and should be used cautiously in-patients with coronary artery disease. ==== THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS ==== The normal thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine). These hormones contain iodine as an essential part of the molecule. Nearly all of the iodide intake is via the gastrointestinal tract from food, water, or medication. Once taken up by the thyroid gland, iodide undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions that convert it into active thyroid hormone. First of all iodide is oxidized to iodine, in which form it rapidly iodinates tyrosine residues within the thyroglobulin molecule to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT). This process is called iodide organification. Two molecules of DIT combine within the thyroglobulin molecule to form l-thyroxine (T4). One molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT combine to form T3. Thyroid hormones are released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis of thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 in plasma are reversibly bound to globulin. Thyrotropin (pituitary) stimulates the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. These thyroid hormones, in a negative feedback fashion, act in the pituitary to block the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and in the hypothalamus to inhibit it synthesis and secretion. <br> The free forms of thyroid hormones, T4 and T3 enter the cell. Within the cell, T4 is converted to T3, which is more potent than T4, and the T3 enters the nucleus, where it binds to a specific receptor. Most of the effects of thyroid on metabolic processes appear to be mediated by activation of nuclear receptors that lead to increased formation of RNA and subsequent protein synthesis.<br> Thyroid hormones have both catabolic (calorigenic) and anabolic effects. Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolism and consequently increase oxygen consumption of almost all tissues in the body. Thyroid hormones augment energy expenditure by stimulating ATP synthesis and ATP consumption for countless ion and substrate cycles. They increase body temperature and speed up the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. However, thyroid hormone also potentiates the secretion and action of growth hormone and are necessary for the normal growth and development of all vertebrates. Many of the manifestations of thyroid hyperactivity resemble sympathetic nervous system overactivity (tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, tremor, excessive sweating, and nervousness). The secretion and degradation rates of hormones, including catecholamines, cortisol, estrogens, testosterone, and insulin, are affected by thyroid status. Diminished production of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism, myxedema) leads to clinical manifestations of thyroid insufficiency, including low metabolic rate, tendency to weight gain, somnolence and edema of subcutaneous tissue. Thyroid deprivation in early life results in cretinism (mental retardation, dwarfism). <br> Thyroid preparations may be synthetic (L-thyroxine, triiodothyronine) or of animal origin (thyreoidine).<br> Synthetic L-thyroxine is the preparation of choice for thyroid replacement because of its stability, lack of allergenic foreign protein, and long half-life (7 days), which permits once-daily administration. Oral absorption of current preparations of L-thyroxine is averaging 80%. Although triiodothyronine (liothyronine) is 3-4 times more active than L-thyroxine, it is not recommended for routine replacement therapy because of its shorter half-life (24 hours), which requires multiple daily doses. Furthermore, because of its greater hormone activity and consequent greater risk of cardiotoxicity, T3 should be avoided in-patients with cardiac disease. T3 is almost completely absorbed (95%) and minimally interfered with by intraluminal binding proteins. Thyreoidine (thyroid) is the preparation of bovine desiccated thyroid gland. It contains the combination of thyroid hormones. Thyreoidin has variable hormone concentrations and high protein antigenicity. <br> Thyroid hormones are indicated as replacement therapy in the treatment of hypothyroidism. In general, L-thyroxine is the preferred thyroid hormone because of the absence of variability. Triiodthyronine is recommended because of its short half-life and readily reversible effects for initial therapy in myxedema and myxedema coma. It may also be preferred when gastrointestinal absorption processes are impaired. <br> Antithyroid drugs are used in case of hyperthyroidism. <br> The thioamides '''mercazolil''' (methimazole) and '''propylthiouracil''' are major drugs for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Mercazolil is about ten times more active than propylthiouracil. Mercazolil and propylthiouracil are rapidly absorbed. They are readily accumulated by the thyroid gland. The major action is to prevent thyroid hormones synthesis by inhibiting iodine organification. A single dose of mercazolil exerts an antithyroid effect for longer than 24 hours; thus it can be used one time a day. Since the synthesis rather than the release of hormones is affected, the onset of these agents is slow, often requiring 3-4 weeks before stores of T4 are depleted. The adverse effects are rash, leukopenia, and goiter. It can be explained by decreasing of thyroid hormones level in blood that leads to increasing of thyrotropin synthesis. The last one stimulates thyroid gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia. For preventing of goitergenic effect iodine drugs are used. Potassium perchlorate (KClO4) can block uptake of iodide by the gland. Since these effects can be overcome by large doses of iodides, their effectiveness is somewhat unpredictable. Potassium perchlorate is rarely used clinically because it’s mild antithyroid activity and adverse effects (leukopenia, anemia).<br> Iodides – potassium iodide, sodium iodide - have multiple effects on the thyroid gland. They decrease the thyrotropin synthesis. Also iodides inhibit hormone's release and decrease the size and vascularity of the hyperplastic gland that make these drugs valuable as preoperative preparation for surgery. Disadvantages of iodide therapy include an increase in intraglandular stores of iodine, which may delay onset of thioamide therapy or prevent use of radioactive iodine therapy for several weeks. Iodide should not be used alone, because the gland will "escape" from the iodide block in 2-8 weeks. Adverse reactions include acneiform rash (similar to that of bromism), swollen salivary glands, conjunctivitis, and rhinorrhea.<br> Radioactive iodine (131I) is used for treatment of thyrotoxicosis. It is concentrated by the thyroid gland. Its therapeutic effect depends on emission of β-rays with an effective half-life of 5-8 days. Within a few weeks after administration, destruction of the thyroid parenchyma is evidenced by epithelial necrosis and follicular disruption. <br> The '''calcitonin''' secreted by the thyroid gland. The principal effects of calcitonin are to lower serum calcium and phosphate by actions on bone and kidney. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. In the kidney, calcitonin reduces both calcium and phosphate reabsorption. Also it decreases gastrin secretion and reduces gastric acid output. Human calcitonin monomer has a half-life of about 10 minutes. Salmon calcitonin (miacalcic) has a longer half-life. Both human calcitonin and miacalcic are synthesized. In addition, calcitonin is present in calcitrin that is obtained from porcine thyroid gland. The ability of calcitonin to block bone resorption and lower serum calcium makes it a useful drug for the treatment of hypercalcemia and osteoporosis.<br> '''Parathormone''' (parathyroid hormone, PTH) is produced by the parathyroid gland. PTH enhances calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine. In bone, PTH increases the activity and number of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. It increases bone remodeling, a specific sequence of cellular events initiated by osteoclastic bone resorption and followed by osteoblastic bone formation. In the kidney, PTH increases the ability of the nephron to reabsorb calcium but reduces its ability to reabsorb phosphate. Another important action of PTH on the kidney is its stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. All these effects are result in increasing serum calcium.<br> Parathyreoidine is produced from bovine parathyroid gland. It is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneous. Its action starts in 4 hours and last 24 hours. Parathyreoidine is used for hypothyroid tetany treatment.<br> ==== PANCREATIC HORMONES AND ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ==== '''Insulin''' is synthesized in β-cells islets of Langerhans, which interspersed throughout the pancreatic gland. Insulin is a small protein that contains 51 amino acids arranged in two chains linked by disulfide bridges. Within the β-cell, insulin precursor is produced and than proinsulin is hydrolyzed into insulin. Insulin releasing from pancreatic β-cells is stimulated in response to a glucose, mannose, certain amino acids (e.g., leucine, arginine), and vagal activity. Hyperglycemia results in increased intracellular ATP levels, which close the ATP-dependent potassium channels, and results in depolarization of the β-cell and opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. The resulting increased intracellular calcium triggers secretion of the hormone. The liver and kidney remove insulin from the circulation, presumably by hydrolysis of the disulfide connections through the action of insulinase. The half-life of circulating insulin is 3-5 minutes. Once insulin has entered the circulation, it is bound by specialized receptors that are found on the membranes of most tissues. The full insulin receptor consists of α-subunit, which is entirely extracellular and constitutes the recognition site, and a β-subunit that spans the membrane. The β-subunit contains a tyrosine kinase. When insulin binds to the α-subunit at the outside surface of the cell, tyrosine kinase activity is stimulated in the β-portion that leads to the series of phosphorylation within the cell. Finally, the insulin-receptor complex is internalized where insulin is act.<br> Insulin promotes uptake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in most tissues and plays a pivotal in maintaing normal glucose levels in serum. Also, insulin activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, stimulates protein and free fatty acid synthesis, and inhibits release of free fatty acid from adipose cells. Insulin increases active glucose transport through liver, muscle and adipose cellular membranes, and promotes conversion of intracellular glucose and free fatty acid to the appropriate storage forms (glycogen and triglyceride, respectively). Insulin secreted in response to food intake induces a shift in substrate utilization, stimulating glucose oxidation and suppressing beta oxidation. The change in carbohydrate oxidation often exceeds that of fat oxidation, producing a small thermogenic effect. This increase in carbohydrate metabolism helps to prevent hyperglycemia and glucotoxicity when serum glucose levels rise quickly. Although insulin is well known for its anabolic effects, insulin infusions also increase resting energy expenditure by stimulating sympathetic activity and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. Insulin also exerts a hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and muscles . In addition, insulin decreases protein catabolism and ketogenesis. <br> Administered insulin substitutes for the lack of endogenous insulin secretion and partially corrects the disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. They’re two types of diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes (IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is a catabolic disorder in which circulating insulin is virtually absent. Exogenous insulin is therefore required. Type II diabetes (NIDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) represents a group comprising milder forms of diabetes that occur predominantly in obese. Circulating endogenous insulin is relatively inadequate because of tissue insensitivity. When dietary treatment fail to correct hyperglycemia, sulfonylurea drugs are usually prescribed. Insulin therapy may be required to achieve satisfactory glycemic control. Three principal types of insulins are available (1) short-acting – insulin, (2) intermediate-acting – insulin-semilente, insulin-lente, (3) long-acting – insulin-ultralente.<br> Short-acting insulin is dispensed as solutions and contains small amounts of zinc to improve their stability and shelf-life. Another insulins have been modified to provide prolonged action and are dispensed as suspensions with varying concentrations of zinc in acetate buffer (ultralente and lente insulins). Conventional subcutaneous insulin therapy presently consists of split-dose injections of mixtures of short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins or multiple doses of short-acting insulin preprandially in association with any of insulin suspensions (lente, or ultralente) whose prolonged duration of action provides overnight basal insulin levels. Clinical trials have demonstrated that optimal time of preprandial subcutaneous injection of regular human insulin is 30 minutes before the meal. Short-acting soluble insulin is the only type that should be administered intravenously and it is particularly useful when the insulin requirement is changing rapidly, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or after surgery.<br> According to the sources insulins are divided into beef, pork, and human. The beef hormone is slightly more antigenic than pork insulin. Human insulin, which is less expensive and immunogenic than pork insulin, has generally supplanted it. Currently, all insulins in Ukraine are available in a concentration of 40 units/ml.<br> Hypoglycemic reactions are the most common complication of insulin therapy. They may result from a delay in taking a meal or an overdosing of insulin. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, tremulousness, nausea, and hunger. They may progress to convulsions and coma if untreated. In a case of mild hypoglycemia orange juice, glucose, or any sugar-containing beverage or food may be given. In case of unconsciousness the treatment of choice is to give 20 ml of 40% glucose solution by intravenous infusion or solutions of adrenaline or glucagon injected either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. <br> Because sensitivity is often to noninsulin protein contaminants, the new highly purified insulins have markedly reduced the incidence of insulin allergy, especially local reactions. Some diabetic patients have a high titer of circulating anti-insulin antibodies. This results in extremely high insulin requirementsoften more than 200 units daily. Atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue may occur at the site of injection. <br> '''Oral hypoglycemic drugs''' <br> The major oral medications currently available for treating hyperglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetics are the class of compounds known as sulfonylureas.<br> '''Sulfonylureas''' release insulin from β-cells and potentiate the action of insulin on its target tissues. Sulfonylureas inhibit the efflux of potassium ion through the channel and results in depolarization. Depolarization, in turn, opens a voltage-gated calcium channel and results in calcium influx and the release of preformed insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs might restore peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Sulfonylureas are absorbed from gastrointestinal tract readily and completely. Mostly they bind with blood proteins (70-99%). Sulfonylureas are metabolized in liver and excreted mainly via kidneys. The most serious adverse effect is hypoglycemia. Also disulfiram-like reaction (flushing of the face, neck, and arms) may occur with any of the sulfonylureas when alcohol is ingested concurrently. <br> There are two generations of sulfonylureas: first generation are butamide, chlorpropamide; second generation are glibenclamide, glipizide. Butamide (tolbutamide) is well absorbed but rapidly oxidized in the liver. Its duration of effect is relatively short (6-10 hours). It is administered before each meal and at bedtime. Chlorpropamide has a long duration of effect (24-48 hours) and is slowly metabolized in the liver. The maintenance dose is given in the morning. Potential for serious adverse effects is high because of chlorpropamide prolonged action. Also chlorpropamide can cause antidiuretic effect. Diabetes patients who have not responded to butamide or chlorpropamide may respond to the more potent second-generation sulfonylureas. <br> Duration of action of glipizide and glibenclamide (gliburide) is approximately 24 hours. These agents should be ingested 30 minutes before breakfast, since rapid absorption is delayed when the drug is taken with food. The dose is given once a day. Serious adverse effect occurs more often with glibenclamide than with chlorpropamide and glipizide, because of prolonged action of glibenclamide. Gliclazide has the same serum half-life and duration of action as glibenclamide. In addition, it reduces platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and has fibrinolytic activity – hence gliclazide has prevent possible disorders of microcirculation during mellitus diabetes. <br> Second group of oral hypoglycemic compounds consists of the biguanides. These agents reduce blood glucose even in the absence of pancreatic β-cell function. Currently proposed mechanisms of action include direct stimulation of glycolysis in tissues, with increased glucose removal from blood, and slowing of glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Biguanides cause the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles (probably due to stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis). Biguanides have been most often prescribed for patients with refractory obesity. To this group belongs buformin (glibutide) and meformin. They are well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. The onset of maximal hypoglycemic effect is 5 hours and duration of effect is 14 hours. A common schedule would be to begin with a single daily tablet given for several days. If this is well tolerated, to add a second tablet if hyperglycemia persists. The toxic effects of biguanides are gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) and lactic acidosis. Biguanides does not provoke hypoglycemia.<br> Glucagon is synthesized in α-cells of Langerhans islets. The pharmacologic result of glucagon infusion is to raise blood glucose at the expense of stored hepatic glycogen. Glucagon has a potent inotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart. Thus, it produces an effect very similar to that of β-adrenoreceptor agonists without requiring functioning β-receptors. The major use of glucagon is for emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemic reactions in insulin-dependent patients when unconsciousness precludes oral feedings and use of intravenous glucose is not possible. <br> === HORMONES OF STEROID STRUCTURE === ==== ADRENOCORTICOSTEROIDS ==== The adrenal cortex releases a large number of steroids that may be classified as those having important effects on intermediary metabolism (glucocorticoids), those having principally salt-retaining activity (mineralocorticoids), and those having androgenic or estrogenic activity. The glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) in humans are cortisol (major) and cortisone. They are synthesized from cholesterol. The rate of their secretion changes in a circadian rhythm governed by irregular pulses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) that peak in the early morning hours and after meals. In plasma, they are bound to plasma proteins. Free hormone diffuses across cell membranes and complex with specific cytoplasmic receptors. These complexes then enter the cell nucleus, bind to DNA, and stimulate transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent protein synthesis. Glucocorticoids in rapid feedback way suppress the synthesis of pituitary ACTH. Most of the glucocorticoids are inactivated in the liver by reduction and conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulfate, and are excreted into the urine.<br> '''Effects of glucocorticoids'''. The glucocorticoids have important dose-related effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. In the liver, glucocorticoids increase glycogen deposition by stimulating glycogen synthase activity and increasing glucose production from protein (gluconeogenesis). Glucocorticoids inhibit the peripheral glucose uptake and lead to hyperglycemia. Glucocorticoids have catabolic effects in lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin. In children, the catabolic effects of excessive amounts of glucocorticoid reduce growth. Glucocorticoids increase lipolysis and mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissues, leading to increased plasma fatty acid concentrations. Glucocorticoids increase bone resorption and calcium excretion, and decrease gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. These actions may lead to inhibition of bone growth in children and adolescents and the development of osteoporosis at any age.<br> Glucocorticoids have immunodepressive and anti-inflammation activities. Glucocorticoids decrease or prevent tissue responses to inflammatory processes, thereby reducing development of symptoms of inflammation without affecting the underlying cause. Glucocorticoids inhibit accumulation of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and leukocytes, at sites of inflammation. They also inhibit phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme release, and release of several chemical mediators of inflammation. They reduce the permeability of inflamed capillaries and reduce of leukocyte adherence to the capillary endothelium, leading to inhibition of both leukocyte migration and edema formation; and diminish the activity of the phospholipase A2 with subsequent inhibition of the inflammation mediators synthesis (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes) from arachidonic acid. Mechanisms of immunosuppressant action may involve prevention or suppression of cell-mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) immune reactions as well as more specific actions affecting the immune response. Glucocorticoids reduce the concentration of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes), monocytes, and eosinophils. They also decrease binding of immunoglobulin to cell surface receptors and inhibit the synthesis, and release of interleukins, thereby decreasing T-lymphocyte blastogenesis and reducing expansion of the primary immune response. Glucocorticoids may also decrease concentrations of complement components and immunoglobulins. <br> The structural and functional changes in the lungs near term, including the production of pulmonary surfactant required for air breathing, are stimulated by glucocorticoids. Treatment of the mother with large doses of glucocorticoid reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in infants delivered prematurely. <br> Steroids having glucocorticoid activity have become important agents for use in the treatment of many inflammatory and allergic disorders. Indications. Glucocorticoids are indicated for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects in the treatment of allergic disorders (allergic rhinitis, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions, bronchial asthma, transfusion reactions), collagen disorders (dermatomyositis, vasculitis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever), dermatitis, autoimmune anemia, chronic hepatitis, leukemia, ophthalmic disorders (iridocyclitis, keratitis). For most indications, glucocorticoid administration provides symptomatic relief but has no effect on the underlying disease processes. Use of these medications does not eliminate the need for other therapies that may be required.<br> '''Glucocorticoids''' are indicated (in physiologic doses) as replacement therapy in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency states. For this purpose are indicated cortisone, hydrocortisone (cortisol), and fludrocortisone because of their significant mineralocorticoid activity (see table 8.2). Cortisone is transformed in organism to hydrocortisone. It is used orally (tablets) or intramuscularly (suspension). Hydrocortisone can be injected intra-articulate (suspension) for the treatment of arthritis or can be applied topically (ointment) for dermatitis treatment. Fludrocortisone, a synthetic corticosteroid, is the most commonly prescribed salt-retaining hormone.<br> Natural glucocorticoids are used mostly in those cases, when their mineralocorticoid activity is desirable (adrenal insufficiency). However, agents having minimal mineralocorticoid activity are preferred in all another cases. This group includes prednisolone, methylprednisolone, fluorinated glucocorticoids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone), and bisfluorinated glucocorticoids (flumethasone, synaflane). It is consider, that presence of the fluor atom in glucocorticoids molecule has decrease its mineralocorticoid activity and its absorption from skin. Prednisolone is used orally, topically. It must be injected intramuscularly or intravenously for emerge states (anaphylactic reaction, bronchial asthma attack, shock states of different etiology). In generally, triamcinolone and dexamethasone are produced as tablets. Thanks to their bed absorption from skin (that diminish their systemic effects) flumethasone, synaflane (fluocinolone) are prescribed in ointment form for the treatment of dermatitis of different etiology. <br> '''Adverse effects'''. When the glucocorticoids are used less than 1 week, it is unusual to see serious adverse effects. The major undesirable effects of the glucocorticoids are the result of their hormonal actions and lead to the clinical picture of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. The appearance of the face is altered by rounding. Fat tends to be redistributed from the extremities to the trunk and face. Over a period of time can appear such adverse effects as weight gain, thinning of the skin (with striae), hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Wound healing is also impaired. Other serious complications include the development of peptic ulcers, bacterial and mycotic infections. Glucocorticoids (especially, cortisone and hydrocortisone) cause some sodium and fluid retention and loss of potassium. Nowadays antagonists of the synthesis or action of the glucocorticoids are well-known. They can be used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Mifepristone is a glucocorticoid antagonist that binds to glucocorticoid as well as to progesterone receptors. Metyrapone is an inhibitor of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids synthesis. <br> The most important mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone. However, small amounts of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) are also formed and released. Its actions, effects, and metabolism are similar to aldosterone. ACTH and angiotensin produce a stimulation of aldosterone release. Also its secretion is enhanced by dietary sodium restriction. Mineralocorticoids act by binding to the receptor in the cytoplasm of cells of the kidneys collecting tubules. Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium from urine by the distal renal tubules, loosely coupled to the secretion of potassium ion. Excessive levels of aldosterone lead to hypernatremia, hypokalemia, increased plasma volume, and hypertension. Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCSA) is used in practice. It is prescribed in case of chronic adrenal glands insufficiency, myasthenia and adynamia. Adverse effects of DOCSA are edema, hypertension.<br> '''Spironolactone''' is steroid that competes with aldosterone for binding sites and decrease its effect peripherally. It is used as diuretic drug (chapter “Diuretic drugs”) and for the treatment of hyperaldosteronism. <br> ==== THE GONADAL HORMONES. ESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS ==== The ovary has important gametogenic and hormonal functions. First of all hypothalamic produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (see “Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones”). At the beginning of each cycle, a variable number of follicles, each containing an ovum, begin to enlarge in response to FSH. After 5 or 6 days, one of the follicles begins to develop more rapidly. The granulosa cells of this follicle synthesize estrogens. When ovum is matured, follicle is ruptures and ovulation is appearing. Following the above events, the cavity of the ruptured follicle fills is transformed to the corpus luteum. The cells of this structure produce estrogens and progesterone for the remainder of the cycle, or longer if pregnancy occurs. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and ceases hormone production. The endometrium, which proliferated during the follicular phase and developed its glandular structure during the luteal phase, is shed in the process of menstruation. <br> The major estrogens produced by women are estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estradiol appears to be the major secretory product of the ovary. Most estrone and estriol are formed in the liver from estradiol. As noted above, estrogens are produced in the ovarian follicle and in corpus luteum. During pregnancy, the fetoplacental unit synthesizes a large amount of estrogen. When released into the circulation, estradiol binds strongly to a sex hormone-binding globulin. Estrogens are metabolized in the liver and their conjugated metabolites excreted in the bile. However, the conjugates may be hydrolyzed in the intestine to active, reabsorbable compounds. <br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Free plasma estrogens enter the cell and bind to their receptor. The receptor-hormone complex binds to nucleotides on various genes and regulates their transcription and proteins synthesis. <br> Estrogens stimulate the development of the vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes as well as the growth of the axillary and pubic hair. They stimulate stromal development and ductal growth in the breast and are responsible for the accelerated growth phase and the closing of the epiphyses of the long bones that occur at puberty. Estrogen also plays an important role in the development of the endometrial lining (proliferation). Estrogens decrease the rate of resorption of bone. Estrogens increase high-density lipoproteins level, slightly reduce low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol levels. Estrogens enhance the coagulability of blood. They are responsible for estrous behavior in animals and influence libido in humans. They facilitate the loss of intravascular fluid into the extracellular space, producing edema. <br> Many agents of steroid estrogens are used in medicine. They are estrone, estradiol dipropionas, and ethinyl estradiol. Estrone and estradiol are produced as oil solutions and are injected intramuscularly. Estrone is acts during 24 hours, however estradiol – 2-4 days. Ethinyl estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen. It’s in 50 times more potent than estrone. Furthermore, ethinyl estradiol is available for ingestion. In addition to the steroid estrogens, a variety of nonsteroid compounds with estrogenic activity have been synthesized and used clinically. These include synestrol, diethylstilbestrol. Synestrol is the synthetic analogue of estradiol. It is taken orally and injected intramuscularly.<br> '''Indications.''' Estrogens are indicated for replacement therapy in estrogen-deficient patients (upset of menstrual cycle - dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, castration, or menopause). They are indicated for complex treatment of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women and prostatic carcinoma in men. Estrogens alone or combined with progestins can be used for contraception. They have been used extensively to replace estrogen in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, and osteoporosis associated with menopause. For this purpose patients can use estrogens or their combination with gestagens: proginova (contains estradiol valeriat; 21 dragee for month), clinorm (two-phase agent; 9 dragee that contain estradiol valeriat; 12 dragee - estradiol valeriat + levonorgestrel [gestagen]).<br> '''Adverse effects.''' Estrogen therapy may cause a menorrhagia, endometrial hyperplasia. They can be prevented by administration of a progestin agent with estrogen in each cycle. Nausea and breast tenderness are common and can be minimized by using the smallest effective dose of estrogen. Estrogen can lead to cholestasis, thrombophlebitis, peripheral edema, and hypertension. Diethylstilbestrol should be avoided during pregnancy. <br> Nowadays antiestrogen agents are well-known. Tamoxifen is a competitive inhibitor of estrogen receptors and is extensively used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer. It is a nonsteroidal agent that is given orally. <br> '''Progesterone''' is the most important progestin in humans. It is synthesized in the ovary (corpus luteum), testis, adrenal, and in placenta during pregnancy. The level of progesterone in the female is higher the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of the cycle. Progestins enter the cell and bind to progesterone receptors. The ligand-receptor complex binds to a response element to activate gene transcription, resulting in an increase in protein synthesis. Progesterone causes the maturation and secretory changes in the endometrium that are seen following ovulation. Also it leads to relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and stimulation of mammary alveolar tissue growth. Progesterone is responsible for pregnancy preservation. It also has depressant and hypnotic effects on the brain.<br> Progesterone is rapidly absorbed following administration by any route. It is almost completely metabolized in one passage through the liver, and for that reason it is quite ineffective when administered orally. In the liver, progesterone is metabolized and conjugated with glucuronic acid. It is excreted into the urine. A variety of progestin compounds have been synthesized. In general, such compounds as oxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) and medroxyprogesterone are the most closely related, pharmacologically as well as chemically, to progesterone. Oxyprogesterone and medroxyprogesterone have a long duration of action. They are used in oil solution intramuscularly once in 7-14 days. Pregnine is in 5 times weaker than progesterone. However, pregnine is available for oral and subglossal (sublingual) route of using. A group of testosterone-derivatives with progestin activity - levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone) - has been introduced, principally as components of oral contraceptives. They do not support pregnancy in test animals, are more effective gonadotropin inhibitors, and may have minimal androgenic or anabolic activity.<br> Progestins have been used in the first trimester of pregnancy to prevent habitual abortion or to treat threatened abortion, however their usefulness is doubtful. Progestins are used for the treatment of amenorrhea in the presence of estrogen. They are useful in producing long-term ovarian suppression for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and for contraception. Progestins may cause changes in menstrual flow, edema, and hypertension. <br> It is already synthesized antiprogestin agent – mifepristone. It binds strongly to the progesterone receptor and inhibits the activity of progesterone. Mifepristone is used for termination of early pregnancies. <br> ==== CONTRACEPTIVES. ==== A large number of oral contraceptives containing estrogens or progestins (or both) are now available for clinical use. Two types of preparations are used for oral contraception: (1) combinations of estrogens and progestins and (2) continuous progestin therapy. The estrogenic component of commercially oral contraceptive combinations is ethinyl estradiol. The progestinic component is levonorgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone), or norgestrel. The combinations of estrogens and progestins exert their contraceptive effect largely through selective inhibition of pituitary function that results in inhibition of ovulation. The combination agents also produce a change in the cervical mucus, endometrium, and uterine tubes, which decrease the likelihood of conception and implantation. <br> Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives are usually classified according to their formulation. Monophasic preparations contain fixed-combination of estrogen and progestin (non-ovlon, rigevidon, and microgynon). Biphasic (anteovin) and triphasic (trisiston, tri-regol) preparations are consist of 2 or 3 sequentially administered fixed combinations of estrogen and progestin. Bi- and triphasic contraceptives are more physiological, because differences of estrogen-progestin correlation are imitate normal fluctuation of female sex hormones.<br> Most combinations are available as 21-day dosage preparations. In establishing an oral contraceptive dosage cycle, the menstrual cycle is usually considered to be 28 days. The first day of bleeding is counted as the first day of the cycle. Administration of oral contraceptives usually begins on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle and is usually administered once daily for 21 consecutive days. The pregnancy rate with combination agents is estimated to be about 0.5-1 per 100 woman years at risk. About 97% of patients will ovulate by the third posttreatment cycle. Progestins and estrogens are also useful in the treatment of endometriosis. It is now clear that these compounds reduce the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. <br> '''Adverse effects.''' Minor adverse effects are frequent, but most are mild and many are transient. Mild adverse effects are headache, nausea, mastalgia, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, and edema. Severe adverse effects are rare and include increasing coagulability of blood (risk of thromboembolic disease), hypertension, reduction of glucose tolerance, cholestatic jaundice, depression. These drugs should be avoided in patients with estrogen-dependent neoplasm. These agents are contraindicated in adolescents in whom epiphysial closure has not yet been completed.<br> Small doses of progestins can be used for contraception also. Progestin-only contraceptives alter cervical mucus and endometrium so that sperm migration into the uterus and probable implantation is inhibited. In addition, continuous administration of the drugs decreases the ovum transport by altering motility in fallopian tubes. Although progestin-only oral contraceptives are less effective than estrogen-progestin combinations, they are particularly suited for use in patients for whom estrogen administration is undesirable. Orally can be taken continuin, microlut. Unlike estrogen-progestin combinations, progestin-only oral contraceptives must be taken daily, without interruption, to be effective. The main adverse effect is incidences of abnormal bleeding. <br> Pregnancy can be prevented following coitus by the administration of large doses of estrogens or progestins (postcoital contraceptives). For example postinor (contain l-norgestrel). When treatment is begun within 72 hours, it is effective 99% of the time. Postcoital contraceptives can be used not more than 4 times a month.<br> ==== ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND ANTIANDROGENS ==== The testis, like the ovary, has both gametogenic and endocrine functions. In humans, the most important androgen secreted by the testis (in the interstitial or Leydig cells) is testosterone. Endogenous plasma testosterone is maintained and regulated by gonadotropins within a normal range by a negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary. In blood circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin. In many target tissues (for example in prostate), testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone. Androgens are highly lipid-soluble and enter cells of target tissues by passive diffusion. Testosterone or dihydrotestosterone binds to an intracellular androgen receptor. The hormone-receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and initiates or suppresses transcription, and protein synthesis. In the liver testosterone is transformed into nonactive substances such as androsterone that is then conjugated and excreted into the urine.<br> '''Physiologic effects.''' Androgens stimulate spermatogenesis, development of male sexual organs (seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum) and secondary sexual characteristics (male hair, enlargement of the larynx, and thickening of vocal cords). Androgens increase linear bone growth and bone density, and help fuse the epiphysial growth centres. They cause nitrogen retention that indicates an increasing of protein synthesis within the body (anabolic effect). That leads to growing of skeletal muscles and parenchymal organs. They also stimulate erythrocyte production.<br> The ethers of testosterone have been used extensively in clinics (testosterone propionate and testosterone enanthate). They are injected intramuscularly one time in 2 days or in 3-4 weeks correspondently. These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection. Methyltestosterone is testosterone derivative that is active when given by mouth (subglossal).<br> '''Indications.''' Androgens are used to replace or augment endogenous androgen secretion in hypogonadal men. Androgens have also been used in the treatment of breast cancer as a supplement to chemotherapy in women until 60 years. Androgens are sometimes given for the therapy of dysmenorrhea, postmenopausal syndrome. In women, the administration of testosterone is associated with masculinizing actions (virilism): hirsutism, acne, depression of menses, and deepening of the voice. Sodium retention and edema may appear also. <br> Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Chemical changes results in reduction of their androgenic properties comparatively with testosterone and retention of their anabolic features. Many anabolic steroids are used in clinics: methandrostenolone, phenoboline (nandrolone phenylpropionate), retabolil (nandrolone decanoate). Phenoboline and retabolil are used intramuscularly. Duration of action is 2-3 weeks. Methandrostenolone is used orally daily. Anabolic steroids have been used for reversing of protein loss after trauma, surgery, or prolonged immobilization and in patients with debilitating diseases. Anabolic agents are indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. These agents have been used to stimulate growth in boys with delayed puberty. <br> Since complete dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects is not possible, anabolic steroids produce slight masculinizing actions. In addition, anabolic steroids can cause nausea, edema, hypercalcemia, and upset of liver function. <br> The potential usefulness of antiandrogens for the treatment of patients producing excessive amounts of testosterone has led to the search for effective drugs that can be used for this purpose. Since dihydrotestosterone appears to be the essential androgen in the prostate, androgen effects in this tissues can be reduced by an inhibitor of 5-reductase. Finasteride, an inhibitor of this enzyme, produces a reduction in dihydrotestosterone levels. It has been reported to be moderately effective in reducing prostate size in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cyproterone acetate is effective antiandrogen that inhibits the action of androgens at the target organ. These compounds have been used in women for the treatment of hirsutism and in men to decrease excessive sexual drive. Flutamide, is a competitive antagonist at the androgen receptor that has been used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Spironolactone, a competitive inhibitor of aldosterone (see “Diuretic drugs”) also competes for the androgen receptors in target tissues. It also reduces the synthesis of testosterone. It is used for the treatment of hirsutism in women.<br> ==VITAMINS== Vitamins (lat. vita, life, + amine) are the organic substances, present in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, that are essential to normal metabolism, usually as coenzymes; insufficient amounts in the diet may cause deficiency diseases.<br> Vitamins are usually divided on water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. To water-soluble are concerned vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), PP (nicotinic acid), B5 (panthotenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin), B15 (pangame acid), Bc (folic acid), C (ascorbic acid), P (group of bioflavonoids). To fat-soluble are concerned - vitamins A (retinol), D2 (egrocalciferol), D3 (cholecalciferol), E (tocopherol), K (phyloquinone).<br> Needs of organism in vitamins are changed in dependence to age, work, climate, character of feeding, etc. The hard work, neuro-psychical stress, pregnancy, and breast-feeding, hard climate conditions lead to the higher vitamin demands. Also it is higher in children than in adults. Hypovitaminosis and avitaminosis appear during vitamin’s deficiency. Nowadays avitaminosis is observed comparatively seldom. Hypovitaminosis is more often observed. It is characterized by not determined symptoms (fatigue, headache, weakness, lowering of capacity for work, lowering of resistance for infections and other diseases, etc.). Avitaminosis is the brightest appearance of vitamin's insufficiency. It is characterized by clearly expressed specific symptomatology and is stipulated by full absence or prolonged vitamin deficiency. Reasons of vitamin's deficiency in organism include low content of vitamins in meals (“alimentary” hypovitaminosis), disorders of vitamin's absorption from intestine that evoked by diseases of GI and liver (“secondary” or “endogenic” hypovitaminosis), and considerable increasing of dietary requirements. However, prolonged overdosing of vitamins, usually fat-soluble (vitamins A, D), can cause development of hypervitaminosis.<br> Vitamin drugs are used in substitutive, adaptive and pharmacodynamic therapy. Substitutive vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis. Adaptive vitaminotherapy is used for bettering of organism's adaptation for quickly changing conditions of environment (spring-autumn) and in hard conditions (polar or tropical climate, climbing, work under surface of water, during flying by plains, etc.). Doses for substitutive and adaptive therapy are in 2-3 times higher than physiologic dietary requirements and are used for course therapy. <br> Pharmacodynamic vitaminotherapy is used during treatment of diseases that are not caused by vitamin's deficiency. It's basic difference from substitutive therapy is in using of higher vitamin's doses, which in dozens and hundreds times exceed daily requirements. Example is using of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) by 100000 IU per day for treating of tubercular lupus of skin.<br> === WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Ascorbic acid''' (vitamin C, antiscorbutic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in fresh fruits, vegetables, berries (wild rose). Citrus fruits are a particularly good source of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid is synthesized for use as a drug. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions.<br> Ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation, tissue repair and preservation of blood vessel integrity. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration. In addition, ascorbic acid enhances the absorption of nonheme iron. <br> Ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels: ulceration of the gums hemorrhages into the skin and from the mucous membranes, debility, and immunity impairment. <br> Vitamin C is readily absorbed after oral administration. Ascorbic acid is widely distributed in body tissues. Large concentrations of the vitamin are found in the liver, leukocytes, and adrenal glands. Mostly ascorbic acid is metabolized to oxalates, which are excreted in the urine. Large doses of ascorbic acid may cause acidification of the urine, occasionally leading to precipitation of urate, oxalate stones, or drugs in the urinary tract. Ascorbic acid is used to prevent and to treat scurvy. It has been prescribed for hemorrhagic states, fever, infection, and trauma, poisoning by different substances, anemia, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcer, and the common cold. Ascorbic acid may be useful to treat idiopathic methemoglobinemia. Ascorbic acid injection has been reported to be incompatible with many drugs.<br> '''Thiamine''' (vitamin B1, antineuritic vitamin) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, nuts, and meat. Thiamine combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver, kidneys, and leukocytes to form thiamine diphosphate (thiamine pyrophosphate) which is a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (in the decarboxylation of pyruvic and alpha-ketoglutaric acids). Thiamine diphosphate is also a coenzyme of transketolase in the utilization of glucose in the pentose phosphate pathway.<br> Thiamine deficiency leads to increased pyruvic and lactic acids concentration in the blood (acidosis). The organ systems principally affected by thiamine deficiency are the peripheral nervous system (polyneuritis), cardiovascular system (heart failure), and GI tract. In severe cases thiamine deficiency results in beriberi (paresis, paralysis) and encephalopathy syndrome. Administration of thiamine completely reverses the cardiovascular and GI symptoms of thiamin deficiency; however, the degree of improvement in neurologic symptoms depends on the duration and severity of the lesions. <br> Following oral administration thiamine is readily absorbed; however, the total amount absorbed following oral administration of a large dose is limited. GI absorption of thiamine is decreased in alcoholics and in patients with cirrhosis or malabsorption. Thiamine is rapidly and completely absorbed following intramuscular administration.<br> Thiamine is used to prevent and to treat thiamin deficiency syndromes including beriberi, encephalopathy syndrome, and peripheral neuritis. It is also used for the treatment of paresis, neuritis, heart failure, arrhythmia, and ketoacidosis. Thiamine commercially is available in form of thiamin bromide or thiamin chloride for oral and intramuscular administration. The probable adverse effect is hypersensitivity.<br> '''Riboflavin''' (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including milk, meat, eggs, nuts, cereal grains, and yeast. In humans, an exogenous source of riboflavin is required for tissue respiration. Riboflavin is converted to the coenzyme, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These coenzymes act as hydrogen-carrier molecules for several enzymes (flavoproteins) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of organic substrates and in intermediary metabolism. Riboflavin is also indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity.<br> Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis) results in cheilosis (angular stomatitis), glossitis, keratitis, ocular changes (photophobia, hemeralopia), and anemia. <br> Riboflavin is readily absorbed from the upper GI tract. FAD and FMN are widely distributed into body tissues, including GI mucosal cells, erythrocytes, and the liver. Free riboflavin is present in the retina. Vitamin B2 is used to prevent riboflavin deficiency and to treat ariboflavinosis. Riboflavin may be useful in treating keratitis, iritis, skin and infectional diseases. Commercially available is riboflavin (oral, topical), riboflavin mononucleotide (injection). Riboflavin is nontoxic.<br> '''Vitamin PP''' (B3) has two forms: nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide). Nicotinic acid and tryptophan (that is converted to nicotinamide) present in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains. Commercially available nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are prepared synthetically. Nicotinic acid is incorporated into 2 coenzymes: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). They act as hydrogen-carrier molecules in glycogenolysis, tissue respiration, and lipid metabolism (more than 150 reactions). In large doses, nicotinic acid (not nicotinamide) produces peripheral vasodilatation, predominantly of cutaneous vessels in the face, neck, and chest; decreases serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations; activates the fibrinolytic system. Nicotinic acid reportedly increases gastric acid secretion. Vitamin PP deficiency results in pellagra that accompanied by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (loss of cognitive functions). <br> Vitamin PP is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration, as well as from subcutaneous and i.m. injection site. It is widely distributed into body tissues. Metabolites of vitamin PP are excreted in urine. Vitamin PP is used to prevent and to treat nicotinic acid deficiency. Large doses of nicotinic acid are used for the treatment of atherosclerosis (antilipemic agent); conditions associated with deficient circulation (e.g., peripheral vascular disease and vascular spasm), gastritis, and liver diseases. <br> Large doses of nicotinic acid can cause flushing (face, neck), pruritus, heartburn, hypotension, and headache. Long-term using of nicotinic acid may impair glucose tolerance and lead to lipid dystrophy of liver (methionine can prevent liver damage).<br> Nowadays some drugs include nicotinic acid. For example, nicoverine (nicotinic acid + papaverine), nicoshpan (nicotinic acid + no-spa). Papaverine and no-spa relieve smooth muscle spasm (spasmolytics) and nicotinic acid enhances their action, especially vasodilatation. Thus, nicoverine and nicospan are used for the treatment of hypertonia. Litonit (lithium salt of nicotinic acid) is known as tranquilizer. The head of department pharmacology of Odessa medical university prof. V.I.Kresyun investigated it. Nowadays litonit is used for alcoholism treatment. Current work of department pharmacology OMU is based on the study of neurotropic and hepatotropic activities of newly synthesized compounds of germanium and nicotinic acid as well as nicotinamide. These substances possess tranquilizer and hepatoprotective effects, that open’s perspective of their purpose investigation.<br> Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including cereal grains, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are converted to the active forms of the vitamin, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate, which act as coenzymes in a wide variety of reactions in nitrogenous metabolism. They are involved in transamination, deamidation, and decarboxylation of amino acids, in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide. Pyridoxine appears to be essential in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the CNS and in the synthesis of heme. The vitamin is also involved in lipid metabolism. <br> Deficiency of the vitamin has rarely been identified in humans. Artificial pyridoxine deficiency affects the peripheral nerves (neuritis), CNS (seizure), skin (dermatitis), and the hematopoietic system (leukopenia). Pyridoxine deficient state can occur during treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid that inhibits the conversion of vitamin B6 to the pyridoxal phosphate.<br> Vitamin B6 is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is stored mainly in the liver. Pyridoxine is used to prevent and to treat vitamin B6 deficiency. Also it is indicated for the treatment of hematopoietic upset (leukopenia, anemia), disorders of nervous system (neuritis, parkinsonism, and vertigo), and hepatitis.<br> Commercially available form is pyridoxine hydrochloride (oral, injection). Long-term administration of megadose of pyridoxine can cause sensory neuropathy.<br> '''Pantothenic acid''' (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is widely distributed in plant and animal tissues. Rich sources of pantothenic acid include meat, vegetables, cereal grains, eggs, and milk. Also it is synthesized in bowel by E.coli. In humans, an exogenous source of pantothenic acid is required for intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Pantothenic acid is a precursor of coenzyme A which is required for acetylation reactions in gluconeogenesis, in the release of energy from carbohydrates, in the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids, and in the synthesis of steroid hormones, acetylcholine, and other compounds. <br> Dietary deficiency of pantothenic acid has not been clinically identified in humans. Experimentally produced pantothenic acid deficiency resulted in drowsiness, fatigue, headache, paresthesia of legs, and GI complaints.<br> Pantothenic acid is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. It is widely distributed into body tissues, mainly as coenzyme A. Highest concentrations are found in the liver and adrenal glands. Pantothenic acid is excreted unchanged. The vitamin is commercially available as the calcium salt (calcium pantothenate). It has been used orally and parenterally. Calcium pantothenate is indicated for the treatment of peripheral neuritis, toxicosis during pregnancy, hepatitis, atony of intestine, streptomycin neurotoxicity, and catarrhal respiratory disorders. Pantothenic acid is usually nontoxic even in large doses. Allergic reactions to it have been reported occasionally.<br> '''Pangame acid''' (vitamin B15) is considered to vitamin-like substances. It is donator of methyl groups and possesses antihypoxant action. It is used in form of calcium pangamate during dystrophy of myocardium, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, diseases of liver, and during treatment of alcoholism.<br> '''Rutine''' (vitamin P) unites group of bioflavonoids, which are present in green tea, citrus's, wild rose, etc. Together with ascorbic acid it takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes and prevents forming of lipid's peroxides. It increases firmness and lowers penetrability of capillaries. So, it is used in combination with ascorbic acid (ascorutine) for the treatment of increased penetrability of vessels (capillary toxicosis, hemorrhagical diathesis), allergy, and polyarthritis.<br> '''Vitamin U''' is contained in cabbage, asparagus, and fresh tomato. It is donator of methyl groups and takes part in oxidizing-restoring processes. It is used enterally during ulcerative disease of stomach and duodenum, gastritis, and colitis.<br> '''Vitamin B12''' (cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (vitamin Bc, pteroylglutamic acid) are discussed in chapter “Agents used in anemias”. Multivitamins. When a single vitamin deficiency is evident, other vitamin deficiencies (clinical or subclinical) often accompany it. Therapeutic multivitamin preparations may, therefore, be useful in these patients. Therapeutic multivitamins may also be indicated in pathologic conditions in which nutritional requirements are greatly increased (e.g., alcoholism, hyperthyroidism, severe illness or injury, cachexia) or in conditions in which absorption, utilization, or excretion of vitamins is abnormal (including malabsorption syndromes).<br> The vitamin combination chosen should fit the needs of the individual patient. It should be remembered that some vitamins (especially vitamins A and D) and many minerals may be toxic in large doses, and dosage of multivitamin preparations containing these agents should take the patient's dietary intake into account. Vitamins are usually administered orally; however, the drugs may be given parenterally in patients in whom oral administration is not feasible, including those receiving total parenteral nutrition. Multivitamin injections are reportedly incompatible with i.v. solutions containing various drugs. Multivitamin preparations are tablets or dragee “Hexavit”, “Pangexavit”, “Decamevit”, “Aerovit”, “Glytamevit”, “Unicap”, etc. For instance, dragee “Hexavit” includes vitamin A, B1, B2, PP, B6, C.<br> ===FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS === '''Vitamin A''' is a fat-soluble vitamin that is present in foods in a variety of forms: retinol (vitamin A1), dehydroretinol (vitamin A2), and retinoic acid. Vitamin A is present in esterified form in eggs, milk, butter, and oily salt-water fish. Provitamin A carotenoid pigments (including α-, β-, and γ-carotene), the most active of which is β-carotene, are present in green and yellow vegetables and fruits and are converted to retinol in humans. <br> In humans, an exogenous source of vitamin A is required for growth, vision, reproduction, and the integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces. Vitamin A has been reported to act as a cofactor in mucopolysaccharide synthesis. In the retina, retinol is converted to the aldehyde (retinal), which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, the visual pigment. Under the influence of light rhodopsin is splited into retinal and opsin that accompanied with perceiving of light. In darkness the resynthesis of rhodopsin is occur. Thus, rhodopsin is necessary for visual adaptation for darkness.<br> Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia or hemeralopia - impairment of vision in reduced illumination), xerophthalmia (dryness of the cornea) and keratomalacia (ulceration of the cornea), hyperkeratosis of the skin, immunodeficiency, and epithelial metaplasia of mucous membranes that decrease resistance to infections. That’s why, vitamin A is known also as “antiinfection agent”.<br> Vitamin A is readily and completely absorbed if fat absorption is normal. Retinol esters are hydrolyzed in the GI lumen by pancreatic enzymes and in presence of bile. Retinol is absorbed and then reesterified, mainly to retinyl palmitate. It is stored in the liver. Normal body stores of vitamin A are sufficient to meet the body's requirements for several months. Retinol is released from the liver bound to the plasma proteins. Vitamin A metabolites are excreted in urine and feces. <br> Vitamin A is used to prevent and to treat symptoms of vitamin A deficiency such as xerophthalmia and night blindness. Oral administration of water-miscible vitamin A preparations may be useful in preventing deficiency in patients with malabsorption. Vitamin A may be useful in infections, skin disorders (burns, ichthyosis, and psoriasis), however, other retinoids (e.g., etretinate, isotretinoin) are currently being investigated for use in the treatment of these dermatological disorders. Vitamin A has been studied in animals as an anticarcinogen; further study in humans is needed to determine efficacy. For clinical use, vitamin A is available as retinol (vitamin A alcohol) or esters of retinol formed from acetic and palmitic acids. Vitamin A activity is preferably expressed in International units (IU). <br> Doses of vitamin A that do not exceed the physiologic requirement are usually nontoxic. Effects of acute overdosing are vomiting, diarrhea, confusion or unusual excitement. Chronic overdosing includes bone or joint pain, painful hyperostosis of the bones (thickening of bones), drying or cracking of skin, loss of hair, unusual tiredness. Large doses of vitamin A are teratogenic in animals. Treatment of hypervitaminosis A consists of discontinuance of vitamin A and symptomatic therapy as indicated.<br> Group of '''vitamin D''' (antirachitic vitamins) includes fat-soluble vitamins that possess antirachitic and hypercalcemic activity. Because they are activated in the body and have regulatory effects, they are sometimes considered hormones. Vitamin D analogs include cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). Vitamin D is present in fish oil, liver of aquatic mammals (e.g., seals, polar bears), eggs, butter, and milk. Ergocalciferol is formed from ergosterol. Cholecalciferol is formed from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light. In the human body, cholecalciferol is hydroxylated to calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) in liver and then to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and secacalcifediol (24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in kidneys. Ergocalciferol has the same conversion as cholecalciferol.<br> Calcitriol and calcifediol enhance the efficiency of intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption in the small intestine and stimulate renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate. They exhibit potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects. Recent evidence suggests that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates bone formation. Vitamin D deficiency results in skeletal demineralization. In children, vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets that is characterized by skeletal deformations (e.g., frontal bossing), and outward and inward deformities of the lower limbs resulting in bowed legs and knocked knees, respectively. In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to an osteoporosis (reduced bone mass) and osteomalacia (softening of the bones). Any alteration in cutaneous production of cholecalciferol, GI vitamin D absorption, or metabolism of the vitamin to its active form (i.e., calcitriol) can result in it deficiency. <br> Vitamin D is readily absorbed from the GI tract following oral administration. The presence of bile is required for it absorption. Vitamin D is incorporated into chylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatic system and then associates mainly with a specific α-globulin as well as vitamin D hydroxylated metabolites. 25-hydroxylatedvitamin D2, D3 are stored in fat and muscles. The metabolites of vitamin D analogs are excreted principally in bile and feces. Activity of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol is expressed in International Units (IU). <br> For clinical use, vitamin D is available as cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, calcitriol, and calfediol. Vitamin D is used to prevent or treat rickets, osteoporosis, hypocalcemic tetany, and to manage psoriasis and hypoparathyroidism. Administration of excessive doses of vitamin D may lead to hypervitaminosis D manifested by hypercalcemia. Early symptoms of hypercalcemia may include weakness, drowsiness, metallic taste, vomiting, vertigo, and bone pain. Later consequences of hypercalcemia may include impairment of renal function, osteoporosis, and metastatic calcification of organs and vessels. Treatment of vitamin D intoxication consists of withdrawal of the drug, administration of fluids, corticosteroids, and calciuric diuretics (e.g., furosemide and ethacrynic acid). <br> '''Vitamin E''' (antisterility vitamin) is a fat-soluble vitamin, which is present in many foods including vegetable oils, cereal grains, animal fats, meat, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. The vitamin exists in a variety of forms: α-, β-, and γ-tocopherols. The most biologically active natural form of the vitamin is α-tocopherol. <br> The exact biologic function of vitamin E in humans is unknown, although the vitamin is believed to act as an antioxidant. It has been postulated that vitamin E protects polyunsaturated fatty acids (which are components of cellular membranes) and other oxygen-sensitive substances (vitamins A, C) from oxidation. Vitamin E delays the accumulation of free radicals resulting in excessive lipid peroxidation. Thus, it limits atherosclerosis and CNS neuronal generation (Alzheimer's disease). Vitamin E also may inhibit platelet aggregation and adhesion. Vitamin E deficiency does not cause specific disease in adults; however, in premature neonates thrombosis and hemolytic anemia may occur. In animals, avitaminosis E is associated with infertility in male and spontaneous abortion in female, dystrophy of skeletal muscles and myocardium. <br> Absorption of vitamin E from the GI tract depends on the presence of bile and only half of the vitamin obtained from dietary sources is absorbed. After absorption, vitamin E reaches the lymph circulation and then is transported with plasma proteins. Vitamin E is distributed to all tissues and is stored in adipose tissue. Vitamin E is metabolized in the liver is excreted primarily in the bile. <br> Vitamin E has been used for the treatment of habitual abortion, infertility, myodystrophy, dementia, angina pectoris, and thrombophlebitis. For drug use, vitamin E is available as tocopherol acetate. Vitamin E is usually nontoxic, however it may cause allergic reactions and pain in site of injection.<br> == ENZYME PREPARATIONS AND ENZYME INHIBITORS == Enzyme agents are the preparations of enzymes. They are widely used in medicine for the different purposes. The first enzyme agents group (trypsin) is indicated for purulent-necrotic processes; the second group (pancreatin) increases digestive activity; the third group (streptokinase) has fibrinolytic properties; the fourth group includes different enzyme drugs (lydaza, penicillinase). <br> Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that formed in the small intestine. It hydrolyzes peptides, amides, etc. Crystallized trypsin, a purified preparation of the pancreatic enzyme. It is used in medicine for debridement (excision) of wounds and ulcers for dead tissues, fibrin, and viscous secretes. In addition it has antiinflamation activity and permit antibodies, leukocytes, and antibiotics better access to the infected area. Trypsin is nonactive (safe) relatively for undamaged tissues. It is used in inhalation for the cleaning of bronchi for viscous mucus or exudate during bronchitis, pneumonia. Trypsin is injected intramuscularly or used topically for the treatment of thrombophlebitis, parodontitis, osteomyelitis, and purulent infections of soft tissues. The agent can irritate tissues at the site of its application and can cause allergic reactions or intoxication that predominantly are evoked by absorption of necrotic tissues. Chymotrypsin is a proteinase of the gastrointestinal tract. It hydrolyzes proteins. Chymotrypsin is similar in indications to trypsin.<br> Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are the enzymes. They hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds in DNA and proteins. These agents have the same to trypsin using. Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease are obtained from the cattle pancreas as well as chymotrypsin and trypsin.<br> Collagenase is a proteolytic enzyme capable of specifically hydrolyzing peptide bonds of collagen. The enzyme debrides necrotic tissue without damaging granulation tissue. It is derived from cattle pancreas. Collagenase is used to promote debridement of necrotic tissue in the treatment of severe burns and dermal ulcers. Pain and burning may occur at the site of collagenase application.<br> Pepsin is the principal digestive enzyme (protease) of gastric juice, formed from pepsinogen; it hydrolyzes peptide bonds at low pH values, reducing proteins to smaller molecules. For medical purpose it is obtained from stomach mucous membrane of hog. Pepsin is indicated for replacement therapy of stomach upset such as achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice) or hypoacidity (lower than normal level of hydrochloric acid). Natural gastric juice is digestive fluid secreted by the stomach glands of the dogs or horses. It normalizes secretion and motility of gastrointestinal tract. Abomin is received from the stomach mucous membrane of calf or lamb. It contains the summary of proteolytic enzymes. Gastric juice and abomin have the same indications as pepsin. <br> Pancreatin is a substance containing enzymes, principally amylase, lipase, and protease, obtained from the pancreas of the cattle and hog. Pancreatin is used as replacement therapy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, or other conditions in which pancreatic insufficiency impairs fat digestion. Pancreatic exocrine replacement therapy should not delay or supplant treatment of the primary disorder. The medication is taken before meals. Because pancreatin has a high purine content, hyperuricemia, uric acid renal stones may be seen as a side effect. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Panzynorm forte (contain pancreatin, bile extract, and extract of stomach mucous membrane), festal (pancreas enzymes and bile extract), mezym forte (pancreas enzymes) are the digestive enzyme replacement products also. Their are used for the treatment of digestive insufficiency of gastro-intestinal tract.<br> Fibrinolytic drugs (fibrinolysine, streptokinase, and urokinase) are discussed in chapter “Anticoagulant drugs”. Lydaza (hyaluronidase) is a protein enzyme that found widely distributed in nature. Lydaza for injection is a sterile, dry, soluble enzyme product prepared from cattle’s testes. The potency of the drug is expressed in conventional units. Lydaza modifies the permeability of connective tissue through the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid. Occurring as one of the principal viscous polysaccharides of connective tissue and skin, hyaluronic acid is one of the chief ingredients of the tissue cement, which offers resistance to the diffusion of liquids through tissue. Lydaza is indicated in the treatment of ankylosis (stiffening) of the joints and postburn scars. The enzyme also hastens the disappearance of swelling after hemorrhage. Adverse effects from lydaza are rare. Occasional sensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria) have been reported.<br> Penicillinase is a β-lactamase enzyme, which destroy all biosynthetic and majority of semisynthetic penicillins. It is produced by certain strains of microbes (e.g. staphylococci). Penicillinase is used in case of acute or delays hypersensitivity for penicillins. <br> Asparaginasa is an enzyme that is isolated for clinical use from various bacteria. The drug is used to treat leukemia. It acts indirectly by catabolic depletion of serum asparagine. These results in inhibition of protein synthesis in neoplastic cells, requiring an external source of asparagine (see chapter “Immunodepressants”).<br> Enzyme inhibitors are discussed in other topics: (1) proteinase inhibitors (contrycal) one can see in chapter “Drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases”; (2) fibrinolytic inhibitors (aminocapronic acid) see in “Drugs used in bleeding disorders”; (3) cholinesterase-inhibiting drugs (proserine) see in “Cholinomimetics”; (4) monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (nialamide) see in “Antidepressant agents”; (5) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (diacarb) see in “Diuretic agents”; (6) xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol) see in “Drugs used in gout”; (7) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors (teturam) see in “The alcohols”. [[Category:Drugs]] o93sfiyj0q1kvatk8m2chmlpamgtkk7 0 119422 2832261 2831563 2026-09-08T15:59:00Z Young1lim 21186 /* Timing Analysis */ 2832261 wikitext text/x-wiki == ''' Number Systems '''== === ''' Binary Representation '''=== * Binary Numbers ([[Media:DD1.1.A.BinaryNum.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Hexadecimal Numbers ([[Media:DD1.2.A.HexaNum.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Other Codes ([[Media:DD1.3A.Code.20250329.pdf|A.pdf]]) === ''' Binary Arithmetic '''=== * Binary Arithmetic ([[Media:DD1.4.A.BinaryArith.20150425.pdf|A.pdf]]) * BCD Arithmetic ([[Media:DD1.5.A.BCDArith.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) === ''' C Program Examples '''=== * Binary Numbers in C programs ([[Media:DD1.6.A.BNumInC.20140103.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Binary Addition in C programs ([[Media:DD1.7.A.BArithInC.20140103.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> * Helpful Wikipedia Pages ([[Media:DD.WP.NumberSystem.20130309.pdf|C.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Floating Point Numbers '''=== * Floating Point Representations ([[Media:CDesign.5.A.FPoint.20140121.pdf|5A.pdf]])</br> :: See [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~aboulham/F1214/Session%206Arithm/Floating_Point_Numbers.pdf Floating Point Overview] :: See [http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~patrice/210-2006/210%20LN04_2.pdf Offset Binary Overview] :: See [http://www.intersil.com/content/dam/Intersil/documents/an96/an9657.pdf Offset Binary & Sin / Cosine] :: See [http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/hp/staff/dmb/courses/dig2/4_Analog.pdf Offset Binary & ADC / DAC] </br> === ''' Interfacing Digital and Analog Signals '''=== * Sampling and Quantization ([[Media:DD1.10.A.SampleQuant.20150425.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Digital-to-Analog Conversion ([[Media:DD1.8.A.DAC.20140208.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Analog-to-Digital Conversion ([[Media:DD1.9.A.DAC.20140208.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> == '''Combinational Circuits'''== === ''' Design '''=== * Boolean Algebra ([[Media:DD2.A1.BAlgebra.20250503.pdf|A1.pdf]]) * Truth Tables ([[Media:DD2.A2.TTable.20250424.pdf|A2.pdf]]) * K-Map ([[Media:DD2.A3.KMap.20250424.pdf|A3.pdf]]) * Design Examples ([[Media:DD2.A4.CombEx.20250414.pdf|A4.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Components '''=== * Decoder ([[Media:DD2.B.1.Decoder.20130928.pdf|B1.pdf]]) * Encoder ([[Media:DD2.B.2.Encoder.20130917.pdf|B2.pdf]]) * Multiplexer ([[Media:DD2.B.3.Multiplexer.20130928.pdf|B3.pdf]]) * Adder ([[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf|B4.pdf]], [[Media:Fa.sch.20131002.pdf|fa.sch.pdf]], [[Media:Adder4.sch.20131002.pdf|adder4.sch.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Design Metric '''=== * Noise Margin ([[Media:DD2.C1.NoiseMargin.20250415.pdf|C1.pdf]]) </br> == '''Sequential Circuits'''== === ''' Design '''=== * Types of Flip-Flops ([[Media:CDesign.1.A.FF.20130412.pdf |1A.pdf]])</br> * Latches and Flipflops ([[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf|A1.pdf]]) * State Transition Table ([[Media:DD3.A.2.pdf|A2.pdf]]) * FSM (Finite State Machine) ([[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf|A3.pdf]]) </br> * The Classic FF Design ([[Media:DD3.A.6.ClassicFF.20131126.pdf|A7.pdf]]) * The Modern FF Design ([[Media:DD3.A.6.ClassicFF.20131204.2.pdf|A8.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Components '''=== * Latches and Flip-flops ([[Media:DD3.B.1.LatchFF.20131008.pdf|B1.pdf]]) * Registers ([[Media:DD3.B.2.Register.20150326.pdf|B2.pdf]], [[Media:Register.20131118.pdf|register.pdf]]) * Counters ([[Media:DD3.B.2.Counter.20150420.pdf|B3.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Timing Analysis '''=== * Metastability ([[Media:DD3.A.4.MetaState.20131030.pdf|A4.pdf]]) * Flip-flop Timing ([[Media:DD3.A5.FFTiming.20260907.pdf|A5.pdf]]) * SR Latch Forbidden State ([[Media:DD3.A.5.ForbiddenState.20131030.pdf|A6.pdf]]) </br> * FF Min Max Timing Constraints ([[Media:CArch.MinMaxTiming.20131121.pdf |pdf]]) * FF Clock Skew Timing Constraints ([[Media:CArch.ClockSkew.20131121.pdf |pdf]]) * Synchronizer ([[Media:CArch.Synchronizer.20131216.pdf |pdf]]) * Resolution Time Analysis ([[Media:CArch.Resolution.20131216.pdf |pdf]]) </br> == '''Finite State Machine'''== * FSM State Encoding * FSM Types : Mealy and Moore Machines * FSM Example ([[Media:CArch.2.A.FSMExample.20141018.pdf |pdf]]) </br> == '''Array Devices''' == === ''' Memory Arrays '''=== * RAM ** RAM Structure ([[Media:DD4.A.1.RAM.20131111.pdf|A.pdf]]) ** RAM Timing ([[Media:DD4.B.1.RAMTiming.20131130.pdf|B.pdf]]) ** FPGA RAM ([[Media:DD4.C.1.FPGARAM.20160513.pdf|C.pdf]]) * ROM </br> === ''' Logic Arrays '''=== * PLA * PAL * PLD * FPGA ** FPGA Structure ** FPGA Configuration ([[Media:DD4.C.1.FPGAConf.20131130.pdf|B.pdf]]) </br> </br> [http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece548/localcpy/sramop.pdf Synchronous SRAM Timing] </br> [http://www.micron.com/~/media/Documents/Products/Technical%20Note/DRAM/tn4529.pdf Asynchronous SRAM Timing]</br> [http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece548/localcpy/dramop.pdf DRAM Timing] </br> [http://www.ece.unm.edu/~jimp/415/slides/fpga_arch1.pdf FPGA Architectures] </br> [http://www.engr.siu.edu/~haibo/ece428/notes/ece428_fpgaarch.pdf CPLD & FPGA] </br> </br> == ''' RTL Design Techniques''' == </br> ''' Design Methodology ''' </br> ''' Synthesis ''' </br> </br> </br> == '''Logic Families and IOs''' == * BJT Based :: DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic) :: TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) :: ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) * MOS Based :: CMOS (Complementary MOS) :: Pseudo-nMOS :: Transmission Gate :: BiCMOS (Bipolr + CMOS) * Dynamic CMOS :: Domino :: Clocked-CMOS (C²MOS) </br> * Modern I/O Standards :: TTL and LVTTL (Low Voltage TTL) :: CMOS and LVCMOS (Low Voltage CMOS) :: SSTL (Stub Series Terminated Logic) :: HSTL (High Speed Tranceiver Logic) :: LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) </br> * Wikipedia Pages for Logic Families ([[Media:Logic Families.wiki.20140812.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> </br> See also </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Design]]> </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Architecture]]> </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Organization]]> </br> </br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] == '''Old''' == '''Until 2011.12''' '''Chapter 1. Binary Numbers''' * 1.1 Binary Numbers([[Media:BinaryNumbers.1.A.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Minterm, Maxterm, HW ''' * 1.1 Lecture01([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110922.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Overflow HW ''' * Overflow Table([[Media:Overflow table.20110924.pdf|pdf]]) ''' K-Map ''' * K-Map([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110926.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Binary Adder ''' * Binary Adder (C, S) ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110929.pdf|pdf]]) * Overflow detection circuit (V) ([[Media:HW Overflow20111001.pdf|pdf]]) ''' BCD to Ex3 Code Coversion, Dont' Care ''' * BCD to Ex3 Code Conversion ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111006.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Prime Implicant, Dont' Care ''' * Prime Implicant, Don't Care ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111010.pdf|pdf]]) * HW 3.6 - explain the method of combining 0's and X's ''' Multiplexer / Demultiplexer ''' * Multiplexer ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111024.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (TBD) ''' Flip Flop / Latch ''' * FF & Latch ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * FF & Latch HW ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * Gated D Latch & Master-Slave D FlipFlop ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111031.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Forbidden state and Indeterminate state) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111102.pdf|pdf]]) (note in #2, S' R' instead of S R) * Classical Edge Triggered D FlipFlop ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111112.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (addition in SW and HW) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111112.pdf|pdf]]) * FSM1 ([[Media:DigitalDesign.FSM1.20111117.pdf|pdf]]) * FSM2 ([[Media:DigitalDesign.FSM2.20111117.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (FSM Waveforms) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111118.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Counter ''' * Sychronous Counter ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111121.pdf|pdf]]) * Ripple Counter, Multiplexer, Tri-state buffer([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111124.pdf|pdf]]) * Register ([[Media:DigitalDesign.register.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * Timing ([[Media:DigitalDesign.timing.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Multiplexer, Shift Register) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * Universal Shift Register, Memory Cell ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111206.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Bit Serial Adder) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111206.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Memory ''' * Memory ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111208.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Comparator, Multiplier ''' * Comparator, Multiplier ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111219.spread.pdf|1.pdf]], [[Media:DigitalDesign.20111219.draw.pdf|2.pdf]]) '''Multiplexer based design method ''' * Multiplexer Design Method ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111221.spread.pdf|1.pdf]], [[Media:DigitalDesign.20111221.draw.pdf|2.pdf]]) midterm result ([[Media:MidReult.20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * Edge Triggered Flip Flop ([[Media:EdgeTrigFF.20111224.pdf|pdf]]) * FF Timing ([[Media:FFTiming.20111203.pdf|pdf]]) </br> </br> '''Until 2013.07''' ''' Number Systems ''' * Binary Numbers ([[Media:DD.1.A.BinNum.20130309.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Hexadecimal Numbers ([[Media:DD.1.B.HexaNum.20130417.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Numbers in C programs ([[Media:DD.1.C.CNum.20130309.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Codes ([[Media:DD.1.D.Coding.20130319.pdf|pdf]]) </br> </br> * Helpful Wikipedia Pages ([[Media:DD.WP.NumberSystem.20130309.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ''' Combinational Circuits ''' * Truth Tables and Boolean Functions ([[Media:DD.2.A.TTable.20130325.pdf|2A.pdf]])</br> * K-Map ([[Media:DD.2.A.KMap.20130329.pdf|2B.pdf]])</br> * Binary Addition in C ([[Media:DD.2.C.BAinC.20130329.pdf|2.C.pdf]])</br> * Binary Arithmetic ([[Media:DD.2.D.BAri.2013.pdf|2.D.pdf]])</br> * Boolean Algebra ([[Media:DD.2.E.BAlgebra.20130419.pdf|2.E.pdf]])</br> </br> ''' Sequential Circuits ''' * Latches and Flip-flops ([[Media:DD.3.A.LatchFF.20130413.pdf|3A.pdf]])</br> * FSM (Finite State Machine) ([[Media:DD.3.B.FSM.20130417.pdf|3B.pdf]])</br> * SR Latch Forbidden State ([[Media:DD.3.C.FState.20130413.pdf|3C.pdf]])</br> * Flip-flop Timing ([[Media:DD.3.D.Timing.20130413.pdf|3D.pdf]])</br> * Metastability ([[Media:DD.3.E.MetaState.20130628.pdf|3E.pdf]])</br> </br> </br> </br> See also </br> "[[The necessities in Computer Design]]" </br> "[[The necessities in Computer Architecture]]" </br> [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] 1lbydmmu9xfrlr70qt26fs6lnaga4d8 2832263 2832261 2026-09-08T16:00:33Z Young1lim 21186 /* Timing Analysis */ 2832263 wikitext text/x-wiki == ''' Number Systems '''== === ''' Binary Representation '''=== * Binary Numbers ([[Media:DD1.1.A.BinaryNum.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Hexadecimal Numbers ([[Media:DD1.2.A.HexaNum.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Other Codes ([[Media:DD1.3A.Code.20250329.pdf|A.pdf]]) === ''' Binary Arithmetic '''=== * Binary Arithmetic ([[Media:DD1.4.A.BinaryArith.20150425.pdf|A.pdf]]) * BCD Arithmetic ([[Media:DD1.5.A.BCDArith.20130918.pdf|A.pdf]]) === ''' C Program Examples '''=== * Binary Numbers in C programs ([[Media:DD1.6.A.BNumInC.20140103.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Binary Addition in C programs ([[Media:DD1.7.A.BArithInC.20140103.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> * Helpful Wikipedia Pages ([[Media:DD.WP.NumberSystem.20130309.pdf|C.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Floating Point Numbers '''=== * Floating Point Representations ([[Media:CDesign.5.A.FPoint.20140121.pdf|5A.pdf]])</br> :: See [http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~aboulham/F1214/Session%206Arithm/Floating_Point_Numbers.pdf Floating Point Overview] :: See [http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~patrice/210-2006/210%20LN04_2.pdf Offset Binary Overview] :: See [http://www.intersil.com/content/dam/Intersil/documents/an96/an9657.pdf Offset Binary & Sin / Cosine] :: See [http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/hp/staff/dmb/courses/dig2/4_Analog.pdf Offset Binary & ADC / DAC] </br> === ''' Interfacing Digital and Analog Signals '''=== * Sampling and Quantization ([[Media:DD1.10.A.SampleQuant.20150425.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Digital-to-Analog Conversion ([[Media:DD1.8.A.DAC.20140208.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Analog-to-Digital Conversion ([[Media:DD1.9.A.DAC.20140208.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> == '''Combinational Circuits'''== === ''' Design '''=== * Boolean Algebra ([[Media:DD2.A1.BAlgebra.20250503.pdf|A1.pdf]]) * Truth Tables ([[Media:DD2.A2.TTable.20250424.pdf|A2.pdf]]) * K-Map ([[Media:DD2.A3.KMap.20250424.pdf|A3.pdf]]) * Design Examples ([[Media:DD2.A4.CombEx.20250414.pdf|A4.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Components '''=== * Decoder ([[Media:DD2.B.1.Decoder.20130928.pdf|B1.pdf]]) * Encoder ([[Media:DD2.B.2.Encoder.20130917.pdf|B2.pdf]]) * Multiplexer ([[Media:DD2.B.3.Multiplexer.20130928.pdf|B3.pdf]]) * Adder ([[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf|B4.pdf]], [[Media:Fa.sch.20131002.pdf|fa.sch.pdf]], [[Media:Adder4.sch.20131002.pdf|adder4.sch.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Design Metric '''=== * Noise Margin ([[Media:DD2.C1.NoiseMargin.20250415.pdf|C1.pdf]]) </br> == '''Sequential Circuits'''== === ''' Design '''=== * Types of Flip-Flops ([[Media:CDesign.1.A.FF.20130412.pdf |1A.pdf]])</br> * Latches and Flipflops ([[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf|A1.pdf]]) * State Transition Table ([[Media:DD3.A.2.pdf|A2.pdf]]) * FSM (Finite State Machine) ([[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf|A3.pdf]]) </br> * The Classic FF Design ([[Media:DD3.A.6.ClassicFF.20131126.pdf|A7.pdf]]) * The Modern FF Design ([[Media:DD3.A.6.ClassicFF.20131204.2.pdf|A8.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Components '''=== * Latches and Flip-flops ([[Media:DD3.B.1.LatchFF.20131008.pdf|B1.pdf]]) * Registers ([[Media:DD3.B.2.Register.20150326.pdf|B2.pdf]], [[Media:Register.20131118.pdf|register.pdf]]) * Counters ([[Media:DD3.B.2.Counter.20150420.pdf|B3.pdf]]) </br> === ''' Timing Analysis '''=== * Metastability ([[Media:DD3.A.4.MetaState.20131030.pdf|A4.pdf]]) * Flip-flop Timing ([[Media:DD3.A5.FFTiming.20260908.pdf|A5.pdf]]) * SR Latch Forbidden State ([[Media:DD3.A.5.ForbiddenState.20131030.pdf|A6.pdf]]) </br> * FF Min Max Timing Constraints ([[Media:CArch.MinMaxTiming.20131121.pdf |pdf]]) * FF Clock Skew Timing Constraints ([[Media:CArch.ClockSkew.20131121.pdf |pdf]]) * Synchronizer ([[Media:CArch.Synchronizer.20131216.pdf |pdf]]) * Resolution Time Analysis ([[Media:CArch.Resolution.20131216.pdf |pdf]]) </br> == '''Finite State Machine'''== * FSM State Encoding * FSM Types : Mealy and Moore Machines * FSM Example ([[Media:CArch.2.A.FSMExample.20141018.pdf |pdf]]) </br> == '''Array Devices''' == === ''' Memory Arrays '''=== * RAM ** RAM Structure ([[Media:DD4.A.1.RAM.20131111.pdf|A.pdf]]) ** RAM Timing ([[Media:DD4.B.1.RAMTiming.20131130.pdf|B.pdf]]) ** FPGA RAM ([[Media:DD4.C.1.FPGARAM.20160513.pdf|C.pdf]]) * ROM </br> === ''' Logic Arrays '''=== * PLA * PAL * PLD * FPGA ** FPGA Structure ** FPGA Configuration ([[Media:DD4.C.1.FPGAConf.20131130.pdf|B.pdf]]) </br> </br> [http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece548/localcpy/sramop.pdf Synchronous SRAM Timing] </br> [http://www.micron.com/~/media/Documents/Products/Technical%20Note/DRAM/tn4529.pdf Asynchronous SRAM Timing]</br> [http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece548/localcpy/dramop.pdf DRAM Timing] </br> [http://www.ece.unm.edu/~jimp/415/slides/fpga_arch1.pdf FPGA Architectures] </br> [http://www.engr.siu.edu/~haibo/ece428/notes/ece428_fpgaarch.pdf CPLD & FPGA] </br> </br> == ''' RTL Design Techniques''' == </br> ''' Design Methodology ''' </br> ''' Synthesis ''' </br> </br> </br> == '''Logic Families and IOs''' == * BJT Based :: DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic) :: TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) :: ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic) * MOS Based :: CMOS (Complementary MOS) :: Pseudo-nMOS :: Transmission Gate :: BiCMOS (Bipolr + CMOS) * Dynamic CMOS :: Domino :: Clocked-CMOS (C²MOS) </br> * Modern I/O Standards :: TTL and LVTTL (Low Voltage TTL) :: CMOS and LVCMOS (Low Voltage CMOS) :: SSTL (Stub Series Terminated Logic) :: HSTL (High Speed Tranceiver Logic) :: LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) </br> * Wikipedia Pages for Logic Families ([[Media:Logic Families.wiki.20140812.pdf|A.pdf]]) </br> </br> See also </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Design]]> </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Architecture]]> </br> <[[The necessities in Computer Organization]]> </br> </br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] == '''Old''' == '''Until 2011.12''' '''Chapter 1. Binary Numbers''' * 1.1 Binary Numbers([[Media:BinaryNumbers.1.A.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Minterm, Maxterm, HW ''' * 1.1 Lecture01([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110922.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Overflow HW ''' * Overflow Table([[Media:Overflow table.20110924.pdf|pdf]]) ''' K-Map ''' * K-Map([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110926.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Binary Adder ''' * Binary Adder (C, S) ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20110929.pdf|pdf]]) * Overflow detection circuit (V) ([[Media:HW Overflow20111001.pdf|pdf]]) ''' BCD to Ex3 Code Coversion, Dont' Care ''' * BCD to Ex3 Code Conversion ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111006.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Prime Implicant, Dont' Care ''' * Prime Implicant, Don't Care ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111010.pdf|pdf]]) * HW 3.6 - explain the method of combining 0's and X's ''' Multiplexer / Demultiplexer ''' * Multiplexer ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111024.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (TBD) ''' Flip Flop / Latch ''' * FF & Latch ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * FF & Latch HW ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * Gated D Latch & Master-Slave D FlipFlop ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111031.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Forbidden state and Indeterminate state) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111102.pdf|pdf]]) (note in #2, S' R' instead of S R) * Classical Edge Triggered D FlipFlop ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111112.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (addition in SW and HW) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111112.pdf|pdf]]) * FSM1 ([[Media:DigitalDesign.FSM1.20111117.pdf|pdf]]) * FSM2 ([[Media:DigitalDesign.FSM2.20111117.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (FSM Waveforms) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111118.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Counter ''' * Sychronous Counter ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111121.pdf|pdf]]) * Ripple Counter, Multiplexer, Tri-state buffer([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111124.pdf|pdf]]) * Register ([[Media:DigitalDesign.register.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * Timing ([[Media:DigitalDesign.timing.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Multiplexer, Shift Register) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111201.pdf|pdf]]) * Universal Shift Register, Memory Cell ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111206.pdf|pdf]]) * HW (Bit Serial Adder) ([[Media:DigitalDesign (HW).20111206.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Memory ''' * Memory ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111208.pdf|pdf]]) ''' Comparator, Multiplier ''' * Comparator, Multiplier ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111219.spread.pdf|1.pdf]], [[Media:DigitalDesign.20111219.draw.pdf|2.pdf]]) '''Multiplexer based design method ''' * Multiplexer Design Method ([[Media:DigitalDesign.20111221.spread.pdf|1.pdf]], [[Media:DigitalDesign.20111221.draw.pdf|2.pdf]]) midterm result ([[Media:MidReult.20111027.pdf|pdf]]) * Edge Triggered Flip Flop ([[Media:EdgeTrigFF.20111224.pdf|pdf]]) * FF Timing ([[Media:FFTiming.20111203.pdf|pdf]]) </br> </br> '''Until 2013.07''' ''' Number Systems ''' * Binary Numbers ([[Media:DD.1.A.BinNum.20130309.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Hexadecimal Numbers ([[Media:DD.1.B.HexaNum.20130417.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Numbers in C programs ([[Media:DD.1.C.CNum.20130309.pdf|C.pdf]]) * Codes ([[Media:DD.1.D.Coding.20130319.pdf|pdf]]) </br> </br> * Helpful Wikipedia Pages ([[Media:DD.WP.NumberSystem.20130309.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ''' Combinational Circuits ''' * Truth Tables and Boolean Functions ([[Media:DD.2.A.TTable.20130325.pdf|2A.pdf]])</br> * K-Map ([[Media:DD.2.A.KMap.20130329.pdf|2B.pdf]])</br> * Binary Addition in C ([[Media:DD.2.C.BAinC.20130329.pdf|2.C.pdf]])</br> * Binary Arithmetic ([[Media:DD.2.D.BAri.2013.pdf|2.D.pdf]])</br> * Boolean Algebra ([[Media:DD.2.E.BAlgebra.20130419.pdf|2.E.pdf]])</br> </br> ''' Sequential Circuits ''' * Latches and Flip-flops ([[Media:DD.3.A.LatchFF.20130413.pdf|3A.pdf]])</br> * FSM (Finite State Machine) ([[Media:DD.3.B.FSM.20130417.pdf|3B.pdf]])</br> * SR Latch Forbidden State ([[Media:DD.3.C.FState.20130413.pdf|3C.pdf]])</br> * Flip-flop Timing ([[Media:DD.3.D.Timing.20130413.pdf|3D.pdf]])</br> * Metastability ([[Media:DD.3.E.MetaState.20130628.pdf|3E.pdf]])</br> </br> </br> </br> See also </br> "[[The necessities in Computer Design]]" </br> "[[The necessities in Computer Architecture]]" </br> [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] ffo4p09jpk5zef7otz5l7u2fd1vyyo1 0 133831 2832354 1886375 2026-09-09T07:19:57Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832354 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Generated for the page, Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Introduction, by Wikiversal version 1.12.75 on 7/15/2012. --> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ === {{font|color=dimgray|size=x-small|Presentation}} === <table height=1 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:LightSkyBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;{{Text default color}};" width="100%"><tr> <td align=left><table width="100%" align=left><tr><td>[[File:Gohome.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners#Presentation]]</td> <td nowrap>{{font|color=teal|size=xx-large|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}</td> <td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|Topic List]]</td> <td>[[File:2rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|List of Topics]]</td> <td width="99%"> &nbsp; </td> <td><div>[[File:Flattr.png|frameless|none|x10px|link=https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=tonymax469&url=http://wikiversuite.wordpress.com&title=Wikiversal@WikiverSuite&description=Software%20for%20wiki-use%20automation%20and%20web-use%20automation&language=English&tags=Wikiversal,WikiverSuite,Wiki-use%20Automation,Web-use%20Automation,PlanoTse&hidden=0&category=software|This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support.]]</div></td> <td><td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|Topic List]]</td> </td> </tr></table></td> </tr></table> <div style="text-align:right;">{{font|size=x-small|''[[Wikipedia:User:Tonymax469/Wikiversal/Wikiversal Getting Started/Introduction#Presentation|How to create a guided tour such as this presentation?]]''}}</div> <!-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --> <table width="100%" cellpadding=20><tr><td width=40><td width=999><p style="line-height:1.3;">{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|<b>This wiki-embedded presentation is a guide to all the guided tours deemed useful to the individual learner here at Wikiversity.</b>}}</p> </td><td width=40></tr></table> [[Category:Guided Tours|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] afkymyx6tbnml58w83iyxs2jkfqsifw 0 133832 2832362 1886376 2026-09-09T07:39:01Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832362 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Generated for the page, Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Wiki User Page Builder, by Wikiversal version 1.12.75 on 7/15/2012. --> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ === {{font|color=dimgray|size=x-small|Presentation}} === <table height=1 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:LightSkyBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;{{text default color}}" width="100%"><tr> <td align=left><table width="100%" align=left><tr><td>[[File:1leftarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Introduction#Presentation|Introduction]]</td> <td>[[File:Gohome.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners#Presentation]]</td> <td nowrap>{{font|color=teal|size=xx-large|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}</td> <td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Presentation_Generator#Presentation|Presentation Generator]]</td> <td>[[File:2rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|List of Topics]]</td> <td width="99%"> &nbsp; </td> <td><div>[[File:Flattr.png|frameless|none|x10px|link=https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=tonymax469&url=http://wikiversuite.wordpress.com&title=Wikiversal@WikiverSuite&description=Software%20for%20wiki-use%20automation%20and%20web-use%20automation&language=English&tags=Wikiversal,WikiverSuite,Wiki-use%20Automation,Web-use%20Automation,PlanoTse&hidden=0&category=software|This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support.]]</div></td> <td><td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Presentation_Generator#Presentation|Presentation Generator]]</td> </td> </tr></table></td> </tr></table> <!-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --> <table width="100%" cellpadding=20><tr><td width=40><td width=999><p style="line-height:1.3;">{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|<b>Better user pages encourage better communication and better collaboration. Did you create and set up your user page? Wiki User Page Builder, which is part of Wikiversal software, generates an impressive yet functional wiki user page for your Wikiversity account in a short amount of time. [[School:Wikihigh|Wikihigh]], a school at Wikiversity, offers [[Wikipedia:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder#Presentation|this course]] in how to use the Wiki User Page Builder. [[User:Planotse|Here]] is a [[User:Planotse|sample wiki user page]] that was generated by the software. When you have such a user page, it is easier to organize your information here at Wikiversity and you make it easier for others to interact with you.</b>}}</p> </td><td width=40></tr></table> [[Category:Guided Tours|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] elkdvb1k9xrv0de34l73rw9khk6f3ju 0 133833 2832363 1886493 2026-09-09T07:50:29Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832363 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Generated for the page, Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Topic List, by Wikiversal version 1.12.75 on 7/15/2012. --> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ === {{font|color=dimgray|size=x-small|Presentation}} === <table height=1 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:LightSkyBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;{{text default color}}" width="100%"><tr> <td align=left><table width="100%" align=left><tr><td>[[File:1leftarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Introduction#Presentation|Introduction]]</td> <td>[[File:Gohome.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners#Presentation]]</td> <td nowrap>{{font|color=teal|size=xx-large|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}</td> <td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Wiki_User_Page_Builder#Presentation|Wiki User Page Builder]]</td> <td width="99%"> &nbsp; </td> <td><div>[[File:Flattr.png|frameless|none|x10px|link=https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=tonymax469&url=http://wikiversuite.wordpress.com&title=Wikiversal@WikiverSuite&description=Software%20for%20wiki-use%20automation%20and%20web-use%20automation&language=English&tags=Wikiversal,WikiverSuite,Wiki-use%20Automation,Web-use%20Automation,PlanoTse&hidden=0&category=software|This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support.]]</div></td> <td><td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Wiki_User_Page_Builder#Presentation|Wiki User Page Builder]]</td> </td> </tr></table></td> </tr></table> <!-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --> <table width="100%" cellpadding=20><tr><td width=40><td width=999><table><tr> <td valign=top><table><tr><td><tr><td>[[File:Ledgray.png|frameless|none|x30px|link=|]]</td></tr></table><td valign=top>&nbsp;<td valign=top>{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|style="line-height:1.3;"|<b>[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Wiki_User_Page_Builder#Presentation Wiki User Page Builder]</b>}}</tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr> <td valign=top><table><tr><td><tr><td>[[File:Ledgray.png|frameless|none|x30px|link=|]]</td></tr></table><td valign=top>&nbsp;<td valign=top>{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|style="line-height:1.3;"|<b>[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Presentation_Generator#Presentation Presentation Generator]</b>}}</tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr> <td valign=top><table><tr><td><tr><td>[[File:Ledgray.png|frameless|none|x30px|link=|]]</td></tr></table><td valign=top>&nbsp;<td valign=top>{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|style="line-height:1.3;"|<b>[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/More_Courses_at_Wikihigh#Presentation More Courses at Wikihigh]</b>}}</tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr><tr> </table></td><td width=40></tr></table> [[Category:Guided Tours|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] kp0ykrqrhe3ionov4ep0770rvfksguu 0 133834 2832355 1886377 2026-09-09T07:20:28Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832355 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Generated for the page, Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Presentation Generator, by Wikiversal version 1.12.75 on 7/15/2012. --> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ === {{font|color=dimgray|size=x-small|Presentation}} === <table height=1 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:LightSkyBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;{{Text default color}};" width="100%"><tr> <td align=left><table width="100%" align=left><tr><td>[[File:1leftarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Wiki_User_Page_Builder#Presentation|Wiki User Page Builder]]</td> <td>[[File:Gohome.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners#Presentation]]</td> <td nowrap>{{font|color=teal|size=xx-large|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}</td> <td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/More_Courses_at_Wikihigh#Presentation|More Courses at Wikihigh]]</td> <td>[[File:2rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|List of Topics]]</td> <td width="99%"> &nbsp; </td> <td><div>[[File:Flattr.png|frameless|none|x10px|link=https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=tonymax469&url=http://wikiversuite.wordpress.com&title=Wikiversal@WikiverSuite&description=Software%20for%20wiki-use%20automation%20and%20web-use%20automation&language=English&tags=Wikiversal,WikiverSuite,Wiki-use%20Automation,Web-use%20Automation,PlanoTse&hidden=0&category=software|This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support.]]</div></td> <td><td>[[File:1rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/More_Courses_at_Wikihigh#Presentation|More Courses at Wikihigh]]</td> </td> </tr></table></td> </tr></table> <!-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --> <table width="100%" cellpadding=20><tr><td width=40><td width=999><p style="line-height:1.3;">{{font|color=gray|size=xx-large|<b>The spirit of Wikiversity is ''learning by doing'', not struggling with wiki technicalities. [[School:Wikihigh|Wikihigh]] offers [[Wikipedia:User:Carol45azel/WikemPG/Introduction#Presentation|this course]] to show you how to use Wikiversal software to generate a wiki-embedded presentation such as the one you're looking at right now.</b>}}</p> </td><td width=40></tr></table> [[Category:Guided Tours|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 7yonhgom9nmww30vp6cw77393voq70e 0 133835 2832361 1831268 2026-09-09T07:38:25Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832361 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Generated for the page, Guided Tours for Individual Learners/More Courses at Wikihigh, by Wikiversal version 1.12.75 on 7/15/2012. --> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ === Presentation === <table height=1 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:LightSkyBlue; background-color:AliceBlue;{{text default color}}; width:100%"><tr> <td align=left><table width="100%" align=left><tr><td>[[File:1leftarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Presentation_Generator#Presentation|Presentation Generator]]</td> <td>[[File:Gohome.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners#Presentation]]</td> <td nowrap>{{SUBPAGENAME}}</td> <td>[[File:2rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|List of Topics]]</td> <td width="99%"> &nbsp; </td> <td><div>[[File:Flattr.png|frameless|none|x10px|link=https://flattr.com/submit/auto?user_id=tonymax469&url=http://wikiversuite.wordpress.com&title=Wikiversal@WikiverSuite&description=Software%20for%20wiki-use%20automation%20and%20web-use%20automation&language=English&tags=Wikiversal,WikiverSuite,Wiki-use%20Automation,Web-use%20Automation,PlanoTse&hidden=0&category=software|This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support.]]</div></td> <td><td>[[File:2rightarrow.png|frameless|none|x40px|link=http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Guided_Tours_for_Individual_Learners/Topic_List#Presentation|List of Topics]]</td> </td> </tr></table></td> </tr></table> <div style="text-align:right;">''[[Wikipedia:User:Tonymax469/Wikiversal/Wikiversal Getting Started/Introduction#Presentation|How to create a guided tour such as this presentation?]]''</div> <!-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --> <table width="100%" cellpadding=20><tr><td width=40><td width=999><p style="line-height:1.3;"><b>Soon there will be more courses available at [[School:Wikihigh|Wikihigh]]. This school is still under construction and not fully operational yet. The portal, [[Portal:State of Wikihigh|State of Wikihigh]], has the latest information on what is going on with [[School:Wikihigh|Wikihigh]].<br><br>[http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikihigh_Course_Catalog#Presentation Wikihigh Course Catalog]</b></p> </td><td width=40></tr></table> [[Category:Guided Tours|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 4m7rp80p2yeopv9w4a5h5ebfxw6ao5m 0 136794 2832255 2830462 2026-09-08T15:41:39Z Young1lim 21186 /* Copilot Notes */ 2832255 wikitext text/x-wiki This course belongs to the [[Electrical & Computer Engineering Studies]] == Introduction == * Introduction ([[Media:SysP.Intro.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) == File System == * File System ([[Media:SysP.FileSystem.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * File Pointer ([[Media:SysP..FilePointer.20161103.pdf|pdf]]) * System Calls ([[Media:SysP.File.SysCall.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:SysP.FileIO.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) === Copilot Notes === * File System ([[Media:glibcFileSystem.20251029-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File Descriptor Table ([[Media:CP.File.Descriptor.20260811.pdf|pdf]]) * File Buffer ([[Media:glibcFileBuffer.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:glibcFileIO.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File Permission ([[Media:glibcFilePerm.20260121.pdf|pdf]]) * File Control ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.20260428.pdf|pdf]]) :- Overview ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.A.20260824.pdf|pdf]]) :- Duplicating ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260907.pdf|pdf]]) :- Locking ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260504.pdf|pdf]]) :- IO ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.C.20260501.pdf|pdf]]) <br> <br> == Process == * Process ([[Media:SysP.Process.20251120.pdf|pdf]]) * Fork ([[Media:SysP.Fork.20251126.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Information ([[Media:glibc.Process.1Info.20251101.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Control ([[Media:glibc.Process.2Control.20251103.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Execution ([[Media:glibc.Proc.3Exec.20251105.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Fork ([[Media:glibc.Proc.4Fork.20251106.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Context Switching ([[Media:glibc.Proc.5Context.20251107.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exec family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.6ExecCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Wait family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.7WaitCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exit ([[Media:glibc.Proc.8Exit.20251113.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Inter Process Communication== === Signal === * Signal ([[Media:SysP.7.A.Signal.20121206.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 1. Alarm ([[Media:glibc.Signal.Alarm.20251201.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 2. Other Functions ([[Media:glibc.Signal.2Other.20251205.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Pipe === * Pipe ([[Media:SysP.3.A.IPC.20121115.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Pipe 1. A Special File ([[Media:glibc.Pipe.File.20260307.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === System V IPC === * Message Queue ([[Media:SysP.5.A.MessageQ.20121213.pdf|pdf]]) * Shared Memory ([[Media:SysP.8.A.SharedMem.20121227.pdf|pdf]]) * Semaphore ([[Media:SysP.6.A.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> * Copilot: Message Queue ([[Media:glibc.MessageQ.20251202.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Shared Memory ([[Media:glibc.SharedMem.20251203.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Semaphore ([[Media:glibc.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Socket === * Socket ([[Media:SysP.4.A.Socket.20121122.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Thread == * POSIX thread (pthread) ([[Media:SysP.9.A.Pthread.20130225.pdf|pdf]]) ==External links== * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html The Linux Kernel] * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lpg/lpg.html The Linux Programmer's Guide] * [http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ Programming in C - UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C.] * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15492-f07/www/pthreads.html POSIX thread (pthread) libraries] * [https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#Thread POSIX Threads Programming] [[Category:Linux]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:C programming language]] cbmi93xlaqvw6ouu6yszcgrpiw5irod 2832258 2832255 2026-09-08T15:44:30Z Young1lim 21186 /* Copilot Notes */ 2832258 wikitext text/x-wiki This course belongs to the [[Electrical & Computer Engineering Studies]] == Introduction == * Introduction ([[Media:SysP.Intro.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) == File System == * File System ([[Media:SysP.FileSystem.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) * File Pointer ([[Media:SysP..FilePointer.20161103.pdf|pdf]]) * System Calls ([[Media:SysP.File.SysCall.20161128.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:SysP.FileIO.20251023.pdf|pdf]]) === Copilot Notes === * File System ([[Media:glibcFileSystem.20251029-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File Descriptor Table ([[Media:CP.File.Descriptor.20260811.pdf|pdf]]) * File Buffer ([[Media:glibcFileBuffer.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File IO ([[Media:glibcFileIO.20251025-2.pdf|pdf]]) * File Permission ([[Media:glibcFilePerm.20260121.pdf|pdf]]) * File Control ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.20260428.pdf|pdf]]) :- Overview ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.A.20260824.pdf|pdf]]) :- Duplicating ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260908.pdf|pdf]]) :- Locking ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.B.20260504.pdf|pdf]]) :- IO ([[Media:CP.FileCntl.C.20260501.pdf|pdf]]) <br> <br> == Process == * Process ([[Media:SysP.Process.20251120.pdf|pdf]]) * Fork ([[Media:SysP.Fork.20251126.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Information ([[Media:glibc.Process.1Info.20251101.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Control ([[Media:glibc.Process.2Control.20251103.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Execution ([[Media:glibc.Proc.3Exec.20251105.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Fork ([[Media:glibc.Proc.4Fork.20251106.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Context Switching ([[Media:glibc.Proc.5Context.20251107.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exec family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.6ExecCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Wait family of functions ([[Media:glibc.Proc.7WaitCall.20251112.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Process Exit ([[Media:glibc.Proc.8Exit.20251113.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Inter Process Communication== === Signal === * Signal ([[Media:SysP.7.A.Signal.20121206.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 1. Alarm ([[Media:glibc.Signal.Alarm.20251201.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Signal 2. Other Functions ([[Media:glibc.Signal.2Other.20251205.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Pipe === * Pipe ([[Media:SysP.3.A.IPC.20121115.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Pipe 1. A Special File ([[Media:glibc.Pipe.File.20260307.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === System V IPC === * Message Queue ([[Media:SysP.5.A.MessageQ.20121213.pdf|pdf]]) * Shared Memory ([[Media:SysP.8.A.SharedMem.20121227.pdf|pdf]]) * Semaphore ([[Media:SysP.6.A.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> * Copilot: Message Queue ([[Media:glibc.MessageQ.20251202.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Shared Memory ([[Media:glibc.SharedMem.20251203.pdf|pdf]]) * Copilot: Semaphore ([[Media:glibc.Semaphore.20251215.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Socket === * Socket ([[Media:SysP.4.A.Socket.20121122.pdf|pdf]]) </br> == Thread == * POSIX thread (pthread) ([[Media:SysP.9.A.Pthread.20130225.pdf|pdf]]) ==External links== * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html The Linux Kernel] * [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lpg/lpg.html The Linux Programmer's Guide] * [http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/ Programming in C - UNIX System Calls and Subroutines using C.] * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/academic/class/15492-f07/www/pthreads.html POSIX thread (pthread) libraries] * [https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#Thread POSIX Threads Programming] [[Category:Linux]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:C programming language]] 6e8ddhedbonrse28za5aqdoymszv9bn 0 139384 2832348 2832203 2026-09-09T06:12:52Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2832348 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260722.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260909.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2C.CLA.20260909.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2D.CLA.20260720.pdf|D]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] rqfanca0nkdtmecv86xkwymt7femj6w 2 140915 2832284 2712718 2026-09-08T20:18:18Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Bully Row (The Galactic Clock) */ 2832284 wikitext text/x-wiki https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Row_Timestamps http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak = Work in progress = [[w:International System of Units|International System of Units]] A '''conventional electrical unit''' (or '''conventional unit''' where there is no risk of ambiguity) is a [[unit of measurement]] in the field of [[electricity]] which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]] agreed by the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (CIPM) in 1988. These units are very similar in scale to their corresponding [[SI unit]]s, but are not identical because of their different definition. They are distinguished from the corresponding SI units by setting the symbol in italic typeface and adding a subscript "90" – e.g., the conventional volt has the symbol ''V''{{sub|90}} – as they came into international use on 1 January 1990. This system was developed to increase the precision of measurements: The Josephson and von Klitzing constants can be realized with great precision, repeatability and ease. The conventional electrical units have achieved acceptance as an international standard and are commonly used outside of the physics community in both engineering and industry. The conventional electrical units are "quasi-[[natural units|natural]]" in the sense that they are completely and exactly defined in terms of fundamental physical constants. They are the first set of measurement units to be defined in this way, and as such, represent a significant step towards using "natural" fundamental physics for practical measurement purposes. However, the conventional electrical units are unlike other systems natural units in that some physical constants are not set to unity but rather set to fixed numerical values that are very close (but not precisely the same) to those in the common [[SI]] system of units. Four significant steps were taken in the last half century to increase the precision and utility of measurement units. In 1967 the Thirteenth [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) defined the [[second]] of atomic time in the International System of Units as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. In 1983, the seventeenth CGPM redefined the [[metre]] in terms of the second and the speed of light, thus fixing the speed of light at exactly 299,792,458&nbsp;m/s. And in 1990, the eighteenth CGPM adopted conventional values for the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant, fixing the conventional Josephson constant at exactly 483,597.9 {{e|9}} Hz/''"V"'', and the conventional von Klitzing constant at exactly 25 812.807 ''"Ω"'' (again, these volts and ohms are not precisely the same as the SI definitions but very nearly equivalent). ==Definition== Conventional electrical units are based on defined values of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]], which allow practical measurements of [[electromotive force]] and [[electrical resistance]] respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Constant ! Conventional (defined) value<br/>(CIPM, 1988) ! Empirical value (in SI units)<br/>(CODATA, 2010{{CODATA2010}}) |- | Josephson constant | ''K''{{sub|J–90}} = 483 597.9&nbsp;GHz/V | ''K''{{sub|J}} = 483 597.870(11) GHz/V |- | von Klitzing constant | ''R''{{sub|K–90}} = 25 812.807 Ω | ''R''{{sub|K}} = 25 812.807 4434(84) Ω |- |} *The conventional [[volt]], ''V''{{sub|90}}, is the electromotive force (or electric potential difference) measured against a [[Josephson effect]] standard using the defined value of the Josephson constant, ''K''{{sub|J–90}}. *The conventional [[ohm]], ''Ω''{{sub|90}}, is the electrical resistance measured against a [[w:quantum Hall effect]] standard using the defined value of the von Klitzing constant, ''R''{{sub|K–90}}. *Other conventional electrical units are defined by the normal physical relationships, as in the conversion table below. ==Conversion to SI units== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Unit ! Definition ! SI equivalent (CODATA 2006){{Update after|2012|04|01}} |- | conventional [[volt]] | ''see above'' | ''V''{{sub|90}} = (''K''{{sub|J–90}}/''K''{{sub|J}})&nbsp;V = [1 + 1.9(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;V |- | conventional [[ohm]] | ''see above'' | ''Ω''{{sub|90}} = (''R''{{sub|K}}/''R''{{sub|K–90}})&nbsp;Ω = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;Ω |- | conventional [[ampere]] | ''A''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''A''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;A |- | conventional [[coulomb]] | ''C''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] = [[second|s]]&thinsp;''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''C''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;C |- | conventional [[watt]] | ''W''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}''V''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}²/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''W''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 1.6(5.0){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;W |- | conventional [[farad]] | ''F''{{sub|90}} = ''C''{{sub|90}}/''V''{{sub|90}} = [[second|s]]/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''F''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;F |- | conventional [[henry (unit)|henry]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = ''Ω''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;H |- |} =Neoclassical Physics and Units of Measurement= ===Purpose=== ==Units and prefixes== The International System of Units consists of a set of [[SI base unit|base units]], a set of [[SI derived unit|derived units]], some of which have special names and a set decimal-based multipliers that are denoted as [[SI prefix|prefixes]]. The term "SI Units" includes all three categories, but the term "coherent SI units" includes only base units and coherent derived units.<ref>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 166</ref> ===Derived units=== {{Main|SI derived unit}} [[SI derived unit|Derived units]] are formed by powers, products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number;<ref name=SI>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 103; NIST, ''op cit'', p 3</ref> Derived units are associated with derived quantities, for example [[velocity]] is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and distance which, in SI, has the dimensions metres per second (symbol m/s). The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units. Some derived units have special names, for example the unit of [[force]] is the [[Newton (unit)|newton]]. Coherent units (such as those in SI) are derived units that contain no numerical factor other than 1: in the example above, ''one'' newton is the force required to [[accelerate]] a mass of ''one'' kilogram by ''one'' [[metre per second squared]]. Since the SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m⋅s^&minus;2 respectively and {{math|''F'' ∝ ''m'' × ''a''}}, the units of force (and hence of newtons) is formed by multiplication to give kg⋅m⋅s^&minus;2. Since the newton is part of a coherent set of units, the constant of proportionality is 1. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;line-height:1.4" |+ style="font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;"|Named units derived from [[SI]] base units<ref name=SI/> |- ! Name ! [[Symbol]] ! [[Physical quantity|Quantity]] ! Expresed in<br>terms of<br>other SI units ! Expresed in<br>terms of<br>[[SI base units]] |- | '''[[radian]]''' |align = "center"| '''rad''' | [[angle]] |align = "center"| 1 |align = "center"| m/m |- | '''[[steradian]]''' |align = "center"| '''sr''' | [[solid angle]] |align = "center"| 1 |align = "center"| m²/m² |- | '''[[hertz]]''' |align = "center"| '''Hz''' | [[frequency]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1 |- | '''[[newton (unit)|newton]]''' |align = "center"| '''N''' | [[force]], [[weight]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| kg⋅m⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[pascal (unit)|pascal]]''' |align = "center"| '''Pa''' | [[pressure]], [[Stress (physics)|stress]] |align = "center"| N/m² |align = "center"| kg⋅m^&minus;1⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[joule]]''' |align = "center"| '''J''' | [[energy]], [[Mechanical work|work]], [[heat]] |align = "center"| N⋅m |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[watt]]''' |align = "center"| '''W''' | [[Power (physics)|power]], [[radiant flux]] |align = "center"| J/s |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3 |- | '''[[coulomb]]''' |align = "center"| '''C''' | [[electric charge]] or [[quantity of electricity]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s⋅A |- | '''[[volt]]''' |align = "center"| '''V''' | [[voltage]], [[electrical potential difference]], [[electromotive force]] |align = "center"| W/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[farad]]''' |align = "center"| '''F''' | [[electric capacitance]] |align = "center"| C/V |align = "center"| kg^&minus;1⋅m^&minus;2⋅s⁴⋅A² |- | '''[[ohm (unit)|ohm]]''' |align = "center"| '''Ω''' | [[electric resistance]], [[electrical impedance|impedance]], [[Reactance (electronics)|reactance]] |align = "center"| V/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3⋅A^&minus;2 |- | '''[[Siemens (unit)|siemens]]''' |align = "center"| '''S''' | [[electrical conductance]] |align = "center"| A/V |align = "center"| kg^&minus;1⋅m^&minus;2⋅s³⋅A² |- | '''[[Weber (Wb)|weber]]''' |align = "center"| '''Wb''' | [[magnetic flux]] |align = "center"| V⋅s |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[tesla (unit)|tesla]]''' |align = "center"| '''T''' | [[magnetic field]] strength |align = "center"| Wb/m² |align = "center"| kg⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[henry (unit)|henry]]''' |align = "center"| '''H''' | [[inductance]] |align = "center"| Wb/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;2 |- | '''[[degree Celsius]]''' |align = "center"| '''°C''' | [[temperature]] relative to 273.15 K | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| K |- | '''[[lumen (unit)|lumen]]''' |align = "center"| '''lm''' | [[luminous flux]] |align = "center"| cd⋅sr |align = "center"| cd |- | '''[[lux]]''' |align = "center"| '''lx''' | [[illuminance]] |align = "center"| lm/m² |align = "center"| m^&minus;2⋅cd |- | '''[[becquerel]]''' |align = "center"| '''Bq''' | [[radioactivity]] (decays per unit time) | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1 |- | '''[[gray (unit)|gray]]''' |align = "center"| '''Gy''' | [[absorbed dose]] (of [[ionizing radiation]]) |align = "center"| J/kg |align = "center"| m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[sievert]]''' |align = "center"| '''Sv''' | [[equivalent dose]] (of [[ionizing radiation]]) |align = "center"| J/kg |align = "center"| m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[katal]]''' |align = "center"| '''kat''' | [[catalytic activity]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1⋅mol |- |colspan = "5"|'''Notes'''<br>1. The [[radian]] and [[steradian]], once given special status, are now considered dimensionless derived units.<ref name=SI/><br>2. The ordering of this table is such that any derived unit is based only on base units or derived units that preceed it in the table. |} ===Prefixes=== {{Main|Metric prefix}} A [[metric prefix|prefix]] may be added to a unit to produce a multiple of the original unit. All multiples are integer powers of ten, and beyond a hundred(th) all are integer powers of a thousand. For example, ''kilo-'' denotes a multiple of a thousand and ''milli-'' denotes a multiple of a thousandth; hence there are one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre. The prefixes are never combined, and multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram was the base unit. Thus a millionth of a metre is a ''micrometre'', not a millimillimetre, and a millionth of a kilogram is a ''milligram'', not a microkilogram.<ref>SI brochure, ''op cit'', p 122; NIST, ''op cit'', p 14</ref> {{SI-Prefixes}} ===Non-SI units accepted for use with SI=== {{Main|non-SI units accepted for use with SI}} Although, in theory, SI can be used for any physical measurement, it is recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific, technical and commercial literature, and will continue to be used for many years to come. In addition, certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. The CIPM has catalogued a number of such [[non-SI units accepted for use with SI]] and published them in the SI Brochure thereby ensuring that their use is consistent across the globe. These units have been grouped as follows:<ref>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 123–129; NIST, ''op cit'', p 7–11</ref><ref group = Note>This grouping reflects the 8th Edition of the SU Brochure (2006</ref> [[File:CubeLitre.svg|200px|right|thumb|The litre is classed as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI.<br>Being one thousandth of a cubic metre, the litre is not a coherent unit of measure with respect to SI.]] *'''Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI''' (Table 6): :Certain units of time, angles and legacy non-SI metric units have a long history of consistent use. Most of mankind has used the day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and, unlike the [[Foot (unit)|foot]] or the [[Pound (mass)|pound]], these were the same regardless of where it was being measured. The radian, being {{sfrac|1|2π}} of a revolution has mathematical niceties, but it is cumbersome for navigation, and, as with time, the units used in navigation have a large degree of consistency around the world. The [[tonne]], [[litre]] and [[hectare]] were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units, having been given unique symbols. The catalogued units are ::[[minute]], [[hour]], [[day]], [[Degree (angle)|degree of arc]], [[minute|minute of arc]], [[Minute of arc|second of arc]], [[hectare]], [[litre]] and [[tonne]] * '''Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally''' (Table 7). :Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena, particularly when the quantities associated with these phenomena are many orders of magnitude greater than or less than the equivalent SI unit. The most common ones have been catalogued in the SI brochure together with consistent symbols and accepted values, but with the caveat that their physical values need to be measured.<ref group = Note>The CGPM have defined the metre in terms of the speed of light, so the speed of light has an exact value.</ref> : ::[[electronvolt]], [[Atomic mass unit|dalton/unified atomic mass unit]], [[astronomical unit]], [[speed of light]], [[Planck constant]] and [[electron mass]] * '''Other non-SI units''' (Table 8): :A number of non-SI units that had never been formally sanctioned by the CGPM have continued to be used across the globe in many spheres including [[health care]] and [[navigation]]. As with the units of measure in Tables 6 and 7, these have been catalogued by the CIPM in the SI brochure to ensure consistent usage, but with the recommendation that authors who use them should define them wherever they are used. ::[[Bar (unit)|bar]], [[millimetre of mercury]], [[Angstrom|ångström]], [[nautical mile]], [[Barn (unit)|barn]], [[knot (unit)|knot]], [[neper]] and [[Decibel|[deci]bel]] * '''Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS-Gaussian system of units''' (Table 9) :The SI manual also catalogues a number of legacy units of measure that are used in specific fields such as [[geodesy]] and [[geophysics]] or are found in the literature, particularly in [[Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field#Curved spacetime|classical and relativistic electrodynamics]] where they have certain advantages: The units that are catalolgued are: ::[[erg]], [[dyne]], [[poise]], [[Stokes (unit)|stokes]], [[Stilb (unit)|stilb]], [[phot]], [[Gal (unit)|gal]], [[Maxwell (unit)|maxwell]], [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] and [[oersted|œrsted]]. {{See also|Natural units}} Conventional electrical units can be thought of as a scaled version of a system of [[natural units]] defined as :<math> c = e = \hbar = 1 \ </math> having consequence: :<math> \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} = \alpha \ </math> . This is a more general (or less specific) version of either the particle physics "[[natural units]]" or the [[Natural units|quantum chromodynamical system of units]] but that no unit mass is fixed. Like n.u. or QCD units, with conventional electrical units any observed variation over space or time in the value of the fine-structure constant, α, is attributed to variation in the Coulomb constant or [[vacuum permittivity]] or, since the speed of light, ''c'', is fixed, as a variation in the [[vacuum permeability]]. The following table provides a comparison of conventional electrical units with other natural unit systems: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; background-color: #ffffff" ! Quantity / Symbol ! Planck ! Stoney ! Schrödinger ! Atomic ! Electronic ! Conventional Electrical Units ! Neoclassical |- |[[speed of light in vacuum]] <br> <math>c \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>299 792 458 \ </math> |<math>10^{8} \ </math> |- |[[Planck's constant]] <br> <math>h \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{4 \times 10^{-18}}{(25812.807) (483597.9)^2} \ </math> |<math>2\pi \times 10^{-34} \,</math> |- |reduced [[Planck's constant]] <br> <math>\hbar=\frac{h}{2 \pi}</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{2 \times 10^{-18}}{\pi (25812.807) (483597.9)^2} \ </math> |<math> 10^{-34} \,</math> |- |[[elementary charge]] <br> <math>e \,</math> |<math>\sqrt{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{2 \times 10^{-9}}{(25812.807) (483597.9)} \ </math> |<math> 10^{-18} \,</math> |- |[[Josephson constant]] <br> <math>K_J =\frac{2e}{h} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\sqrt{\alpha}}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>483597.9 \times 10^9 \,</math> |<math>\frac{10^{16}}{\pi} \,</math> |- |[[von Klitzing constant]] <br> <math>R_K =\frac{h}{e^2} \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>25812.807 \,</math> |<math>200\pi \,</math> |- |[[characteristic impedance of vacuum]] <br> <math>Z_0 = 2 \alpha R_K \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>2 \alpha (25812.807) \,</math> |<math>400 \pi \alpha \,</math> |- |[[electric constant]] (vacuum permittivity) <br> <math> \varepsilon_0 = \frac{1}{Z_0 c} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{2 \alpha (25812.807) (299792458)} \ </math> |<math>\frac{10^{-10}}{4 \pi \alpha} \,</math> |- |[[magnetic constant]] (vacuum permeability) <br> <math> \mu_0 = \frac{Z_0}{c} \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2 \alpha (25812.807)}{299792458} \ </math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \times 10^{-6} \,</math> |- |[[gravitational constant|Newtonian constant of gravitation]] <br> <math>G \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[electron|electron mass]] <br> <math>m_e \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[Hartree energy]] <br> <math> E_h = \alpha^2 m_e c^2 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[Rydberg constant]] <br> <math> R_\infty = \frac{E_h}{2 h c} \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha^3}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[caesium]] [[ground state]] [[Hyperfine structure|hyperfine]] <br/> [[Second|transition frequency]] |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>9\ 192\ 631\ 770 \,</math> |<math>2\ 808\ 349\ 000 \,</math> |} ==See also== *[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WK0JYKLxAWo Here is an interview I did last year with “By Way of Comandment”] ==References== {{Reflist}} dneydu6cfwa47bs0h4t3khmhy6d9q44 2832285 2832284 2026-09-08T20:19:32Z Unitfreak 695864 /* See also */ 2832285 wikitext text/x-wiki https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Row_Timestamps http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak = Work in progress = [[w:International System of Units|International System of Units]] A '''conventional electrical unit''' (or '''conventional unit''' where there is no risk of ambiguity) is a [[unit of measurement]] in the field of [[electricity]] which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]] agreed by the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (CIPM) in 1988. These units are very similar in scale to their corresponding [[SI unit]]s, but are not identical because of their different definition. They are distinguished from the corresponding SI units by setting the symbol in italic typeface and adding a subscript "90" – e.g., the conventional volt has the symbol ''V''{{sub|90}} – as they came into international use on 1 January 1990. This system was developed to increase the precision of measurements: The Josephson and von Klitzing constants can be realized with great precision, repeatability and ease. The conventional electrical units have achieved acceptance as an international standard and are commonly used outside of the physics community in both engineering and industry. The conventional electrical units are "quasi-[[natural units|natural]]" in the sense that they are completely and exactly defined in terms of fundamental physical constants. They are the first set of measurement units to be defined in this way, and as such, represent a significant step towards using "natural" fundamental physics for practical measurement purposes. However, the conventional electrical units are unlike other systems natural units in that some physical constants are not set to unity but rather set to fixed numerical values that are very close (but not precisely the same) to those in the common [[SI]] system of units. Four significant steps were taken in the last half century to increase the precision and utility of measurement units. In 1967 the Thirteenth [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) defined the [[second]] of atomic time in the International System of Units as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. In 1983, the seventeenth CGPM redefined the [[metre]] in terms of the second and the speed of light, thus fixing the speed of light at exactly 299,792,458&nbsp;m/s. And in 1990, the eighteenth CGPM adopted conventional values for the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant, fixing the conventional Josephson constant at exactly 483,597.9 {{e|9}} Hz/''"V"'', and the conventional von Klitzing constant at exactly 25 812.807 ''"Ω"'' (again, these volts and ohms are not precisely the same as the SI definitions but very nearly equivalent). ==Definition== Conventional electrical units are based on defined values of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]], which allow practical measurements of [[electromotive force]] and [[electrical resistance]] respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Constant ! Conventional (defined) value<br/>(CIPM, 1988) ! Empirical value (in SI units)<br/>(CODATA, 2010{{CODATA2010}}) |- | Josephson constant | ''K''{{sub|J–90}} = 483 597.9&nbsp;GHz/V | ''K''{{sub|J}} = 483 597.870(11) GHz/V |- | von Klitzing constant | ''R''{{sub|K–90}} = 25 812.807 Ω | ''R''{{sub|K}} = 25 812.807 4434(84) Ω |- |} *The conventional [[volt]], ''V''{{sub|90}}, is the electromotive force (or electric potential difference) measured against a [[Josephson effect]] standard using the defined value of the Josephson constant, ''K''{{sub|J–90}}. *The conventional [[ohm]], ''Ω''{{sub|90}}, is the electrical resistance measured against a [[w:quantum Hall effect]] standard using the defined value of the von Klitzing constant, ''R''{{sub|K–90}}. *Other conventional electrical units are defined by the normal physical relationships, as in the conversion table below. ==Conversion to SI units== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Unit ! Definition ! SI equivalent (CODATA 2006){{Update after|2012|04|01}} |- | conventional [[volt]] | ''see above'' | ''V''{{sub|90}} = (''K''{{sub|J–90}}/''K''{{sub|J}})&nbsp;V = [1 + 1.9(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;V |- | conventional [[ohm]] | ''see above'' | ''Ω''{{sub|90}} = (''R''{{sub|K}}/''R''{{sub|K–90}})&nbsp;Ω = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;Ω |- | conventional [[ampere]] | ''A''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''A''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;A |- | conventional [[coulomb]] | ''C''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] = [[second|s]]&thinsp;''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''C''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;C |- | conventional [[watt]] | ''W''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}''V''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}²/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''W''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 1.6(5.0){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;W |- | conventional [[farad]] | ''F''{{sub|90}} = ''C''{{sub|90}}/''V''{{sub|90}} = [[second|s]]/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''F''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;F |- | conventional [[henry (unit)|henry]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = ''Ω''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;H |- |} =Neoclassical Physics and Units of Measurement= ===Purpose=== ==Units and prefixes== The International System of Units consists of a set of [[SI base unit|base units]], a set of [[SI derived unit|derived units]], some of which have special names and a set decimal-based multipliers that are denoted as [[SI prefix|prefixes]]. The term "SI Units" includes all three categories, but the term "coherent SI units" includes only base units and coherent derived units.<ref>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 166</ref> ===Derived units=== {{Main|SI derived unit}} [[SI derived unit|Derived units]] are formed by powers, products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number;<ref name=SI>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 103; NIST, ''op cit'', p 3</ref> Derived units are associated with derived quantities, for example [[velocity]] is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and distance which, in SI, has the dimensions metres per second (symbol m/s). The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units. Some derived units have special names, for example the unit of [[force]] is the [[Newton (unit)|newton]]. Coherent units (such as those in SI) are derived units that contain no numerical factor other than 1: in the example above, ''one'' newton is the force required to [[accelerate]] a mass of ''one'' kilogram by ''one'' [[metre per second squared]]. Since the SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m⋅s^&minus;2 respectively and {{math|''F'' ∝ ''m'' × ''a''}}, the units of force (and hence of newtons) is formed by multiplication to give kg⋅m⋅s^&minus;2. Since the newton is part of a coherent set of units, the constant of proportionality is 1. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;line-height:1.4" |+ style="font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;"|Named units derived from [[SI]] base units<ref name=SI/> |- ! Name ! [[Symbol]] ! [[Physical quantity|Quantity]] ! Expresed in<br>terms of<br>other SI units ! Expresed in<br>terms of<br>[[SI base units]] |- | '''[[radian]]''' |align = "center"| '''rad''' | [[angle]] |align = "center"| 1 |align = "center"| m/m |- | '''[[steradian]]''' |align = "center"| '''sr''' | [[solid angle]] |align = "center"| 1 |align = "center"| m²/m² |- | '''[[hertz]]''' |align = "center"| '''Hz''' | [[frequency]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1 |- | '''[[newton (unit)|newton]]''' |align = "center"| '''N''' | [[force]], [[weight]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| kg⋅m⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[pascal (unit)|pascal]]''' |align = "center"| '''Pa''' | [[pressure]], [[Stress (physics)|stress]] |align = "center"| N/m² |align = "center"| kg⋅m^&minus;1⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[joule]]''' |align = "center"| '''J''' | [[energy]], [[Mechanical work|work]], [[heat]] |align = "center"| N⋅m |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[watt]]''' |align = "center"| '''W''' | [[Power (physics)|power]], [[radiant flux]] |align = "center"| J/s |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3 |- | '''[[coulomb]]''' |align = "center"| '''C''' | [[electric charge]] or [[quantity of electricity]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s⋅A |- | '''[[volt]]''' |align = "center"| '''V''' | [[voltage]], [[electrical potential difference]], [[electromotive force]] |align = "center"| W/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[farad]]''' |align = "center"| '''F''' | [[electric capacitance]] |align = "center"| C/V |align = "center"| kg^&minus;1⋅m^&minus;2⋅s⁴⋅A² |- | '''[[ohm (unit)|ohm]]''' |align = "center"| '''Ω''' | [[electric resistance]], [[electrical impedance|impedance]], [[Reactance (electronics)|reactance]] |align = "center"| V/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;3⋅A^&minus;2 |- | '''[[Siemens (unit)|siemens]]''' |align = "center"| '''S''' | [[electrical conductance]] |align = "center"| A/V |align = "center"| kg^&minus;1⋅m^&minus;2⋅s³⋅A² |- | '''[[Weber (Wb)|weber]]''' |align = "center"| '''Wb''' | [[magnetic flux]] |align = "center"| V⋅s |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[tesla (unit)|tesla]]''' |align = "center"| '''T''' | [[magnetic field]] strength |align = "center"| Wb/m² |align = "center"| kg⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;1 |- | '''[[henry (unit)|henry]]''' |align = "center"| '''H''' | [[inductance]] |align = "center"| Wb/A |align = "center"| kg⋅m²⋅s^&minus;2⋅A^&minus;2 |- | '''[[degree Celsius]]''' |align = "center"| '''°C''' | [[temperature]] relative to 273.15 K | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| K |- | '''[[lumen (unit)|lumen]]''' |align = "center"| '''lm''' | [[luminous flux]] |align = "center"| cd⋅sr |align = "center"| cd |- | '''[[lux]]''' |align = "center"| '''lx''' | [[illuminance]] |align = "center"| lm/m² |align = "center"| m^&minus;2⋅cd |- | '''[[becquerel]]''' |align = "center"| '''Bq''' | [[radioactivity]] (decays per unit time) | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1 |- | '''[[gray (unit)|gray]]''' |align = "center"| '''Gy''' | [[absorbed dose]] (of [[ionizing radiation]]) |align = "center"| J/kg |align = "center"| m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[sievert]]''' |align = "center"| '''Sv''' | [[equivalent dose]] (of [[ionizing radiation]]) |align = "center"| J/kg |align = "center"| m²⋅s^&minus;2 |- | '''[[katal]]''' |align = "center"| '''kat''' | [[catalytic activity]] | <!-- intentionally left blank --> |align = "center"| s^&minus;1⋅mol |- |colspan = "5"|'''Notes'''<br>1. The [[radian]] and [[steradian]], once given special status, are now considered dimensionless derived units.<ref name=SI/><br>2. The ordering of this table is such that any derived unit is based only on base units or derived units that preceed it in the table. |} ===Prefixes=== {{Main|Metric prefix}} A [[metric prefix|prefix]] may be added to a unit to produce a multiple of the original unit. All multiples are integer powers of ten, and beyond a hundred(th) all are integer powers of a thousand. For example, ''kilo-'' denotes a multiple of a thousand and ''milli-'' denotes a multiple of a thousandth; hence there are one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre. The prefixes are never combined, and multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram was the base unit. Thus a millionth of a metre is a ''micrometre'', not a millimillimetre, and a millionth of a kilogram is a ''milligram'', not a microkilogram.<ref>SI brochure, ''op cit'', p 122; NIST, ''op cit'', p 14</ref> {{SI-Prefixes}} ===Non-SI units accepted for use with SI=== {{Main|non-SI units accepted for use with SI}} Although, in theory, SI can be used for any physical measurement, it is recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific, technical and commercial literature, and will continue to be used for many years to come. In addition, certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. The CIPM has catalogued a number of such [[non-SI units accepted for use with SI]] and published them in the SI Brochure thereby ensuring that their use is consistent across the globe. These units have been grouped as follows:<ref>SI Brochure, ''op cit'', p 123–129; NIST, ''op cit'', p 7–11</ref><ref group = Note>This grouping reflects the 8th Edition of the SU Brochure (2006</ref> [[File:CubeLitre.svg|200px|right|thumb|The litre is classed as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI.<br>Being one thousandth of a cubic metre, the litre is not a coherent unit of measure with respect to SI.]] *'''Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI''' (Table 6): :Certain units of time, angles and legacy non-SI metric units have a long history of consistent use. Most of mankind has used the day and its non-decimal subdivisions as a basis of time and, unlike the [[Foot (unit)|foot]] or the [[Pound (mass)|pound]], these were the same regardless of where it was being measured. The radian, being {{sfrac|1|2π}} of a revolution has mathematical niceties, but it is cumbersome for navigation, and, as with time, the units used in navigation have a large degree of consistency around the world. The [[tonne]], [[litre]] and [[hectare]] were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units, having been given unique symbols. The catalogued units are ::[[minute]], [[hour]], [[day]], [[Degree (angle)|degree of arc]], [[minute|minute of arc]], [[Minute of arc|second of arc]], [[hectare]], [[litre]] and [[tonne]] * '''Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally''' (Table 7). :Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena, particularly when the quantities associated with these phenomena are many orders of magnitude greater than or less than the equivalent SI unit. The most common ones have been catalogued in the SI brochure together with consistent symbols and accepted values, but with the caveat that their physical values need to be measured.<ref group = Note>The CGPM have defined the metre in terms of the speed of light, so the speed of light has an exact value.</ref> : ::[[electronvolt]], [[Atomic mass unit|dalton/unified atomic mass unit]], [[astronomical unit]], [[speed of light]], [[Planck constant]] and [[electron mass]] * '''Other non-SI units''' (Table 8): :A number of non-SI units that had never been formally sanctioned by the CGPM have continued to be used across the globe in many spheres including [[health care]] and [[navigation]]. As with the units of measure in Tables 6 and 7, these have been catalogued by the CIPM in the SI brochure to ensure consistent usage, but with the recommendation that authors who use them should define them wherever they are used. ::[[Bar (unit)|bar]], [[millimetre of mercury]], [[Angstrom|ångström]], [[nautical mile]], [[Barn (unit)|barn]], [[knot (unit)|knot]], [[neper]] and [[Decibel|[deci]bel]] * '''Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS-Gaussian system of units''' (Table 9) :The SI manual also catalogues a number of legacy units of measure that are used in specific fields such as [[geodesy]] and [[geophysics]] or are found in the literature, particularly in [[Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field#Curved spacetime|classical and relativistic electrodynamics]] where they have certain advantages: The units that are catalolgued are: ::[[erg]], [[dyne]], [[poise]], [[Stokes (unit)|stokes]], [[Stilb (unit)|stilb]], [[phot]], [[Gal (unit)|gal]], [[Maxwell (unit)|maxwell]], [[Gauss (unit)|gauss]] and [[oersted|œrsted]]. {{See also|Natural units}} Conventional electrical units can be thought of as a scaled version of a system of [[natural units]] defined as :<math> c = e = \hbar = 1 \ </math> having consequence: :<math> \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} = \alpha \ </math> . This is a more general (or less specific) version of either the particle physics "[[natural units]]" or the [[Natural units|quantum chromodynamical system of units]] but that no unit mass is fixed. Like n.u. or QCD units, with conventional electrical units any observed variation over space or time in the value of the fine-structure constant, α, is attributed to variation in the Coulomb constant or [[vacuum permittivity]] or, since the speed of light, ''c'', is fixed, as a variation in the [[vacuum permeability]]. The following table provides a comparison of conventional electrical units with other natural unit systems: {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; background-color: #ffffff" ! Quantity / Symbol ! Planck ! Stoney ! Schrödinger ! Atomic ! Electronic ! Conventional Electrical Units ! Neoclassical |- |[[speed of light in vacuum]] <br> <math>c \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>299 792 458 \ </math> |<math>10^{8} \ </math> |- |[[Planck's constant]] <br> <math>h \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{4 \times 10^{-18}}{(25812.807) (483597.9)^2} \ </math> |<math>2\pi \times 10^{-34} \,</math> |- |reduced [[Planck's constant]] <br> <math>\hbar=\frac{h}{2 \pi}</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\alpha} \ </math> |<math>\frac{2 \times 10^{-18}}{\pi (25812.807) (483597.9)^2} \ </math> |<math> 10^{-34} \,</math> |- |[[elementary charge]] <br> <math>e \,</math> |<math>\sqrt{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\frac{2 \times 10^{-9}}{(25812.807) (483597.9)} \ </math> |<math> 10^{-18} \,</math> |- |[[Josephson constant]] <br> <math>K_J =\frac{2e}{h} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\sqrt{\alpha}}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{\pi} \,</math> |<math>483597.9 \times 10^9 \,</math> |<math>\frac{10^{16}}{\pi} \,</math> |- |[[von Klitzing constant]] <br> <math>R_K =\frac{h}{e^2} \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>2\pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2\pi}{\alpha} \,</math> |<math>25812.807 \,</math> |<math>200\pi \,</math> |- |[[characteristic impedance of vacuum]] <br> <math>Z_0 = 2 \alpha R_K \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>2 \alpha (25812.807) \,</math> |<math>400 \pi \alpha \,</math> |- |[[electric constant]] (vacuum permittivity) <br> <math> \varepsilon_0 = \frac{1}{Z_0 c} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{1}{2 \alpha (25812.807) (299792458)} \ </math> |<math>\frac{10^{-10}}{4 \pi \alpha} \,</math> |- |[[magnetic constant]] (vacuum permeability) <br> <math> \mu_0 = \frac{Z_0}{c} \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>4 \pi \,</math> |<math>\frac{2 \alpha (25812.807)}{299792458} \ </math> |<math>4 \pi \alpha \times 10^{-6} \,</math> |- |[[gravitational constant|Newtonian constant of gravitation]] <br> <math>G \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[electron|electron mass]] <br> <math>m_e \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[Hartree energy]] <br> <math> E_h = \alpha^2 m_e c^2 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>1 \,</math> |<math>\alpha^2 \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[Rydberg constant]] <br> <math> R_\infty = \frac{E_h}{2 h c} \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>\frac{\alpha^3}{4 \pi} \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |- |[[caesium]] [[ground state]] [[Hyperfine structure|hyperfine]] <br/> [[Second|transition frequency]] |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>- \,</math> |<math>9\ 192\ 631\ 770 \,</math> |<math>2\ 808\ 349\ 000 \,</math> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} mo8t8nr8evwcpuwe2gciz0g850ykny0 2832287 2832285 2026-09-08T20:20:31Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Neoclassical Physics and Units of Measurement */ 2832287 wikitext text/x-wiki https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Row_Timestamps http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak = Work in progress = [[w:International System of Units|International System of Units]] A '''conventional electrical unit''' (or '''conventional unit''' where there is no risk of ambiguity) is a [[unit of measurement]] in the field of [[electricity]] which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]] agreed by the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (CIPM) in 1988. These units are very similar in scale to their corresponding [[SI unit]]s, but are not identical because of their different definition. They are distinguished from the corresponding SI units by setting the symbol in italic typeface and adding a subscript "90" – e.g., the conventional volt has the symbol ''V''{{sub|90}} – as they came into international use on 1 January 1990. This system was developed to increase the precision of measurements: The Josephson and von Klitzing constants can be realized with great precision, repeatability and ease. The conventional electrical units have achieved acceptance as an international standard and are commonly used outside of the physics community in both engineering and industry. The conventional electrical units are "quasi-[[natural units|natural]]" in the sense that they are completely and exactly defined in terms of fundamental physical constants. They are the first set of measurement units to be defined in this way, and as such, represent a significant step towards using "natural" fundamental physics for practical measurement purposes. However, the conventional electrical units are unlike other systems natural units in that some physical constants are not set to unity but rather set to fixed numerical values that are very close (but not precisely the same) to those in the common [[SI]] system of units. Four significant steps were taken in the last half century to increase the precision and utility of measurement units. In 1967 the Thirteenth [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) defined the [[second]] of atomic time in the International System of Units as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. In 1983, the seventeenth CGPM redefined the [[metre]] in terms of the second and the speed of light, thus fixing the speed of light at exactly 299,792,458&nbsp;m/s. And in 1990, the eighteenth CGPM adopted conventional values for the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant, fixing the conventional Josephson constant at exactly 483,597.9 {{e|9}} Hz/''"V"'', and the conventional von Klitzing constant at exactly 25 812.807 ''"Ω"'' (again, these volts and ohms are not precisely the same as the SI definitions but very nearly equivalent). ==Definition== Conventional electrical units are based on defined values of the [[Josephson constant]] and the [[von Klitzing constant]], which allow practical measurements of [[electromotive force]] and [[electrical resistance]] respectively. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Constant ! Conventional (defined) value<br/>(CIPM, 1988) ! Empirical value (in SI units)<br/>(CODATA, 2010{{CODATA2010}}) |- | Josephson constant | ''K''{{sub|J–90}} = 483 597.9&nbsp;GHz/V | ''K''{{sub|J}} = 483 597.870(11) GHz/V |- | von Klitzing constant | ''R''{{sub|K–90}} = 25 812.807 Ω | ''R''{{sub|K}} = 25 812.807 4434(84) Ω |- |} *The conventional [[volt]], ''V''{{sub|90}}, is the electromotive force (or electric potential difference) measured against a [[Josephson effect]] standard using the defined value of the Josephson constant, ''K''{{sub|J–90}}. *The conventional [[ohm]], ''Ω''{{sub|90}}, is the electrical resistance measured against a [[w:quantum Hall effect]] standard using the defined value of the von Klitzing constant, ''R''{{sub|K–90}}. *Other conventional electrical units are defined by the normal physical relationships, as in the conversion table below. ==Conversion to SI units== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Unit ! Definition ! SI equivalent (CODATA 2006){{Update after|2012|04|01}} |- | conventional [[volt]] | ''see above'' | ''V''{{sub|90}} = (''K''{{sub|J–90}}/''K''{{sub|J}})&nbsp;V = [1 + 1.9(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;V |- | conventional [[ohm]] | ''see above'' | ''Ω''{{sub|90}} = (''R''{{sub|K}}/''R''{{sub|K–90}})&nbsp;Ω = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;Ω |- | conventional [[ampere]] | ''A''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''A''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;A |- | conventional [[coulomb]] | ''C''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] = [[second|s]]&thinsp;''V''{{sub|90}}/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''C''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 0.3(2.5){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;C |- | conventional [[watt]] | ''W''{{sub|90}} = ''A''{{sub|90}}''V''{{sub|90}} = ''V''{{sub|90}}²/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''W''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 1.6(5.0){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;W |- | conventional [[farad]] | ''F''{{sub|90}} = ''C''{{sub|90}}/''V''{{sub|90}} = [[second|s]]/''Ω''{{sub|90}} | ''F''{{sub|90}} = [1 − 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;F |- | conventional [[henry (unit)|henry]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = ''Ω''{{sub|90}}&thinsp;[[second|s]] | ''H''{{sub|90}} = [1 + 2.159(68){{e|−8}}]&nbsp;H |- |} ee6loe5d97rsxwuecwpyjwr9ueavt4w 2832289 2832287 2026-09-08T20:20:52Z Unitfreak 695864 /* Work in progress */ 2832289 wikitext text/x-wiki https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Bully_Row_Timestamps http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Unitfreak cvqkev2v5gnfpspmrpyjighwcnef79c 0 171005 2832353 2832225 2026-09-09T06:41:07Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2832353 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260909.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] 10tm6cwcrtdcw1797bt0cl24mf4e5wi 0 171301 2832244 2832171 2026-09-08T14:40:53Z James500 297601 /* Continents */ Add 2832244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] q3pjdddin4onqterpkbci0445qjff52 2832245 2832244 2026-09-08T14:48:28Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] h51hhw45gtsgoo8gluza9w9awfn6im1 2832247 2832245 2026-09-08T14:54:31Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] ish55kwjd7dur80g801ytqx5qcair9m 2832252 2832247 2026-09-08T15:11:25Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] psosllvtnq95lpihyvqqldvfii868hk 2832253 2832252 2026-09-08T15:11:59Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 97ldq44ti3dxygjklq8ro0skgqngmjt 2832257 2832253 2026-09-08T15:44:04Z James500 297601 /* South Asia */ Add 2832257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] b71p6n6fml0qchh85bh3ndrcch8moeg 2832320 2832257 2026-09-09T03:37:50Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 8i4ib3ndnkret6p8m7uo3ce60hk0o5q 2832321 2832320 2026-09-09T03:49:55Z James500 297601 /* China, Japan and Korea */ Add 2832321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] iv7ncixgf89ir3fmrxgynwlxdzwhoaf 2832322 2832321 2026-09-09T04:34:43Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] rfl4n0uxo3w0uk6ngf4amrusjf1aovf 2832323 2832322 2026-09-09T04:35:21Z James500 297601 /* South Asia */ Add 2832323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] g8kkxzi649cy3hautkkpy6rwg5o93tn 2832325 2832323 2026-09-09T04:36:27Z James500 297601 /* South Asia */ Add 2832325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 2tihhl8u29f31irmzbxndan72l83nx0 2832326 2832325 2026-09-09T04:36:58Z James500 297601 /* South East Asia */ Add 2832326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] h1d3ucakrfyk6nyrqbslbmap7ait8hh 2832327 2832326 2026-09-09T04:37:22Z James500 297601 /* South East Asia */ Add 2832327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 0slfy7521ysqdurujenumsw3yzbye6h 2832328 2832327 2026-09-09T04:42:44Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 69za1jw8sveqeyosdm7ho3ki604wug3 2832329 2832328 2026-09-09T04:46:20Z James500 297601 /* South East Asia */ Add 2832329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introduction *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] *Insular Southeast Asia: A Bibliographic Survey 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uuyc5DjR9ZgC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] pott7dmqb33ciq5h4sfzj18crccme7z 2832330 2832329 2026-09-09T04:48:15Z James500 297601 /* Asia */ Add 2832330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introductory bibliographies *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Introduction *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] *Insular Southeast Asia: A Bibliographic Survey 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uuyc5DjR9ZgC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] gt037xhbbgxam3cu9wdalen8g8qxztb 2832331 2832330 2026-09-09T04:52:32Z James500 297601 /* Far East */ Add 2832331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introductory bibliographies *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Introduction *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Far Eastern Bibliography. Far Eastern Association. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZnYUAAAAIAAJ 1947] *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] *Insular Southeast Asia: A Bibliographic Survey 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uuyc5DjR9ZgC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] jp54we6yi0b8lixwxk3fk16t6zo6wa7 2832332 2832331 2026-09-09T04:59:58Z James500 297601 /* Europe */ Add 2832332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introductory bibliographies *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Introduction *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Far Eastern Bibliography. Far Eastern Association. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZnYUAAAAIAAJ 1947] *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] *Insular Southeast Asia: A Bibliographic Survey 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uuyc5DjR9ZgC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ===South America=== *T P O'Halloran (comp). A Bibliography of South America. 1912. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AV8zAQAAIAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofso00ohalrich/page/n4/mode/1up] ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] 43jxszqp3vbcg94biplhn6xqdqcwcrx 2832333 2832332 2026-09-09T05:06:40Z James500 297601 /* South America */ Add 2832333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Center top}}{{Resize|3em|'''Bibliotheca Universalis'''}}{{Center bottom}} {{Bibliography}} {{research}} If this resource is ever completed, it will be a universal bibliography.<ref>See [[w:Bibliography]].</ref> Until then, it will be an approximation of a universal bibliography. This bibliography is arranged as an index of topics. ==Index== *[[Universal Bibliography/Bibliography|Bibliography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Libraries|Libraries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Literature|Literature]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Languages|Languages]] *[[Universal Bibliography/SF|SF]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Music|Music]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Cinema|Cinema]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Television|Television]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Culture|Culture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Publishers and imprints|Publishers and imprints]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printing|Printing]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Printers|Printers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Microform|Microform]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals|Periodicals]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Reference|Reference]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Gazetteers|Gazetteers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Humanities|Humanities]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Law|Law]] *[[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Archaeology|Archaeology]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Countries|Countries]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Architecture|Architecture]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Mathematics|Mathematics]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Computers|Computers]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Kites|Kites]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Nostalgia|Nostalgia]] *[[Universal Bibliography/Children's non-fiction|Children's non-fiction]] ===About=== *[[Universal Bibliography/About|About]] ==Online libraries== Swedish: *[[w:Swedish Literature Bank|Litteraturbanken]] (Swedish Literature Bank) *[[w:Project Runeberg|Projekt Runeberg]] (Project Runeberg) French *[[w:Persée (web portal)|Persée]] (persee.fr) Japanese *[[w:Aozora Bunko|Aozora Bunko]] (aozora.gr.jp) ==Biographical dictionaries etc== See [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias: general biographies]] and [[w:List of biographical dictionaries]] *Fox. 'True Biographies of Nations?': The Cultural Journeys of Dictionaries of National Biography. ANU Press. 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siSbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur, "Biographical Dictionaries in the Digital Era". Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theories. 2014. Chapter 6. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7MaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 83] et seq. Bibliographies, indexes, etc: *Wynar. ARBA Guide to Biographical Dictionaries. Libraries Unlimited. 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5FfgAAAAMAAJ] *Slocum, Robert B (ed). Biographical Dictionaries and Related Works. Gale Research Company. 2nd Ed: 1986 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5uMpAQAAMAAJ] *Biographical Dictionaries Master Index. (Gale Biographical Index Series). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZEshAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pPAzAQAAIAAJ] see also [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o_gPAQAAMAAJ] *Children's Authors and Illustrators: An Index to Biographical Dictionaries. (Gale Biographical Index Series). 2nd Ed: 1978,  3rd Ed: 1981, 4th Ed: 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VIsWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DFtGAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=01wjAQAAIAAJ] *Index to the Wilson Authors Series [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oNZkAAAAMAAJ] *Auchterlonie. Arabic Biographical Dictionaries: A Summary Guide and Bibliography. 1987 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rW59QgAACAAJ] *Black Biographical Dictionaries, 1790-1950 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=laIUAQAAMAAJ] Particular works: *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; [[w:Dictionary of National Biography|Dictionary of National Biography]] *Boase. Modern English Biography. ([http://www.google.com/search?q=editions%3Auzt3-qMuFcMC&btnG=Search+Books&bksoutput=html_text&tbm=bks&tbo=1 editions:uzt3-qMuFcMC]) *A & C Black's Who's Who *Who Was Who *The Academic Who's Who. A & C Black. 1st Ed: 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dnUWAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXJmAAAAMAAJ]. 2nd Ed: 1975. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VyOANl2qxoC&pg=PA208&output=html_text]. GBooks: editions:INAP7GGD2gYC editions:tA0FkHC75FIC *Dictionary of Edwardian Biography (Pike's New Century Series) Works that comprise largely of biographies: *The Penguin Companion to Literature Theatres *A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGgS9VxWJ0oC vol 15] ==Dictionaries of dates== [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22dictionary%20of%20dates%22 Archive.org] *Baxter Dictionary of Dates and Events. 1st Ed: 1963: Napier, M (ed). 2nd Ed: 1971: Sanders and Laffin. Commentary: 92 Library Journal 1819 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CExVAAAAYAAJ] *Beeching, Cyril Leslie. A Dictionary of Dates. OUP. 1st Ed: 1993. 2nd Ed: 1997. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=editions:UGGp0EexZdcC editions:UGGp0EexZdcC] *Bolton, John. Bolton's Dictionary of Dates, arranged in alphabetical order. Foulsham. 1958. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=awJPAAAAIAAJ 172] The Publisher 880 *[[w:William Darling (politician)|William Young Darling]]. A Book of Days: A Dictionary of Dates, a Chronology of Circumstance, the Face of Time. Richards Press. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PLkfAAAAMAAJ] *Everyman's Dictionary of Dates. 1st Ed: 1911. 6th Ed: 1971. Review: (1971) 11 RQ 164 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25824440] *Platt, Charles. Foulsham's Dictionary of Dates and General Information. 1930. *[[w:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates|Haydn's Dictionary of Dates]] *Hamlyn Dictionary of Dates and Anniversaries. Newnes Dictionary of Dates. *Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Hurst's Dictionary of Dates. 1891. [https://archive.org/details/hurstsdictionary00will] *Keller, Helen Rex. The Dictionary of Dates. Macmillan. 1934. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA93&output=html_text] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA351&output=html_text] *Nelson's Dictionary of Dates. A Dictionary of Dates. (Nelson's Encyclopaedic Library). 1912 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mp9lvwEACAAJ]. Reviews: (June 1912) Journal of Education, vol 34 (New Series), vol 44 (Old Series), p 392 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QIRFAQAAMAAJ]; (1912) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9i4_AQAAIAAJ 108] The Spectator [http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-may-1912/25/a-dictionary-of-dates-vol-i-and-english-idioms-nel 805] (18 May) *Pulman, George Palmer. The World's Progress: A Dictionary of Dates. New York. 1861. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?printsec=frontcover&id=k3dJAAAAYAAJ&output=html] *Urdang, Laurence. The World Almanac Dictionary of Dates. Longman. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4IRAQAAMAAJ] Review: (1982) 22 RQ 101 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25826880] Australia *John Henniker Heaton. Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time. 1879. [https://archive.org/details/australiandicti00heatgoog] *John James Knight. In the Early Days; History and Incident of Pioneer Queensland, with Dictionary of Dates in Chronological Order. Sapsford & Co. Brisbane. 1895. America *Damon, Charles Ripley. The American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920. R G Badger. 1921. ==Commodity dictionaries== *Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=91GLhsJSBj8C&pg=PR22#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RPwhAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA15-PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tovarnyi slovar'. (Commodity Dictionary). Reviews and commentary: Petrov, "Commodity Dictionary", Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 13, 30 October 1961, p 45; CDSP , 13 December 1961, p 46; (1962) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vMRAAAAIAAJ 13] Current Digest of the Soviet Press 47; (1958) 15 Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions 210 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcvozpZAfpEC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S47qEIfyCr0C]; Fitzpatrick, Stalinism: New Directions, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rD5FzoKnTE0C&pg=PA182#v=onepage&q&f=false p 182] & 183 *Szilágyi. Commodity Dictionary in Five Languages. Budapest. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó (Publishing House for Economics and Law). 1963 or 1964. Commentary: Books from Hungary, vols 4-6, pp 26 & 40 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6kMiAQAAMAAJ] *Dictionnaire des produits: appellations et caractéristiques des produits francais de consommation courante, 1960. Commentary: Walford (ed), Guide to Reference Material Supplement, 1963, p 106 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ej-9pHGR67oC] *Chūgoku Shōhin Jiten. (Chinese commodity dictionary). Tokyo. 1960. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wc61lS0xj6AC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Encyclopedias== See [[s:Category:Encyclopedias]], [[w:Bibliography of encyclopedias]] and [[w:Lists of encyclopedias]] *[[w:en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] *Paton, John (ed). Knowledge Encyclopedia: 1979, 1981, 1988. New Discovery Encyclopedia: 1990. *The Dorling Kindersley Illustrated Family Encyclopedia ==Almanacs== See [[s:Category:Almanacs]], [[s:Portal:Almanacs]], [[w:List of almanacs]], [[w:Category:Almanacs]]. *Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland. **For 1896. 1895. [https://archive.org/details/yearbooknfld189600newfuoft] *Whiteley. On This Date: A Day-by-Day Listing of Holidays, Birthday and Historic Events, and Special Days, Weeks and Months. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKCfomKSa74C] ==Censuses== *Census of New Zealand and Labrador **1901 Census. Tables 2 and 3. 1903. [https://archive.org/details/censusnewfoundl00bondgoog] **1911 Census. Table 1. 1914. [https://archive.org/details/1911981911fnfldv11914eng] **1921 Census. Tables 4 and 5. 1923. [https://archive.org/details/1921981921fnfldv451923eng] ==Pilot guides== *[[w:United States Coast Pilot|United States Coast Pilot]] *American Coast Pilot [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8GoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Sailing Directions: Newfoundland. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A77fAAAAMAAJ] *Newfoundland Pilot. Canadian Hydrographic Service. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z7zfAAAAMAAJ] *Maxwell. The Newfoundland Pilot. Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. London. 1878. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vS4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Newfoundland Pilot. HO No 73. Hydrographic Office. Governement Printing Office, Washington. 4th Ed: 1919: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YGoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Sailing Directions for Newfoundland. 5th Ed: 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cMUiGo3JK9QC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Books of facts== *The Reader's Digest Book of Facts. 1st Ed: 1985. Reprinted with amendments: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B8PmM_5Zm1MC]. (Review: Library Journal, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPDgAAAAMAAJ v 9], p 102, 1 Dec 1987, [http://www.bookverdict.com/details.xqy?uri=Product-94667328910921.xml Book Verdict].) 3rd Revised Ed: 1995: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E5YhAQAAIAAJ]. GBooks: editions:nnJlLybWxbIC *Chambers Book of Facts *Crystal, David (ed). Penguin Book of Facts. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k0sZAQAAIAAJ 2004]. 2nd Ed: 2008 *Handy Book of Facts: Things Everyone Should Know. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1914. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h5wRAAAAIAAJ] ==Series of books== See [[w:Category:Series of books]] and [[w:Category:Monographic series]] *George M Sinkankas, "Series" in Kent, Lancour and Daily (eds).  Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Volume 27. Marcel Dekker. 1979. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jU3fwyjqS5UC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false 250] to 273. *"Publishing in Series, 1896-1916" in Eliot, Simon (ed). History of Oxford University Press. Louis,  Wm Roger (ed). Volume 3: 1896-1970. Oxford University Press. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YbcJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA539#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 539] et seq. *Spiers, John. The Culture of the Publisher’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ASaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCl-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Spiers, John. Serious about Series: American 'Cheap' Libraries, British 'Railway' Libraries and Some Literary Series of the 1890's. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hRXAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AS4yQwAACAAJ] *Rooney, Paul Raphael. Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series. Routledge. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Khan. "Monographs in series". The Principles and Practice of Library Science. 1996. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sAHfY6QbOEwC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false 207] to 209. *Friskney. New Canadian Library: The Ross-McClelland Years, 1952-1978. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHIjCCXBX9kC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false 6] and 7. *Books in Series. R R Bowker Company. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uQe04OSlA7YC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. R R Bowker. 1977. Review: (1977) 14 Choice [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_e08AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1190#v=onepage&q&f=false 1190] (No 8, November). Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYAhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false] ***Books in Series Supplement: A Supplement to Books in Series in the United States, 1966-1975. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hOAaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series. 3rd Ed. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_kaAQAAMAAJ] **Books in Series, 1876-1949. R R Bowker Company. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TngvAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVIyAQAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R2AjAQAAIAAJ] **Books in Series, 1985-89. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yEkxAQAAIAAJ] *Baer, Eleanora Agnes. Titles in Series: A Handbook for Librarians and Students. Scarecrow Press. Vol 1 (Books Published Prior to January 1953). 1953: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgAYAAAAMAAJ]. Vol 2 (Books Published Prior to January 1957). 1957: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oqsXAAAAMAAJ] **2nd Ed: 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWlAAAAAIAAJ Vol 1]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tWpAAAAAIAAJ Vol 2]. Supplement to the Second Edition. 1967: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zGARAQAAMAAJ]. Second Supplement to the Second Edition. 1971: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwXhAAAAMAAJ] **3rd Ed: 1978. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ocran, Emmanuel Benjamin. Scientific & Technical Series: A Select Bibliography. 1973: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oy0EAAAAMAAJ] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fTCw_DQH6zkC&pg=PA949#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Rosenberg and Nichols. Young People's Books in Series: Fiction and Non-fiction, 1975-1991. Libraries Unlimited. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=REHhAAAAMAAJ] *Young People's Literature in Series *Catalog of Reprints in Series. (sometimes called "Catalogue of Reprints in Series"). 1940 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSI4AAAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6n1EAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1RxuAAAAMAAJ] *Kuitert, Lisa. Het ene boek in vele delen. De Uitgave van Literaire Series in Nederland 1850-1900. Uitgeverij de Buitenkant. Amsterdam. 1993. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSDnRo7YrWwC&pg=PA656#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=szBcAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SVcVAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R8Pfs146nUAC&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Series of classics== *Penguin Classics (Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin English Library) *Oxford World Classics *Everyman's Library *Wordsworth Classics *Macmillan Collectors Library *Bantam Classics *Minster Classics *The Literary Heritage Collection (Heron Books, London. William Collins Sons & Co, Glasgow) *Chandos Classics *Temple Classics *Longmans Heritage of Literature Series Russian *Greatest Masterpieces of Russian Literature (Heron Books, London) SF *Corgi SF Collectors Library Children's and shorter classics etc *Shorter Classics. Ginn and Company. *Ladybird Children's Classics. *Mini Classics. Parragon Books. *Bonny Books. Peter Haddock Ltd. *A series published by Dean & Son Ltd ==Non-fiction general series== *[[w:Oxford Companions|Oxford Companions]] *[[w:Cambridge Companions|Cambridge Companions]] *Princeton Companions *Blackwell Companions. Wiley Blackwell Companions *Routledge Companions. Routledge Research Companions *Ashgate Companions. Ashgate Research Companions *Brill's Companions *Facts on File Companions *Guides to Information Sources. Bowker-Saur *Butterworths Guides to Information Sources. *Columbia Guides *Blackwell Guides *Edinburgh Critical Guides *Collins Reference Dictionaries *New Horizons. Thames and Hudson. ([[w:Découvertes Gallimard|Découvertes Gallimard]]) *Collins Gem (see [[w:List of Collins GEM books]]) *Concise Encyclopedias. Collins. *Time Life Books (see [[w:Time Life#Book series]]) *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. English Universities Press. *[[w:Teach Yourself|Teach Yourself Books]]. Hodder and Stoughton. *Made Simple Books. W H Allen. *Palgrave Master Series *Harrap's Mini Series *Shire Albums. Shire Publications. *Fax Pax: Knowledge in a Nutshell. Fax Pax Ltd. *The Wonderful World Books. Macdonald and Company *Harper's ABC series. Includes A-B-C of Housekeeping, A-B-C of Electricity, A-B-C of Gardening and A-B-C of Manners. *Hamlyn Pocket Guides *Oxford Monograph Series *Study Outline Series. H W Wilson. [[s:Page:Russian Literature - A Study Outline.djvu/61|(wikisource)]] *Helpmate Handbooks. Willow Books University *University Paperbacks. Meuthen & Co *World Student Series. Addison Wesley *Unibooks. Hodder and Stoughton *International Student Editions. Van Nostrand Reinhold *Hutchinson University Library Imprints *Pelican Books Pictorials *Salmon Cameracolour series *Pitkin Pictorials United Kingdom *Aspects of Britain. HMSO. Places *The Little Guides. Meuthen [[s:Page:Cornwall (Salmon).djvu/336|(wikisource)]] *G.W.R. Series of Travel Books [[s:Page:The Cornwall coast.djvu/391|(wikisource)]] Art *Movements in World Art. Meuthen. *Movements in Modern Art. Meuthen. *How to Draw and Paint. New Burlington. Film *BFI Companions Popular science *Contemporary Science Paperbacks. Oliver and Boyd. *Pan Piper Science Series Science and mathematics *Simon and Schuster Tech Outlines *Schaum's Outline Series Military *Illustrated Military Guides. Illustrated Guides. "An Illustrated Guide to ...". Salamander Books. *Combat Arms. Arco Military Books. Salamander Books. Prentice Hall Press. *Osprey Men-at-Arms *Jane's Pocket Books Communication *The Library of Communication Techniques. Focal Press. *John Fiske (ed). Studies in Culture and Communication. Routledge. *The Media. Wayland. Cookery *ABC series. Peter Pauper Press. Gardening *Pan Piper Small Gardens Series. Mythology *Series on mythology published by Southwater (imprint of Anness) ==History and Geography== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History|History]] and [[Universal Bibliography/Geography|Geography]]. *Baker. Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Darby. Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France and the United States. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] General series *Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography Atlases *The Times Atlas of World History *Philip's Atlas of World History History of geography: *Dunbar, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. Garland. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FX4WAQAAIAAJ] ==Chronology== See also [[Universal Bibliography/History#Millennia, centuries and decades]] General *Chronology of World History. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Modern World: 1763 to the present time. 1st Ed: 1966. (1763 to 1992). 2nd Ed: 1994. **Neville Williams. Chronology of the Expanding World 1492 to 1762. 1969. Reissued 1994. **Storey. Chronology of the Medieval World 800 to 1491. 1973. Reissued 1994. **Mellersh. Chronology of the Ancient World 10,000 BC to AD 799. Barrie and Jenkins. 1976. Helicon. Simon & Schuster. Reissued 1994. Centuries *Chronology of the 20th Century. Helicon. 1995. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pjsOAQAAMAAJ] *Brownstone and Franck. Timelines of the 20th Century. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ6SQgAACAAJ] *Beal. 20th Century Timeline. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFrG7LBObGoC] *20th Century Day by Day [https://books.google.com/books?id=kyxaAAAAYAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOAAAAACAAJ] *Chronicle of the 20th Century [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pt3DYbnZO8sC] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gd1WPQAACAAJ] *Boyle. The Chronology of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. 1826. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] Decades *Series: **Day by Day. Facts on File. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WfClvwEACAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CWNvQgAACAAJ] Years *Brown, D Kinnear. History of the Year. (1884 to 1885). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DmRWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false Catalogue]. *The History of the Year: A Narrative of the Chief Events and Topics of Interest. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1881 to 1882]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1DgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false 1882 to 1883]. *James Mason. The History of the Year 1876. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6DoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *[[w:The Annual Register|The Annual Register]]. [A View of the History Politics and Literature of the Year YYYY.] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SrJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false 1821]. *Giusto Traina. 428AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gLumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ancient *Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 1968. *Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life. Dorling Kindersley. 1st American Ed: 1993. ==Anniversaries== *Sian Facer (ed). On this Day: The History of the World in 366 Days. Octopus Illustrated Publishing, London. Crescent Books, New York and Avenel. 1992: [https://books.google.com/books?id=SYGQgwHTuE0C]. Other: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W687MAEACAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7ujArQEACAAJ] *On this Day: A History of the World in 366 Days. DK. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x4I5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Egyptology== *Annual Egyptological Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Battlefields== *[[w:War Walks|War Walks]]. BBC2. 1996 to 1997. [Television series] *"The Times Guide to Battlefields of Britain". Day 1: The Times, 1 August 1994, p 8. Day 2: The Times, 2 August 1994, p 8. Day 3: The Times, 3 August 1994, p 6. Day 4: The Times, 4 August 1994, p 9. Day 5: The Times, 5 August 1994, p 9. Day 6: The Times, 6 August 1994, p 6. There was also a colour wall chart. ==Armed forces== Periodicals: *[[w:NATO Review|NATO Review]] Military *The Journal of Military History *Journal of the Royal United Service Institution [Google editions:lMJAgUvBWAEC editions:dcFNqS8JFjoC] *The Monthly Army List [Google editions:I0t2L4ElznEC] *The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal [Google editions:c7UjQ-q7SbUC] *Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [Google editions:9HZkbMTl6mcC] *The Royal Armoured Corps Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:dEauCcI7kssC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Royal Tank Corps Journal *The Tank [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:Dv-RbpoM7acC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5#ip=1] Editorial office at the Royal Tank Regiment *The Cavalry Journal [https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&cs=0&tbm=bks&q=editions:cVQlfkRl6KUC&biw=534&bih=688&dpr=1.5#sbfbu=1] *The Journal of the Royal Artillery [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:liFy4uc0ggYC&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution [Google editions:wdjZ588FbtMC] *The Royal Engineers Journal [https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=editions:8XobinXLbD0C&biw=534&bih=736&dpr=1.5] *Journal of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers [https://books.google.com/books?id=dz0cmA1jnv4C] *Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps [Google editions:FyUJx2dEWcQC] United States *Military Review *The Coast Artillery Journal [Google editions:nMCogSJ_rlkC] *Infantry Journal [Google editions:ULqoLmbUR5cC] *The Reserve Officer [Google editions:JQDRDrnD1QQC] Naval *[[w:Navy News|Navy News]] ==Armour== Armoured warfare; tank warfare *Harris and Toase. Armoured Warfare. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYPfAAAAMAAJ] *Carver. The Apostles of Mobility: The Theory and Practice of Armoured Warfare. 1979. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qcgAAAAMAAJ] *Fuller. Armoured Warfare: An Annotated Edition of Fifteen Lectures on Operations between Mechanized Forces. 1943. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2E4tAQAAMAAJ] *Black. Tank Warfare. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oFP5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jorgensen and Mann. Tank Warfare. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0AghAQAAIAAJ] *Searle. Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HN4CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Willey. Tanks: The History of Armoured Warfare. 2018. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXTltAEACAAJ] *Perrett. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare Case Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pKGyeWqJcCEC]. Iron Fist: Classic Armoured Warfare. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKcKI4dG0VUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tom Clancy. Armoured Warfare: Guided Tour of an Armoured Cavalry Regiment. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UxhONAAACAAJ] Atlas *Stephen Hart (ed). Atlas of Armored Warfare: From 1916 to the Present Day. Metro Books. 2012. [https://search.worldcat.org/title/1391166759]. Atlas of Tank Warfare. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWqppwAACAAJ] Armored forces *Ogorkiewicz. Armoured Forces: A History of Armoured Forces and Their Vehicles. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIHfAAAAMAAJ] ==Mesoamerica== *James. Aztecs & Maya: The Ancient Peoples of Middle America. Tempus. 2001. 2005. History Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOXNhTY6TCYC 2009]. Reviews: "Books Received" (2003) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3dozAQAAIAAJ 14] Minerva 57 (No 1); and "Overviews for the general reader" (2002) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qShmAAAAMAAJ 76] Antiquity 252. *Weaver. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1981: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0mQkAQAAIAAJ] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQkAQAAIAAJ] ==Accounting== See [[s:Category:Accounting]] Periodicals *[[s:The Accountant|The Accountant]] (1874 onwards) *Accountant's Magazine (1897 onwards) Aberdeen ==Arts== *Murray (ed).The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts. Helicon Publishing. 1994. Paperback Ed: 1995. Reprinted 1997. ==Biography== *Parke. Biography: Writing Lives. 2002 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bAz2K98MeYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Caine. Biography and History. (Theory and History). 1st Ed: 2010, 2nd Ed: 2019 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h3dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Biography. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 1978 onwards. Published by the University Press of Hawaii for the Biographical Research Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s84ZAAAAYAAJ] *Biography News. 1974 to 1975. Gale Research Company. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RRsXAQAAIAAJ] Yearbooks *Current Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcml63jalMIC] *Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook [https://books.google.com/books?id=gNNlAAAAMAAJ] ==Information technology== *Haynes, David (ed). Information Sources in Information Technology. (Guides to Information Sources). Bowker Saur. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0hYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Economics== General series: *Dryden Press Series in Economics *Hurl, Bryan (ed). Studies in the UK Economy. Heinemann Educational *Nuffield Economics & Business. Nuffield Foundation. Longman. Other: *Bannock, Baxter and Davis. The Penguin Dictionary of Economics. Penguin Books. 4th Ed: 1987. Bannock, Baxter and Rees. 1972. 2nd Ed: 1978. 3rd Ed: 1984. *Begg, Fischer and Dornbusch. Economics. McGraw Hill. 1984. 2nd Ed: 1987. 3rd Ed: 1991. *Anderton, Alain. Economics. Causeway Press. 1991. *Maile, Roger. Economics. (Core Business Studies). Mitchell Beazly. 1983. *Maunder, Myers, Wall and Miller. Economics Explained. Collins Educational. 1987. 2nd Ed: 1991. *Tibbitt, Andrew. A guide to A Level Economics. Thomas Nelson and Sons. 1986. *Lipsey, Richard G. An Introduction to Positive Economics. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1963. 2nd Ed: 1966. 3rd Ed: 1971. 4th Ed: 1975. 5th Ed: 1979. 6th Ed: 1983. 7th Ed: 1989. *Nicolson, Walter. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. (Dryden Press Series in Economics). Dryden Press, Holt-Saunders. 3rd Ed: 1985.  *Caves and Jones. World Trade and Payments: An Introduction. Little, Brown and Company. 1973. 1977. 3rd Ed: 1981. *National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The UK economy. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1990. *Smith, Charles. UK trade and sterling. (Studies in the UK Economy). Heinemann Educational. 1992. ==Games== Chess *Hooper and Whyld. The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. 1984. Paperback: 1987. *Golombek, Harry. The Game of Chess. 1954. 2nd Ed: 1963. 3rd Ed: 1980. *Pritchard, D. Brine. The Right Way to Play Chess. 1950. 8th Ed: 1971. 10th Ed: 1974. 11th Ed: 1977. *Horowitz, Al. From Morphy to Fischer: A history of the World Chess Championship. B T Batsford. 1973. The World Chess Championship: A History. Macmillan. 1973. General series *Batsford Chess Books **Discovering Chess Series. B T Batsford. Periodicals See [[Universal Bibliography/Periodicals#Chess|Periodicals, Chess]] *British Chess Magazine Othello *Goro Hasegawa with Maxine Brady. How to Win at Othello. (A Harvest/HBJ book). Jove Publications. 1977. ISBN 0-15-642215-8. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mTdhlwVeyCcC] Wargames *Battleground. Tyne Tees. (ITV). 1978. [Television]. 6 episodes, with Edward Woodward. **Laurie Taylor. "Attila the Hun invades Tyne Tees". TV Times. 1978. pp 28 & 29. **Terry Wise. "Battleground". Battle for Wargamers. June 1978. pp 261 & 262. *[[w:Game of War|Game of War]]. Channel 4. 1997. [Television]. ==Toys== Periodicals *Games & Toys: The Leading Trade Journal for Home & Export. (H Richard Simmons Limited). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMmbZ_JTnXYC] Google: editions:UO8GID_4Ck0C *Toys and Novelties. (Sporting Goods Pub Co). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKdAAQAAMAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-9-1913/page/n53/mode/1up] (Toys and Novelties Publishing Company) [https://archive.org/details/toys-and-novelties-volume-19-issue-no.-1-6-january-june-1922/page/n173/mode/1up]. Cf. "Harcourt To Buy Journals From Haire Publishing Co" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J7hEAQAAIAAJ 194] Publishers Weekly 29 *[[w:Playthings (magazine)|Playthings: The National Magazine of the Toy Trade]]. (McCready Publishing Co) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eCQHzuYWDY4C] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnRO5WFXDfEC]. (Geyer-McAllister Publications). Cf. "Playthings bought by Geyer-McAllister" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itAaAQAAMAAJ 52] Industrial Marketing ==Cricket== See [[w:Bibliography of cricket]] *Peter Arnold and Peter Wynne-Thomas. The Complete Encyclopedia of Cricket. 2006. 4th Ed: 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2R_pXwAACAAJ]. **Peter Arnold. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket. *Morgan. The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gFCbkgEACAAJ] Scores and biographies *Marylebone Club Cricket Scores and Biographies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dl8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] **See [[w:Arthur Haygarth]] and [[w:Fred Lillywhite]] Periodicals *[[w:Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game|Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eX9QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Australia *Malcolm Andrews. The Encyclopaedia of Australian Cricket. 1980. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1531463] *The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket India *The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE4Joad6iwAC] [Includes biographies] Annuals *[[w:Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioRLAAAAYAAJ 1966]. ===Cricketers=== Cricketers, including biographical dictionaries and collections of biographies *[[w:ESPNcricinfo|ESPNcricinfo]] *[[w:CricketArchive|CricketArchive]] *John Arlott's Book of Cricketers. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8-WBAAAAMAAJ] *World Cricketers: A Biographical Dictionary [https://books.google.com/books?id=IpBLAAAAYAAJ] *Carr's Dictionary of Extraordinary Cricketers. 1977. Aurum Press. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CfwsAAAACAAJ] *Sproat. Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who. 1980. *S Canynge Caple. The Cricketer's Who's Who. Williams. Lincoln. 1934. *Cricket Who's Who: The Cricket Blue Book. 1909. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/119715]. 1912. Bibliography: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IjQyAQAAMAAJ] *Who's Who in Test Cricket: A Biographical Dictionary of Test Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=5uF5PQAACAAJ] *Frindall. England Test Cricketers: The Complete Record from 1877. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2zHYLIW7h9UC] *Brooke. The Collins Who's Who of English First-Class Cricket, 1945-1984. 1985. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NGSPAAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iHMsAAAAYAAJ]. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wPg5AQAAIAAJ] Gloucestershire *Gloucestershire Cricketers, 1870-1979. (ACS Cricketers Series [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/index.html]). The Association of Cricket Statisticians. Cleethorpes. 1979. [https://archive.acscricket.com/cricketers_series/gloucestershire_cricketers_1870-1979/index.html] *Rex Pogson. Gloucestershire Cricket and Cricketers, 1919-1939. Lytham St Annes. 1944. Catalogues: [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/850643] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CS83vXlB1ZIC] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/504354999]. Also printed as microfilm: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqXeDTKUEl4C]. *Dean Hayes. Gloucestershire Cricketing Greats: 46 of the Best Cricketers for Gloucestershire. Tunbridge Wells. 1990. Catalogues: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OmsqAQAAIAAJ] [https://www.worldcat.org/title/25202795] Australia *The A-Z of Australian Cricketers [https://books.google.com/books?id=w-0zAAAACAAJ] *Piesse. Encyclopedia of Australian Cricket Players. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jsh4MAEACAAJ] *C P Moody. Australian Cricket and Cricketers 1856-1893-4. Melbourne. 1894. *Jack Pollard. Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players. Hodder and Stoughton. ABC Books. Sydney. Lane Cove, New South Wales. 1982. Angus & Robertson. London. North Ryde, New South Wales. Sydney. Revised Ed: 1988. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WotYAAAAYAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KzNYAAAAMAAJ]. ==Geology== *Read and Watson. Introduction to Geology. Macmillan Education. 1962. 2nd Ed: 1968. Volume 1: Principles. Volume 2: Earth History. ==Mineralogy== *Bibliography of Mineralogy for 1886. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Year Ending 30 June 1887. 1889. Pages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wDcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false 473] to 476. *Battey, Maurice Hugh. Mineralogy for students. Oliver & Boyd. 1972. 2nd Ed. Longman. 1981. ==Paper== See [[s:Category:Paper]] *Surface. Bibliography of the Pulp and Paper Industries. Forest Service. Bulletin 123. 1913. [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofpu12surf] *West. Reading List on Papermaking Materials. 1920 to 1921. [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa00westgoog] [https://archive.org/details/readinglistonpa01westgoog] ==Books== *British Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2oFTAAAAIAAJ] *Australasian Book News and Literary Journal. Australasian Book News and Library Journal. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QVQPAQAAIAAJ] *Book News. 1882 to 1918. (John Wanamaker). Called "Book News Monthly" from 1906. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Stechert-Hafner Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BmDqAAAAMAAJ] *U.S.A. Book News [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36gVAQAAIAAJ] *Branch Library Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NM8aAAAAMAAJ] *Hungarian Book Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6U85AQAAIAAJ] *Soviet Book News. (Earl Browder). 1947 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QrXQ6LYSOF4C] *Miniature Book News. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MascAQAAMAAJ] Rare *Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. American Library Association. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IFUangEACAAJ] Printed *Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GLigoebhrd8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 30] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UBN-IUZlF4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 31] ==Paperback and Paperbound== *Swados, "Paper Books: What do they Promise?" (1953) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TwaJtQzwj1gC 173] The Nation 114 *Wagman, "The Paperbound Book Business" (1957) 9 Michigan Business Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9pA8uolQjnkC&pg=RA4-PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false 9] (No 5, November) ==Science== *Lafferty and Rowe. The Hutchinson Dictionary of Science. Helicon Publishing. 1993. 2nd Ed: 1998. ==Entertainment== *The Directory (The Times, 1996 onwards) Commentary: [https://www.marketingweek.com/as-times-starts-listings-supplement/] ==Comedy and tragedy== *E H Mikhail. Comedy and Tragedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5bgEAAAAMAAJ] ===Comedy=== *James E Evans. Comedy: An Annotated Bibliography of Theory and Criticism. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9ZgthAs1t8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Meghan Duffy (ed). Daniel Gerould (senior ed). Comedy: A Bibliography of Critical Studies in English on the Theory and Practice of Comedy in Drama, Theatre, and Performance. New York. 2006. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fI0jAQAAIAAJ] *David Humphrey. The Time of Laughter: Comedy and the Media Cultures of Japan. University of Michigan Press. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkTLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Radio and television== *William E McCavitt. Radio and Television: A Selected Annotated Bibliography. Scarecrow Press. 1978. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAQVAQAAIAAJ] *Gertrude G Broderick. Radio and Television Bibliography. Bulletin 1948 No 17. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yIPP1dsmNtAC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patricia Beall Hamill. Radio and Television: A Selected Bibliography. Bulletin 1960 No 25. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AJhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Film and television== *Jean Mitry. Bibliographie internationale du cinéma et de la télévision. 1966 onwards. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SC3gAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: A Reference Guide for English Studies, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=h_wfYKnMfOkC&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false p 439]. ==Animation== *John Halas and Roger Manvell. The Technique of Film Animation. 4th Ed: 1976. Focal Press. ISBN 0240509005. *Clements and McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia. 3rd Rev Ed: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E03KBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1958#v=onepage&q&f=false]. ==Colours== *Eiseman and Recker. Pantone: The 20th Century in Color. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j3H7nSVS3UMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/nov/13/pantone-20th-century-color-review][https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/11/pantone-100-years-of-color/249016/][https://eu.vvdailypress.com/story/lifestyle/health-fitness/2012/01/16/color-reel-20th-century-s/37119883007/] ==Bilateral== Britain and Japan *Pearse. Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KtAxAAAAIAAJ] ==Prehistoric life== Prehistoric animals *[[w:Michael Benton|Michael Benton]]. Prehistoric Animals: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1989. Derrydale Books, New York. 1989. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] *Ellis Owen. Prehistoric Animals: The Extraordinary Story of Life before Man. Octopus Books Limited. London. 1975. [Sculptures: Arthur Hayward.] Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II-B8R-8Ov8C 17] Wildlife 422. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aUbYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jFNBAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false]. **Prehistorische dieren: de geschiedenis van het leven vóór de mens. Translated by JJ Hoedeman. In den Toren, Baarn. Westland, Schoten. 1977. Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ToVMAQAAIAAJ] **Les Animaux préhistoriques: l'extraordinaire histoire de la vie avant l'homme. Dinosaurs *Michael Benton. Dinosaurs: An A-Z Guide. Kingfisher Books. 1988. Derrydale Books, New York. 1988. [Illustrations: Jim Channell and Kevin Maddison.] ==Continents== *John J W Rogers and M Santosh. Continents and Supercontinents. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CI9Ig7DGvTMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Gondwanaland *George W Bain. A Laurasian Looks at Gondwanaland. Geographical Society of South Africa. (Annexure to vol 67). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LoAyAQAAIAAJ] ===Asia=== *Winston L Y Yang and Teresa S Yang. Asian Resources in American Libraries: Essays and Bibliographies. 1968. [https://books.google.com/books?id=76OkUAbkd4oC] *Noriko Asato (ed). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jkzEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.emerald.com/rr/article-abstract/29/3/51/335520/Handbook-for-Asian-Studies-Specialists-A-Guide-to]. Periodicals *Asian Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EDq22yvuCb4C] Asian studies and languages *Pauline Haldane. Bibliography of Asian Studies and Languages. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9pQLAQAAIAAJ] Asian studies *Bibliography of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7NskAAAAMAAJ 1974]. *Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1941-1965. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_UqAAAAMAAJ] **Cumulative Bibliography of Asian Studies, 1966-1970. GK Hall & Co. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tg8rAAAAMAAJ] Asian studies, periodicals *The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rjznDmjqY9kC] **Far Eastern Quarterly. Far Eastern Association. *Asian Studies. Institute of Asian Studies, University of the Philippines. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLhBAAAAYAAJ]. Asian Center. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9TvU9gAP1kC] *Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-DptAAAAMAAJ] *Asian Studies Newsletter [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pTIuAQAAIAAJ] *Asian Studies Professional Review [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mgsLAQAAMAAJ] *The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IiVuAAAAMAAJ] *The Virginia Review of Asian Studies [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ORVAAAAYAAJ] *Focus. Focus on Asian Studies. (1981 to 1987) ISSN 0046-4295. Reference *G Raymond Nunn. Asia, Reference Works: A Select Annotated Guide. Mansell. London. 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeS5AAAAIAAJ] **Asia: A Selected and Annotated Guide to Reference Works. 1971. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MmldAAAAIAAJ] Introductory bibliographies *An Introductory Reading Guide to Asia. Asia Society. 2nd Revised Ed: 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HrMM1ttWe9QC] *L King Quan. Introduction to Asia: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress, Reference Department. Washington. 1955. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y18ZAAAAMAAJ] Introduction *Jean Herbert. An Introduction to Asia. Oxford University Press. New York. 1965 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W8m6AAAAIAAJ]. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. London. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2JYNAAAAIAAJ] *Angelina C Irapta and Cecil D Duka. Introduction to Asia: History, Culture, and Civilization. [[w:Rex Book Store|Rex Book Store]]. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wLnUSsGSWFYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asia *G Raymond Nunn. East Asia: A Bibliography of Bibliographies. (Occasional Papers of East-West Center Library, No 7). Honolulu. 1967. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XWOTAAAAIAAJ] *East Asia: A Selected Functional Bibliography. Foreign Service Institute, Center for Area and Country Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ByXkdOpCwF8C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Donald Gillin. East Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q7cIAAAAIAAJ] *Thomas C Kuo and John W Chiang. East Asian Periodicals and Serials: A Descriptive Bibliography [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eA1GAAAAMAAJ] *Bibliographic Guide to East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7WFAAAAIAAJ 1996]. *Eastern Asia. (Asia and Africa Introductory Bibliographies). University of London. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcspAQAAIAAJ] East Asian studies, periodicals *Journal of East Asian Studies. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=57a5AAAAIAAJ] *European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XoYwAQAAIAAJ] *The Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies. Center for Pacific Asia Studies, Stockholm University. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JNguAQAAIAAJ] *Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Academy of East Asian Studies at Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=82VuAAAAMAAJ] ====Far East==== Bibliography *Far Eastern Bibliography. Far Eastern Association. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZnYUAAAAIAAJ 1947] *Kuniyoshi. Far East. (PACAF Basic Bibliographies). 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q5TLdCbP2HcC&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bibliography on the Far East. (Special Circulars numbers 44 to 51) Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1927. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dmkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====China, Japan and Korea==== *Carla Rickerson and Tony Ferguson (comp). The Civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea: A Selective Bibliography. Far Eastern Library, University of Washington. Seattle. 1972. ====Japan and Korea==== Bibliography *Bernard S Silberman. Japan and Korea: A Critical Bibliography. University of Arizona Press. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y6UIAAAAIAAJ] *Frank J Shulman. Japan and Korea: An Annotated Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations in Western Languages 1877-1969. American Library Association. 1970. Routledge. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xs62AQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ====South Asia==== *South Asian Bibliography: A Handbook and Guide. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aqwNAQAAIAAJ] *The Bibliography of South Asian Periodicals: A Union-list of Periodicals in South Asian Languages. Harvester Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COV0nIUK0bgC] *B H Farmer. An Introduction to South Asia. Methuen. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kB0NAAAAIAAJ] *Henry Field. Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LSJAAAAAMAAJ] ====South East Asia==== *Herman C Kemp. Bibliographies on Southeast Asia. KITLV Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XOjfAAAAMAAJ] *Southeast Asia: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMcUAQAAIAAJ] *Cecil Hobbs (comp). Southeast Asia: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Reference Sources in Western Languages. Revised and Enlarged. Greenwood Press. 1st Greenwood reprint: 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qIVzgzBpUZIC] *South-East Asia: An Introduction. Europa Publications Limited. 1973. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7LaFAAAAIAAJ] *Insular Southeast Asia: A Bibliographic Survey 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Uuyc5DjR9ZgC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] ===Europe=== *Hjalmar Pehrsson and Hanna Wulf (eds). The European Bibliography. La Bibliographie Européenne. AW Sijthoff. Leyden. 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fc08AAAAIAAJ] *Introduction to Europe: A Selective Guide to Background Reading. The Library of Congress. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wE3p8quPnWgC] ===South America=== *T P O'Halloran (comp). A Bibliography of South America. 1912. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AV8zAQAAIAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofso00ohalrich/page/n4/mode/1up] *John Boynton Kaiser (comp). The National Bibliographies of the South American Republics. The Boston Book Company. 1913. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nCkwAAAAYAAJ] [https://archive.org/details/nationalbibliogr00kaisrich/page/n2/mode/1up]. Reprint from 7 Bulletin of Bibliography ==Regions and other places== *JD Pearson. Oriental and Asian Bibliography: An Introduction with Some Reference to Africa. Archon Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P18ZAAAAMAAJ] *Theodore Besterman. A World Bibliography of Oriental Bibliographies. Revised by JD Pearson. Rowman and Littlefield. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dvnfAAAAMAAJ] ==Culture and society== *Victoria Lyon Bestor, Theodore C Bestor and Akiko Yamagata (eds). Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0cBYffHp5L4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Josef Kreiner and Hans-Dieter Ölschleger (eds). Japanese Culture and Society: Models of Interpretation. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6skwAQAAIAAJ] *Dolores P Martinez. Modern Japanese Culture and Society. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l6kMAQAAMAAJ vol 1] *C Andrew Gerstle. 18th Century Japan: Culture and Society. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ViglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Periodicals *Review of Japanese Culture and Society [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W_o-AQAAIAAJ] ==See also== *[[Bibliography]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} {{subpagesif}} [[Category:Bibliographies]] [[Category:Research]] ccuctra1yiypsy38oa3nncpve5cxi3f 1 171302 2832318 2818323 2026-09-09T03:35:17Z James500 297601 /* */ Not needed 2832318 wikitext text/x-wiki . Terms that sometimes appear in the titles of bibliographies, guides to literature/reference, etc: Bibliography, catalogue, guide, list, index, in print, books, literature, sources, works, material, titles, reference. [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 13:54, 14 November 2020 (UTC) For future use: *Non-fiction, art, fine arts, music, painting, sculpture, government, politics, philosophy, theology, religion, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, manufacturing, technology, computer science, engineering, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, botany, natural history, prehistory, classics, anthropology, library science, librarianship, information studies, places, exploration, transport, Earth science, paleontology, official publications, universities, museums *Reprography, lithography, engraving *Bookbinding, early printed books, incunabula, manuscripts, papyri, papyrology *Languages, philology, ancient languages, medieval languages, dead languages, extinct languages *Writing, scripts, decipherment, alphabets, hieratic, demotic, hieroglyphic, figurative, ideographic, pictographic, cuneiform, inscriptions, stelae [stela], clay tablets, ostraka [ostrakon], papyrus, Minoan scripts, Linear A, Linear B *Indo-European languages; Italo-Celtic; Celtic languages *Latin, Greek, middle english, old english, anglo-norman [anglo-french], old french, old norse, old welsh, middle welsh, egyptian, hittite, luwian, lycian, akkadian, assyro-babylonian, elamite, amorite *Special libraries, national libraries, public libraries, university libraries, college libraries, school libraries, museum libraries *Archaeological theory, methodology, geology, stratigraphy etc. Field archaeology, behavioural archaeology *Tide tables *George Watson (ed). The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Cambridge University Press. 1966. Volume 5. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ebM6AAAAIAAJ] *[[s:Page:Cornwall (Mitton).djvu/230|"Some Books on Cornwall"]] *[[s:Author:Richard Colt Hoare]] *Yorkshire literature *Catalogues régionaux des incunables des bibliothèques publiques de France. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K38VcZrjrj0C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] (regional catalogues of incunabula in the public libraries of France) * [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 16:24, 24 November 2019 (UTC) For future use: *Palmer's Index to The Times **editions:2Faf22c-dSwC *Routledge Handbook of Soviet and Russian Military Studies France: *Les Dictionnaires départementaux.  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZEwAQAAMAAJ] (series includes departmental biographical dictionaries) Creuse: *Guide des archives de la Creuse. 1972 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eEsCAAAAMAAJ] *Joanne. Géographie du département de la Creuse. 1895 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=izeVfoPbIc8C] *Jamain. Le département de la Creuse: ses origines et sa pérennité [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kY-KMwcsJMEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Annuaire du Département de la Creuse [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7wpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Journal du département de la Creuse (1807-1819) Bibliography: *[[w:Fredson Bowers|Bowers, Fredson]]. Principles of Bibliographical Description. Princeton University Press. 1949. Russell & Russell, New York. 1962. St Paul's Bibliographies (No 15). 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hA7hAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA525#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bowers, Fredson. Bibliography and Textual Criticism. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zOFhNcQsihAC] Series: *Studies in Bibliography. Formerly "Papers in Bibliography". (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia). (1948 onwards) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HGEUAAAAIAAJ] Commentary: "A History of Studies in Bibliography: The First Fifty Volumes" in The First Fifty Years, p 125 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZukVAQAAIAAJ] **Tanselle. Selected Studies in Bibliography. (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OnktAQAAIAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA526#v=onepage&q&f=false] Library associations: *IFLA. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report. Saur. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YW8hAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP4#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patrick Le Boeuf (ed). Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype or Cure-All? Haworth Press. 2005. Routledge. 2013 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ka7hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Guidelines for Bibliographic Description of Reproductions. American Library Association. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9zG6MGudKv8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Serials: *Serials Review Nostgia *Nostalgia cycles: [https://slate.com/culture/2012/04/the-golden-forty-year-rule-and-other-nostalgia-cycles-could-trends-possibly-return-every-40-years-20-years-and-12-15-years.html] [https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-20-year-trend-cycle-collapsed/] [https://www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1081115609/from-tumblrcore-to-2014core-the-nostalgia-loop-is-getting-smaller-and-faster] [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/20/lets-go-round-again-the-ridiculous-rise-of-fifth-anniversary-vinyl-reissues] [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/gen-z-fashion-trends-tumblr-aesthetic-b2042247.html] *Stuck in the Seventies: 113 Things from the 1970s that Screwed Up the Twentysomething Generation. 1991. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bZ03g5ylsaEC]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6V4cAQAAMAAJ]. *1969: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yuwjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Decade nostalgia [https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/rolling-back-the-years-qg8fs6sh06d] *[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xf4rAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nFtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HqkfAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27&article_id=4890,1282350#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_WZGAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bzpHAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s1MgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1970s: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YT5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1990s Tamagotchi [https://www.nssmag.com/en/lifestyle/38204/tamagotchi-y2k-nostalgia] *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002g6k5 90s Nostalgia]. BBC. Other *[[w:Haruko Ichikawa|Haruko Ichikawa]] (市河晴子 or 市川晴子) (1896-1943) **Japanese Lady in Europe. 1937. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xi42AAAAMAAJ] (Japanese: 欧米の隅々) **Japanese Lady in America. First published 1938. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQY7AQAAIAAJ] (Japanese: 米国の旅日本の旅) Search terms: *"press in japan" *"japanese press" *"press of japan" *"journalism of japan" *"journalism in japan" *"journalists in japan" *"japanese journalism" Generations *[https://www.vox.com/2018/8/15/17686668/millennials-explained Stop calling teenagers millennials]. Vox. 15 August 2018. Planet Earth *[[w:Encyclopedia of Earth|Encyclopedia of Earth]] Crime *The Concise Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminals [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uGTQAAAAIAAJ] Showa era *懐かしの昭和・平成流行事典: 2001-1945. [[w:ja:新人物往来社|Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha]]. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QCYyAQAAIAAJ] *少年ブーム～昭和レトロの流行もの. 串間努著. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sK0nAQAAIAAJ] Shakespeare *Demmon (compiler). Catalogue of the Shakespearian Books and Pamphlets in the Joseph Crosby Library. 1885. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GSZLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Shakespeare the Man and the Book. Part 2: Occasional Papers. 1881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gfUUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Best films: [https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies-of-all-time-us/] [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 10:55, 26 October 2020 (UTC) 11kdeyjjviv4mdr7t8fjr6vefbzdsu6 2832319 2832318 2026-09-09T03:35:43Z James500 297601 /* */ Typo 2832319 wikitext text/x-wiki Terms that sometimes appear in the titles of bibliographies, guides to literature/reference, etc: Bibliography, catalogue, guide, list, index, in print, books, literature, sources, works, material, titles, reference. [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 13:54, 14 November 2020 (UTC) For future use: *Non-fiction, art, fine arts, music, painting, sculpture, government, politics, philosophy, theology, religion, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, manufacturing, technology, computer science, engineering, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, botany, natural history, prehistory, classics, anthropology, library science, librarianship, information studies, places, exploration, transport, Earth science, paleontology, official publications, universities, museums *Reprography, lithography, engraving *Bookbinding, early printed books, incunabula, manuscripts, papyri, papyrology *Languages, philology, ancient languages, medieval languages, dead languages, extinct languages *Writing, scripts, decipherment, alphabets, hieratic, demotic, hieroglyphic, figurative, ideographic, pictographic, cuneiform, inscriptions, stelae [stela], clay tablets, ostraka [ostrakon], papyrus, Minoan scripts, Linear A, Linear B *Indo-European languages; Italo-Celtic; Celtic languages *Latin, Greek, middle english, old english, anglo-norman [anglo-french], old french, old norse, old welsh, middle welsh, egyptian, hittite, luwian, lycian, akkadian, assyro-babylonian, elamite, amorite *Special libraries, national libraries, public libraries, university libraries, college libraries, school libraries, museum libraries *Archaeological theory, methodology, geology, stratigraphy etc. Field archaeology, behavioural archaeology *Tide tables *George Watson (ed). The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Cambridge University Press. 1966. Volume 5. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ebM6AAAAIAAJ] *[[s:Page:Cornwall (Mitton).djvu/230|"Some Books on Cornwall"]] *[[s:Author:Richard Colt Hoare]] *Yorkshire literature *Catalogues régionaux des incunables des bibliothèques publiques de France. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K38VcZrjrj0C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] (regional catalogues of incunabula in the public libraries of France) * [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 16:24, 24 November 2019 (UTC) For future use: *Palmer's Index to The Times **editions:2Faf22c-dSwC *Routledge Handbook of Soviet and Russian Military Studies France: *Les Dictionnaires départementaux.  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZEwAQAAMAAJ] (series includes departmental biographical dictionaries) Creuse: *Guide des archives de la Creuse. 1972 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eEsCAAAAMAAJ] *Joanne. Géographie du département de la Creuse. 1895 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=izeVfoPbIc8C] *Jamain. Le département de la Creuse: ses origines et sa pérennité [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kY-KMwcsJMEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Annuaire du Département de la Creuse [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7wpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Journal du département de la Creuse (1807-1819) Bibliography: *[[w:Fredson Bowers|Bowers, Fredson]]. Principles of Bibliographical Description. Princeton University Press. 1949. Russell & Russell, New York. 1962. St Paul's Bibliographies (No 15). 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hA7hAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA525#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bowers, Fredson. Bibliography and Textual Criticism. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zOFhNcQsihAC] Series: *Studies in Bibliography. Formerly "Papers in Bibliography". (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia). (1948 onwards) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HGEUAAAAIAAJ] Commentary: "A History of Studies in Bibliography: The First Fifty Volumes" in The First Fifty Years, p 125 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZukVAQAAIAAJ] **Tanselle. Selected Studies in Bibliography. (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OnktAQAAIAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA526#v=onepage&q&f=false] Library associations: *IFLA. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report. Saur. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YW8hAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP4#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patrick Le Boeuf (ed). Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype or Cure-All? Haworth Press. 2005. Routledge. 2013 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ka7hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Guidelines for Bibliographic Description of Reproductions. American Library Association. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9zG6MGudKv8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Serials: *Serials Review Nostgia *Nostalgia cycles: [https://slate.com/culture/2012/04/the-golden-forty-year-rule-and-other-nostalgia-cycles-could-trends-possibly-return-every-40-years-20-years-and-12-15-years.html] [https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-20-year-trend-cycle-collapsed/] [https://www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1081115609/from-tumblrcore-to-2014core-the-nostalgia-loop-is-getting-smaller-and-faster] [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/20/lets-go-round-again-the-ridiculous-rise-of-fifth-anniversary-vinyl-reissues] [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/gen-z-fashion-trends-tumblr-aesthetic-b2042247.html] *Stuck in the Seventies: 113 Things from the 1970s that Screwed Up the Twentysomething Generation. 1991. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bZ03g5ylsaEC]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6V4cAQAAMAAJ]. *1969: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yuwjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Decade nostalgia [https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/rolling-back-the-years-qg8fs6sh06d] *[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xf4rAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nFtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HqkfAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27&article_id=4890,1282350#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_WZGAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bzpHAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s1MgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1970s: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YT5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1990s Tamagotchi [https://www.nssmag.com/en/lifestyle/38204/tamagotchi-y2k-nostalgia] *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002g6k5 90s Nostalgia]. BBC. Other *[[w:Haruko Ichikawa|Haruko Ichikawa]] (市河晴子 or 市川晴子) (1896-1943) **Japanese Lady in Europe. 1937. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xi42AAAAMAAJ] (Japanese: 欧米の隅々) **Japanese Lady in America. First published 1938. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQY7AQAAIAAJ] (Japanese: 米国の旅日本の旅) Search terms: *"press in japan" *"japanese press" *"press of japan" *"journalism of japan" *"journalism in japan" *"journalists in japan" *"japanese journalism" Generations *[https://www.vox.com/2018/8/15/17686668/millennials-explained Stop calling teenagers millennials]. Vox. 15 August 2018. Planet Earth *[[w:Encyclopedia of Earth|Encyclopedia of Earth]] Crime *The Concise Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminals [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uGTQAAAAIAAJ] Showa era *懐かしの昭和・平成流行事典: 2001-1945. [[w:ja:新人物往来社|Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha]]. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QCYyAQAAIAAJ] *少年ブーム～昭和レトロの流行もの. 串間努著. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sK0nAQAAIAAJ] Shakespeare *Demmon (compiler). Catalogue of the Shakespearian Books and Pamphlets in the Joseph Crosby Library. 1885. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GSZLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Shakespeare the Man and the Book. Part 2: Occasional Papers. 1881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gfUUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Best films: [https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-movies-of-all-time-us/] [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 10:55, 26 October 2020 (UTC) lsao7ahu9kksqmtgugkehxw2vm69lqk 0 199550 2832265 2831553 2026-09-08T16:22:11Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2832265 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260907.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ngko1cm1woeo1maopulv5qhmbln12wu 2832267 2832265 2026-09-08T16:23:41Z Young1lim 21186 /* Sample Processing Methods */ 2832267 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Background '''== === Bode plot === See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore] </br> === OP Amp === Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf |pdf]]) See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics] </br> ==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''== === First Order Filters === </br> === Second Order Filters === </br> ==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''== === Sample Processing Methods === * Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20260908.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Programming Considerations * Circular Buffers === FIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form FIR Filter * Canonical Form FIR Filter * Cascade Form FIR Filter === IIR Filter Realizations === * Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Canonical Form IIR Filter * Cascade Form IIR Filter </br> === FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters === * Block Processing Methods * Sample Processing Methods * Window Method * Kaiser Window * Frequency Sampling Method </br> === IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters === * Bilinear Transform * 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters * Parametric Equalizer Filters * Comb Filters * High Order Filters </br> === Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === ==== Octave Functions for Filters ==== * Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] 52w06v3b7h1hvy9yxx5trg4mwphdkcx 0 212733 2832248 2830455 2026-09-08T15:01:25Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2832248 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260907.pdf |A]], [[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1B.20260720.pdf |B]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] 4b8ol1qm8v3qwtaftbup5hjtzje7eaa 2832250 2832248 2026-09-08T15:02:41Z Young1lim 21186 /* Using Libraries */ 2832250 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''' Part I '''== <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Introduction === * Overview * Memory * Number <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Python for C programmers === * Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]]) * Statement Level ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]]) * Output with print * Formatted output * File IO <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Using Libraries === * Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]]) * Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]]) * Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241207.pdf |pdf]]) * Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20260908.pdf |A]], [[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1B.20260720.pdf |B]]) * Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling a Big Work === * Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]]) * Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]]) * Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Series of Data === * Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]]) * Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types * Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> === Class and Objects === * Classes & Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]]) * Inheritance <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> == Python in Numerical Analysis == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] ==External links== * [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering] kzxm8fkey44751trzxtvnp76o1rt441 2 215188 2832277 2830236 2026-09-08T18:49:02Z Michael Ten 654933 note for later reference... * [[Computational mathematics]] "Agents Navier–Stokes math solve" (search term, without quotes) 2832277 wikitext text/x-wiki Ideas to possibly develop or integrate into various areas later. ==Some ideas to explore or elaborate on later== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Python]] * [[Business/Earning money]] * [[National University of Singapore]] * [[Peking University]] * [[Tsinghua University]] * [[Archaeology of Specific Peoples and Civilizations]] * [[Syllabi]] * [[Teaching]] * [[Analyzing research]] * [[Research analysis]] * [[Research studies]] * [[Courses]] * [[Learning]] * [[Statistical analysis]] * [[Peer to peer]] * [[p2p]] / [[P2P]] * [[Mesh networks]] * [[Permissionless software]] * [[CI/DC]] * [[Coolify]] * [[Prompts]] * [[Agentic AI]] * [[AI research]] * [[Research with AI]] * [[Becoming a lawyer]] {{colend}} ==Some more - diversity of thought == {{colbegin|3}} * [[Diversity of thought]] * [[w:Diversity ideologies|Diversity ideologies]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Diversity (business)|Diversity (business)]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Neurodiversity|Neurodiversity]] * [[w:Diversity (politics)|Diversity (politics)]] * [[w:Unity in diversity|Unity in diversity]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Gender diversity|Gender diversity]] * [[w:Multicultural and diversity management|Multicultural and diversity management]] * [[w:Team diversity|Team diversity]] {{colend}} ===External=== {{colbegin|2}} * [https://mtprof.msun.edu/Spr2007/fish.html Intellectual Diversity: What Is It and Do We Need It?] * [https://roth.blogs.wesleyan.edu/tag/intellectual-diversity/ Intellectual Diversity] * [https://tigerlearn.fhsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Intellectual-Diversity-in-HE.pdf Intellectual Diversity in Higher Education] * [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2023/12/20/free-speech-and-intellectual-diversity/ Free Speech and Intellectual Diversity] * [https://itsapps.odu.edu/ao/facultyhandbook/index.php?page=ch02s48.html Resolution Supporting Intellectual Diversity] * [https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/exec-ed/difference/cognitive-diversity Cognitive Diversity: Know How to Harness It — And When to Rein It In — To Help Your Team Succeed] * [https://online.merrimack.edu/cognitive-diversity-in-education/ Cognitive Diversity in Education] * [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/scottepage/research-2/diversity-research/ Diversity Research] * [https://www.chapman.edu/diversity/news-and-events/cognitive-diversity/index.aspx Cognitive Diversity: Embracing Difference] * [https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=hrd_grad Enhancing the Cohesiveness of a Cognitive Diverse Team: the Role of Leadership] * [https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI30505255/ Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] ** [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2838332291 Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] * [https://cache.kzoo.edu/items/195fd798-9778-48f1-9fc5-d6c1dc47cec5 Modeling Cognitive Diversity] * [https://jme.bmj.com/content/44/11/751 Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications] {{colend}} == More later == * [[Computational mathematics]] "Agents Navier–Stokes math solve" (search term, without quotes) A distributed network of 10,000 agents (?) resolved the historic Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize problem in just under four days. By consuming 130 billion generated tokens across an 88 computational hours, the coordinated agent collective cracked one of the most stubborn enigmas in modern mathematics. tol6d5695qtbfopsi9s0yt5qjycao44 2832279 2832277 2026-09-08T18:51:59Z Michael Ten 654933 added 2832279 wikitext text/x-wiki Ideas to possibly develop or integrate into various areas later. ==Some ideas to explore or elaborate on later== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Python]] * [[Business/Earning money]] * [[National University of Singapore]] * [[Peking University]] * [[Tsinghua University]] * [[Archaeology of Specific Peoples and Civilizations]] * [[Syllabi]] * [[Teaching]] * [[Analyzing research]] * [[Research analysis]] * [[Research studies]] * [[Courses]] * [[Learning]] * [[Statistical analysis]] * [[Peer to peer]] * [[p2p]] / [[P2P]] * [[Mesh networks]] * [[Permissionless software]] * [[CI/DC]] * [[Coolify]] * [[Prompts]] * [[Agentic AI]] * [[AI research]] * [[Knowledge graph]] * [[Loop engineering]] * [[Graph engineering]] * [[Vibe coding]] * [[Agentic loops]] * [[Agentic graphs]] * [[Node-based visual system]] * [[Agents in node graphs]] * [[Graph theory architecture]] * [[n8n for learning]] * [[n8n for research]] * [[Flow-based data pipeline]] * [[Directed acyclic graph]] * [[Research with AI]] * [[Becoming a lawyer]] {{colend}} ==Some more - diversity of thought == {{colbegin|3}} * [[Diversity of thought]] * [[w:Diversity ideologies|Diversity ideologies]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Diversity (business)|Diversity (business)]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Neurodiversity|Neurodiversity]] * [[w:Diversity (politics)|Diversity (politics)]] * [[w:Unity in diversity|Unity in diversity]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Gender diversity|Gender diversity]] * [[w:Multicultural and diversity management|Multicultural and diversity management]] * [[w:Team diversity|Team diversity]] {{colend}} ===External=== {{colbegin|2}} * [https://mtprof.msun.edu/Spr2007/fish.html Intellectual Diversity: What Is It and Do We Need It?] * [https://roth.blogs.wesleyan.edu/tag/intellectual-diversity/ Intellectual Diversity] * [https://tigerlearn.fhsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Intellectual-Diversity-in-HE.pdf Intellectual Diversity in Higher Education] * [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2023/12/20/free-speech-and-intellectual-diversity/ Free Speech and Intellectual Diversity] * [https://itsapps.odu.edu/ao/facultyhandbook/index.php?page=ch02s48.html Resolution Supporting Intellectual Diversity] * [https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/exec-ed/difference/cognitive-diversity Cognitive Diversity: Know How to Harness It — And When to Rein It In — To Help Your Team Succeed] * [https://online.merrimack.edu/cognitive-diversity-in-education/ Cognitive Diversity in Education] * [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/scottepage/research-2/diversity-research/ Diversity Research] * [https://www.chapman.edu/diversity/news-and-events/cognitive-diversity/index.aspx Cognitive Diversity: Embracing Difference] * [https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=hrd_grad Enhancing the Cohesiveness of a Cognitive Diverse Team: the Role of Leadership] * [https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI30505255/ Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] ** [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2838332291 Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] * [https://cache.kzoo.edu/items/195fd798-9778-48f1-9fc5-d6c1dc47cec5 Modeling Cognitive Diversity] * [https://jme.bmj.com/content/44/11/751 Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications] {{colend}} == More later == * [[Computational mathematics]] "Agents Navier–Stokes math solve" (search term, without quotes) A distributed network of 10,000 agents (?) resolved the historic Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize problem in just under four days. By consuming 130 billion generated tokens across an 88 computational hours, the coordinated agent collective cracked one of the most stubborn enigmas in modern mathematics. 7m1f6kxipggdjgx9d0gjlm5aojgmoxs 2832400 2832279 2026-09-09T10:04:18Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Some ideas to explore or elaborate on later */ 2832400 wikitext text/x-wiki Ideas to possibly develop or integrate into various areas later. ==Some ideas to explore or elaborate on later== {{colbegin|3}} * [[Python]] * [[Business/Earning money]] * [[National University of Singapore]] * [[Peking University]] * [[Tsinghua University]] * [[Archaeology of Specific Peoples and Civilizations]] * [[Syllabi]] * [[Teaching]] * [[Analyzing research]] * [[Research analysis]] * [[Research studies]] * [[Courses]] * [[Nano bots]] * [[Learning]] * [[Statistical analysis]] * [[Peer to peer]] * [[p2p]] / [[P2P]] * [[Mesh networks]] * [[Permissionless software]] * [[CI/DC]] * [[Coolify]] * [[Prompts]] * [[Agentic AI]] * [[AI research]] * [[Knowledge graph]] * [[Loop engineering]] * [[Graph engineering]] * [[Vibe coding]] * [[Agentic loops]] * [[Agentic graphs]] * [[Node-based visual system]] * [[Agents in node graphs]] * [[Graph theory architecture]] * [[n8n for learning]] * [[n8n for research]] * [[Flow-based data pipeline]] * [[Directed acyclic graph]] * [[Research with AI]] * [[Becoming a lawyer]] {{colend}} ==Some more - diversity of thought == {{colbegin|3}} * [[Diversity of thought]] * [[w:Diversity ideologies|Diversity ideologies]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Diversity (business)|Diversity (business)]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Diversity, equity, and inclusion|Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] * [[w:Neurodiversity|Neurodiversity]] * [[w:Diversity (politics)|Diversity (politics)]] * [[w:Unity in diversity|Unity in diversity]] * [[w:Cultural diversity|Cultural diversity]] * [[w:Gender diversity|Gender diversity]] * [[w:Multicultural and diversity management|Multicultural and diversity management]] * [[w:Team diversity|Team diversity]] {{colend}} ===External=== {{colbegin|2}} * [https://mtprof.msun.edu/Spr2007/fish.html Intellectual Diversity: What Is It and Do We Need It?] * [https://roth.blogs.wesleyan.edu/tag/intellectual-diversity/ Intellectual Diversity] * [https://tigerlearn.fhsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Intellectual-Diversity-in-HE.pdf Intellectual Diversity in Higher Education] * [https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2023/12/20/free-speech-and-intellectual-diversity/ Free Speech and Intellectual Diversity] * [https://itsapps.odu.edu/ao/facultyhandbook/index.php?page=ch02s48.html Resolution Supporting Intellectual Diversity] * [https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/exec-ed/difference/cognitive-diversity Cognitive Diversity: Know How to Harness It — And When to Rein It In — To Help Your Team Succeed] * [https://online.merrimack.edu/cognitive-diversity-in-education/ Cognitive Diversity in Education] * [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/scottepage/research-2/diversity-research/ Diversity Research] * [https://www.chapman.edu/diversity/news-and-events/cognitive-diversity/index.aspx Cognitive Diversity: Embracing Difference] * [https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=hrd_grad Enhancing the Cohesiveness of a Cognitive Diverse Team: the Role of Leadership] * [https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI30505255/ Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] ** [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2838332291 Cognitive Diversity and Knowledge Integration in Student Design Teams] * [https://cache.kzoo.edu/items/195fd798-9778-48f1-9fc5-d6c1dc47cec5 Modeling Cognitive Diversity] * [https://jme.bmj.com/content/44/11/751 Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications] {{colend}} == More later == * [[Computational mathematics]] "Agents Navier–Stokes math solve" (search term, without quotes) A distributed network of 10,000 agents (?) resolved the historic Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize problem in just under four days. By consuming 130 billion generated tokens across an 88 computational hours, the coordinated agent collective cracked one of the most stubborn enigmas in modern mathematics. mgs7bo687ivy577uvx8odajhqmlb1qx 2 215217 2832278 1600823 2026-09-08T18:50:37Z Michael Ten 654933 formatting 2832278 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Aikido]] * [[A Course In Miracles]] * [[SENS]] * [[Szaszian studies]] * [[Social entrepreneurship]] * [[Benefit corporations]] 8q6a1t6d5u28rcb177iod0thntllkgw 0 238631 2832393 2831814 2026-09-09T09:42:52Z Dawkin Verbier 2899964 update, orgn 2832393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''OpenStax''' (formerly OpenStax College) is a nonprofit ed-tech initiative based at Rice University. Since 2012, OpenStax has created peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks, which are available as free downloadable PDFs, web versions, audiobooks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openstax.org/blog/guest-post-how-audio-technology-is-creating-more-inclusive-learning|title=OpenStax {{!}} How audio technology is creating more inclusive learning|website=openstax.org|language=en-US|access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref> and for a low cost in print. All textbook content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Licenses; specifically, the books are available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License v4.0, although they were formerly CC-BY<ref>[[Wikipedia: OpenStax]]</ref> The following Wikiversity resources devoted to OpenStax textbooks. These resources also included materials available at [https://openstax.org/ '''openstax.org''']. Although some versions found on Wikiversity are out-of-date, some might find them more convenient to access. CC-BY full-text archives * [[OpenStax Astronomy|OpenStax Astronomy (click to visit)]] *[[OpenStax Astronomy 2e|OpenStax Astronomy 2e (click to visit)]] *[[OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2e|OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e]] *[[OpenStax Biology 2e]] * OpenStax Calculus: '''[[:File:CalculusVolume1-OP.pdf|V1]]''' | '''[[:File:CalculusVolume2-OP.pdf|V2]]''' | '''[[:File:CalculusVolume3-LR.pdf|V3]]''' * [[OpenStax University Physics]] *[[OpenStax College Physics]] * [[OpenStax Psychology 2e]] * [[wikibooks:Principles_of_Microeconomics|OpenStax Principles of Microeconomics]] OpenStax links *[[OpenStax Additive Manufacturing Essentials]] *[[OpenStax American Government 3e]] *[[OpenStax American Government 4e]] *[[OpenStax Business Ethics]] *[[OpenStax Business Law I Essentials 2e]] *[[OpenStax Chemistry 2e]] *[[OpenStax Clinical Nursing Skills]] *[[OpenStax College Success]] *[[OpenStax College Success Concise]] *[[OpenStax Concepts of Biology]] *[[OpenStax Entrepreneurship]] *[[OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Anthropology]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Business]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Business 2e]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Philosophy]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Political Science]] *[[OpenStax Introduction to Sociology 3e]] *[[OpenStax Lifespan Development]] *[[OpenStax Maternal Newborn Nursing]] *[[OpenStax Medical Surgical Nursing]] *[[OpenStax Microbiology]] *[[OpenStax Nutrition for Nurses]] *[[OpenStax Organizational Behavior]] *[[OpenStax Pharmacology for Nurses]] *[[OpenStax Population Health for Nurses]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Economics 3e]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Finance 2e]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Macroeconomics 3e]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Management]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Marketing]] *[[OpenStax Principles of Microeconomics 3e]] *[[OpenStax Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing]] *[[OpenStax US History]] *[[OpenStax world history volume 1 to 1500|OpenStax World History, Volume 1: to 1500]] *[[OpenStax World History Volume 2 from 1400]] == See Also == * [[Wikipedia: OpenStax]] * [https://openstax.org/ OpenStax.org] * [https://audileo.com/ Official OpenStax Audio Textbooks] *[[:Category:openstax textbook]] *[https://www.facebook.com/openstax/ OpenStax Facebook page] * [https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_baraniuk_the_birth_of_the_open_source_learning_revolution TED Talk dated 2006-02] Founder Richard Baraniuk discussing Connexions *[[Quizbank]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xog2X2SnjvQ YouTube: Importing OpenStax content into Pressbooks] == References == {{reflist}} {{subpages/List}} [[category:openstax file]] [[Category:Quizbank]] [[Category:OpenStax]] [[Category:Openstax textbook]] nxikjfdrlc11jakn70jsuvui4rxgftc 0 264381 2832292 2828806 2026-09-08T22:51:43Z Scogdill 1331941 2832292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Viscount Mandeville Vanity Fair 1882-04-22.jpg|alt=Old drawing for a magazine of an aristocratic man in a formal suit|thumb|"Kim," Viscount Mandeville, 1882]] == Overview == The Mandeville who was in a relationship with music-hall and vaudeville star Bessie Bellwood was Kim (George Victor Drogo) Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892). He was Viscount Mandeville from 18 August 1855 (when his grandfather died) to 22 March 1890 (when his father died).<ref name=":1" /> When he succeeded to the dukedom in 1890, he ended his relationship with Bellwood. His father was the 7th Duke and his mother was [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Louise Cavendish]], "double Duchess [<nowiki/>[[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]]]." Viscount Mandeville (right) was "Man of the Day" (#255) for Vanity Fair, drawn by Leslie Ward ("Spy").<ref>"Viscount Mandeville Vanity Fair 1882-04-22.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viscount_Mandeville_Vanity_Fair_1882-04-22.jpg (retrieved 8 September 2026).</ref> == Also Known As == *Family name: Montagu *The title Viscount Mandeville is a courtesy title for the heir presumptive and eldest son of the [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester |Duke of Manchester]]. *Viscount Mandeville **"Kim" (George Victor Drogo) Montagu [8th Duke], (18 August 1855 – 22 March 1890) **[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke (22 March 1890 – 18 August 1892) **Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu (2 October 1902 – 9 February 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-15|title=Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Montagu,_10th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=983660353|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Viscountess Mandeville **Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu [8th Duchess] (22 May 1876 – 22 March 1890) **Helena Zimmerman Montagu (14 November 1890 – 18 August 1892) *Lord Kimbolton ** [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke (1877 – 22 March 1890) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === "Kim" Montagu, 8th Duke, Lord Mandeville until 1890 === ==== Friends ==== * Edward Russell, 24th Baron de Clifford * Derrick Westenra, 5th Baron Rossmore * Francis Needham, 3rd Earl of Kilmorey === Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu === ==== Friends ==== *Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu was in the intimate circle of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. ==Organizations== === "Kim" Montagu, 8th Duke, Lord Mandeville until 1890 === * Eton<ref name=":1" /> === Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu === * Consuelo Iznaga y Clement Montagu was a member of the New York City social set called the Buccaneers when she was a teenager.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-06|title=Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester&oldid=982192002|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Edith Wharton is said to have take details from the 8th Duke's marriage ''The Buccaneers''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-06|title=George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Montagu,_8th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=982188929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Timeline == '''1855 August 18''', the 6th Duke died. The families "placed in mourning":<blockquote>He is succeeded in the Dukedom by his eldest son, Viscount Mandeville, M.P. By the melancholy event the families of the Marquess and Marchioness of Tweeddale, the Duchess of Wellington, the Duke of Montrose, Lord and Lady Olivia Ossulston [?], Lady Eliza [Elisa?] Steele, the Duke of Richmond, the Countess of St Germans, Lady Sophia Cecil, and many others of rank, are placed in mourning.<ref>"Death of the Duke of Manchester." ''Edinburgh Evening Post and Scottish Standard'' 22 August 1855, Wednesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 5c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.com/image-viewer?issue=BL%2F0001177%2F18550822&page=2&article=025&stringtohighlight=mandeville+viscount. Print title ''Edinburgh Evening Post and Scottish Record''; n.p.</ref></blockquote>'''1876 May 22''', Consuelo Iznaga y Clement and "Kim" (George Victor Drogo, 8th Duke) Montagu married in Grace Church, New York City.<ref name=":0" /> '''1890 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu (9th Duke) and Helena Zimmerman married secretly, in London. '''1897 July 2''', the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire ( [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu Cavendish]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Cavendish]]) hosted the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Lord Charles Montagu, likely Charles William Augustus Montagu, attended, as did [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]]. == Demographics == ===Nationality=== *Consuelo Iznaga y Clement was Cuban-American. *Helena Zimmerman was American. *George, William and Alexander Montagu were British. == Family == *Consuelo (María Consuelo) Iznaga y Clement Montagu, Duchess of Manchester (1853 – 20 November 1909), née Doña María Consuelo Iznaga y Clement<ref name=":0" /> *"Kim" (George Victor Drogo) Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892)<ref name=":1" /> #William Angus Drogo Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester (3 March 1877 – 9 February 1947) #Jacqueline Mary Alva Montagu (27 November 1879 – 15 March 1895). #Alice Eleanor Louise Montagu (27 November 1879 – 10 January 1900) *[[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drogo Montagu]], 9th Duke of Manchester (3 March 1877 – 9 February 1947)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-08|title=William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Montagu,_9th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=982513036|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> *Helena Zimmerman Montagu (25 September 1878 – 15 December 1971)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-08|title=Helena, Countess of Kintore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Countess_of_Kintore&oldid=982513630|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #Mary Alice Montagu Gregory (26 October 1901 – 9 October 1962) #Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester (2 October 1902 – 23 November 1977) #Edward Eugene Fernando Montagu (26 July 1906 – 4 May 1954/1956) #Ellen Millicent Louise Montagu Hofer Shairp (5 January 1908 – 2 August 1948) === Relations === The three Iznaga y Clement sisters were prominent in London "Society": *Consuelo (María Consuelo) Iznaga Montagu, Duchess of Manchester (1853 – 20 November 1909) *Emilie Iznaga y Clement () *Natividad (Natica) Iznaga y Clement Lister-Kaye () == Questions and Notes == * == Papers, Memoirs and Biographies == == Footnotes == <references /> 6oh0efae48x11ududdott5na1x8l34b 0 264911 2832314 2830402 2026-09-09T03:28:51Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores practical applications of motivational theory using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch/OrAo8oBBFIo&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # More info: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search to identify major reviews on the topic ## Search in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] qznlqgwmumvtvt3wj5l8t3ej50pjikg 2832316 2832314 2026-09-09T03:29:59Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores practical applications of motivational theory using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # More info: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search to identify major reviews on the topic ## Search in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] b1gwgxuok887fgsfrcajdl6obhv96xd 2832324 2832316 2026-09-09T04:35:31Z Jtneill 10242 /* Google Scholar */ Update for 2026 2832324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores practical applications of motivational theory using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews # More info: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search to identify major reviews on the topic ## Search in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 16u7paf5hlcc68pevjynr3z1z4wc3i8 2832339 2832324 2026-09-09T05:26:55Z Jtneill 10242 /* Google Scholar */ 2832339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores practical applications of motivational theory using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 6w8wciaba91h91j2bjmd43id1cbe0gm 2832340 2832339 2026-09-09T05:27:43Z Jtneill 10242 /* Google Scholar */ 2832340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores practical applications of motivational theory using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-monitoring # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # It is also worth noting for further discussion that our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== To help identify the best academic resources about a target topic, try these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] levbo82woqm0y6ssiq6elgecq0sy9wl 2832342 2832340 2026-09-09T05:32:01Z Jtneill 10242 Update for 2026 2832342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 3rigyx6o3g7lqcxyy4g60qcqyz8o3f9 2832343 2832342 2026-09-09T05:34:01Z Jtneill 10242 /* References */ 2832343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== <div style="text-align:center">What are these objects?</div> <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> <div style="text-align:center">(mirror, bullet-journal, stop watch, mood ring, scales, blood pressure, heart rate variability, exercise activity tracker, blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> # 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is self-tracking? ##* Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ##* Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ##* Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends ##* Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ##* Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? What are you curious to try?<!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> # Watch: ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # Discuss: ## What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., self-awareness, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ## What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress) ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] pxgdqkpidut0xjoxw15goayvueu2has 2832344 2832343 2026-09-09T05:41:18Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ Update for 2026 2832344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->)<br>(they are self-tracking tools)<br><br>What are they for?<br>(learning about and improving ourselves)</div> * 21st century mobile technology applications offer an increasing array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge: How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is self-tracking? *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends *** Goal pursuit — using self-tracking information to guide self-regulation and behaviour change *** Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ** What are some examples of self-tracking? ** What self-tracking do you do? ** What are you curious to try?<!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? What could you discover? --> * Watch: ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * Discuss: ** What are the potential benefits?<br>(e.g., enhanced self-awareness and self-knowledge, steady stream of data-driven feedback) ** What are the potential problems?<br>(e.g., externalises motivation, could heighten sense of overwhelm and distress, could become obsessive/addictive, social comparison) ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] cqfnvfq9cf9xa0ugr04fc87oiclmdup 2832345 2832344 2026-09-09T05:52:53Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ Update for 2026 2832345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x70px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x70px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is self-tracking? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and rec<small>Small text</small>ording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * Watch: ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * Discuss: ** What are the potential benefits? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential problems? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 0gz0vn9ifcw17j62na5ymi3m7z3gx85 2832346 2832345 2026-09-09T05:54:04Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is self-tracking? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * Watch: ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * Discuss: ** What are the potential benefits? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential problems? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 9rmhzxo2xzn610bb7hzaqyl9xkohnun 2832367 2832346 2026-09-09T08:01:06Z Jtneill 10242 /* External links */ * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) 2832367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is self-tracking? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * Watch: ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * Discuss: ** What are the potential benefits? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential problems? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] s9lob64ii0dq41mdrpjy84x8wq3vvyz 2832368 2832367 2026-09-09T08:03:20Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is '''self-tracking'''? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * '''Watch''': ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * '''Discuss''': ** What are the potential '''benefits'''? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential '''problems'''? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation.— observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] l9xsblqyrkd89pf543gf1r5md0xqcjz 2832369 2832368 2026-09-09T08:06:17Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is '''self-tracking'''? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * '''Watch''': ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * '''Discuss''': ** What are the potential '''benefits'''? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential '''problems'''? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Implicit motives and goals|Implicit motives and goals]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 3fg7br4mg0pw7h75sggl2w4bje5573o 2832370 2832369 2026-09-09T08:26:21Z Jtneill 10242 /* See also */ 2832370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is '''self-tracking'''? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * '''Watch''': ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * '''Discuss''': ** What are the potential '''benefits'''? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential '''problems'''? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] kn6d0uw7z9hsm2qf31hftanqls34seg 2832372 2832370 2026-09-09T08:28:52Z Jtneill 10242 Update for 2026 2832372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== * What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> * The objects are: ** mirror ** bullet-journal ** stop watch ** mood ring ** bathroom scales ** blood pressure monitor ** heart rate variability monitor ** exercise activity tracker ** blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) * What they have in common: ** They are self-tracking tools * What are they for? ** Learning about and improving ourselves * 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? * Discuss: ** What is '''self-tracking'''? *** Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation *** Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ** What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- * What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> *** Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance *** Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states *** Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself * '''Watch''': ** [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) * '''Discuss''': ** What are the potential '''benefits'''? *** enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment *** steady stream of data-driven feedback *** positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ** What are the potential '''problems'''? *** externalises motivation *** can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress *** can become obsessive/addictive *** negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) * Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] j73usd6wlirzoczmk6i3xgxfchfqsgy 2832373 2832372 2026-09-09T08:29:43Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== # What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> # The objects are: ## mirror ## bullet-journal ## stop watch ## mood ring ## bathroom scales ## blood pressure monitor ## heart rate variability monitor ## exercise activity tracker ## blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill -->) # What they have in common: ## They are self-tracking tools # What are they for? ## Learning about and improving ourselves # 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is '''self-tracking'''? ### Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation ### Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> ### Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ### Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ### Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself # '''Watch''': ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # '''Discuss''': ## What are the potential '''benefits'''? ### enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment ### steady stream of data-driven feedback ### positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ## What are the potential '''problems'''? ### externalises motivation ### can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress ### can become obsessive/addictive ### negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) # Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ssnzsp65aaolvxrafs8ai51yse2akz0 2832374 2832373 2026-09-09T08:30:15Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== # What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> # The objects are: ## mirror ## bullet-journal ## stop watch ## mood ring ## bathroom scales ## blood pressure monitor ## heart rate variability monitor ## exercise activity tracker ## blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill --> # What they have in common: ## They are self-tracking tools # What are they for? ## Learning about and improving ourselves # 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is '''self-tracking'''? ### Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation ### Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> ### Self-monitoring — observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance ### Biofeedback — using physiological data to understand and regulate bodily states ### Quantified self — collecting and analysing personal data to identify patterns and trends; conducting quantitative research on yourself # '''Watch''': ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # '''Discuss''': ## What are the potential '''benefits'''? ### enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment ### steady stream of data-driven feedback ### positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ## What are the potential '''problems'''? ### externalises motivation ### can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress ### can become obsessive/addictive ### negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) # Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] b8bqlr1wecsfol05alexmljcedenqzl 2832375 2832374 2026-09-09T08:31:31Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials|Tutorial 5: Functionalist theory and self-tracking|fifth}} {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Complete2}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/In development}} --> ==Overview== This tutorial: # explores motivational theory and practical applications using<!-- which can be used to understand why people behave the way they do - and how they can improve their goal striving and satisfaction / extend on content covered in Chapters 07 and 08 of [[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2018|Reeve (2018)]] -->: ## '''functionalist theory of motivation''' with university student motivations as an example ## '''self-tracking''' as a form of feedback and self-regulation # demonstrates use of '''Google Scholar''' to identify the top references on a topic ==Functionalist theory== # Models of motivation considered so far (e.g., models of needs) assume universality of motivation, and mostly don't recognise two key issues: ## People may perform the same behaviour but with different motivations ## There is often more than one motivation (reason) why someone performs a behaviour # The '''functionalist''' perspective of motivation (Clary & Snyder, 1999) proposes that: ## Behaviours serve different functions (or goals) for different people ## The match between a person's: (a) motivations and (b) outcomes determines (c) [[satisfaction]] and likelihood of continuing # A good match between motivations and outcomes leads to satisfaction and retention (or intention to continue), whereas if motivations are not well matched by corresponding outcomes this will lead to low satisfaction and heightened risk of drop-out # The take-home messages about motivation from a functional perspective are that: ## Motivations are multiple and complex (not singular and simple) ## Motivational profiles differ between people ## The match between motivations and outcomes predicts satisfaction which predicts likelihood to continue # In addition, our motivational profiles fluctuate over time and between contexts # The following exercise demonstrates how a functionalist approach to motivation can be applied ==University student motivations== {{anchor|Activity}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=10}} '''Activity: University student motivations''' # Consider: ##"'''Why''' are '''you''' at university?"—or, more generally, ## '''“Why do students go to uni?”''' # Develop a class [[w:Mind map|mind map]] of the main underlying motivations for attending university. Think and respond honestly—<u>''why''</u> are students <u>'''''really'''''</u> at university? ## Answers are likely to cover a wide range of human motives, but as the map develops, look for underlying themes and group similar motivations together. ## Past experience <!-- with this exercise --> and previous research finds that the motivations are likely to fall within these six categories: ##* '''Career/Qualifications''' - for the degree, so I can get a better job etc. ##* '''Self-Exploration/Learning''' - for the learning, curiousity, knowledge-seeking etc. ##* '''Social Opportunities''' - to meet people, make and explore friendships, enjoy social environment ##* '''Altruism''' - to become better able to help people, help society, help the planet etc. ##* '''Social Pressure''' - expectations of family, friends, society etc. ##* '''Rejection of Alternatives''' - better than doing nothing, working etc. <!-- (Note: Factor analytic research by Neill (2008) has not found psychometric support for the rejection of alternatives factor, but it has for the other five factors). --> # Complete the [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdjfdQ7owYTDGTU4hNmBKRpyL_DZt4IilYZ4v-d12zNAKQiGA/viewform?usp=sf_link University Student Motivation] survey # Discuss results <!-- # Note and discuss: ## Where do you differ notably in your motivational profile from the university average? Who has a notable discrepancy that they would like to share? ##If a motivation factor was rated higher than its corresponding outcome, this is likely to contribute to dissatisfaction and risk of drop-out. ## If any outcome is rated higher than corresponding motivations, the experience of university is "over-delivering" in this area (i.e., you are getting more than expected) which may or may not contribute to satisfaction (depending on how valuable that outcome is to you). Include more info about Kerry Thomas' 4th year study with Lifeline and Red Cross Blood Donation study --> {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Self-tracking== # What are these objects? What do they have in common? <div style="overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;"><div style="width:1560px;"><!-- -->[[File:Is this me mental disorder of looking.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Bullet-Journal-by-Matt-Ragland.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Pedometer.JPG|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Moodring2.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:What's the Right Weight for My Height? (4254117120).jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blutdruckmessgeraet.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Elite HRV - Heart Rate Variability Reading.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Black Nike FuelBand.jpg|x90px]]<!-- -->[[File:Blood Glucose Testing.JPG|x90px]]<!-- --> </div></div> # The objects are: ## mirror ## bullet-journal ## stop watch ## mood ring ## bathroom scales ## blood pressure monitor ## heart rate variability monitor ## exercise activity tracker ## blood glucose monitor<!-- , smart pill --> # What they have in common: ## They are self-tracking tools # What are they for? ## Learning about and improving ourselves # 21st century mobile technology tools offer an expanding array of self-monitoring tools. This presents an opportunity and a challenge:<br>How can optimal use be made of self-tracking? # Discuss: ## What is '''self-tracking'''? ### Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation ### Self-tracking can be used as feedback to guide self-regulation and behaviour change ## What are some examples of self-tracking? What self-tracking do you do? <!-- # What have you discovered through self-tracking? --> What are you curious to try? <!-- What could you discover? --> # '''Watch''': ## [https://youtu.be/OrAo8oBBFIo?si=E4HZtl559TYKPiUb&t=16 The quantified self] (Gary Wolf, TED@Cannes, 2010, YouTube, 4:49 mins (finish at 5:05 mins)) ## [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5okzCjrj0 The quantified self: Data gone wild?] (PBS NewsHour, 2013, YouTube, 5:45 mins) # '''Discuss''': ## What are the potential '''benefits'''? ### enhanced self-awareness, self-knowledge, empowerment ### steady stream of data-driven feedback ### positive effects of social comparison (e.g., increased motivation) ## What are the potential '''problems'''? ### externalises motivation ### can heighten sense of overwhelm and distress ### can become obsessive/addictive ### negative effects of social comparison (e.g., low self-esteem) # Key idea: Self-tracking turns aspects of everyday life into data that can inform self-regulation. It involves observing and recording your own behaviour, thoughts, feelings or performance. ==Google Scholar== Goal: Identify the best academic resources about a target topic, using these [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] search tips: <!-- # [http://scholar.google.com Google Scholar] e.g., [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=self-tracking+motivation self-tracking motivation] (search) --> # '''Citation rates''' - focus on sources with high citation rates (# of citations / years since published) # '''Authors''' - check the publications by top authors on the topic # '''Related articles''' - for top sources, check out "related articles" # '''Link to libraries''' - sync search results to UC Library holdings for quick access to restricted publications ## Login using Google Account ## Settings: Three bars (top-left) - Settings - Library links ## Search for institution name ("UC Library" is the main one, but also "University of Canberra" for Proquest) ## Select target libraries ## Save ## Search results will now show links to full-text resources held in the institutional library # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#library '''Storing citations'''] - save favourite publications to a folder. They can be found via My Library. # '''APA style citations''' - double-quote button. Provides a good start, but may need correcting, italics, and doesn't provide doi # [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts '''Setting up alerts'''] - follow new publications about topics or authors of interest. "Create alert" at bottom of search. <!-- ## [https://canberra.libanswers.com/faq/192648 More info] --> <!-- # Filtering by year # '''Related articles''' # '''Citation searching''' (with Google Scholar or [http://ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/login?url=http://www.scopus.com/home.url Scopus]) --> <!-- # [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html#alerts Setting up alerts] --> # '''Advanced search''' - Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and wildcards (?, *) # '''Major reviews''' - Search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews ## Include "review" or "meta-analysis" in the search term to identify major reviews on the topic # More info about Google Scholar: ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/about.html About] ## [https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html Search tips] ## [https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=745384&p=5361954 Advanced search] # Other possibly useful search strategies: ## Search directly in [[Motivation and emotion/Journals|key journals]] ### Topic-specific - e.g., [https://link.springer.com/journal/11031 Motivation and Emotion] ### Major psychological review journals e.g., [https://www.annualreviews.org/journal/psych Annual Review of Psychology] ## [https://www.scopus.com/ Scopus] ## [https://scite.ai scite.ai] ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= <!-- Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1991). A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. In M. Clark (Ed.), ''Review of personality and social psychology: Vol 12. Pro-social behavior'' (pp. 119-148). Sage. --> Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., Miene, P. (1998). [http://www.comm.umn.edu/~akoerner/courses/5431-S13/Clary%20et%20al.%20(1998).pdf Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach]. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''74''(6), 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516 Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). [http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/8/5/156.full.pdf The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations]. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''8''(5), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00037 }} ==Recording== * [Tutorial 5] (2026) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/b638e341c0404b7495a06ec2f4ee4889 Tutorial 5] (2025)<!-- * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/09ecf4ffc3634700bbeebc40375ed75a Tutorial 5] (2024) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/80241f122b874ad48c34707e1362faa4 Tutorial 5] (2023) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/9c4925f4e1254be7bac2c1d37915e289 Tutorial 5] (2022) * [https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/dd3e4ff54b6b427ba84d6f94285129ac Tutorial 5] (2021) --> ==See also== <!-- ;Additional tutorial material --> <!-- ;Book chapters --> ;Wikipedia * [[w:Biofeedback|Biofeedback]] * [[w:Quantified Self|Quantified Self]] * [[w:Uses and gratifications theory|Uses and gratifications theory]] ;Wikiversity * [[Feedback]] * [[Self-regulation]] * [[Volunteer motivation]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}/Lectures/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] ;Tutorials * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Psychological needs|Psychological needs]] (Previous tutorial) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] (Next tutorial) ;Admin * [[/Instructor notes/]] ==External links== * [https://x.com/BobTroia Bob Troia] (X) * [https://www.google.com.au/search?q=bullet+journal+habit+tracker Bullet journals] (Google image search) * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sporty/fitness-trackers-and-cold-water-swimming/13512108 Do fitness trackers make you more active?] (ABC Radio National - Sporty podcast, 2021) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V08dWCtDyd8 The rise of the quantified self] (Mashable Brand X, 2014, YouTube, 1:48 mins) <!-- # An applied example: Workplace pedometer programs - http://www.10000steps.org.au, http://www.gettheworldmoving.com/ --> <!-- Find another video about pedometer based social media competitions --> <!-- ;Articles/Links # [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FESv2CgyJag The quantified self: How wearable sensors expand human potential] (Lauren Constantini, TEDxMileHigh, 2014) (10:55) # [http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/37784/?mod=MagOur The measured life] # [http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/04/07/adventures-in-self-surveillance-aka-the-quantified-self-aka-extreme-navel-gazing/ Adventures in Self-Surveillance, aka The Quantified Self, aka Extreme Navel-Gazing] # [http://quantifiedself.com The quantified self] # [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/personal-science/201102/growth-quantified-self Growth of quantified self] # [http://opensource.com/health/11/8/open-health-quantified-self Open health with quantified self] # [http://www.launch.is/blog/bringing-quantified-self-to-the-masses-habit-labs-creates-ga.html Bringing quantified self to the masses: Habit labs creates games to make live healthier] # [http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665351/can-jawbone-really-made-people-healtheir-with-their-up-wristband Jawbone UP tracker] # [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1641899/App-to-track-your-every-move App to track your every move] (PlaceMe) - [https://plus.google.com/111091089527727420853/posts/3iqjCACkBuz] # [http://news.cnet.com/8301-33620_3-57602925-278/how-my-body-rejected-activity-trackers-and-the-quantified-self/?google_editors_picks=true How my body rejected activity trackers and the 'quantified self'] (Danny Sullivan, 2013, CNET) --> <noinclude>{{Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Navigation}}</noinclude> [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] o3akc14rf8bwr6zanfkktrw2xcsnsrt 0 265000 2832390 2816318 2026-09-09T09:41:15Z Michael Ten 654933 added == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == and == Questions and answers for learning == after editing and reviewing information 2832390 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Components stress tensor.svg|thumb|right|Components of the Cauchy stress tensor in Cartesian coordinates]] In mathematics, a tensor is a certain kind of geometrical entity and array concept. It generalizes the concepts of scalar, vector (geometric) and linear operator, in a way that is independent of any chosen frame of reference. For example, doing rotations over axis does not affect at all the properties of tensors, if a transformation law is followed. Tensors are of importance in pure and applied mathematics, physics and engineering. == Resources == * [[Acceleration stress-energy tensor]] * [[Acceleration tensor]] * [[Dissipation field tensor]] * [[Dissipation stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational tensor]] * [[Pressure field tensor]] * [[Pressure stress-energy tensor]] == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * How do tensors generalize scalars, vectors, matrices, and multidimensional arrays into a broader mathematical framework? * What is the relationship between a mathematical tensor and the arrays used to represent its components? * Why and how is coordinate independence important for tensors in mathematics, physics, and engineering? * How are tensors used differently in physics and engineering compared with artificial intelligence and machine learning? * How and why are tensors useful for representing multidimensional data and complex relationships across many fields? == Questions and answers for learning == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What are tensors, and how are they used in mathematics, engineering, artificial intelligence, and other fields? === A '''tensor''' is a mathematical object used to represent quantities and relationships that may involve multiple dimensions or directions. Tensors generalize simpler objects such as scalars, vectors, and matrices. When a basis or coordinate system is chosen, the components of a tensor can be represented as a multidimensional array. # '''In mathematics,''' tensors are used in linear algebra, geometry, differential geometry, and related fields to describe relationships that remain meaningful across changes in coordinates. # '''In physics,''' tensors describe quantities such as stress, strain, electromagnetic fields, and the curvature of spacetime. # '''In engineering,''' tensors help model forces, materials, deformation, fluid behavior, and other multidirectional systems. # '''In artificial intelligence and machine learning,''' tensors are widely used as multidimensional arrays for representing and processing data, including images, batches of data, neural-network parameters, and intermediate calculations. # '''In computer graphics and scientific computing,''' tensors can represent transformations, simulations, spatial relationships, and high-dimensional datasets. # '''More generally,''' tensors provide a flexible mathematical framework for representing complex relationships involving several dimensions or directions. Exploring this on a wiki meant for learning, teaching, and research can be valuable because tensors connect mathematics with physics, engineering, computing, and artificial intelligence. A concise introduction can support learning and teaching while also providing a useful starting point for deeper research. == See Also == * [[Tensors]] * [[Wikipedia: Tensor]] [[Category:Tensors| ]] 7w8uy08n7vgim178gifeg7fgq6piv1k 2832391 2832390 2026-09-09T09:41:45Z Michael Ten 654933 /* Resources */ Tensors 2832391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Components stress tensor.svg|thumb|right|Components of the Cauchy stress tensor in Cartesian coordinates]] In mathematics, a tensor is a certain kind of geometrical entity and array concept. It generalizes the concepts of scalar, vector (geometric) and linear operator, in a way that is independent of any chosen frame of reference. For example, doing rotations over axis does not affect at all the properties of tensors, if a transformation law is followed. Tensors are of importance in pure and applied mathematics, physics and engineering. == Resources == * [[Acceleration stress-energy tensor]] * [[Acceleration tensor]] * [[Dissipation field tensor]] * [[Dissipation stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational tensor]] * [[Pressure field tensor]] * [[Tensors]] * [[Pressure stress-energy tensor]] == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * How do tensors generalize scalars, vectors, matrices, and multidimensional arrays into a broader mathematical framework? * What is the relationship between a mathematical tensor and the arrays used to represent its components? * Why and how is coordinate independence important for tensors in mathematics, physics, and engineering? * How are tensors used differently in physics and engineering compared with artificial intelligence and machine learning? * How and why are tensors useful for representing multidimensional data and complex relationships across many fields? == Questions and answers for learning == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What are tensors, and how are they used in mathematics, engineering, artificial intelligence, and other fields? === A '''tensor''' is a mathematical object used to represent quantities and relationships that may involve multiple dimensions or directions. Tensors generalize simpler objects such as scalars, vectors, and matrices. When a basis or coordinate system is chosen, the components of a tensor can be represented as a multidimensional array. # '''In mathematics,''' tensors are used in linear algebra, geometry, differential geometry, and related fields to describe relationships that remain meaningful across changes in coordinates. # '''In physics,''' tensors describe quantities such as stress, strain, electromagnetic fields, and the curvature of spacetime. # '''In engineering,''' tensors help model forces, materials, deformation, fluid behavior, and other multidirectional systems. # '''In artificial intelligence and machine learning,''' tensors are widely used as multidimensional arrays for representing and processing data, including images, batches of data, neural-network parameters, and intermediate calculations. # '''In computer graphics and scientific computing,''' tensors can represent transformations, simulations, spatial relationships, and high-dimensional datasets. # '''More generally,''' tensors provide a flexible mathematical framework for representing complex relationships involving several dimensions or directions. Exploring this on a wiki meant for learning, teaching, and research can be valuable because tensors connect mathematics with physics, engineering, computing, and artificial intelligence. A concise introduction can support learning and teaching while also providing a useful starting point for deeper research. == See Also == * [[Tensors]] * [[Wikipedia: Tensor]] [[Category:Tensors| ]] rds45733ilnyw4mqp7vh5l6bpplrh7x 2832392 2832391 2026-09-09T09:42:03Z Michael Ten 654933 /* See Also */ === Wikipedia === 2832392 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Components stress tensor.svg|thumb|right|Components of the Cauchy stress tensor in Cartesian coordinates]] In mathematics, a tensor is a certain kind of geometrical entity and array concept. It generalizes the concepts of scalar, vector (geometric) and linear operator, in a way that is independent of any chosen frame of reference. For example, doing rotations over axis does not affect at all the properties of tensors, if a transformation law is followed. Tensors are of importance in pure and applied mathematics, physics and engineering. == Resources == * [[Acceleration stress-energy tensor]] * [[Acceleration tensor]] * [[Dissipation field tensor]] * [[Dissipation stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational stress-energy tensor]] * [[Gravitational tensor]] * [[Pressure field tensor]] * [[Tensors]] * [[Pressure stress-energy tensor]] == Discussion questions, essay ideas, and AI prompt ideas == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} * How do tensors generalize scalars, vectors, matrices, and multidimensional arrays into a broader mathematical framework? * What is the relationship between a mathematical tensor and the arrays used to represent its components? * Why and how is coordinate independence important for tensors in mathematics, physics, and engineering? * How are tensors used differently in physics and engineering compared with artificial intelligence and machine learning? * How and why are tensors useful for representing multidimensional data and complex relationships across many fields? == Questions and answers for learning == {{Template:AI-generated-section}} === What are tensors, and how are they used in mathematics, engineering, artificial intelligence, and other fields? === A '''tensor''' is a mathematical object used to represent quantities and relationships that may involve multiple dimensions or directions. Tensors generalize simpler objects such as scalars, vectors, and matrices. When a basis or coordinate system is chosen, the components of a tensor can be represented as a multidimensional array. # '''In mathematics,''' tensors are used in linear algebra, geometry, differential geometry, and related fields to describe relationships that remain meaningful across changes in coordinates. # '''In physics,''' tensors describe quantities such as stress, strain, electromagnetic fields, and the curvature of spacetime. # '''In engineering,''' tensors help model forces, materials, deformation, fluid behavior, and other multidirectional systems. # '''In artificial intelligence and machine learning,''' tensors are widely used as multidimensional arrays for representing and processing data, including images, batches of data, neural-network parameters, and intermediate calculations. # '''In computer graphics and scientific computing,''' tensors can represent transformations, simulations, spatial relationships, and high-dimensional datasets. # '''More generally,''' tensors provide a flexible mathematical framework for representing complex relationships involving several dimensions or directions. Exploring this on a wiki meant for learning, teaching, and research can be valuable because tensors connect mathematics with physics, engineering, computing, and artificial intelligence. A concise introduction can support learning and teaching while also providing a useful starting point for deeper research. == See Also == === Wikipedia === * [[Wikipedia: Tensor]] [[Category:Tensors| ]] p8mo91mzqdvd6ejn01os6mxj4kcfuhf 2 266516 2832406 2828149 2026-09-09T10:35:29Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina (Crabronidae) */ 2832406 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = South African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (South Africa) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison montanum'' Cameron, 1908 (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) == Genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == jz09psob8127m2mx4cd3fb66tjfw8n9 2832407 2832406 2026-09-09T10:35:47Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 */ 2832407 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = South African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (South Africa) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison montanum'' Cameron, 1908 (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) == Genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == s4qhdbqoj0c9eu90lmiq8nea1kc8bql 2832408 2832407 2026-09-09T10:36:01Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Trypoxylon Latreille, 1796 */ 2832408 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = South African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (South Africa) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison montanum'' Cameron, 1908 (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == rzolhwd112oz6gljym9bpty3fr12e0b 2832409 2832408 2026-09-09T10:36:22Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* South African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini (Crabronidae) */ 2832409 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = Southern African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (South Africa) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison montanum'' Cameron, 1908 (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == 42asn2nh16x4yk9a1xmr7tbfk4js85t 2832410 2832409 2026-09-09T10:42:23Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 */ 2832410 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = Southern African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (South Africa) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison montanum'' Cameron, 1908 (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == qje6puc3q4l58y7goyqsb117mf55n15 2832411 2832410 2026-09-09T11:06:50Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 */ 2832411 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = Southern African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa) *''Pison atrum'' (Spinola, 1808:253) described by Cameron as ''Pison montanum'' (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (an Australian species; see Pulawski, 2018:85 http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/copies/Pulawski_2018.pdf) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa; "Transvaal". The only record seems to be the description) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == t45njbiykeq8kyouxp4yackcn0uz6zj 2832413 2832411 2026-09-09T11:12:30Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 */ 2832413 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = Southern African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa) *''Pison atrum'' (Spinola, 1808:253) described by Cameron as ''Pison montanum'' (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa to Tanzania and Uganda) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (an Australian species; see Pulawski, 2018:85 http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/copies/Pulawski_2018.pdf) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa; "Transvaal". The only record seems to be the description) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == d93yallnzrur50uh1yvzavvsmnah4mz 2832419 2832413 2026-09-09T11:47:02Z Alandmanson 1669821 /* Genus Pison Jurine, 1808 */ 2832419 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Info--> = South African wasp species of Subtribe Gastrosericina ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]])= == Genus ''Gastrosericus'' == There are 25 Afrotropical species; four in South Africa. == Genus ''Kohliella'' Brauns, 1910 <ref>http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35572001</ref>== There are three species of ''Kohliella''; two are Afrotropical.<ref>https://www.waspweb.org/Apoidea/Crabronidae/Classification/index.htm</ref> ''Kohliella alaris'' is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe; it hunts tree crickets.<ref>Gess, S.K. & Gess, F.W. 2014. Wasps and bees in southern Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series 24. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. p. 71-72. https://archive.org/details/waspsbeesinsouth24gess/page/70/mode/2up</ref> == Genus ''Parapiagetia'' == == Genus ''Tachytes'' == There are 79 Afrotropical species; 15 in South Africa. == Genus ''Tachysphex '' == There are 128 Afrotropical species; 41 in South Africa. == Genus ''Larropsis '' == ''Larropsis (Ancistromma) obliqua'' (F. Smith); description in Arnold, 1923b:218 as ''Tachytes obliquus'' == Genus ''Tachytella '' == == Genus ''Prosopigastra'' == == Genus ''Holotachysphex '' == <br> <br> <br> <br> = Southern African wasp species of Tribe Trypoxylini ([[African Arthropods/Crabroninae|Crabronidae]]) = == Genus ''Pison'' Jurine, 1808 == Arnold (1924, 1-10) has a key and descriptions. *''Pison allonymum'' Schulz, 1906 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa) *''Pison atrum'' (Spinola, 1808:253) described by Cameron as ''Pison montanum'' (Kenya, South Africa, Zambia) *''Pison transvaalense'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa; probably most of southern Africa to Tanzania and Uganda) *''Pison auratum'' Shuckard, 1838 (an Australian species; see Pulawski, 2018:85 http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/copies/Pulawski_2018.pdf) *''Pison denticeps'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa; "Transvaal". The only record seems to be the description) *''Pison repentinum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison rufitarse'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Pison scruposum'' Arnold, 1955 (Zimbabwe) == Genus ''Trypoxylon'' Latreille, 1796 == *''Trypoxylon abditum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon algoense'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon arnoldi'' Menke, 1976 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Trypoxylon braunsi'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon capense'' Cameron, 1905 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon cataractae'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon chirindense'' Arnold, 1936 (Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon foveatum'' Cameron, 1904 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon inconstans'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon infimum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon kohli'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon letiferum'' Arnold, 1946 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon lissonotum'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon montivagum'' Arnold, 1940 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon nodosum'' Arnold, 1944 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon punctatissimum'' Arnold, 1924 (South Africa) *''Trypoxylon stevensoni'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon stroudi'' Gribodo, 1884 (Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Trypoxylon testaceipes'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) *''Trypoxylon triste'' Arnold, 1924 (Zimbabwe) = Pompilidae of South Africa = == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly orange to yellow with fuscous (darker or blackish) wing-tips == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Inaturalist 258649905 b.jpg Hemipepsis hilaris - inaturalist 10850475.jpg Cyphononyx decipiens inat 26259647 b.jpg Tachypompilus ignitus inaturalist 311015843 02.jpg Pompilidae 2021 12 12 inaturalist 313386858 04.jpg Pompilidae 2020 04 13 inaturalist 43563902 06.jpg </gallery> *The extent of the fuscous colour can be limited to the apex of the wing beyond the cells, or extend into the cells to a varying extent. * <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings fuscous (black or very dark) == *The wings often have green-blue-violet reflections. <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae 2019 05 01 2835.jpg|Female ''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' Pompilidae inaturalist 124148802 01.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx optimus'' Pompilidae 2021 12 18 iNat 316501919 a.jpg|Female ''Cyphononyx obscurus'' Pompilidae 2025 03 14 iNat 266538336 a.jpg|Male ''Hemipepsis vindex'' Pompilidae_2019_05_28_0256.jpg| Spider-hunting Wasp (Hemipepsis) female (12640106905).jpg|''Hemipepsis'' sp. </gallery> <br> === Species with black antennae, legs, head, thorax and abdomen === Some parts may be brown. *''Java atropos'' *''Cyphononyx obscurus'' *''Hemipepsis vindex'' *''Hemipepsis vespertilio'' *''Hemipepsis braunsi'' *''Batozonellus fuliginosus'' <br> === Species with black antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, but legs (or parts of some legs) yellow to red === *''Cyphononyx optimus'' *''Paracyphononyx zonatus'' <br> <br> == South African Pompilidae with fore-wings mainly hyaline to fuscous-hyaline == <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Pompilidae inaturalist 123577538.jpg Pompilidae inaturalist 46961473.jpg Pompilidae iN 144781033 03.jpg </gallery> *With fuscous (darker) wing apex *One or two fuscous bands (faciated or bifaciated) *Hyaline parts can be clouded (whiteish clouding) or coloured (yellow-tinted) <br> == South African Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region: [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 Madl, 2020] *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881; key in Móczár 1986a: 321 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}} (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa?, Uganda, Zimbabwe?) *''Ceropales {{font color||#0f0|(Priesnerius)}} kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837; key in Móczár 1986b: 125 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904; key in Móczár 1986a: 320 (Lesotho, South Africa) **''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) **''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) **= Hemiceropales scobinifera (Arnold, 1937): Móczár 1986a: 319 *''Ceropales (Bifidoceropales) sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910; key in Móczár 1990: 61 (South Africa, Tanzania) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 - {{font color||yellow|''helvetica'' group}}; key in Móczár 1989: 12 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) <br> ==Afrotropical Ceropalinae == Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region (Madl, 2020).<ref name=Madl2020>Madl, M. (2020). Annotated catalogue of the subfamily Ceropalinae (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Afrotropical region. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 72: 73-84. [https://www.entomologie.at/permalink/articles/87-zeitschrift-der-arbeitsgemeinschaft-oesterreichischer-entomologen-72-2020-0073-0084 PDF]</ref> Ceropalinae can be defined by:<ref name=Brothers1993>Brothers, D. J. & Finnamore. (1993). Superfamily Vespoidea. In Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.). (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. 161-278. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259227143</ref><ref name=Waichert2015> Waichert, C., Rodriguez, J., Wasbauer, M. S., Von Dohlen, C. D., & Pitts, J. P. (2015). Molecular phylogeny and systematics of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): redefining subfamily boundaries and the origin of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175(2), 271-287. {{doi|10.1111/zoj.12272}} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282015793 PDF]</ref> == Genera and species of Afrotropical Ceropalinae == This list is based on that of [https://www.waspweb.org/Pompiloidea/Pompilidae/Ceropalinae/index.htm '''waspweb'''] with changes following the Catalogue of Life (Kroupa & Schmid-Egger, 2025)<ref name=CoL2025> Kroupa, A. S., & Schmid-Egger, C. (2025). Hymenoptera Information System, Pompilidae of the World (version 2019-09). In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, T. Pape, D. Hobern, S. Garnett, H. Little, R. E. DeWalt, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, C. Aedo, E. Aescht, et al., Catalogue of Life (Version 2025-07-10). Catalogue of Life Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.48580/dg9ld-4kv </ref> and [[w:George_Arnold_(entomologist)|papers by Arnold (1932-1962)]].<br> === Genus ''Ceropales'' === *''Ceropales africana'' Móczar, 1989. (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Yemen, Zambia) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales arnoldi'' Móczar, 1988 (Namibia) *''Ceropales atra'' Móczar, 1991 (Botswana) *''Ceropales cribrata cribrata'' A. Costa, 1881 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales cribrata maculipes'' Móczar, 1986 (Zambia) *''Ceropales carinitifrons'' Wahis, 1986 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales angolaensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Angola) *''Ceropales dayi'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales ferrugo'' Móczar, 1989 (Kenya) *''Ceropales gambiae'' Móczar, 1989 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone) *''Ceropales gessi'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa) *''Ceropales grahamstowni'' Móczar, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales juncoi'' Giner Mari, 1945 (Chad, Egypt, Israel, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Western Sahara) *''Ceropales karooensis'' Arnold, 1937 (Namibia, South Africa) *''Ceropales kongoensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Togo, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales kriechbaumeri'' Magretti, 1884 (Burkina Faso, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales latifasciatus'' Arnold, 1937 (Ethiopia) *''Ceropales lawrencei'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales levipleuris'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales maliensis'' Móczar, 1989 (Mali, Senegal) *''Ceropales maroccana'' Beaumont, 1947 (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe. Also Palaearctic region) *''Ceropales multipicta'' Arnold, 1937 (Botswana, Namibia) *''Ceropales picta'' Shuckard, 1837 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda) *''Ceropales punctulatus punctulatus'' Cameron, 1904 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales punctulatus bulawayoensis'' Bischoff, 1913 (Angola, Burkina Faso, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales punctulatus cereris'' Arnold, 1937 (Lesotho, South Africa) *''Ceropales ruficollis'' Cameron, 1910 (Kenya, Tanzania) *''Ceropales saegeri'' Móczar, 1988 (Democratic Reublic of Congo) *''Ceropales senegalensis'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Senegal) **''Ceropales senegalensis mbouri'' Móczar, 1988 (Senegal) *''Ceropales scobiniferus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa) *''Ceropales seyrigi'' Wahis, 1987 (Madagascar) *''Ceropales spinolai'' Móczar, 1988 (Guinea) *''Ceropales subhelvetica'' Móczar, 1988 (Burkina Faso, Senegal. Also Palaearctic: Israel) *''Ceropales sulciscutis'' Cameron, 1910 (South Africa, Tanzania) **''Ceropales sulciscutis raymondi'' Móczar, 1990 (Democratic Republic of Congo) *''Ceropales variolosus'' Arnold, 1937 (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda) *''Ceropales waltoni'' Arnold, 1959 (Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe) *''Ceropales yemeni'' Móczar, 1988 (Yemen. Also Palaearctic: Israel, Saudi Arabia) <br> === Genus ''Irenangelus'' === *''Irenangelus madescassus'' Wahis, 1988 (Madagascar) <br> ==Eumeninae== Photos of ''Antodynerus'' on GBIF:<br> ''alboniger'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689053 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''hova'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320165802 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''kelneri'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3762658306 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br> ''lugubris'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1248689125 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)<br> ''seyrigi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1322648015 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''sheffieldi'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1318932924 (CC0 1.0)<br> ''silaos'': https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320574593 (CC0 1.0)<br> ==Ants== '''Subfamilies of Formicidae (WaspWeb)''' Number of iNaturalist records for subfamilies of Formicidae in Africa (2023-05-23) Amblyoponinae 7 Dolichoderinae 630 Dorylinae 1 167 Formicinae 10 396 Camponotus 6 090; Lepisiota 1 046 Myrmicinae 8 484 Crematogaster 1 786; Pheidole 1 468; Messor 1 156 Ponerinae 1 623 Proceratiinae 3 Pseudomyrmecinae 296 Aenictinae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictus'' <br> Aenictogitoninae One Afrotropical genus ''Aenictogiton'' <br> Amblyoponinae Five Afrotropical genera <br> Apomyrminae One Afrotropical genus ''Apomyrma'' <br> Cerapachyinae Five Afrotropical genera<br> Dolichoderinae Eight Afrotropical genera<br> Dorylinae One Afrotropical genus ''Dorylus'' <br> Formicinae 20 Afrotropical genera<br> Leptanillinae One Afrotropical genus ''Leptanilla'' <br> Myrmicinae 37 Afrotropical genera <br> Ponerinae 18 Afrotropical genera <br> Proceratiinae Three Afrotropical genera <br> Pseudomyrmecinae One Afrotropical genus Tetraponera <br> <gallery mode=packed heights=200> Aenictogiton sp.jpg|''Aenictogiton'' sp., Aenictogitoninae Apomyrma stygia casent0101444 profile 1.jpg|''Apomyrma stygia'', Apomyrminae Cerapachys coxalis casent0173076 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys coxalis'', Cerapachyinae Cerapachys centurio castype12081-02 profile 1.jpg|''Cerapachys centurio'', Cerapachyinae Tapinoma subtile casent0132840 dorsal 1.jpg|''Tapinoma subtile'', Dolichoderinae Dorylus helvolus, a, Seringveld.jpg|''Dorylus helvolus'', Dorylinae Polyrhachis schistacea00.jpg|''Polyrhachis schistacea'', Formicinae Anoplolepis custodiens, met prooi, a, Krugersdorp.jpg|''Anoplolepis custodiens'', Formicinae AFRICAN THIEF ANT SIX.jpg|''Carebara vidua'', Myrmicinae Millipede Hunter Ant (Plectroctena mandibularis) (11904420373).jpg|''Plectroctena mandibularis'', Ponerinae Discothyrea hewitti sam-hym-c000061a profile 1.jpg|''Discothyrea hewitti'', Proceratiinae Probolomyrmex filiformis casent0102141 profile 1.jpg|''Probolomyrmex filiformis'', Proceratiinae Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|''Tetraponera natalensis'', Pseudomyrmecinae </gallery> == N-P interactions == Dai, Z., Liu, G., Chen, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., Ai, S., Wei, D., Li, D., Ma, B., Tang, C., Brookes, P.C. and Xu, J., 2020. Long-term nutrient inputs shift soil microbial functional profiles of phosphorus cycling in diverse agroecosystems. The ISME journal, 14(3), pp.757-770. '''Abstract''' Microorganisms play an important role in soil phosphorus (P) cycling and regulation of P availability in agroecosystems. However, the responses of the functional and ecological traits of P-transformation microorganisms to long-term nutrient inputs are largely unknown. This study used metagenomics to investigate changes in the relative abundance of microbial P-transformation genes at four long-term experimental sites that received various inputs of N and P nutrients (up to 39 years). Long-term P input increased microbial P immobilization by decreasing the relative abundance of the P-starvation response gene (phoR) and increasing that of the low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporter gene (pit). This contrasts with previous findings that low-P conditions facilitate P immobilization in culturable microorganisms in short-term studies. In comparison, long-term nitrogen (N) input significantly decreased soil pH, and consequently decreased the relative abundances of total microbial P-solubilizing genes and the abundances of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria containing genes coding for alkaline phosphatase, and weakened the connection of relevant key genes. This challenges the concept that microbial P-solubilization capacity is mainly regulated by N:P stoichiometry. It is concluded that long-term N inputs decreased microbial P-solubilizing and mineralizing capacity while P inputs favored microbial immobilization via altering the microbial functional profiles, providing a novel insight into the regulation of P cycling in sustainable agroecosystems from a microbial perspective. ==Diptera== ===Wing and leg-waving behavior in flies=== ====Food detection==== *''Rhagio lineola'' and ''R. tringarius'' feed on pollen and/or honeydew, which they locate by sweeping their front legs across the surface of leaves. They have a few fine hairs on their front legs, probably for this purpose. Other Rhagionidae do not have these hairs. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359760392 *It is also possible that some flies sample the air with the chemical sensors on their legs or feet. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage ====Courtship==== *Some Taeniapterinae are thought to wave their white-tipped front legs attract females. **https://bugguide.net/node/view/217136/bgpage *''Physiphora clausa'' appear to use leg-waving in courtship displays. **https://www.flickr.com/photos/jean_hort/4663220062 *Waving of forelegs is included in the complex courtship behavior of ''Physiphora demandata'' **https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00298.x ====Mimics for defense==== *Stilt-legged flies ''Rainieria antennaepes'' mimic ichneumonid wasps. They extend their fore-legs in front of their head, so they look like wasp antennae. **https://thingsbiological.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/stilt-legged-flies-rainieria-antennaepes/ *Some hover-fly species mimic wasps by mock stinging, leg waving, or wing wagging. **https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/674612 *Wing-waving to mimic salticid spiders. **https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373081 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6083895<br> <br> ===Number of iNat records in Acalyptrate fly families=== The [[w:acalyptratae|acalyptrate fly clade]] includes the following superfamilies and families:<br> * '''Carnoidea''' ** Acartophthalmidae 0 ** Australimyzidae 0 ** Braulidae (bee lice) 1 ** Canacidae (beach flies) 3 ** Carnidae (bird flies) 0 ** Chloropidae (frit flies) 259 ** Cryptochetidae 1 ** Inbiomyiidae 0 ** Milichiidae (freeloader flies) 158 <br> * '''Diopsoidea''' ** Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) 545 ** Gobryidae 0 ** Megamerinidae 0 ** Nothybidae 0 ** Psilidae (rust flies) 29 ** Somatiidae 0 ** Syringogastridae 0 <br> * '''Ephydroidea''' ** Camillidae 0 ** Campichoetidae 0 ** Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) 15 ** Diastatidae 0 ** Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) 312 ** Ephydridae (shore flies) 117 <br> * '''Lauxanioidea''' ** Celyphidae (beetle flies) 0 ** Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) 24 ** Cremifaniidae 0 ** Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies) 710 <br> * '''Nerioidea''' ** Cypselosomatidae 0 ** Fergusoninidae 0 ** Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) 245 ** Neriidae 109 ** Strongylophthalmyiidae 0 ** Tanypezidae (stretched-foot flies) 0 <br> * '''Opomyzoidea''' ** Agromyzidae (leaf-miner flies) 161 ** Anthomyzidae 3 ** Asteiidae 4 ** Aulacigastridae 2 ** Clusiidae (druid flies) 2 ** Marginidae 0 ** Neminidae 0 ** Neurochaetidae 0 ** Odiniidae 0 ** Opomyzidae 4 ** Periscelididae 1 ** Teratomyzidae 0 ** Xenasteiidae 0 <br> * '''Sciomyzoidea''' ** Coelopidae (kelp flies) 51 ** Conopidae (thick-headed flies) 192 ** Dryomyzidae 1 ** Helcomyzidae 0 ** Helosciomyzidae 0 ** Heterocheilidae 0 ** Huttoninidae 0 ** Natalimyzidae 0 ** Phaeomyiidae 0 ** Ropalomeridae 1 ** Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) 67 ** Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) 269 <br> * '''Sphaeroceroidea''' ** Chyromyidae (golden flies) 19 ** Heleomyzidae (heleomyzid flies) 151 ** Nannodastiidae 0 ** Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies) 48 <br> * '''Tephritoidea''' ** Ctenostylidae 1 ** Lonchaeidae (lance flies) 47 ** Pallopteridae (flutter-wing flies) 5 ** Piophilidae (cheese skipper flies) 1 ** Platystomatidae (signal flies) 683 ** Pyrgotidae (scarab-pursuing flies) 119 ** Richardiidae 0 ** Tachiniscidae 2 ** Tephritidae (fruit flies) 1,759 ** Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) 165 == References == ivdxte355wg7vasxf7x5d30rww0pe3v 0 271824 2832381 2455669 2026-09-09T08:45:39Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832381 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align:center;"> == <span>The Element <nowiki><p></nowiki></span> == </div> <p>To create a paragraph, simply type in the <b><span style="color:blue;"><nowiki><p></nowiki></span>¹</b> element with its opening and closing tags:</p> <syntaxhighlight lang="html" style="border:1px solid;"> <html> <head> <title>first page</title> </head> <body> <p>This is a paragraph. </p> <p>This is another paragraph. </p> </body> </html> </syntaxhighlight> <div style="background-color:lightyellow;{{text default color}};border:0px solid;"> <p>Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.</p> </div> <div style="text-align:center;"> <h2><span>Single Line Break</span></h2> </div> <p>Use the <b><span style="color:blue;"><nowiki><br /></nowiki></span>²</b> tag to add a single line of text without starting a new paragraph:</p> <syntaxhighlight lang="html" style="border:1px solid;"> <html> <head> <title>first page</title> </head> <body> <p>This is a paragraph. </p> <p>This is another paragraph. </p> <p>This is <br /> a line break </p> </body> </html> </syntaxhighlight> <div style="background-color:lightyellow;{{text default color}};border:0px solid;"> <p>The <nowiki><br /></nowiki> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.</p> </div> <div style="background-color:LavenderBlush;{{text default color}};border:0px solid;"> <p><b>1. <span style="color:blue;"><nowiki><p></nowiki></span></b></br> Defines a paragraph.</br> <b>2. <span style="color:blue;"><nowiki><br /></nowiki></span></b></br> Defines a single line break.</p> </div> [[Category:HTML]] 2xippq244fuiftl4k4cr97vyhq0yu40 0 278781 2832379 2400308 2026-09-09T08:41:58Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Adding Numbered Projects to OSF}} <table style=" width: 100%; height: 20px; background-color: #933A90;{{text default color}}; border: 2px solid black;"> <tr><td style=" margin: 10px; padding-left: 225px; padding-right: 225px;"> <span style=" color: #FFFFFF"> '''DISCLAIMER''' </span>: '''''This is only if you have already been given an [[Helping Give Away Psychological Science |<span style=" color: #FFFFFF"> HGAPS </span>]] project number and have an [[Helping_Give_Away_Psychological_Science/Standard_Operating_Procedures/_OSF_Basics|<span style=" color: #FFFFFF"> OSF </span>]] account.''''' </td></tr> </table> =Adding Numbered Projects to OSF= ===<u>HGAPS Projects</u>=== HGAPS has a collection of different projects all being managed simultaneously by different groups within the HGAPS community. For simplicity and easy access to each of these projects, upon request, they are given numbers. For more information on this process and getting a number, contact the Executive Director, [[wikipedia:Eric_Youngstrom|Dr. Eric Youngstrom]], in specific or any other [[Helping_Give_Away_Psychological_Science#Leadership|HGAPS leader]]. ===<u>Projects and OSF</u>=== When assigned a number, the next step is organizing your project through the core set of free online platforms HGAPS uses. A important aspect of this organization is creating an OSF project for your specified number. This document will guide you on how to include your already '''''existing project''''' or a '''''component''''' onto the Number Groups project to increase accessibility for other HGAPS members and the general public. ===<u>Step by Step Guide</u>=== ====<u>''Step 1''</u>==== Open your OSF account and you will be automatically taken to the dashboard page shown above. Use this to search "Numbered Projects." [[File:Start_at_the_OSF_dashboard_01.png|684x684px]] ====<u>''Step 2''</u>==== When searched, the name "@@Numbered Projects With Helping Give Away Psychological Science" should pop up. If it does not, that means you have not been added as a contributor to the project. If this happens, search the above name on the "search" tab in the top right corner of the black OSF bar to access the project page and contact a contributor so your project is added. [[File:Start at the OSF dashboard 02.png|Start at the OSF dashboard 02 |671x671px]] ====<u>''Step 3''</u>==== This is how the project page will appear .[[File:Start at the OSF dashboard 03.png|Start at the OSF dashboard 03 |826x826px]] ====<u>''Step 4''</u>==== To begin, head over to the components section. In this section, you will see two tabs at the top that say "Add Component" and "Link Projects." Click on the tab that says "Link Projects" if you have already created a project in OSF for your number. Click "Add Component" if you have '''''not''''' created a project for your number (for adding a component, please proceed to step 8). [[File:Start_at_the_OSF_dashboard_04.png | 516x516px]] ====<u>''Step 5''</u>==== This is what will appear when you press "Link Projects." In the search bar, search the name of your project. Ideally, your project will have the number in the name for easier navigation. [[File:Start at the OSF dashboard 05.png|Start at the OSF dashboard 05|521x521px]] ====<u>''Step 6''</u>==== After searching your project, click the green plus button next to the name and then click done. [[File:Start at the OSF dashboard 06.png|Start at the OSF dashboard 06|572x572px]] ====<u>''Step 7''</u>==== This is what the final components section will look like after adding your project to this page! [[File:Start at the OSF dashboard 07.png|Start at the OSF dashboard 07|864x864px]] ====<u>''Step 8''</u>==== When pressing "Add Component," this is what should appear. Create a title for your OSF project. Preferably, put your number first in the title and then followed with the actual title of the project. If you would like to add contributors, press this check box and it will prompt you to add the said contributors. When finished, click done. [[File:Create a component.png|Create a component | 500x500px]] ====<u>''Step 9''</u>==== This is what the final resulting component should look like when you have successfully added the project to this page! [[File:Component depiction.png|Component depiction | 500x500px]] ===<u>Congrats!!</u>=== You have now successfully added your project to the Numbered Projects Page! __NOTOC__ hx68j2e5i3247ko1tryeedwdvmtv9gz 0 282260 2832271 2815568 2026-09-08T18:32:24Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832271 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- DON'T MESS WITH THIS BIT --> {{Eventmath draft header}} <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF;{{Text default color}}; padding: 1em; overflow:hidden;"> <div style="overflow:hidden;"> <!--CONTRIBUTOR INSTRUCTIONS 1. This text is a comment: it'll be hidden from the published lesson plan, so it's just for you! If you see unfamiliar code, look for an explanation in a comment like this. 2. Heads up: you'll find a comment at the bottom with simple instructions on adding "category tags," which will help people find this lesson plan. Please follow them :) --> <div style="width:50%; margin-right:4em; float:left;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview <!--EDIT BELOW THIS LINE ONLY--> <!-- The summary below is displayed as a guide for visitors and contributors. You can publish without it, but it's required for removal from draft status.--> |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> Proportions and basic spreadsheet calculations. Basic mechanics of the Electoral College in the United States (see [[Eventmath/Lesson_plans/Proportions_and_voting_power_under_the_Electoral_College#Resources|Resources]]). |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn.--> Students will propose different measures of the "individual voter power" of residents in a state, based on its population and its representation in the Electoral College. They will calculate these measures in a spreadsheet and compare their findings to the article's main assertion. |class-time = 60-90 minutes <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). Article example: | source-website = Huffington Post | source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. | source-date = 2016-11-10 | source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 Post example: | source-website = Twitter | source-title = Remember: Germany is supposed to be a SUCCESS STORY. | source-date = 2020-12-22 | source-url = https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223064324/https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-date = 2021-02-16 Notes: 1. To ensure lesson plans can be sorted by date, please enter all dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD, including leading zeros: January is 01, not 1, for example. 2. If you cannot find a date, use n.d. as the date (no date). 3. To ensure that the article/post will remain accessible for educators and students... a. Archive it at https://archive.org/web/ (use the "Save Page Now" form to generate a permanent URL). b. Paste that URL here as the source-archive-url. c. Enter the date you archived the source as the source-archive date. 4. Linking to a website helps the site. If the lesson plan is debunking disinformation, you may avoid spreading disinformation by omitting the url of the original site entirely. In that case, use the URL of the archived version as the value of source-url, and omit values for archive-url and archive-date. --> | source-website = Huffington Post | source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It's Time To End The Electoral College. | source-date = 2016-11-10 | source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-date = 2020-12-10 }} </div> <div style="float:left; width:20%;"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|250px]] </div> </div> <div style="width:70%; float:left;"> <!--INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE BODY OF THE LESSON PLAN 1. Note that "==My heading==" is a level 2 section heading, "===My subheading===" is level 3, etc. Level 1 is reserved for the title. 2. After you fill in a section, please delete the ''italicized instructions.'' 3. Check out the "Advanced" and "Help" menus at the top of the editor if you don't know how to format lists, etc. --> ==Activities== ===Discussion of articles=== # '''Preparation:''' Read the following article before class: [https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/519826-let-us-abolish-the-electoral-college "Let us abolish the Electoral College,"] October 6, 2020, ''The Hill''. Discuss with students whether the stated opinions are supported by evidence, especially numerical evidence. # '''Preparation:''' Read the main article from ''Huffington Post'', although it's so short that perhaps this could be done together during class. Discuss with students whether this provides more contextual information than the first article. # '''Discussion:''' Ask students whether the value of 3.6 in the title of the ''Huffington Post'' article refers to the ratio of a Wyomingite voter's power to a Californian voter's power or whether it refers to the reciprocal. # '''Discussion:''' Ask students to define a quantified measure of individual voter power by state. Encourage them to think of more than one way to do this, emphasizing that there may not necessarily be "one correct way." However, for the sake of the rest of the lesson, make sure that students eventually decide to include at least these two measures: ## Number of residents / number of Electoral College votes. ## Number of Electoral College votes / number of residents. (This is the reciprocal of the first one.) ===Data collection and analysis=== [[File:Faenza-x-office-spreadsheet.svg|right|350px|spreadsheet]] The main activity now is to create a spreadsheet containing the most recent census data showing each state's population, the number of Electoral College votes each state has, and the individual voter power in each state according to each of the proposed measures stated above. (For the instructor's convenience, [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HOca2MKYheQ6gJirmaSazNGvAlYOj_OLnr8rYaRiDvI/edit?usp=sharing here is a Google Sheets file] with each state's population -- both 2010 and 2020 census data -- and their # of Electoral College votes.) For the data collection, you may consider having students work on this in groups so they can continue the task as homework later. Or, you may consider working together as a class to create one spreadsheet, perhaps by assigning individual tasks to groups of students (e.g. "This group will find recent census data while this group sets up the spreadsheet calculations.") For the data analysis, you may consider having some prepared discussion questions or a worksheet of problems for groups of students to solve using the spreadsheet. For example, you might ask: * Which state's individuals have the smallest voting power by measure #1? What about measure by #2? * Which state's individuals have the largest voting power by measure #1, and by measure #2? Could there theoretically be a state with a larger value than that? How large do you think it could be? * Which states are traditionally considered "influential" in presidential elections? What are the values of their individual voting power, and what does that tell us, if anything? ===Concluding discussion=== [[File:2020 United States presidential election in California results map by county.svg|right|300px|California Presidential Election Results 2020]] Ask students some probing questions to inspire further discussion, such as: * Which of these measures is more helpful for quantifying what we actually want to measure? * Which of these measures is more helpful for understanding the real world situation in question? * Which of these measures do the articles actually use? * And do the articles make all of this information clear? Finally, use all of the data and any points raised in discussion to compare Wyoming and California, as the article does: * Ask students whether they agree with the article’s headline, or whether they might have written it differently. * Discuss with the students why they think Wyoming and California were chosen, out of all the states. How might the headline have been different if other states were chosen as comparison points? ===Instructor notes=== ====Comparison of the proposed measures==== <!--Table copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation and modified because the Val template on Wikiversity needs to be updated --> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:5px;" |- !Decimal notation !Scientific notation |- |<math>2</math> |<math>2\times 10^0</math> |- |<math>300</math> |<math>3\times 10^2</math> |- |<math>4321.768</math> |<math>4.321768\times 10^3</math> |- |<math>-53000</math> ||<math>-5.3\times 10^4</math> |- |<math>6720000000</math> |<math>6.72\times 10^9</math> |- |<math>0.2</math> |<math>2\times 10^{-1}</math> |- |<math>987</math> |<math>9.87\times 10^2</math> |- |<math>0.00000000751</math> |<math>7.51\times 10^{-9}</math> |} Discussing these finer points with students might help them better understand how we make conventional choices about definitions in mathematics. * If you define individual voter power in a state as the number of residents per Electoral College vote (calculation: number of residents / number of Electoral College votes), then you will find that Wyoming has the absolute minimum and California has the absolute maximum. However, this is arguably "incorrect" for two reasons: ** The ratio of individual voter power in Wyoming to individual voter power in California would be 1/3.6 and not 3.6, as the headline states. So, this measure is at least inconsistent with the article's claims. ** Moreover, this measure is inconsistent with our intuition about how individual voter power might change. For example, if the number of Electoral College votes allotted to a given state were to instantly increase (say, due to a legislative action), then we would expect the power of each individual voter in that state to increase, as well. However, the number of residents per Electoral College vote would decrease. * If you define individual voter power in a state as the amount of an Electoral College vote that each voter represents (calculation: number of Electoral College votes / number of residents), then you will find that Wyoming has the absolute maximum and California has the absolute minimum, and the ratio of those ratios is 3.6. ** This supports the article’s claim. Since this definition is consistent with intuition, as well, it better captures the quantity we are trying to measure. ** However, this measure leads to tiny numbers. This may prompt a mini-lesson on scientific notation or other ways of expressing and working with large/small numbers. Moreover, you may have to help students format the spreadsheet to display the values correctly and helpfully. ====Limitations of the proposed measures==== Each of the measures is subject to limitations. For example, Wyoming and California are currently [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College#Summary winner-take-all states], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming Wyoming consistently votes for Republicans in presidential elections], whereas [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California California consistently votes for Democrats]. So, it is likely that all of Wyoming’s electors in a modern election will vote for the Republican candidate, in which case a Wyomingite who votes for a Democrat would not be represented in the Electoral College vote. The same can be said of a voter in California who votes for a Republican. Neither measure discussed in this lesson plan accounts for this issue, or others like it. Despite such limitations, these quantitative measures do provide a starting point for discussion. An essay prompt in the [[Eventmath/Lesson_plans/Proportions_and_voting_power_under_the_Electoral_College#Assignments|''Assignments'' section]] is intended to help students explore this tension. ====Why Wyoming and California?==== Why were Wyoming and California chosen as the highlights of the article? For one, the author lives in California. For another, they make for the most striking and disparate comparison between any pair of states, at least for the 2010 census data. ==Assignments== There are many directions an assignment could take with this lesson. Here are just some examples: <div style="padding-top: 0.5em;"> [[File:Composition Notebook (5736841980).jpg|left|250px|alt=Composition Notebook]] </div> <div style="overflow-x: hidden; padding-left: 1em;"> * ''Discussion/Essay prompt:'' Ask students to write a headline that would more accurately represent what the methods in the article itself imply about the comparison between California and Wyoming, and to describe why they believe that headline is a more accurate representation. * ''Essay prompt:'' Ask students to write an op-ed of their own that either rebuts the original article or provides more evidence in support of it. (It may be important to remind students that they can disagree with an argument without necessarily disagreeing with the conclusion, for instance.) * ''Assignment prompt:'' Ask students to create an informative, shareable explanation of how the headline of the original ''Huffington Post'' article may mislead someone who doesn’t read the rest of the article. It may help to ask them to pretend they’re making something for their friends or family to see, like a Twitter thread or TikTok video. * ''Project prompt:'' Ask students to recreate the data collection and analysis for presidential elections in the past. It may be interesting to look at population and Electoral College data from 20, 50, or 100 years ago and compare individual voter power in different states. At what point in time was there the largest disparity between states? Is this 3.6 value (WY/CA) the largest ratio, historically? And how has the voting power of individuals in a state changed over time? * ''Extended project prompt:'' This idea goes well beyond the basic mathematics of the earlier parts of this lesson, but it may work for your context: What if the USA used a different apportionment scheme for allocating representatives in Congress? Students could run various algorithms to allocate reps and adjust the data in the spreadsheet accordingly. (Information about how representatives are apportioned to the states can be found [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment#Apportionment_methods on Wikipedia] and on the [https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/congressional-apportionment/about.html website of the U.S. Census Bureau].) * ''Essay prompt:'' In the article [https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1780&context=vlr "One Man, 3.312 Votes: A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College,"] John F. Banzhaf III states that "the theoretical voting power of an individual may not coincide with his actual ability to affect the outcome of any particular election," citing issues such as "the political impotence of a Republican in a solidly Democratic state." Does this statement apply to the measure of individual voter power you chose? Describe any limitations of your chosen measure, and discuss the extent to which they affect its overall utility and explanatory power. </div> ==Resources== ===Background=== <!-- Electoral College image and caption copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College --> [[File:ElectoralCollege2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Electoral votes, out of 538, allocated to each [[U.S. state|state]] and the [[District of Columbia]] for [[United States presidential election|presidential elections]] to be held in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]] and 2028, based on representation, which depends on population data from the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. Every jurisdiction is entitled to at least 3.]] There is not much mathematical background presumed for this lesson plan, only a facility with calculations and proportions. Here is a [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/praxis-math/praxis-math-lessons/praxis-math-number-and-quantity/a/gtp--praxis-math--article--ratios-and-proportions--lesson Khan Academy lesson on ratios and proportions]. Part of implementing this lesson plan may involve first teaching students the basic mechanics of the Electoral College. Here are a few resources for that: * "How the Electoral College works: A guide to the complex system the United States uses to select a president," from [https://graphics.reuters.com/USA-ELECTION/ELECTORAL-COLLEGE/qzjpqaeqapx/ Reuters] * "How the Electoral College Works," from [https://youtu.be/OUS9mM8Xbbw CGP Grey on YouTube] * "Does your vote count? The Electoral College explained - Christina Greer," from [https://youtu.be/W9H3gvnN468 TED-Ed on YouTube] ===Explorations=== Students may ask whether there are other resources that have defined this notion of "individual voter power," or you may wish to assign a project that asks students to find any and compare to their findings from this lesson. * Example from the popular press: ''Wallet Hub'' has a list of [https://wallethub.com/edu/how-much-is-your-vote-worth/7932 "States with the Most & Least Powerful Voters"] and a methodology section at the end that describes how they defined "powerful." Here's an [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324095524/https://wallethub.com/edu/how-much-is-your-vote-worth/7932 archived version of the same page], in case the first link doesn't work. * Example from the research literature: Banzhaf III, John F. "[https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1780&context=vlr One man, 3.312 votes: a mathematical analysis of the Electoral College.]" ''Vill. L. Rev.'' 13 (1968): 304. Finally, students may also be interested in public opinion around these issues. For example, a recent Pew Research report claims [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/08/05/majority-of-americans-continue-to-favor-moving-away-from-electoral-college/ "Majority of Americans continue to favor moving away from Electoral College"]. Students may want to read this as part of the class discussion about this topic, or they may want to use this information when writing a response essay of their own. ==Feedback== <!--PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION DIRECTLY.--> Have you found this lesson plan helpful? Tell us about it! Just click ''Endorse'' below to open up an editor and type your comments. 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It's up to you. --> [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] [[Category: Eventmath arithmetic]] [[Category: Eventmath politics]] gmxeujrs9ezpxn0h8r5p0w72d10r42y 0 285380 2832351 2832220 2026-09-09T06:30:48Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2832351 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260909.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> bxkoam10zs5258riao2l2y7izh78emk 0 286856 2832334 2814930 2026-09-09T05:06:50Z P U3270518 3106535 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail 2832334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environmental volunteering motivation:<br>What motivates environmental volunteering?}} {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/-2-LWXMM29Q}} __TOC__ == Overview == [[File:People volunteering to help the environment.png|thumb|304x304px|''Figure 1.'' Environmental volunteers.]] [[w:Environmental volunteering|Environmental volunteering]] is important as if people are not [[wikipedia:Motivation#cite_note-Ryan_2000-3|motivated]] to participate in environmental volunteering, the environment will continue to deteriorate at a rapid rate (Adamo et al., 2021). This chapter will discuss environmental volunteering and the what, why and how people can be motivated to volunteer. This book chapter will be focusing on two key [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Goal-framing theory and pro-environmental behaviour|pro-environmental]] motivators and they are personal norms and subjective norms. Personal norms using underlying theory of the norm activation model (NAM) and subjective norms using [[extrinsic motivation]] and value-belief-norms theory (VBN). These theories and concepts can be applied to individuals, groups and communities by using targeted motivational techniques. By understanding motivational theory, individuals, groups or organisations can better approach people to encourage pro-environmental behaviour. Furthermore, environmental volunteering has co-benefits of social connectivity and health promotion in which can be used as techniques to appeal to people and also help motivate them (the target audience) to participate in environmental volunteering. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is environmental volunteering? * Why is environmental volunteering important? * What motivates environmental volunteering? * What benefits are there to environmental volunteering? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Environmental volunteering== Environmental volunteering allows individuals to be a part of the mission to protect and improve the natural environment through unpaid activities. These activities can range from conservation projects to informal activites within local communities. Understanding environmental voluteering and its role in protecting environment will provide a foundation for exploring factors that influence people's motivation to participate. === What is environmental volunteering? === Volunteering is the act of choosing to participate in unpaid work for a movement, group or organisation (Wilson,2000). Environmental volunteering refers to the action of volunteering for an environmentally focused cause to help maintain and safeguard the environment (Patrick et al., 2022). There are two key types of volunteering: formal and informal, both of which are unpaid work. Formal volunteering can be described as contributing help to an organisation whereas informal volunteering is often described as just “helping out” someone typically of closer acquaintance (e.g., picking up rubbish from your neighbour's yard) (Wilson & Musick, 1997; Rochester, 2006). === Why is environmental volunteering important? === A healthy, sustainable environment is fundamental for humans and all living species to survive. According to Adamo et al. (2021) the majority of environmental hazards, damages and problems which have occurred humans have been responsible for it. This includes the primary contribution to pollution, greenhouse gases, and deforestation which are major causes of global warming, climate change and the expanding hole in the earth’s ozone layer. These environmental changes can disrupt ecosystem and biodiversity, affecting human health, wildlife and earth's natural resources. Environmental volunteering overall promotes social connectivity and health and it is further important for nature conservation and increasing environmental knowledge (Sloane & Pröbstl-Haider, 2019). === Pro-environmental behaviours and examples === Pro-environmental behaviours are actions an individual can make to contribute towards safeguarding the environment or reducing environmental harm and they may be private or public actions (Balunde et al., 2019). Examples of pro-environmental behaviours include recycling, composting, reducing waste and electricity consumption or participation/volunteering in environmental movements. Environmental volunteering also involves participating in actions which benefit the environment and therefore, pro-environmental behaviours are reflected within the core of environmental volunteering (Patrick et al., 2022) ==How to motivate environmental volunteering== It is important to understand the underlying theories and concepts of motivation such as personal norms, norm activation model, subjective norms and extrinsic motivation and value-belief-norm theory. Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteering is helpful as organisations, groups or individuals can consider how to best interact and develop appropriate programs to be able to better increase the number of volunteers recruited and retaining volunteers over time (Bruyere & Rappe, 2007). === Personal norms === [[File:Norm activation model.png|thumb|451x451px|''Figure 2.'' Norm activation model.]] Personal norms are feelings which motivate a person's intentions and behaviours and can be used to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour and volunteering (Schwartz & Howard, 1981). The norm activation model (NAM) shown in ''Figure 2'' explains that pro-environmental and altruistic behaviour is an associated reaction from three key components including ascription of responsibility (AR), adverse consequence (AC) and personal norms (PN) (Schwartz, 1977). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''For example:''' Gary cares about living in a healthy environment and future. Gary sees an advertisement from a pro-environmental organisation looking for environmental volunteers. The advertisement stated, ‘Your ecosystem and local wildlife is suffering from litter! Can you help us preserve the environment?’ and used personal norms to encourage environmental volunteering. See the table below presenting how this fits in with the NAM. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {| class="wikitable" |+ !AC !AR !PN !Prosocial intentions and behaviour |- |Not picking up litter will damage the ecosystem and harm wildlife. |Some people have been littering. |Gary wants to Preserve the ecosystem and protect wildlife. |Gary's intention is to help preserve the ecosystem and protect wildlife by picking up litter. |} A study conducted by Jansson & Dorrepaal (2015) investigated whether personal norms, problem awareness and [[wikipedia:Social_norm|social norms]] were connected and how the factors attributed towards personal climate change norms. Jansson & Dorrepaal (2015) found that personal climate change norms are significantly influenced by problem awareness and social norms which suggests they are important factors for the engagement of prosocial/environmental behaviour to occur. Moreover, results demonstrated that moral attributes of care, fairness and authority are key elements with the norms for climate change. Limitations identified in the study include the potential of participants' responses having self-selection bias and due to the study design being cross-sectional and correlational, results/conclusions can only demonstrate correlation. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the importance of two key attributes (problem awareness and social norms) which can be used as strategies to increase ecological behaviour particularly towards climate change and can be related to further environmental issues. For example, an organisation wants volunteers to plant trees to help reduce global warming. To promote personal norms they use the techniques of increasing awareness of the impacts of deforestation through targeted campaigns and additionally, they create a social norm by mentioning the large number of previous and current volunteers. [[File:Muhammad Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation.png|thumb|''Figure 3.'' Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation.]] === Subjective norms === People's behaviour towards the environment can also be influenced by subjective norms, particularly those established by people who are the closest to them. These may clude peers, family members, teachers, parents, and local communities (Law et al., 2013). Furthermore, subjective norms are extrinsic factors that constitute the rules or standards which tell members of a group or society how to behave based on values-belief-norms theory (VBN) (Stern, 2000). VBN theory of environmentalism explains that values, beliefs and norms impact environmentally friendly behaviour (Stern, 2000). Extrinsic norms in particular can be applied to influence someone’s participation in volunteering and thus, pro-environmental behaviour is influenced by the social roles and requirements of social environments and culture. According to past research, adolescents are more likely to volunteer if their best friend and parents volunteer (Van Goethem et al., 2014). The influence of parents on volunteering is greater than that of friends (Smentana, 2006). In addition to reinforcing social norms and informing individuals regarding their perceptions, effectiveness and behaviours, social support and role models can also promote pro-environmental activities such as environmental volunteering. == Quiz == Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Environmental volunteering does not help to safeguard or maintain the environment: |type="()"} - True + False {Extrinsic motivation is doing something because you want to with no external pressure: |type="()"} - True + False {Both personal norms and subjective norms can motivate environmental volunteering: |type="()"} + True - False </quiz> == Benefits of environmental volunteering == [[File:Social connectivity and teamwork.png|thumb|224x224px|''Figure 4.'' Social connectivity promotes teamwork.]] Environmental volunteering not only benefits the environment however there are many co-benefits such as social connectivity and health promotion in which benefit people on an individual level, group or community level as well as future generations. ===Social connectivity=== Environmental volunteering promotes social connectivity (Seymour et al., 2020). This can be observed as volunteers typically work in a small or large groups where they can connect with new people and create new friends as they work together to help the environment. ===Health promotion=== Spending time in nature can co-benefit the environment as well as people's physical and mental health (patrick et al., 2022). For example, an individual participates in environmental volunteering where they walk through nature for a few hours on a sunny day picking up litter. In this example, the individual exercise has been undertaken, vitamin D from the sun has been received and the individual feels a rewarding feeling making them happy. ==Conclusion== Environmental volunteering involves people choosing to do unpaid work which benefits the environment and is important for creating a sustainable, safe environment for current and future generations. Key underlying theories of what motivates environmental volunteering includes the norm activation model, moral framework theory and value-belief-norm theory. Environmental volunteering can be motivated by both personal and social norms which can lead towards positive effects on the environment, social connectivity and mental and physical health.{{tip|Safeguarding and maintaining the environment is crucial for human survival and has personal and external benefits. Take home reflection question Have you previously or are you currently engaging in pro-environmental behaviours and/or environmental volunteering? If not, consider how you motivate yourself or someone else to engage in these behaviours.}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviours: How can people be motivated to adopt more environmentally friendly behaviours?]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Volunteer motivation|Volunteer motivation: What motivates volunteering?]](Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Volunteering motivation: Altruism or egoism?|Volunteering motivation: Altruism or egoism?]] (Book chapter, 2016) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Adamo, A. N., & Sissakian, V. (2021). Review of Climate Change Impacts on Human Environment: Past, Present and Future Projections. "Engineering, 13"(11), pp. 605–. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2021.1311044 Balunde, A., Perlaviciute, G., & Steg, L. (2019). The relationship between people’s environmental considerations and pro-environmental behaviour in Lithuania. "Frontiers in Psychology". https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02319 Bruyere, B., & Rappe, S. (2007). Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteers. ''Journal of Environmental Planning and Management'', ''50''(4), pp. 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560701402034 Güntert, S. T., Strubel, I. T., Kals, E., & Wehner, T. (2016). The quality of volunteers’ motives: Integrating the functional approach and self-determination theory. ''The Journal of Social Psychology, 156''(3), pp. 310–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1135864 Jansson, J. & Dorrepaal, E. (2015). Personal Norms for Dealing with Climate Change: Results from a Survey using Moral Foundations Theory. "Sustainable Development, 23"(6), pp. 381-395. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1598 Law, B. M. F., Shek, D. T. L., & Ma, C. M. S. (2013). Validation of Family, School, and Peer Influence on Volunteerism Scale among Adolescents. "Research on Social Work Practice, 23", pp. 458-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731513476144 Oudeyers, P., & Kaplan, F. (2009). What is intrinsic motivation? A typology of computational approaches. ''Frontiers in Neurorobotics.'',''1''(6) https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.12.006.2007 Patrick, Henderson‐Wilson, C., Ebden, M., & Smith, J. (2022). Exploring the co-benefits of environmental volunteering for human and planetary health promotion. ''Health Promotion Journal of Australia'', ''33''(1), pp. 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.460 Rochester, C. (2006). Making sense of volunteering. "The Commission of the Future of Volunteering", 1-39. Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative Influence on Altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 221-279). "Academic Press". http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60358-5 Schwartz, S. H. & Howard, J. A. (1981). A Normative Decision-Making Model of Altruism. In: P. J. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), "Altruism and Helping Behavior: Social, Personality, and Developmental Perspectives" (pp. 189-211). Lawrence Erlbaum. Seymour, V., King, M., & Antonaci, R. (2020). Exploring those characteristics which may help to foster and support people’s social-ecological resilience: an environmental volunteering case study. ''Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 10''(4), pp. 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-020-00590-0 Sloane, G., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2019). Motivation for environmental volunteering - A comparison between Austria and Great Britain. ''Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism'', ''25'', pp. 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.01.002 Smetana, J. G., Campione-Barr, N., & Metzger, A. (2006). Adolescent Development in Interpersonal and Societal Contexts. "Annual Review of Psychology, 57", pp. 255-284. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190124 Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior. "Journal of Social Issues, 56", pp. 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175 Udo, G., Bagchi, K. & Maity, M. (2016). Exploring Factors Affecting Digital Piracy Using the Norm Activation and UTAUT Models: The Role of National Culture. "J Bus Ethics, 135", pp. 517–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2484-1 Van Goethem, A. A. J., Van Hoof, A., Van Aken, M. A. G., De Castro, B. O., & Raaijmakers, Q. A. W. (2014). Socialising Adolescent Volunteering: How Important Are Parents and Friends? Age Dependent Effects of Parents and Friends on Adolescents’ Volunteering Behaviours. "Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35", pp. 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.12.003 Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1997). Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work. "American Sociological Review, 62", 694-713. Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 215–240. Annual Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215 }} ==External links== * [https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/environmental-volunteering/volunteering Environmental volunteering] (Victoria State Government) * [https://studentenergy.org/influencer/climate-change/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw166aBhDEARIsAMEyZh7YMeifMhctzXxr9eZLaGsShvlAxM9JnGGlZdBrbOHBDUK3HEdVY_AaAuubEALw_wcB Climate Change] (Student Energy) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Volunteering]] 1v6p74laug44b4iom3cexie4w6p0ual 0 291839 2832303 2467303 2026-09-09T02:16:23Z ~2026-48741-56 3110793 just kinda moved the times and aspects thing up 2832303 wikitext text/x-wiki Times and Aspects . There are, in Portuguese, three tenses and several aspects, namely: *Present, which expresses frequent or commonplace actions. *Past tense, expressing actions completed in the past, being divided into: **Imparfect tense, unfinished actions; **Perfect tense, finished actions; **Plusperfect preterit, action prior to an already finished one; *Future, which expresses specific actions that will occur in the future, being divided into: **Future of the present, actions that will be performed; **Future of the past, actions that could be performed. In Portuguese, verbs are divided into six modes, according to what they express: *Indicative, to express facts taken for granted (certainty); *Conjunctive or subjunctive, to express suppositions (possibility); *Imperative, to express instructions (order, request, advice); *Conditional, to express conditions (usually based on assumptions); *Infinitive, verbal forms that do not express anything autonomous, being divided into: **Personal infinitive, in which each form corresponds to a person; **Impersonal infinitive, where the form names its verb; Periphrastic conjugation The periphrastic conjugation refers to non-tenses — let's call it that because, although it is grammatically correct to use any of the forms below, these are not tenses in our grammar. We can use the periphrastic conjugation to express the following meanings: *Need - ter de + infinitive ; *Certainty - haver de + infinitive ; *Intent - estar para + infinitive ; *Future realization - verb ''ir'' in the present indicative + infinitive of the main verb; *Close fulfillment - verb ''estar'' in the present tense + a + infinitive or verb ''estar'' in the present tense + gerund; *Gradual realization - verb ''ir'' in the present tense + gerund; *Simultaneous event(1) - verb ''ir'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Simultaneous event(2) - verb ''estar'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Probability or duty - verb ''dever'' in the present tense + infinitive; *Advice or reflection - verb ''dever'' in the imperfect preterite of the indicative + infinitive; [[Category:Portuguese|grammar]] n9kwfw9hruysqwloh1p9lbk6yq4r3ad 2832304 2832303 2026-09-09T02:16:47Z ~2026-48741-56 3110793 removed the dot 2832304 wikitext text/x-wiki Times and Aspects There are, in Portuguese, three tenses and several aspects, namely: *Present, which expresses frequent or commonplace actions. *Past tense, expressing actions completed in the past, being divided into: **Imparfect tense, unfinished actions; **Perfect tense, finished actions; **Plusperfect preterit, action prior to an already finished one; *Future, which expresses specific actions that will occur in the future, being divided into: **Future of the present, actions that will be performed; **Future of the past, actions that could be performed. In Portuguese, verbs are divided into six modes, according to what they express: *Indicative, to express facts taken for granted (certainty); *Conjunctive or subjunctive, to express suppositions (possibility); *Imperative, to express instructions (order, request, advice); *Conditional, to express conditions (usually based on assumptions); *Infinitive, verbal forms that do not express anything autonomous, being divided into: **Personal infinitive, in which each form corresponds to a person; **Impersonal infinitive, where the form names its verb; Periphrastic conjugation The periphrastic conjugation refers to non-tenses — let's call it that because, although it is grammatically correct to use any of the forms below, these are not tenses in our grammar. We can use the periphrastic conjugation to express the following meanings: *Need - ter de + infinitive ; *Certainty - haver de + infinitive ; *Intent - estar para + infinitive ; *Future realization - verb ''ir'' in the present indicative + infinitive of the main verb; *Close fulfillment - verb ''estar'' in the present tense + a + infinitive or verb ''estar'' in the present tense + gerund; *Gradual realization - verb ''ir'' in the present tense + gerund; *Simultaneous event(1) - verb ''ir'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Simultaneous event(2) - verb ''estar'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Probability or duty - verb ''dever'' in the present tense + infinitive; *Advice or reflection - verb ''dever'' in the imperfect preterite of the indicative + infinitive; [[Category:Portuguese|grammar]] 1qyyt99dv8nn3jq2168kxsvzaao777f 2832305 2832304 2026-09-09T02:17:50Z ~2026-48741-56 3110793 moved "periphrastic conjugation" (we need to change english just call this "grammar rulings" or something) 2832305 wikitext text/x-wiki Times and Aspects There are, in Portuguese, three tenses and several aspects, namely: *Present, which expresses frequent or commonplace actions. *Past tense, expressing actions completed in the past, being divided into: **Imparfect tense, unfinished actions; **Perfect tense, finished actions; **Plusperfect preterit, action prior to an already finished one; *Future, which expresses specific actions that will occur in the future, being divided into: **Future of the present, actions that will be performed; **Future of the past, actions that could be performed. In Portuguese, verbs are divided into six modes, according to what they express: *Indicative, to express facts taken for granted (certainty); *Conjunctive or subjunctive, to express suppositions (possibility); *Imperative, to express instructions (order, request, advice); *Conditional, to express conditions (usually based on assumptions); *Infinitive, verbal forms that do not express anything autonomous, being divided into: **Personal infinitive, in which each form corresponds to a person; **Impersonal infinitive, where the form names its verb; Periphrastic conjugation The periphrastic conjugation refers to non-tenses — let's call it that because, although it is grammatically correct to use any of the forms below, these are not tenses in our grammar. We can use the periphrastic conjugation to express the following meanings: *Need - ter de + infinitive ; *Certainty - haver de + infinitive ; *Intent - estar para + infinitive ; *Future realization - verb ''ir'' in the present indicative + infinitive of the main verb; *Close fulfillment - verb ''estar'' in the present tense + a + infinitive or verb ''estar'' in the present tense + gerund; *Gradual realization - verb ''ir'' in the present tense + gerund; *Simultaneous event(1) - verb ''ir'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Simultaneous event(2) - verb ''estar'' in the imperfect tense of the indicative + a + infinitive; *Probability or duty - verb ''dever'' in the present tense + infinitive; *Advice or reflection - verb ''dever'' in the imperfect preterite of the indicative + infinitive; [[Category:Portuguese|grammar]] 78nvh39xk44beceekrvik4o60id51th 0 299245 2832338 2741122 2026-09-09T05:25:04Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-tracking */ 2832338 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Functional perspective== * The identified university student motivations can be viewed through the lens of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation (from the previous tutorial) i.e., ** Career/Qualification - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Self-exploration - passion/curiousity - intrinsic ** Social opportunities - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Altruism - intrinsic, but pro-social behaviours can be conducted for extrinsic reasons (e.g., social approval) ** Social pressure - extrinsic * Volunteer motivations provide excellent examples (e.g., blood donation, crisis phone counselling (e.g., Lifeline), and environmental volunteering) for functional analysis * Motivations also change over time - time is a 3rd dimension (after motivation and satisfaction) that could be brought to the functionalist perspective ==Self-tracking== * Front-load videos with the critical thinking questions about what are the (motivational) pros and cons of self-tracking? * Move to the slide with space for pro and con responses soon after providing the video links ==Google Scholar== * Use "self-tracking" as an example * Include search terms for meta-analysis and/or systematic review * Or ask participants to volunteer an example book chapter topic for the search demonstration [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] 0knq7jjv7s64aba9ozvryplade1ht5f 2832347 2832338 2026-09-09T05:59:47Z Jtneill 10242 Update for 2026 2832347 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Functional perspective== * Example responses (if the class size is very small, paste some of these onto the whiteboard to help provide a diversity of motivations): ** Career/Qualification *** necessary step to achieve career goals *** to further my career *** want a particular career ** Self-exploration *** a passion to knowledge *** people like to learn *** Higher education ** Social opportunities *** Make friends *** Meet people like myself *** Extra-curricular activities ** Altruism *** being useful *** helping others *** making a contribution to socieity ** Social pressure *** cultural and social norms *** pressure from outsiders *** pressure from parents * The identified university student motivations can be viewed through the lens of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation (from the previous tutorial) i.e., ** Career/Qualification - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Self-exploration - passion/curiousity - intrinsic ** Social opportunities - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Altruism - intrinsic, but pro-social behaviours can be conducted for extrinsic reasons (e.g., social approval) ** Social pressure - extrinsic * Volunteer motivations provide excellent examples (e.g., blood donation, crisis phone counselling (e.g., Lifeline), and environmental volunteering) for functional analysis * Motivations also change over time - time is a 3rd dimension (after motivation and satisfaction) that could be brought to the functionalist perspective ==Self-tracking== * Front-load videos with the critical thinking questions about what are the (motivational) pros and cons of self-tracking? * Move to the slide with space for pro and con responses soon after providing the video links ==Google Scholar== * Use "self-tracking" as an example * Include search terms for meta-analysis and/or systematic review * Or ask participants to volunteer an example book chapter topic for the search demonstration [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] iy6nrlhdj7ht4a9hzxxrdzi4t5ov4sq 2832376 2832347 2026-09-09T08:39:08Z Jtneill 10242 Expand 2832376 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Functional perspective== * Example university student motivation responses (if the class size is very small, paste some of these onto the whiteboard to help provide a diversity of motivations): ** Career/Qualification *** necessary step to achieve career goals *** to further my career *** want a particular career ** Self-exploration *** a passion to knowledge *** people like to learn *** Higher education ** Social opportunities *** Make friends *** Meet people like myself *** Extra-curricular activities ** Altruism *** being useful *** helping others *** making a contribution to socieity ** Social pressure *** cultural and social norms *** pressure from outsiders *** pressure from parents * The data from psychology students in motivation and emotion indicates that: ** Career/Qualification - strongest motivation, endorsed 8/8 by ~60%; for almost all students it is at least a moderate motivator ** Self-exploration - second strongest motivation, endorses 8/8 by ~30%; for almost all students it is at least a moderate motivator ** Social opportunities - a very flat distributation, with similar %s at each level, suggesting large diversity in extent to which it is a motivator - for some, very strong, for others, not at all ** Altruism - third strongest motivation, not far behind self-exploration, so most psychology students at least moderately endorse pro-social motivation ** Social pressure - a very flat distribution, with a distinct peak (mode) for 1/8 for 23%; these students report being completely unaffected by social all other students report at least some social pressure, including 20% of students saying 7/8 or 8/8 * The identified university student motivations can be viewed through the lens of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation (from the previous tutorial) i.e., ** Career/Qualification - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Self-exploration - passion/curiousity - intrinsic ** Social opportunities - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Altruism - intrinsic, but pro-social behaviours can be conducted for extrinsic reasons (e.g., social approval) ** Social pressure - extrinsic * Volunteer motivations provide excellent examples (e.g., blood donation, crisis phone counselling (e.g., Lifeline), and environmental volunteering) for functional analysis * Motivations also change over time - time is a 3rd dimension (after motivation and satisfaction) that could be brought to the functionalist perspective ==Self-tracking== * Front-load videos with the critical thinking questions about what are the (motivational) pros and cons of self-tracking? * Move to the slide with space for pro and con responses soon after providing the video links ==Google Scholar== * Use "self-tracking" as an example * Include search terms for meta-analysis and/or systematic review * Or ask participants to volunteer an example book chapter topic for the search demonstration [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] rfi2r6vvu1l72lfqnis2e1gy8ayzyy2 2832377 2832376 2026-09-09T08:40:52Z Jtneill 10242 /* Google Scholar */ Expand 2832377 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Functional perspective== * Example university student motivation responses (if the class size is very small, paste some of these onto the whiteboard to help provide a diversity of motivations): ** Career/Qualification *** necessary step to achieve career goals *** to further my career *** want a particular career ** Self-exploration *** a passion to knowledge *** people like to learn *** Higher education ** Social opportunities *** Make friends *** Meet people like myself *** Extra-curricular activities ** Altruism *** being useful *** helping others *** making a contribution to socieity ** Social pressure *** cultural and social norms *** pressure from outsiders *** pressure from parents * The data from psychology students in motivation and emotion indicates that: ** Career/Qualification - strongest motivation, endorsed 8/8 by ~60%; for almost all students it is at least a moderate motivator ** Self-exploration - second strongest motivation, endorses 8/8 by ~30%; for almost all students it is at least a moderate motivator ** Social opportunities - a very flat distributation, with similar %s at each level, suggesting large diversity in extent to which it is a motivator - for some, very strong, for others, not at all ** Altruism - third strongest motivation, not far behind self-exploration, so most psychology students at least moderately endorse pro-social motivation ** Social pressure - a very flat distribution, with a distinct peak (mode) for 1/8 for 23%; these students report being completely unaffected by social all other students report at least some social pressure, including 20% of students saying 7/8 or 8/8 * The identified university student motivations can be viewed through the lens of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation (from the previous tutorial) i.e., ** Career/Qualification - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Self-exploration - passion/curiousity - intrinsic ** Social opportunities - likely a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic ** Altruism - intrinsic, but pro-social behaviours can be conducted for extrinsic reasons (e.g., social approval) ** Social pressure - extrinsic * Volunteer motivations provide excellent examples (e.g., blood donation, crisis phone counselling (e.g., Lifeline), and environmental volunteering) for functional analysis * Motivations also change over time - time is a 3rd dimension (after motivation and satisfaction) that could be brought to the functionalist perspective ==Self-tracking== * Front-load videos with the critical thinking questions about what are the (motivational) pros and cons of self-tracking? * Move to the slide with space for pro and con responses soon after providing the video links ==Google Scholar== * Use "self-tracking" as an example or ask participants to volunteer an example book chapter topic for the search demonstration * If search results are too narrow, broaden the search (e.g., include fewer terms, use wildcards) * If search results are too broad, narrow the search (e.g., include more terms) * Include search terms for meta-analysis and/or systematic review [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] gcehvjasfdrzk089yr9ww7yoa59aboj 14 299246 2832341 2553868 2026-09-09T05:28:39Z Jtneill 10242 added [[Category:Google Scholar]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 2832341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Tutorials]] [[Category:Google Scholar]] nt6i0jywx6vzf9jh2g7z8opyfndthhs 0 301040 2832384 2824261 2026-09-09T09:00:15Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832384 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:20%; font-size:13px;" align=right |{{../Other Topics (header)}} |} ==Early history of the twin paradox== {{Lorentzbox|Text={{center|Date of article creation: 9 November 2023; Last major revision: 20 July 2026}}}} a) When was the [[:w:twin paradox]] applied to life forms and human beings? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=pes /><ref group=S name=during /> report that {{slink||Einstein 1911-HU}} discussed the aging of living organisms, and that {{slink||Langevin 1911-HU}} and {{slink||Wiechert 1911-HU}} explicitly discussed the aging of human beings. :*More details in sections {{slink||Human beings in 1911|Twins from 1911 to 1920}}, including newspaper articles from 1911 written by {{slink||Lämmel 1911-HU}} and {{slink||Müller 1911-HU}} that clearly show that Einstein was the first to explicitly discuss the aging of human beings as well. b) Who was the first to formulate the principle of maximal proper time along straight worldlines, upon which differential aging in the standard twin paradox is based? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=during /> mention Langevin (1911), Laue (1911). :*More details in section {{slink||Maximal proper time}} with the contributions of Langevin (1911), Wiechert (1911), Study (1911), Laue (1911-13). c) Who was the first to formulate [[w:Triangle inequality#Reversal in Minkowski space|inverse triangle inequality]] in Minkowski space, which represents the simplest version of the twin paradox? :*See details in section {{slink||Triangle inequality}} with the contributions of Robb (1914-20), Eddington (1922), Rogers (1922). d) Who was the first to show that any influence of proper acceleration on clocks can be neglected in the computation of the twin paradox from the viewpoint of the stay-at-home twin? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=pes /> mention Einstein (1911), Laue (1913). :*More details in section {{slink||Negligibility of proper acceleration}} with the contributions of Einstein (1911), Wiechert (1911), Laue (1913), Lorentz (1913). e) Who was the first to introduce the three clock/brother example that completely removes acceleration from the clock/twin paradox? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=debs /><ref group=S name=alizzi /> date it back to Lange (1927) and Lord Halsbury (1957). :*More details in section {{slink||Relay (three brothers) experiment}} with the contributions of Grünbaum (1911) and Wiechert (1920-22). f) Who was the first to use acceleration as an asymmetry indicator? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref name=cuvaj group=S /><ref group=S name=pes /> mention Langevin (1911), Einstein (1918). :*More details in section {{slink||Acceleration as asymmetry indicator}} with the contributions of Langevin (1911), Sommerfeld (1913), Lorentz (1913), Einstein (1914-20). g) Who was the first to use different frame distribution as asymmetry indicator as an asymmetry indicator? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=pes /> mention Laue (1911-13). :*More details in section {{slink||Frame distribution as asymmetry indicator}} with the contributions of Laue (1911-13), Bloch (1918). h) Who was the first to describe the perspective of the traveler? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=beng /> mention Langevin (1911), Lorentz (1914), Einstein (1918). :*More details in section {{slink||Perspective of the traveler}} with the contributions of Langevin (1911), Lorentz (1913-14), Einstein (1918), Thirring (1921). i) Who was the first to describe a round-trip experiment in curved spacetime? :*See section {{slink||Curved spacetime}} with the contribution of Becquerel (1922). j) Who was the first to denote the round-trip experiment as paradoxical? :*Historical accounts<ref group=S name=miller /><ref group=S name=during /> point to Laue (1911). :*See section {{slink||Paradoxical?}} for details. k) Who was the first to misunderstand the twin paradox? :*See section {{slink||Misunderstandings}} with the contributions of Berg (1910), Wiechert (1911), Campbell (1911/12), Gruner (1912). l) What were Einstein's contributions? :*See section {{slink||Einstein's contributions}}. ==Human beings in 1911== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" ![[w:Albert Einstein|Einstein]] |- |{{anchor|Einstein 1905}}In 1905<ref name=einstein05 /> he showed that a clock moving on a round-trip away from A and back along a polygonal or curved path, is retarded with respect to a clock stationary at A by approximately <math>\tfrac{1}{2}t(v/V)^{2}</math> at reunion. For example, a clock on the equator is retarded with respect to a clock on the pole. He described this consequence as being "peculiar" (German: eigentümlich). {{anchor|Einstein 1911-HU}}In a lecture given on January 1911<ref name=einstein11a /> (published in November), he extended this "funny" (German: drollig) experiment to living organisms: {| ! width=55% | Einstein wrote ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Wenn wir z. B. einen lebenden Organismus in eine Schachtel hineinbrächten und ihn dieselbe Hin- und Herbewegung ausführen lassen wie vorher die Uhr, so könnte man es erreichen, dass dieser Organismus nach einem beliebig langen Fluge beliebig wenig geändert wieder an seinen ursprünglichen Ort zurückkehrt, während ganz entsprechend beschaffene Organismen, welche an den ursprünglichen Orten ruhend geblieben sind, bereits längst neuen Generationen Platz gemacht haben. Für den bewegten Organismus war die lange Zeit der Reise nur ein Augenblick, falls die Bewegung annähernd mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit erfolgte! | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |For example, if we put a living organism in a box and make it undergo the same back and forth movement as the clock before, we could achieve that this organism returns to its original location with arbitrary little change after a flight of arbitrary length, whereas completely identical organisms that remained at rest in the original location have long since made room for new generations. To the moving organism, the long journey was only a moment if the movement happened close to the speed of light! |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=Two participants of that lecture, {{slink||Lämmel 1911-HU}} and {{slink||Müller 1911-HU}}, report that Einstein also talked about the aging of ''human beings''.}} |- !{{anchor|Lämmel 1911-HU}}[[w:Rudolf Lämmel|Lämmel]] |- |He attended Einstein's 1911 lecture and gave a popular report about it in the Swiss newspaper "[[w:Neue Zürcher Zeitung|Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]" published on 28 April 1911,<ref name=lammel /> including additional details. Regarding the round-trip clock experiment he wrote: {| ! width=50% | Lämmel wrote ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Bewegt sich eine Uhr mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit längs einer Geraden, auf der gerichtete Uhren stehen, so scheint die bewegte Uhr, beurteilt vom Standpunkt der ruhenden aus, im oben stizzierten Sinn, stillzustehen. Kehrt die Uhr, nach einem Ruck, mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit wieder zurück zur Zentral-Uhr, so ist, nach Einstein, für den Beobachter bei der Zentral-Uhr die Sache so, als ob ein mit der bewegten Uhr mitgeführter Beobachter (samt dessen Uhr) nicht gealtert hätte. Hinge also des letzteren Alter von den Angaben des ruhenden Beobachters ab, so könnte der von einer großen Reise ins Weltall zurückkehrende Beobachter bei der Zentral-Uhr spätere Generationen antreffen – er selber hätte nicht gealtert. Welche Bedeutung diese ''ad absurdum'' geführte Gedankenspielerei etwa hat, läßt sich heute nicht absehen – vielleicht, ja wahrscheinlich ist sie ohne jeden Einfluß auf die tatsächlichen Verhältnisse. Aber man sieht dabei immerhin, daß die Physik imstande ist, die kühnsten Träume der Phantasie noch – zu überbieten. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Let a clock be moving at speed of light along a line on which regulated clocks are standing, then the moving clock's hand appears to be standing still (in the sense described above) as judged from the standpoint of the resting one. If the clock, after one jolt, comes back with light speed to the central clock, then according to Einstein the matter presents itself to the observer at the central clock, as if the observer comoving with the clock (together with his clock itself) hasn't been grown older. Thus if the age of the latter would depend on the indications of the resting observer, the observer returning from a great journey into space could meet later generations at the central-clock – he himself hasn't been grown older. The importance of this play of thought led ''ad absurdum'' cannot be seen today – maybe, or even probably, it is without any influence on the actual situations. Though at least one can see that physics is able to – surpass – even the boldest dreams and fantasies. |} Lämmel in December 1920 (published 1921)<ref name=lammel2 /> again alluded to Einstein's lectures in Zürich (possibly the one from 1911, and maybe also later ones), describing a discussion between himself and Einstein. After Einstein concluded that the travelers who came back after their journey will probably meet their former contemporaries as old men while they themselves could have been away for only a few years, Lämmel objected that this conclusion is only drawn with respect to rods and clocks, but not with respect to living beings. Einstein responded though, that all processes in the blood, in the nerves etc. are eventually periodical oscillations, i.e. motions. Yet to any such motion the relativity principle applies, thus the conclusion regarding the unevenly rapid aging it permissive. {{Lorentzbox|Text=While the official publication of Einstein's January lecture ({{slink||Einstein 1911-HU}}) mentions the aging of organisms, Lämmel recalls the reference to the aging of a human space traveler ("observer returning from a great journey into space"). This means that Einstein was the first to use human beings in the clock/twin paradox on January 16 which was first published by Lämmel on April 28, 1911. In comparison, {{slink||Langevin 1911-HU}} used space travelers in a lecture on April 10 with publication in July, and {{slink||Wiechert 1911-HU}} used space travelers in lectures held between March 25 and May 23 with publication in July/September. It seems very unlikely that before April 28, Lämmel became somehow aware of the content of Langevin's or Wiechert's lectures held a few weeks earlier, in order to use them in his description of Einstein's lecture.}} |- !{{anchor|Langevin 1911-HU}}[[w:Paul Langevin|Langevin]] |- |On 10 April 1911, published July 1911,<ref name=langevin1 /> he held a now famous lecture popularizing the clock/twin paradox which he derived from the proper time integral as described in {{slink||Langevin 1911-PT}}. He demonstrated that a moving radioactive sample of radium is less evolved and less aged and therefore more active at return then the ones that remained in the laboratory. He also used light signals and the Doppler effect to visualize the effect. The most famous part concerned his description of the aging of human space travelers: {| ! width=50% | Langevin wrote ! [[:s:Translation:The Evolution of Space and Time|English Wikisource translation]] |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Cette remarque fournit le moyen, à celui d’entre nous qui voudrait y consacrer deux années de sa vie, de savoir ce que sera la Terre dans deux cents ans, d’explorer l’avenir de la Terre en faisant dans la vie de celle-ci un saut en avant qui pour elle durera deux siècles et pour lui durera deux ans, mais ceci sans espoir de retour, sans possibilité de venir nous informer du résultat de son voyage puisque toute tentative du même genre ne pourrait que le transporter de plus en plus avant. Il suffirait pour cela que notre voyageur consente à s’enfermer dans un projectile que la Terre lancerait avec une vitesse suffisamment voisine de celle de la lumière, quoique inférieure, ce qui est physiquement possible, en s’arrangeant pour qu’une rencontre, avec une étoile par exemple, se produise au bout d’une année de la vie du voyageur et le renvoie vers la Terre avec la même vitesse. Revenu à la Terre ayant vieilli de deux ans, il sortira de son arche et trouvera notre globe vieilli de deux cents ans si sa vitesse est restée dans l’intervalle inférieure d’un vingt-millième seulement à la vitesse de la lumière. Les faits expérimentaux les plus sûrement établis de la physique nous permettent d’affirmer qu’il en serait bien ainsi. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |This remark provides the means for any among us who wants to devote two years of his life, to find out what the Earth will be in two hundred years, and to explore the future of the Earth, by making in his life a jump ahead that will last two centuries for Earth and for him it will last two years, but without hope of return, without possibility of coming to inform us of the result of his voyage, since any attempt of the same kind could only transport him increasingly further. For this it is sufficient that our traveler consents to be locked in a projectile that would be launched from Earth with a velocity sufficiently close to that of light but lower, which is physically possible, while arranging an encounter with, for example, a star that happens after one year of the traveler's life, and which sends him back to Earth with the same velocity. Returned to Earth he has aged two years, then he leaves his ark and finds our world two hundred years older, if his velocity remained in the range of only one twenty-thousandth less than the velocity of light. The most established experimental facts of physics allow us to assert that this would actually be so. |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=Reading his lecture in full, one finds the word "paradoxical" only in relation to the constancy of light speed, not on relation to the round-trip clock experiment.}} |- !{{anchor|Wiechert 1911-HU}}[[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]] |- |In lectures on 25 March and 23 May 1911, submitted July and published September 1911,<ref name=wiechert11 /> he described the round-trip clock experiment with two equal clocks regulated to the same rate and brought to the same pointer position, or by introducing the same chemical process two times, or by introducing ''two life forms that began their life at the same time''. At the end of his paper he applied this to human travelers: {| ! width=50% | Wiechert wrote ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Nehmen wir aber wieder eine Relativgeschwindigkeit an, die bis auf 3 Proz. der Lichtgeschwindigkeit nahekommt, dann wird das Verhältnis der empfundenen Zeitlängen wie 4:1. Das Bild mag etwas weiter noch ausgemalt werden. Denken wir uns, daß ein Beobachter durch den Raum unseres Sternhimmels mit dieser Geschwindigkeit in einer Kreisbahn mit einem Radius von 16 Lichtjahren fährt, dann wird er nach unserer Zeitrechnung nach je 100 Jahren wieder an unserem Sonnensystem vorüberkommen. In seinem Gefährt wird dabei die Zentrifugalkraft so auf ihn einwirken, daß sie gemäß den Relativitätsgesetzen der Einwirkung der Schwerkraft auf uns Erdenbewohner gleich erscheint. Es sind also die wirkenden Kräfte nur so groß, daß der Phantasie die Möglichkeit geboten wird, den Reisenden als menschliches Wesen zu denken. Da hier dauernd <math>\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}</math> ist, fließt die Eigenzeit für den Reisenden viermal langsamer dahin, als für die Bewohner der Gestirne. Wenn er also nach 100 unserer Jahre wieder zu unserem Sonnensystem zurückkehrt, wird er sich selbst nur um 25 Jahre gealtert fühlen. Erreicht er nach der Entwicklung seines Körpers und nach seiner Zeitempfindung ein Alter von 75 Jahren, so entspricht dies doch einer dreimaligen Wiederkehr zu unserem Sonnensystem, also 300 unserer Erdenjahre. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Yet if we again assume a relative velocity approximating the speed of light by 3 percent, then the ratio of the experienced duration of time becomes 4:1. This image can be further extended. Let's imagine that an observer travels with that velocity on a circular path at a radius of 16 light years through the space of our galaxy, then according to our time calculation he passes by our solar system every 100 years. In his vehicle the centrifugal force will act on him in such a way, that in accordance with the relativity laws it will appear to be equal to the force of gravity acting upon the inhabitants of Earth. Thus the acting forces are only thus big, in order to give our fantasy the possibility to imagine the traveler as a human being. Since we have <math>\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}</math> throughout, proper time flows four times slower for the traveler than for the inhabitants of the stars. Thus when he comes back to our solar system after 100 of our years, he will feel to have aged only by about 25 years. If he reaches an age of 75 years according to the development of his body and his own time experience, then this corresponds to a threefold return to our solar system, i.e. 300 of our Earth years. |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=a) Wiechert (1915)<ref name=wiechert15 /> later provided a short historical survey of the clock/twin paradox. He referred to the fact that already {{slink||Einstein 1905}} considered the case of two clocks ("Einstein's clock experiment"), and even though [[w:Hermann Minkowski|Minkowski]] himself didn't consider the case, his proper time formula provides the result in a straight forward manner. The latter was done by himself in lectures on 25 March and 23 May 1911, as well as by Langevin published in July 1911. Wiechert pointed out that he himself and Langevin used "humorist" examples in order to clarify the situation: While Wiechert argued that one has to make a journey in order to stay young, Langevin argued that one has to romp about in a laboratory in order to stay young. Both of them used human beings, arguing that their physical and mental life should have been influenced in the same way as any other process in nature. b) The dates given by Wiechert (1915) are not complete. The correct ones are: *Langevin's lecture on 10 April 1911, published in July. *Wiechert's lectures on 25 March and 23 May 1911, submitted on July 26, published in September. *He was still unaware of Einstein's lecture from January 1911, published in November 1911.}} |- !{{anchor|Müller 1911-HU}}[[w:Fritz Müller-Partenkirchen|Müller]] |- |The freelance writer and law student Fritz Müller (who was later known as [[w:Fritz Müller-Partenkirchen|Müller-Partenkirchen]]) attended Einstein's lecture and wrote a popular report about it in the German newspaper "[[w:Berliner Tageblatt|Berliner Tageblatt]]" on 16th and 23rd October 1911,<ref name=muller /> in which he gave further details (compare with {{slink||Lämmel 1911-HU}}). Regarding the clock/twin paradox he wrote: {| ! width=50% | Müller wrote ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Zwei gleichgehende Uhren sollen je einen Beobachter haben und nebeneinander ruhen. Nun soll die eine mit ihrem Beobachter plötzlich mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit in den Weltenraum hinausreisen. Vorher haben die beiden vereinbart, sich alle Sekunden mit einem Lichtsignal die Zeit zu telegraphieren. [...] In unserem Grenzfall, wo die Reise mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit vor sich geht, müßte der ruhende Beobachter erklären, jene andere Uhr käme in der Zeit überhaupt nicht voran. Die Zeit stünde dort still. Tatsächlich kommen die Einsteinschen Gleichungen zu diesem Resultat. Für den mit der Uhr reisenden Beobachter, sagt Einstein, gelte dasselbe. Das heißt, im Urteil des Zurückbleibenden würde jener niemals alt. „Und wenn er auf einer gebrochenen Reiselinie wieder an seinen Ausgangspunkt zurückkehrte?" fragt man den Vortragenden in der Diskussion. – „So bliebe er in unserem Urteil so jung wie bei der Ausreise," erwidert Einstein mit vollem Ernst, „selbst wenn wir Zurückgebliebenen inzwischen Männer mit weißen Bärten geworden sind – die Gleichungen liefern für jede Richtung der Bewegung, auch für eine gebrochene Bewegung, unerschütterlich die selben Resultate." – Wir sehen einander an. Das klingt märchenhaft. Märchenhaft? Gewiß, die alten Märchen vom Mönch von Heisterbach, vom Rip van Winkle, von Urashima Taro steigen auf. Merkwürdig, wie die Volksphantasie bei den Deutschen, bei den Amerikanern, bei den Japanern in der gleichen Richtung gearbeitet hat – alle drei Märchen erzählen ja von Leuten, deren Leben still steht, viele hundert Jahre lang, während die andern altern. So fanden sie bei ihrer Rückkehr ein anderes Land und eine andere Generation. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Two synchronous clocks at rest next to each other, shall each be accompanied by an observer. Now one of them, together with its observer, suddenly travels into space at the speed of light. Previously, both have arranged that every second they telegraph their time to each other using light signals. [...] In our limiting case where the journey happens at light speed, the resting observer would have to declare that the other clock would not proceed in time at all. Time would stand still at this place. Einstein's equations indeed produce this result. As to the observer traveling with the clock, says Einstein, the same is true. That means in the judgment of the remaining one, the other one would never become old. Then the lecturer [i.e. Einstein] was asked in the discussion: "And if he comes back to his starting point on a curved travel path?", to which Einstein replied in full earnest: "Then in our judgment he would remain as young as he was at departure, even if we remaining ones became men with white beards in the meantime, the equations unshakably give the same result in every direction of motion, also for curved motion". We look at each other. That sounds fabulous. Fabulous? Of course, the old fairy tales of [[w:Heisterbach Abbey|w:The monk of Heisterbach]] or [[w:Rip Van Winkle]] or [[w:Urashima Tarō]] come forward. Strange, how the folk fantasy of the Germans, the Americans, the Japanese worked in the same direction, all three fairy tales indeed tell about people whose life stands still, many hundred years long, while the other ones grow old. Thus they found another country and another generation when they returned. |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=Müller's account confirms {{slink||Lämmel 1911-HU}} that Einstein indeed mentioned human beings, but his description also suggests that Einstein was the first to use mutually sent light signals. However, as this was published in October, it cannot be excluded that Müller's description of light signals was influenced by {{slink||Langevin 1911-HU}}, published in July, in which light signals were used as well.}} |} ==Twins from 1911 to 1920== We now provide a list of authors who employed ''twins'', i.e. ''two'' life forms or humans that initially were of ''same age'' when the round-trip began: {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Date !! Description |- |[[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]]<ref name=wiechert11 /> |1911 |Two life forms that begin their life at the ''same time'' (German: "Zwei Lebewesen [..] die ihr Leben gleichzeitig beginnen"), of which the moving one returns retarded in its progression with respect to the stationary one. |- |[[w:Paul Gruner|Gruner]]<ref name=gruner /> |1912 |Two persons of ''same age'' (French: "deux personnes du même âge"), of which the moving one returns less developed than stationary one. |- |[[w:Max von Laue|Laue]]<ref name=laue3 /> |1913 |The moving life form returns younger than its ''former agemates'' (German: "ehemaligen Altersgenossen"). |- |[[w:Hermann Weyl|Weyl]]<ref name=weyl /> |Easter 1918 | {| ! width=50% | German original ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Von zwei Zwillingsbrüdern, die sich in einem Weltpunkt A trennen, bleibe der eine in der Heimat (d. h. ruhe dauernd in einem tauglichen Bezugsraum), der andere aber unternehme Reisen, bei denen er Geschwindigkeiten (relativ zur »Heimat«) entwickelt, die der Lichtgeschwindigkeit nahekommen; dann wird sich der Reisende, wenn er dereinst in die Heimat zurückkehrt, als merklich jünger herausstellen denn der Seßhafte. |Suppose we have two twin-brothers who take leave from one another at a world-point A, and suppose one remains at home (that is, permanently at rest in an allowable reference-space), whilst the other sets out on voyages, during which he moves with velocities (relative to “home”) that approximate to that of light. When the wanderer returns home in later years he will appear appreciably younger than the one who stayed at home. |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=Weyl was the first to ''explicitly use twins'' in relation to the round-trip experiment. The fourth edition (1920) of that book was translated from German into English and French in 1922.}} |- |[[w:Albert Einstein|Einstein]]<ref name=einstein20 /> |1920/21 |{{Anchor|Einstein 1921-TW}} {| ! width=50% | German original ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | Trifft A wieder bei B ein, so kann es sich ereignen, daß der beharrende Zwilling inzwischen 60 Erdjahre alt geworden ist, während der zurückkehrende nur 15 Jahre zählt, oder sich gar noch im Säuglingsstadium befindet. [..] Bei diesen Zwillingen, erklärte Einstein, haben wir zunächst eine ''Gefühls -Paradoxie'' vor uns. Eine ''Denk-Paradoxie'' würde indeß nur dann vorliegen, wenn sich für das Verhalten der beiden Geschöpfe kein zureichender Grund anführen ließe. |If A then returns to B, it may happen that the twin who stayed at home is now sixty years old, whereas the wanderer is only fifteen years of age, or is perhaps only an infant still. [..] In the case of these two twins, Einstein declared, we have merely a paradox of ''feeling''. It would be a paradox of ''thought'' only if no sufficient ground could be suggested for the behaviour of these two creatures. |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=This was based on an interview of Einstein by Moszkowski. While the expression "clock paradox" was used since 1911/12 (see section {{slink||Paradoxical?}}), this seems to be the first time that it was rebranded as "twin paradox". The copyright mark indicates 1920, while the title page indicates 1921. The translation from German into English also appeared in 1921.}} |} ==Maximal proper time== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |[[w:Paul Langevin|Langevin]] 1911 |{{anchor|Langevin 1911-PT}}In April 1911 (published July),<ref name=langevin1 /> he described the round-trip experiment without formulas using two portions of matter present at two events happening at the same place. The ''integration of proper time'' along the entire wordlines shows that the portion of matter that starts a closed cycle by receding and finally coming back, will have a ''smaller proper time'' than the one that stayed behind. In October 1911 (published 1912),<ref name=langevin2 /> Langevin again showed that the portion of matter that described a closed cycle will have a ''smaller proper time'' <math>R</math> than the one that stayed in an inertial frame, which is defined by the equation: :<math>\begin{matrix}V^{2}\left(t-t_{0}\right)^{2}=d^{2}-R\\ \left[d^{2}=\left(x-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(z-z_{0}\right)^{2}\right] \end{matrix}</math> |- |[[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]]<ref name=wiechert11 /> Lectures March-May 1911 submitted July published September |{{anchor|Wiechert 1911-PT}}Let two equal processes be observed in two equal material systems colocated in two moments (1) and (2), and let there velocities have been changed in arbitrarily different ways in the meantime. It follows that the ratio of advancement of those processes is given by the two intervals <math>\Delta\tau </math> of their respective ''proper times''. He concluded that any round-trip clock experiment can be easily comprehended from that theorem by computation. The corresponding integral is: :<math>\Delta\tau=\int_{1}^{2}d\tau=\int_{1}^{2}dt\sqrt{1-\frac{\mathfrak{v}^{2}}{c^{2}}}</math> |- |[[w:Eduard Study|Study]]<ref name=study /> June 1911 |Minkowski's concept of worldlines implies that the straight path between two points of the same worldline is the ''longest'' among all paths between those points, if the path length on a worldline is defined by the related proper time. {{Lorentzbox|Text=Study's book was purely mathematical without mentioning clocks or the round-trip experiment, alluding to his result only in a footnote.}} |- |[[w:Max von Laue|Laue]] 1911-13 |{{anchor|Laue 1911/12-PT}}In December 1911 (published 1912),<ref name=laue1 /> Laue showed without formulas that the round-trip experiment is represented by a curved worldline, which at worldpoint A decomposes into a row of curves, after which all of them will be re-united at worldpoint B to a single line. Of all curves connecting the points A and B having time-like direction throughout, the straight connection has the ''longest proper time.'' {{anchor|Laue 1912/13-PT}}In December 1912 (published 1913) in the second edition of this relativity book,<ref name=laue1 /> Laue described the proper time integral between events 1 and 2 of a slowly accelerated clock covering a broken line and a stationary clock covering a straight worldline. Of all worldlines covering 1 and 2, the straight line has the ''longest proper time''. Therefore the traveling clock in the round-trip experiment is retarded at reunion, because its curved worldline corresponds to a shorter proper time. This result he presented in terms of the following inequality, of which the right-hand side refers to the straight curve of the stationary clock, while all others possible curves are represented on left-hand side: :<math>\tfrac{1}{c}\int_{1}^{2}\sqrt{du^{2}-\left(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2}\right)}<\tfrac{1}{c}\int_{1}^{2}du</math> {{Lorentzbox|Text={{anchor|Sommerfeld 1913-PT}}Similar treatments can be found in the textbooks of [[w:Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld]] (1913),<ref name=sommerfeld /> [[w:Hermann Weyl|Weyl]] (1918),<ref name=weyl /> [[w:Wolfgang Pauli|Pauli]] (1921),<ref name=pauli /> [[w:August Kopff|Kopff]] (1921),<ref name=kopff /> [[w:Jean Becquerel|Becquerel]] (1922).<ref name=becqu1 />}} |} ==Triangle inequality== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |style="vertical-align:top"|[[w:Alfred Robb|Robb]] 1914-1920 |{{anchor|Robb 1914-TR}}In 1914<ref name=robb1 /> he showed that there are three types of triangles formed by intervals in Minkowski space, depending on whether one deals with "separation lines" (spacelike intervals), "optical lines" (lightlike intervals), or "inertia lines" (timelike intervals representing the path of nonaccelerated particles defined by <math>{\scriptstyle \left(x_{1}-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{1}-y_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(z_{1}-z_{0}\right)^{2}-c^{2}\left(t_{1}-t_{0}\right)^{2}<0}</math>). As to a triangle formed by inertia lines, he showed that the sum of a certain two sides is ''less'' than that of the third one. {{Lorentzbox|Text=So the triangle inequality derived from time-like intervals in Minkowski space is ''[[w:Triangle inequality#Reversal in Minkowski space|inverse]]'' to the inequality in Euclidean space. This inverse inequality directly represents the most simple variant of the twin paradox: the traveler follows two sides of the time-triangle, while the stay-at-home observer follows the third side indicating maximal proper time.}} [[File:RobbTriangle.svg|right|150px]] In 1920<ref name=robb2 /> Robb gave a numerical example of the triangle ABC with time-like intervals ("inertia lines") defined by coordinates :<math>\begin{matrix} & x & y & z & t\\ A\ & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ B\ & 0 & 0 & 0 & 10\\ C\ & 4 & 0 & 0 & 5 \end{matrix}</math> which he plugged into :<math>\bar{s}^{2}=\left(t_{1}-t_{0}\right)^{2}-\left(x_{1}-x_{0}\right)^{2}-\left(y_{1}-y_{0}\right)^{2}-\left(z_{1}-z_{0}\right)^{2}</math> from which he obtained the sides AB=10, AC=3, CB=3 and the inequality <math>AC+CB<AB</math>. |- |[[w:Arthur Eddington|Eddington]]<ref name=edding2 /> 1922 |He distinguished between the "space-triangle" for spacelike intervals, and the "time-triangle" for time-like intervals. The latter is measured with a clock from A to B and from B to C, with the sum of those readings ''is always less'' than the reading of a clock measuring directly from A to C. In the ordinary space-triangle any two sides are together greater than the third side; in the time-triangle two sides are together ''less'' than the third side. |- |Rogers<ref name=rogers /> 1922 |He showed that the "pure time-triangle" C, A, B (in their proper time order) satisfies the relation <math>\cosh C=\tfrac{\alpha^{2}+\beta^{2}-\gamma^{2}}{2\alpha\beta}</math>, where <math>\cosh C</math> denotes the unit-scalar product of the vectors CA, CB, and <math>\alpha,\beta,\gamma </math> the real and positive intervals BC, CA, AB. Since <math>\alpha>\beta </math> and <math>\cosh C>1</math>, it follows that <math>\alpha>\beta+\gamma </math>. That is, "the greatest side of pure time-triangle is greater than the sum of the other two sides". It follows at once that the stationary value of the proper time integral is an "absolute maximum". |} ==Negligibility of proper acceleration== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |style="vertical-align:top" |[[w:Albert Einstein|Einstein]] 1905-1918 |In 1905,<ref name=einstein05 /> Einstein used velocity time dilation <math>\tau=t\sqrt{1-\left(\frac{v}{V}\right)^{2}}</math> to derive the retardation of a clock performing a round-trip with constant speed <math>v</math> along a polygonal path or a continuously curved line, without mentioning any influence of acceleration at turnaround. {{anchor|Einstein 1911-VA}} In 1911 (published 1912),<ref name=einstein3 /> Einstein said that special relativity doesn't say anything about what happened to the clock's pointer position during the acceleration that changes the clock's direction along the round-trip, yet the influence of this change must be getting smaller the longer the clock ''is moving uniformly'', i.e. the longer one chooses the dimensions of the path. {{anchor|Einstein 1912-VA}}In an unpublished manuscript on special relativity from 1912,<ref name=einst12manu /> he pointed out that any influence of acceleration during the round-trip experiment, can be neglected if one makes the time of acceleration negligible with respect to the total time of motion along the polygonal path. {{anchor|Einstein 1914a-VA}}In a letter from April 1914,<ref name=einstpetz /> Einstein showed that any ''finite'' acceleration at turnaround during the round-trip experiment can only influence the clock in a ''finite'' way, thus it can be neglected by minimizing the time of acceleration with respect to the time of uniform translation. So it ''must be concluded'' that the clock is retarded at reunion after traveling on a polygonal path. {{anchor|Einstein 1914b-VA}}During a conversation in May 1914,<ref name=rowe group=S /> Einstein is reported to have replied that the accelerations during the round-trip are "irrelevant for the amount of the time difference". (Compare with {{slink||Einstein 1914b-AC}}) {{anchor|Einstein 1918-VA}}In his famous "Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity" from 1918,<ref name=einstein18 /> Einstein pointed out that any effect of velocity changes at turnaround must be limited, thus the traveling clock must be retarded at reunion due to time dilation if one makes the path AB and back along the round-trip long enough. (Compare with {{slink||Einstein 1918-AC}}) |- |[[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]]<ref name=wiechert11 /> 1911 |{{Anchor|Wiechert 1911-VA}}[[File:WiechertTwin.svg|110px|right]] He demonstrated that differential aging along the round-trip cannot be caused during the passage from one velocity to another (i.e. acceleration) at turnaround, because the same result also follows when ''both'' A and B experience the ''same velocity changes'' with respect to another frame, only with the difference that B has relative velocities <math>+u</math> and <math>-u</math> for a long time, while A is brought after a short time from relative velocity <math>+u</math> to relative rest at which it remains a long time, and then it is brought to relative velocity <math>-u</math> for a short time. {{Lorentzbox|Text=He was probably the first to use an example in which both accelerate with same magnitude.}} |- |[[w:Max von Laue|Laue]]<ref name=laue3 /> 1913 |{{anchor|Laue 1913-VA}}He showed that the problem of the influence of acceleration at turnaround in the round-trip experiment, can be eliminated by ''arbitrarily'' enlarging the time in inertial motion. {{Lorentzbox|Text=This is the same argument as given in {{slink||Einstein 1911-VA}}. The Einstein-Laue argument was also used by others such as [[w:Hans Thirring|Thirring]] (1921)<ref name=thirring /> or [[w:Max Born|Born]] (1921).<ref name=born />}} |- |[[w:Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]]<ref name=lorentz1 /> 1913 |He pointed out that any effect of acceleration on the traveling clock at turnaround, can be separated from the time dilation effect since only the latter depends on the distance traversed along the round-trip. {{Lorentzbox|Text=Similarly, [[w:Wolfgang Pauli|Pauli]] (1921) stated that the arising infinitesimal accelerations at turnaround are certainly independent of the total travel time and ''therefore easy to eliminate''.<ref name=pauli />}} |} ==Relay (three brothers) experiment== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |[[w:de:Fritz Grünbaum (Physiker)|Grünbaum]]<ref name=gbaum /> 1911 |He discussed a one-way time dilation experiment in which the first clock is set into motion from the origin and then moving to the second clock. He argued that one can avoid the problem of acceleration experienced by the first clock when set into motion, by replacing it with a ''third'' clock that is already in motion with constant velocity and is synchronized at the origin with the first clock. {{Lorentzbox|Text=While Grünbaum didn't discuss round-trip experiments, his introduction of a third clock in order to avoid acceleration is the basis of the three-brother experiment.}} |- |style="vertical-align:top"|[[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]] 1920-1922 |In 1920 (published 1921),<ref name=wiechert20 /> Wiechert explained how to completely remove acceleration from the round-trip experiment: Bodies A, B, C move undisturbed and non-accelerated in different directions. A and B pass each other at time (1), B and C pass each other at a later time (2), and C and A finally pass each other at an even later time (3). So in this setup, the condition of C is the continuation of the condition of B. On any of the three bodies one can count the oscillations of light of a certain spectral-line, in which case relativity predicts that the ''combined sum of all oscillations'' on B+C is smaller than the number of oscillations on A alone. Wiechert also held that one can replace the light oscillations by the life functions of human-like beings which live on A, B and C. For instance, while the inhabitants of B+C only had time for one meal, there were arbitrarily many generations on A who follow after each other by death and birth. [[File:Wiechert1922a.png|180px|right]] In 1921 (published 1922),<ref name=wiechert21 /> Wiechert extended his previous acceleration-free round-trip experiment to an arbitrary number of non-accelerated bodies <math>B_{1}</math>, <math>B_{2}</math>, ..., which constitutes a "relay" (German: Stafette) starting from body A and back again. The first B passes A and moves away, and after some time the last B comes back to A. Since any B body continues the fate of the previous one, all bodies <math>B_{1}</math>, <math>B_{2}</math>, ..., combined have emitted fewer oscillations than A alone during the relay race. Wiechert pointed out that instead of light oscillations one can also choose the aging of life forms. {{Lorentzbox|Text=Such relay experiments were later independently rediscovered in English language papers<ref name=debs group=S /> such as by Lange (1927)<ref group=S name=lange /> in which the brothers synchronize their times when they pass each other (“three brother experiment”).}} |} ==Acceleration as asymmetry indicator== While it was known that any direct influence of [[w:proper acceleration]] on clocks can be neglected in the computation of the inertial frame of the stay-at-home twin (see previous section {{slink||Negligibility of proper acceleration}}), the very fact that only one of them is accelerating is still useful as an asymmetry argument in order to show that there is no contradiction to the relativity principle. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |[[w:Paul Langevin|Langevin]]<ref name=langevin1 /> 1911 |{{Anchor|Langevin 1911-AC}}He derived differential aging in the round-trip experiment using the proper time integral along worldlines (see {{slink||Langevin 1911-PT}}) and used acceleration as an asymmetry indicator: The result of the round-trip experiment is "another example of the absolute character of acceleration" in which the "asymmetry occurred because only the traveler, in the middle of his journey, has undergone an acceleration that changes the direction of his velocity". |- |[[w:Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld]]<ref name=sommerfeld /> 1913 |After he showed (see {{slink||Sommerfeld 1913-PT}}) that retardation of time in the round-trip experiment derived from the proper time integral rests on the assumption that the clock's rate ''only depends on its momentary velocity'' (now called "clock hypothesis"), he used acceleration as an asymmetry indicator: There is no contradiction to the relativity principle since one of the clocks has to be accelerated in order to come back, thus the retardation in the round-trip experiment does not demonstrate "motion", but "accelerated motion". |- |[[w:Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]] 1913<ref name=lorentz1 /> |After he derived differential aging in the round-trip experiment from velocity time dilation and pointed out the negligibility of proper acceleration for the computation, he used acceleration as an asymmetry indicator: There is no contradiction to the relativity principle, since one of them changes velocity and accelerates; the relativity principle does not require symmetry between inertial and non-inertial observers. |- |style="vertical-align:top"|[[w:Albert Einstein|Einstein]] 1914-1920 |{{anchor|Einstein 1914b-AC}} During a conversation in 1914,<ref name=rowe group=S /> Einstein is reported to have said that moving clock B is retarded because it was accelerating in contrast to clock A; while those accelerations are ''irrelevant'' for the ''amount'' of the time difference, their ''presence'' nevertheless cause B to fall behind ("accelerated motions are absolute"). {{anchor|Einstein 1918-AC}}In his famous "Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity" from 1918<ref name=einstein18 />, Einstein pointed out the negligibility of velocity changes from the viewpoint of an inertial frame (see {{slink||Einstein 1918-VA}}). Then he used ''acceleration as an asymmetry indicator'' in order to show, that there is no contradiction to the relativity principle, because relativity only predicts the equivalence of non-accelerated inertial frames: "only K is such a frame while K' is temporarily accelerated, thus the retardation of U2 with respect to U1 cannot be used to construe a contradiction against the theory." {{anchor|Einstein 1920-AC}}Einstein is reported to have said in an interview from 1920:<ref name=einstein20 /> {| ! style="width:50%" | German original ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Bei diesen Zwillingen, erklärte Einstein, haben wir zunächst eine ''Gefühls-Paradoxie'' vor uns. Eine ''Denk-Paradoxie'' würde indeß nur dann vorliegen, wenn sich für das Verhalten der beiden Geschöpfe kein zureichender Grund anführen ließe. Dieser Grund für das Jüngerbleiben des A ergibt sich vom Gesichtspunkt der speziellen Relativitätstheorie aus der Tatsache, daß das betreffende Geschöpf — und nur dieses — Beschleunigungen erlitten hat. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |In the case of these two twins," Einstein declared, "we have merely a paradox of ''feeling''. It would be a paradox of ''thought'' only if no sufficient ground could be suggested for the behaviour of these two creatures . This ground, which counts for the comparative youth of A, is given, from the point of view of the special theory of relativity, by the fact that the creature in question, and only this creature, has been subject to accelerations." |} In a discussion from 1922,<ref name=morand /> Einstein is reported to have said that there is no contradiction in the round-trip experiment (in terms of a train leaving the station and returning later): The relativity principle is not applicable to this case, because the train is not in a Galilean system (i.e. inertial frame) any longer during the period of velocity change at turnaround, i.e. the ensemble of two frames having velocities in opposite direction is not an inertial frame. There is no reciprocity between a frame that changes direction and one that doesn't. |} ==Frame distribution as asymmetry indicator== Because any direct influence of proper acceleration on the traveling clock at turnaround can be neglected (see {{slink||Negligibility of proper acceleration}}), the importance of {{slink||Acceleration as asymmetry indicator}} is limited to the mere fact that it reveals that only the traveler was in a non-inertial frame as only he changed his inertial frames, thus instead of emphasizing the occurrence of proper acceleration at turnaround, it's possible to describe the asymmetry more geometrically by emphasizing the different distribution of inertial frames of the twins along their worldlines. {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |style="vertical-align:top"|[[w:Max von Laue|Laue]] 1911-1913 |{{Anchor|Laue 1911/12-VA}} In 1911/12,<ref name=laue1 /> he pointed out that during the time of separation, that clock is most advanced which was at rest in an inertial frame all the time; namely there is ''always one, and only one inertial frame'', in which the locations of separation and re-encounter lie in the same geometric point. He clarified this fact by alluding to different paths in spacetime (compare with {{slink||Laue 1911/12-PT}}). In 1912/13,<ref name=laue2 /> he argued that in the round-trip experiment, we indeed can decide, which one of the clocks was steadily at rest in one and the same reference system, and which one was in the meantime at rest in two or more such systems. Among them there is of course a real physical difference. He clarified this fact by alluding to different paths in spacetime (compare with {{slink||Laue 1912/13-PT}}). In 1913<ref name=laue3 /> Laue pointed out: {| !style="width:50%" | German original ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | Aber nach unseren Voraussetzungen ruht während der Zeit der Trennung die erste Uhr in ''einem'' berechtigten Bezugssystem, die zweite hingegen ruht zwar sowohl bei der Hin- wie bei der Rückbewegung in berechtigten Bezugssystemen, aber notwendig in ''zwei verschiedenen. Deshalb'' unterscheiden sich beider Schicksale physikalisch. Ließe man die zweite Uhr in der ihr anfangs erteilten Bewegung und schickte man ihr dafür die erste Uhr nach einiger Zeit mit größerer Geschwindigkeit nach, so würde beim Zusammentreffen die erste gegen die zweite zurückgeblieben sein; denn jetzt hat die erste während der Trennung in zwei verschiedenen Systemen geruht. (Footnote: Dem naheliegenden Einwand, daß wir über den Gang einer Uhr während eines Geschwindigkeits''wechsels'' nichts aussagen können, begegnet man am einfachsten mit dem Hinweis, daß man die Zeiten der gleichförmigen Bewegung ''beliebig'' groß gegen die der Beschleunigung machen kann.) | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | However, by our presuppositions, one clock is at rest in ''one'' valid reference system during the time of separation, while the second one is at rest in valid reference systems both during the forward- and the backward motion, but necessarily in ''two different ones. Therefore'' the two fates differ physically. If the second clock remains in the motion which was given to it at the start, and if after some time it is followed by the first clock with greater velocity, then the first one would be retarded with respect to the second one at the encounter; since now it was the first one that was at rest in two different systems during the separation. (Footnote: The objection which is near at hand, that we cannot say anything about the rate of a clock during a velocity ''change'', can be met most simply by the allusion, that we can render the times of uniform motion ''arbitrarily'' great with respect to acceleration..) |} |- |[[w:Werner Bloch|Bloch]]<ref name=bloch /> September 1918 |{{anchor|Bloch 1918-VA}} He represented the frames with three movable slots K, K' and K”, provided with hooks on which one can hang clocks at the origins of K and K'; while one clock always hangs on a hook of slot K, the other clock moved away with K' and after some time was transferred (neglecting any effect of acceleration) by a mechanical device to slot K” that moves in the other direction, by which it comes back; there is no contradiction to the relativity principle, as one clock rested in one inertial frame while the other one rested in two such frames. |} ==Perspective of the traveler== {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |[[w:Paul Langevin|Langevin]]<ref name=langevin1 /> 1911 |{{anchor|Langevin 1911-LI}}[[Image:rstd4.gif|170px|right]] After deriving differential aging from the proper time integral in {{slink||Langevin 1911-PT}} and using human beings in {{slink||Langevin 1911-HU}}, he described the perspectives of both observers using light signals and the Doppler effect. When they separate they see each other live 200 times slower, while at return they see each other live 200 times faster. So ''from the explorer's viewpoint'', in the first year he sees the Earth perform the actions of two days, while in the second year he sees the Earth perform the actions of two centuries. The asymmetry can be seen by noticing, that the observer on Earth in 200 years sees the explorer performs the actions of 1 year. Then the explorer turns around, after which the observer on Earth in 2 days sees the projectile perform the actions of another year. {{Lorentzbox|Text=Langevin used <math>v=c\left(1-\tfrac{1}{20000}\right)</math>, producing Lorentz factor <math>\gamma\approx100</math> and Doppler factor <math>\sqrt{\tfrac{c+v}{c-v}}\approx200</math>.}} |- |[[w:Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]] Lectures published in 1913<ref name=lorentz1 /> Similar treatment in 1914<ref name=lorentz3 /> |{{anchor|Lorentz 1913/14-LI}}Described the round-trip experiment in terms of inertial observer A (equipped with clock K) and traveling observer B (equipped with clock K'). In the frame of A, clock K' is retarded with respect to K at reunion due to time dilation. He then described the perspective of the traveling observer B by using two-way propagation of light from K' to K and back to K', leading to three periods defined by the moment of B's turnaround: In the first period the light signals return to K' before turnaround; in the second period the signals are emitted before turnaround and return after turnaround; in the third period emission and return of the signals are both happening after turnaround. Lorentz showed that K is time dilated by a factor of <math>\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}</math> with respect to K' in the first and third period, but in the second period K is ticking ''faster'' than K' by a factor of <math>\sqrt{\tfrac{c+v}{c-v}}</math> which overcompensates the dilation in the other periods and explains, even from the perspective of B, why K' is retarded with respect to K at reunion. {{Lorentzbox|Text=In a review of the German translation of Lorentz's book, Einstein (1914) didn't directly mention Lorentz's treatment of the twin paradox, but he wrote that nobody who is seriously interested in relativity should neglect to read that book.<ref name=einstlor /> [[w:Wolfgang Pauli|Pauli]] (1921) refers to Lorentz's book as one of three papers that analyze the twin paradox more closely.<ref name=pauli />}} |- |style="vertical-align:top"| [[w:Albert Einstein|Einstein]] 1916-1920 |{{anchor|Einstein 1916-EP}}In a lecture from 1916,<ref name=einstein16 /> of which only an abstract was published, Einstein spoke about the "clock paradox of special relativity from the standpoint of [[w:general relativity]]." {{anchor|Einstein 1918a-EP}}In a letter from September 1918,<ref name=einadl /> Einstein showed that general relativity makes the inertial frame K and and the accelerated frame K' of the clocks in the round-trip experiment "equally justified", explaining the time difference in K' by combining the influence of velocity and gravitational potential on clocks. {{anchor|Einstein 1918-EP}}In his famous "Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity" from November 1918,<ref name=einstein18 /> aimed at clarifying misconceptions of the clock paradox, he explained that there is no paradox in special relativity because there is no symmetry between clock U1 at rest in inertial frame K and clock U2 at rest in accelerated frame K' (see {{slink||Einstein 1918-AC}}). Yet [[w:general relativity]] and the [[w:equivalence principle]] allow the treatment of this problem also from the standpoint of frame K', where clock U2 remains at rest all of the time while U1 makes the following movements: (1) It is accelerated by a homogeneous gravitational field in the negative direction, (2) it moves with constant velocity <math>-v</math>, (3) it is accelerated in the positive direction until it turns around and comes by with constant velocity <math>+v</math>, (4) it moves with velocity <math>+v</math>, (5) it is accelerated in the negative direction until it stops. Clock U1 is retarded with respect to U2 in periods 2) and 4) due to velocity time dilation, but this retardation is overcompensated by the faster rate of U1 during period 3), because U1 is at a higher gravitational potential. He argued that the computation (which he didn't provide) shows that the advance of U1 in period 3) is double its retardation during periods 2) and 4). Einstein concluded that by this consideration "the paradox is completely resolved". Using [[w:Mach's principle]], he pointed out that the gravitational field in K' might be induced by the masses of the universe that are accelerated in this frame. {{anchor|Einstein 1918b-EP}}In a letter to Einstein from December 1918, [[w:Max Jakob|Jakob]] doubted the result that the advance in period 3) is double the retardation during periods 2) and 4). Einstein responded by letter,<ref name=einstein18b /> in which he used the gravitational time dilation factor <math>1+\Phi/c^{2}</math> in K' in order to show that U1 at distance <math>l</math> is advancing by <math>\Phi/c^{2}=2vl/c^{2}</math> in period 3), which is indeed the double of approximated delay <math>vl/c^{2}</math> caused by velocity time dilation during periods 2) and 4). {{anchor|Einstein 1921-EP}}Einstein is reported to have said in an interview from 1920,<ref name=einstein20 /> that while acceleration explains the age difference between the stationary twin B and the traveling twin A in terms of special relativity (see {{slink||Einstein 1920-AC}}), the "proper" description in terms of general relativity is as follows: {| ! style="width:50%" | German original ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | Eine tiefere Erfassung des Grundes ist indeß nur auf dem Boden der „Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" zu erlangen, die uns erkennen läßt, daß von A aus beurteilt ein Zentrifugalfeld existiert, von B aus betrachtet aber nicht; und dieses Feld hat einen Einfluß auf den relativen Ablauf und die Raschheit der Lebensvorgänge. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | A proper grasp of the reason is furnished only when we adopt the general theory of relativity, which tell us that, from the point of view of A, a centrifugal field exists, whereas it is absent from the point of view of B. This field exerts an influence on the relative rate of happening of the events of life." |} {{Lorentzbox|Text=a) Einstein's explanation was quickly adopted in the textbooks of [[w:Werner Bloch|Bloch]] (1920),<ref name=bloch2 /> [[w:Wolfgang Pauli|Pauli]] (1921),<ref name=pauli /> [[w:August Kopff|Kopff]] (1921),<ref name=kopff /> [[w:Karl Bollert|Bollert]] (1921),<ref name=bollert1 /> [[w:Max Born|Born]] (1921),<ref name=born /> expressing the view that general relativity is "necessary" to provide the "complete" solution of the twin paradox. b) From a modern standpoint, however, Einstein's explanation has nothing to do with general relativity, but is rather an application of accelerated frames and "pseudo"-gravitational fields to flat Minkowski space of ''special'' relativity.<ref name=weiss group=S />}} |- |[[w:Hans Thirring|Thirring]]<ref name=thirring /> April 1921 |{{anchor|Thirring 1921-DS}}[[Image:Twin Paradox Minkowski Diagram.svg|right|200px]] He described the round-trip experiment by using two platforms K (clock A) and K' (clock B) each equipped with rows of clocks. He first demonstrated the symmetry of time dilation and the mutual relativity of simultaneity on the platforms and its effect on clock synchronization. The K clocks that B passes are all advanced because of <math>t'=\gamma\left(t-vx/c^{2}\right)</math>, and the same is true after turnaround since only the direction of velocity has to be changed in the Lorentz transformation <math>t'-t'_{0}=\gamma\left(t+vx/c^{2}\right)</math> leading to the effect of clock desynchronization, where <math>t'_{0}</math> is a constant depending on which clock one uses as standard for the new synchronization. He graphically showed using Minkowski diagrams, that this simultaneity jump due to desynchronization amounts to double the velocity time dilation during the inertial phases, explaining why A is more advanced than B at reunion. {{Lorentzbox|Text=Using clock B as synchronization standard, Thirring's constant is given by <math>t'_{0}=2l\gamma v/c^{2}=2t\gamma v^{2}/c^{2}</math> with <math>l=vt</math> as position of turnaround. A similar explanation was subsequently given by Langevin (1922).<ref name=morand />}} |} ==Curved spacetime== While the previous examples are defined in flat Minkowski spacetime and therefore can be fully discussed in terms of special relativity, [[general relativity]] is required when [[:w:spacetime curvature]] in the presence of mass and energy cannot be neglected any more.<ref name=koks group=S /> {| class="wikitable" style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" |- ! Author !! Early examples |- |[[w:Jean Becquerel|Becquerel]]<ref name=becqu1 /> 1922 |After defining gravitational time dilation <math>d\tau=\sqrt{1-\tfrac{2GM}{c^{2}r}}dt</math> in terms of the [[w:Schwarzschild metric]] around a material center, he discussed the following round-trip experiment: There are two identical clocks A and B placed next to each other, at a point very far from the material center, initially marking the same time <math>t</math>. Let us transport clock A to a point where the field is more intense, at a distance <math>r</math> from the center; this clock will measure time <math>\int d\tau</math> which is shorter than <math>\int dt</math>, thus it will run more slowly. If we bring clock A back to clock B, we will have to note that it is retarded with respect to B. |} ==Paradoxical?== {| class=wikitable style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" ! style="width:50%" | German original of [[w:Max von Laue|Laue]] (1911/12):<ref name=laue1>Laue introduces the word "paradox", alludes to Berg and discusses Wiechert, in: {{citation |author=Laue, M. v. |title=Zwei Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie und ihre Widerlegung |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |volume=13 |issue=3|date=February 1912|orig-date=Submitted December 1911|pages=118–120|url=https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0013/page/148}}; {{icon|wikisource}} See also English translation [[:s:Translation:Two Objections Against the Theory of Relativity and their Refutation|Two Objections Against the Theory of Relativity and their Refutation]] on Wikisource</ref> ! English translation |- |Unter all den paradox erscheinenden Folgerungen aus der Zeittransformation der Relativitätstheorie gibt es wohl keine, gegen welche sich der natürliche Menschenverstand bei jedem, der der Sache noch ungewohnt ist, so sehr sträubt, wie gegen die, daß die Zeitangabe einer Uhr von ihrem Bewegungszustand abhängen soll. Schon in seiner grundlegenden Arbeit hat Einstein diese Paradoxie auf die Spitze getrieben in einem Gedankenexperiment, welches neuerdings von Langevin in einem auch sonst sehr lesenswerten Vortrage besonders hübsch erläutert worden ist. |Of all apparently paradox consequences that stem from the time-transformation of the theory of relativity, there is probably none against which the common sense of anyone who is still unfamiliar with the matter is more reluctant, than the one according to which the time indication of a clock shall be dependent on its state of motion. Already in his fundamental paper, Einstein has driven this paradox to the extreme by a thought experiment, recently explained in a very nice way by Langevin in a lecture that is also very readable in other respects. |- |colspan=2|{{Lorentzbox|Text=Laue was probably the first to denote the round-trip experiment as paradoxical (even though he pointed out that there are no real contradictions). Subsequently, [[:w:Paul Gruner|Gruner]] (1912)<ref name=gruner /> and others including Einstein (1918)<ref name=einstein18 /> explicitly used the expression "clock paradox" (French: Paradoxe des horloges, German: Uhrenparadoxon), whereas [[w:Rudolf Seeliger|Seeliger]] (1913)<ref name=seel /> spoke of the "familiar Einstein-Langevinian paradox" (German: "bekannte Einstein-Langevinsche Paradoxon").}} |} ==Misunderstandings== {| class=wikitable style="background-color:white;{{text default color}};" ! style="width:50%" padding=10 | German original by [[w:Otto Berg (scientist)|Berg]] (1910):<ref name=berg /> ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Im Punkte <math>x = 0</math> des Systems S befinde sich eine Uhr, eine andere im Punkte <math>x'=0</math> von S'. Diese zweite bewege sich mit S' bis zum Punkte <math>x = a</math>, kehre dort um und bewege sich nun mit der Geschwindigkeit <math>v</math> zurück bis zum Punkte <math>x= 0</math>. Welche Zeit müssen beide Uhren in dem Moment angeben, wo sie sich wieder treffen? Wir beantworten diese Frage zunächst vom Standpunkt des Beobachters in S. Die Uhr in <math>x' = 0</math> hat sich mit der Geschwindigkeit <math>v</math> bis zum Punkte <math>x = a</math> bewegt; dazu brauchte sie die Zeit <math>\tau=\tfrac{a}{v}</math>. Zum Rückweg ist dieselbe Zeit nötig. Nach der Zeit <math>2\tau=2\tfrac{a}{v}</math> ist die Uhr also wieder im Punkte <math>x = 0</math> angelangt. Wir stellen uns nun auf den Standpunkt des Beobachters in S'. Für diesen führt nach dem Relativitätsprinzip das System S genau dieselben Bewegungen aus wie das System S' für den Beobachter in S, nur in entgegengesetzter Richtung. Die Zeit bis zum Zusammentreffen beider Uhren ist also im System S' ebenfalls gegeben durch <math>2\tau=2\tfrac{a}{v}</math>. Betrachtungen, die auf anschauliche Vorstellungen, wie Nachgehen von Uhren, gestützt sind, führen hier leicht zu Irrtümern, von denen auch die Fachlitteratur nicht frei ist. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |There is a clock at point <math>x=0</math> of system S, and another one at point <math>x'=0</math> of S'. The second one moves together with S' until point <math>x=a</math>, turns around and now moves back with speed <math>v</math> to point <math>x=0</math>. Which time must both clocks indicate at the moment at which they encounter again? We answer this question at first from the standpoint of the observer in S. The clock at <math>x=0</math> has been moving with speed <math>v</math> until point <math>x=a</math>, for which it required time <math>\tau=\tfrac{a}{v}</math>. The same time is required for the way back. After time <math>2\tau=2\tfrac{a}{v}</math> the clock has thus arrived again at point <math>x=0</math>. Let's now take the standpoint of the observer in S'. In his view in accordance with the relativity principle, system S is conducting exactly the same motions as those of system S' with respect to the observer in S, only in opposite direction. Thus the time until the meeting of both clocks is given by <math>2\tau=2\tfrac{a}{v}</math> in system S' as well. Considerations based on illustrative notions, such as the retardation of clocks, easily lead to mistakes at this place, of which also the professional literature isn't free. |- |colspan=2|{{Lorentzbox|Text=Berg was probably the first to turn the relativity principle against asymmetric aging in the round-trip experiment, claiming that both clocks must indicate the same time at reunion. See [[w:Twin paradox]] as well as sections {{slink||Acceleration as asymmetry indicator|Frame distribution as asymmetry indicator|Perspective of the traveler}} for the solution of that problem.}} |- ! style="width:50%" | German original by [[w:Emil Wiechert|Wiechert]] (1911)<ref name=wiechert11 /> ! English translation |- |colspan=2| Even though he correctly derived differential clock aging in the round-trip experiment, he claimed that effects like time dilation are "apparent" if one admits Einstein's "unconditional" relativity principle in which there is no aether and all "strides" (i.e. non-accelerated motions) are physically equivalent, but they are "real" if one admits the existence of an aether in the framework of a "conditional" relativity principle in which all strides are physically non-equivalent or anisotropic. This led him to the following interpretation of the clock paradox: |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |[...] so muß am Schluß des Versuches B in seinem Fortschritt gegenüber A im Verhältnis <math>1:\sqrt{1-u^{2}/c^{2}}</math> zurückgeblieben sein. Und dieses Zurückbleiben ist unbedingt reell, denn die beiden Gebilde A und B können ja unter gleichen Umständen unmittelbar beieinander verglichen werden. Hier ist es ganz sicher ausgeschlossen, an einen Schein zu glauben, der durch unsere Auffassung der Zeit bewirkt wird. So ist denn also auch die Folgerung unabwendbar, daß für den Verlauf der Weltvorgänge die Schreitungen nicht gleichwertig sind, ''und damit sind wir von neuem zu einem Schluß gekommen, welcher der Unbedingtheit des Relativitätsprinzipes durchaus widerspricht.'' [...] Man kann den Versuch noch mannigfach variieren, z. B. so, daß A ebenso wie B zwei verschiedene Schreitungen, <math>+u</math> und <math>-u</math>, nacheinander inne hat. Wird dann zu A der Wert <math>u_{1}</math>, zu B der Wert <math>u_{2}</math>, zugeordnet, so muß der Vergleich von A und B am Schluß des Versuches ergeben, daß B oder A in seinem Fortschritt zurückgeblieben erscheint, je nachdem die Schreitungen <math>+u_{1}</math>, <math>-u_{1}</math>, oder <math>+u_{2}</math>, <math>-u_{2}</math> weiter auseinanderliegen. ''Vielleicht ist gerade diese Formulierung des Satzes besonders geeignet, um die Ungleichwertigkeit der verschiedenen Schreitungen klar und deutlich zu zeigen.'' | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | [...] thus B's progress must be retarded with respect to A's in the ratio <math>1:\sqrt{1-u^{2}/c^{2}}</math> at the end of the experiment. And this retardation is definitely real, since both bodies A and B indeed can be immediately compared side by side under the same conditions. Here it is certainly excluded to believe that this is an appearance due to our conception of time. Thus the consequence is unavoidable too, that the strides are not equivalent in the course of the world processes, ''and therefore we again came to a conclusion that completely contradicts the unconditionality of the relativity principle.'' [...] One can vary this experiment in many ways, for instance, so that A in the same way as B successively undergoes two different strides <math>+u</math> and <math>-u</math>. If we apply the value <math>u_{1}</math> to A and <math>u_{2}</math> to B, then the comparison of A and B at the end of the experiment must give the result, that B or A is retarded in its progress depending on whether the strides <math>+u_{2},-u_{2}</math> or <math>+u_{1},-u_{1}</math> are further apart. ''Probably it is precisely this formulation of the theorem that is particularly suitable to demonstrate the non-equivalence of the different strides clearly and explicitly.'' |- |colspan=2|{{Lorentzbox|Text=This interpretation was directly rebutted by Laue (1911/12) who demonstrated the geometrical meaning of differential aging in Minkowski space, see sections {{slink||Laue 1911/12-PT|Laue 1911/12-VA}}, showing that there is no need to assume non-equivalance or anisotropy of motions. Laue added, that as long as there is no experimental contradiction to the relativity principle, the question after the aether can be banned from physics and left to philosophy.<ref name=laue1 />}} |- ! style="width:50%" | German original by [[w:Norman Robert Campbell|Campbell]] (November 1911, published 1912)<ref name=camp /> ! English translation |- |colspan=2|After describing the round-trip experiment (as given by Wiechert) according to which the traveling clock B is retarded when it returns with respect to stationary clock A, he abandoned differential clock aging as follows: |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |Dieser Schluß ist nicht richtig. Die Beziehung zwischen <math>t</math>, der Ablesung an der Uhr auf A seitens des Beobachters auf A und <math>t'</math>, der Ablesung an der Uhr auf B seitens des Beobachters auf A, ist (unter der Annahme, daß zu Beginn des Versuchs <math>t=t'</math> ist) :<math>t'=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}\left(t-vz/c^{2}\right)</math>. Der Unterschied zwischen <math>t'</math> and <math>t</math> ist eine Funktion von <math>z</math> und <math>v</math> allein. Wenn man diesen Größen ihre früheren Werte wiedergibt, indem man die beiden Uhren wieder zur Koinzidenz bringt, während sie relativ zueinander ruhen, so geht der Unterschied zwischen <math>t'</math> and <math>t</math> wieder auf null zurück, gleichviel, welche Werte <math>z</math> und <math>v</math> während der Zwischenzeit gehabt haben mögen. Wenn an irgendeinem Punkte der Bahn die Geschwindigkeit von B relativ zu A eine endliche plötzliche Änderung erfährt, so erfährt auch der Wert von <math>v</math> eine endliche plötzliche Änderung. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |This conclusion is not correct. The relationship between <math>t</math> as the reading on the clock on A by the observer on A, and <math>t'</math> as the reading on the clock on B by the observer on A, is given by (assuming that <math>t=t'</math> at the beginning of the experiment) :<math>t'=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}\left(t-vz/c^{2}\right)</math>. The difference between <math>t'</math> and <math>t</math> is a function of <math>z</math> and <math>v</math> alone. If these quantities are given their previous values by bringing the two clocks back to coincidence during which they are at rest relative to one another, the difference between <math>t'</math> and <math>t</math> goes back to zero, no matter what values <math>z</math> and <math>v</math> may have had in the meantime. If at any point on the path the speed of B experiences a finite sudden change relative to A, then the value of <math>t'</math> also undergoes a finite sudden change. |- |colspan=2|{{Lorentzbox|Text=So Campbell claims that any time difference during the outbound path is wiped out during the inbound path. His mistake is obvious: Campbell is confusing coordinate differences stemming from the Lorentz transformation of ''events'' (which indeed depend on position and direction) with differences in ''clock aging'' derived from the proper time integral (which is ''accumulative'' and independent of position and direction.)}} |- ! style="width:50%" | French original by [[w:Paul Gruner|Gruner]] (March 1912):<ref name=gruner /> ! English translation |- | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" |[...] deux personnes du même âge, se séparant dans des systèmes de « marche » très différents et retournant après un laps de temps assez long, constateront une différence d'âge très sensible. [...] le principe de relativité exige toujours la ''réciprocité parfaite'' des phénomènes entre deux systèmes qui possèdent un mouvement relatif. Si, dans l'exemple cité, les deux personnes du même âge se séparent avec une vitesse relative pour se retrouver plus tard, la constatation d'une différence d'âge sera parfaitement mutuelle : A dira positivement que B est resté en arrière dans son développement, et B affirmera avec le même droit que c'est A qui ne s'est pas développé assez vite. Ainsi le principe absolu de la relativité montre ses conséquences les plus extrèmes et il est clair que l'introduction de l’éther n'est plus en état de résoudre cette contradiction irréductible et inconcevable. | style="padding: 0px 20px 0px 20px;" | [...] two people of same age, separating into very different systems of motion and returning after a quite long period of time, will notice a very significant age difference. [...] the principle of relativity always requires the ''perfect reciprocity'' of the phenomenons between two systems that possess relative motion. When, in the cited example, the two persons of same age are separated by some relative velocity only to meet again later, the finding of an age difference will be perfectly mutual: A will positively say that B stayed behind in its development, and B will assert with same right that it was A who has not developed fast enough. By that, the absolute relativity principle shows its most extreme consequences and it is clear, that the introduction of the aether is no longer able to resolve this irreducible and inconceivable contradiction. |- |colspan=2|{{Lorentzbox|Text=Gruner was probably the first to claim that combining the round-trip experiment with the symmetry of time dilation leads to the contradictory situation, that both must attribute younger age to one another at reunion. At the end of his paper, we also find the expression "clock paradox" (French: paradoxe des horloges). See [[w:Twin paradox]] as well as sections {{slink||Acceleration as asymmetry indicator|Frame distribution as asymmetry indicator|Perspective of the traveler}} for the solution of that problem.}} |} ==Einstein's contributions== 1905:<ref name=einstein05 /> Introduction of the "peculiar" (German: eigentümlich) round-trip experiment with clocks, describing a polygonal path, an continuously curved path, and an experiment comparing a clock at the pole with one at the equator. January 1911 (published November):<ref name=einstein11a /> In a lecture from January, Einstein extended the "funny" (German: drollig) round-trip experiment to living organisms. According to [[w:Rudolf Lämmel]] in April 1911<ref name=lammel /> and [[w:Fritz Müller-Partenkirchen|Fritz Müller]] in October 1911,<ref name=muller /> Einstein spoke of human beings as well. January 1911 (published January 1912):<ref name=einstein3 /> During a discussion with Einstein directly after the previous lecture, [[w:Fritz Müller-Partenkirchen|Fritz Müller]] claimed that any time difference during the round-trip should vanish at reunion, in analogy to the fact that the Lorentz contraction of a moving rod vanishes when it is at rest again. Einstein showed that the analogy is incorrect: While the clock rates are indeed the same again when they are mutually at rest, the clocks do not indicate the same time at reunion because "clocks are carriers of the time differential"; he went on to show that any possible influence of acceleration during the turnaround can be made negligible by elongating the constant velocity periods. 1912:<ref name=einst12manu /> In an unpublished manuscript on special relativity, Einstein showed that if system <math>\Sigma'</math> makes a round-trip along a polygon, then its inner processes will be retarded with respect to resting system <math>\Sigma </math> at reunion. He pointed out that any influence of acceleration can be neglected if one makes the time of acceleration negligible with respect to the total time of motion along the polygon. April 1914:<ref name=einstpetz /> [[w:Joseph Petzoldt]] criticized asymmetric clock aging in the round-trip experiment as a "fallback into absolutist way of thinking", claiming that special relativity requires that any difference between the clocks vanishes when their relative velocity is zero again, even though he added that any treatment of the clock paradox in special relativity is unrealistic anyway, since the theory only concerns uniform motions and therefore cannot handle velocity changes, so one has to modify the theory. Einstein responded by letter in which he praised Petzoldt's philosophical take on relativity, yet he rejected Petzoldt's conclusions concerning the clock paradox by showing that any finite acceleration at turnaround during the round-trip can only influence the clock in a finite way and therefore can be neglected by minimizing the time of acceleration with respect to the time of uniform translation, so it "must be concluded" that the clock traveling on a polygonal path is retarded at reunion. May 1914:<ref name=rowe group=S /> During a conversation with [[w:Ernst Gehrcke]] who claimed that the clock paradox contradicts the relativity principle, Einstein replied that clock B is retarded because it was accelerating in contrast to clock A; while those accelerations are irrelevant for the amount of the time difference, their presence nevertheless cause B to fall behind ("accelerated motions are absolute in the theory of relativity"). 1916:<ref name=einstein16 /> In a lecture of which only an abstract was published, Einstein spoke about the "clock paradox of special relativity from the standpoint of general relativity." September 1918:<ref name=einadl /> In a letter to Einstein, [[w:Friedrich Adler (politician)|Friedrich Adler]] (while in prison for the [[w:Assassination of Karl von Stürgkh]]) claimed that the clock paradox which he described on a circular round-trip contradicts the special relativity principle, and also referred to the similar opinions of Berg and Petzoldt. Einstein responded by letter and explained that there is no contradiction as one of them accelerates; he then showed that general relativity makes both inertial frame K and accelerated frame K' equally justified, explaining the time difference in K' by combining the influence of velocity and gravitational potential, concluding that "Berg and Petzoldt were wrong". November 1918:<ref name=einstein18 /> In a fictitious dialogue between a relativity critic and a relativity apologist written by Einstein, the "critic" said that special relativity must predict differential clock aging in round-trip experiments, which was confirmed by the "relativist" who regretfully noted that even some pro-relativity authors tried to "circumvent this unavoidable result". Yet the critic claimed that this leads to a contradiction: From the viewpoint of K, clock U1 is at rest while the clock U2 was in motion and therefore returns being retarded with respect to U1, but from the viewpoint of K', clock U2 is at rest while clock U1 was in motion and therefore returns being retarded with respect to U2, which was rebutted by the relativist by pointing out the acceleration of U2. Then the critic claimed that this problem "rises again from the dead" in general relativity which allows to symmetrically treat both K and K', which was rebutted by the relativist using the equivalence principle: In K', the rate increase of U1 during turnaround period 3) is "the double" of its velocity time dilation in the inertial periods 2) and 4). December 1918:<ref name=einstein18b /> In a letter to Einstein, [[w:Max Jakob]] doubted the result from Einstein's dialogue, according to which the advance of U1 in period 3) is the double of its retardation during periods 2) and 4). Einstein responded by letter, in which he used the gravitational time dilation factor <math>1+\Phi/c^{2}</math> in K' in order to show that U1 at distance <math>l</math> is advancing by <math>\Phi/c^{2}=2vl/c^{2}</math> in period 3), which is indeed the double of approximated delay <math>vl/c^{2}</math> caused by velocity time dilation during periods 2) and 4). 1920:<ref name=einstein20 /> In conversations with [[w:Alexander Moszkowski]] between 1919 and 1920, Einstein argued that differential aging of the twins is rather a paradox of feeling, not a paradox of thought, because the latter would only arise if there were no reason for the asymmetric aging. The reason in special relativity lies in the fact that one of them suffered accelerations, while a deeper understanding of that question is obtained by using general relativity. Einstein argued that our "common sense" is located in the realm of feeling and analogy drawn from our ordinary experience; since there is no analogy to the example of the twins in our experience, it might appear paradoxical to the common sense, while it appears logical and necessary in light of intensified abstraction of the trained scientific mind. August 1920:<ref name=rowe group=S /> At an anti-relativity event organized by the right-wing agitator [[w:Paul Weyland]] during which [[w:antisemitic]] leaflets were distributed and [[w:swastika]]s offered at the entrance, a lecture was given by Gehrcke re-iterating his criticism of the twin paradox, claiming that the stationary first organism is old or even dead at reunion while the second organism was in motion and therefore stayed young, but from the standpoint of the second organism he himself is old or even dead while the first organism was in motion and stayed young, thus relativity is either contradictory or it leads to different realities and physical [[w:solipsism]]. Einstein who was present at that event, directly responded in a newspaper article;<ref name=einst20 /> after suspecting antisemitic motives of his critics, he specifically addressed Gehrcke's objections regarding the "well known example of the clocks (or twins)", remarking that the charge of solipsism will be "greeted by the experts as a joke", and characterized the claim that relativity requires mutual retardation of two co-located clocks as a "deliberate attempt to misinform the lay public". 1922:<ref name=morand /><ref name=nord /> [[w:Paul Painlevé]], Einstein and Langevin discussed the clock paradox at a meeting in Paris. Painlevé imagined a clock on a train that performs a round-trip with constant speed and returns being retarded with respect to the station clock, yet he claimed that the relativity principle also allows to say that the station clock performed the round-trip and returned being retarded with respect to the train clock, in contradiction to the previous result. Einstein replied that the relativity principle cannot be applied since the train is not in a Galilean system (i.e. inertial frame) any longer during the period of velocity change at turnaround, i.e. the ensemble of two systems having velocities in opposite direction is not an inertial frame; there is no reciprocity between a frame that changes direction and one that doesn't. Langevin consequently gave a detailed analysis in terms of the Lorentz transformation. 1954:<ref name=einstein54 /> In a letter, Einstein explained the "well known clock paradoxon" using two clocks <math>B_{1}</math> and <math>B_{2}</math>; clock <math>B_{2}</math> has to reverse its speed in order to come back, thus it was initially at rest in inertial frame <math>S_{2}</math> and then at rest in <math>S_{2}^{+}</math>, whereas <math>B_{1}</math> constantly remains at rest in <math>S_{1}</math>, which explains the asymmetry between them. ==Historical references== <references> <ref name=einstein05>See p. 904f in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1905 |title=Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper|journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=322 |issue=10 |pages=891–921 |doi=10.1002/andp.19053221004|quote=Reprinted in ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 2, Document 23}}. See also: [https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ English translation at fourmilab].</ref> <ref name=einstein11a>See p. 10. in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |title=Die Relativitäts-Theorie|journal=Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahresschrift |volume=56 |issue=1-2|pages=1–14 |date=27 November 1911|orig-date=Lecture 16 January 1911|url=https://archive.org/details/naturforschendegesellschaftinzurich_vierteljahrsschriftdernaturforschendengesellschaftinzur_v56_1911/page/n11/mode/2up|quote=Reprinted in ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 3, Document 17}}.<br /> The publication date 27 November 1911 can be seen on the [https://archive.org/details/naturforschendegesellschaftinzurich_vierteljahrsschriftdernaturforschendengesellschaftinzur_v56_1911/page/n5/mode/2up Title page and TOC of issue 1-2].</ref> <ref name=einstein3>Discussion between Einstien, Müller, Lämmel and others after the Zürich lecture: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A.; Müller, F., Lämmel, R.|title=Diskussion zu "Die Relativitäts-Theorie"|journal=Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahresschrift |volume=56 |pages=II-IX |date=January 1912|orig-date=Lecture on 16 January 1911|url=https://archive.org/details/naturforschendegesellschaftinzurich_vierteljahrsschriftdernaturforschendengesellschaftinzur_v56_1911/page/n587/mode/2up|quote=Reprinted in ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 3, Document 18, and in the corresponding English translation volume}}<br /> While the discussion already happened on January 1911, the publication followed one year later in January 1912 in the session proceedings (Sitzungsberichte) of the third issue, see [https://www.ngzh.ch/publikationen/vjs/56/3 Full issue Nr. 3] with [http://www.ngzh.ch/archiv/1911_56/56_1-2/56_3.pdf Title page and TOC] and the [http://www.ngzh.ch/archiv/1911_56/56_3/56_30.pdf Sitzungsberichte including Einstein's discussion on pp. II-IX]. </ref> <ref name=einst12manu>See p. 46 in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1912 |chapter=Document 1: Einstein's manuscript on the special theory of relativity|title=The collected papers of Albert Einstein|volume=4|pages=3-108|trans-chapter=See also the English translation in the corresponding translation volume}}</ref> <ref name=einstlor>{{Citation|author=Einstein, A.|date=1914|title=Review of "Lorentz, H. A. – Das Relativitätsprinzip" |journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|volume=2|pages=1018|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT31421305002/page/1018/mode/2up|quote=Reprinted in ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 6, Document 11}}</ref> <ref name=einstpetz>{{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1914 |chapter=Document 5: Letter from Einstein to Petzoldt|title=The collected papers of Albert Einstein|volume=8a|pages=16-17|trans-chapter=See also the English translation in the corresponding translation volume}}</ref> <ref name=einstein16>See p. 423f in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1916 |title=Announcement of Einstein's lecture "Über einige anschauliche Überlegungen aus dem Gebiete der Relativitätstheorie"|journal=Berliner Sitzungsberichte|pages=423|volume=1916 (part 1)|url=https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch/page/423/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=einadl>Letter exchange between Einstein and Adler in which the critique on the clock paradox by Berg (1910) and Petzoldt (1914) was mentioned, together with the general relativity solution in terms of the gravitational potential, in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1918 |chapter=Adler's letter in Document 620 and Einstein's reply in Document 628|title=The collected papers of Albert Einstein|volume=8a|pages=16-17|trans-chapter=See also the English translation in the corresponding translation volume}}</ref> <ref name=einstein18>Einstein discussed in terms of inertial frames (special relativity) on pp. 697f; accelerated frames (general relativity) on pp. 698f.; distant masses (Mach's principle) on pp. 700f. in: {{citation |author=Einstein, A.|title=Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie|date=November 1918|volume=6|issue=48|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|pages=697-702|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1918-11-29_6_48|quote=Reprinted in ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'', Vol. 7, Document 13}}; See also English translation [[:s:Translation:Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity|Dialog about Objections against the Theory of Relativity]] on Wikisource.</ref> <ref name=einstein18b>Letter exchange between Max Jakob and Einstein from December 1918, in: {{Citation |author=Einstein, A. |date=1918 |chapter=Jakob's letter in Document 661c and Einstein's reply in Document 663a|title=The collected papers of Albert Einstein|volume=10|pages=189-190}}</ref> <ref name=einstein20>Interview of Einstein by Moszkowski, see p. 204f. in: {{citation |author=Moszkowski, A.|title=Einstein. Einblicke in seine Gedankenwelt|orig-date=Copyright date 1920 |date=1921|place=Hamburg|url=https://www.archive.org/details/einsteineinblick00moszuoft}}; See also English translation by H. L. Brose (1921): [https://archive.org/details/einsteinsearch00moszrich Einstein, the searcher], p. 206</ref> <ref name=einst20>{{Citation|author=Einstein, A.|date=27 August 1920|journal=Berliner Tageblatt|title=Meine Antwort - Ueber die anti-relativitätstheoretische G. m. b. H.|issue=402|pages=1-2|url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/newspaper/item/YH65KFT53MOG4SMXDXK4IVUPTR3QRY7Q?issuepage=1|quote=Reprinted in "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein", Vol. 7, Document 45}}</ref> <ref name=einstein54>Letter from Einstein to N. V. Pope from March 1954; [[w:Albert Einstein Archives]], Object number 27-88 ([https://ein-web.adlibhosting.com/aea/Details/archive/110021626 Online dataset]); Scanned version as [https://groups.google.com/group/npachat/attach/d3121322d37764f2/Einstein%20letter.doc?part=0.1 Word document on Usenet] published by [https://groups.google.com/g/npachat/c/Haoib97d6OA/m/8mR30yITEtMJ Pope himself])</ref> <ref name=morand>Discussion between Painlevé, Einstein, and Langevin on p. 316ff in: {{citation |author=Morand, M.|title=Einstein au collège de france|date=April 1922|journal=La Nature|volume=50|issue=2511|pages=315-320|url=http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.102/319/100/620/5/613}}</ref> <ref name=lammel>{{Citation|author=Lämmel, R.|date=28 April 1911|title=Die Relativitäts-Lehre|journal=Neue Zürcher Zeitung|volume=117|pages=1|url=https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=NZZ19110428-01.2.4.1}}; English translation of the part concering the twin pardox at [[:v:History of Topics in Special Relativity/Twin paradox#Lämmel 1911-Hum|Wikiversity:Early history of the twin paradox - Lämmel]]</ref> <ref name=lammel2>See p. 84ff in: {{Citation|author=Lämmel, R.|date=1921|orig-date=Preface December 1920|title=Die Grundlagen der Relativitätstheorie|place=Berlin|publisher=Springer|url=https://archive.org/details/diegrundlagende00lmgoog}}</ref> <ref name=langevin1>He derived differential aging from the proper time integral; pointed out that this demonstrates the "absolute nature of acceleration" with respect to an aether, see: {{citation |author=Langevin, P.|title=[[:s:fr:L’Évolution de l’espace et du temps|L’Évolution de l’espace et du temps]]|journal=Scientia |volume=X |pages=31–54 |date=July 1911|orig-date=Lecture 10 April 1911}}; English translation [[:s:en:Translation:The Evolution of Space and Time|The Evolution of Space and Time]] on Wikisource</ref> <ref name=langevin2>See p. 329 in: {{citation |author=Langevin, P. |title=Le temps, l'espace et la causalité dans la physique moderne |journal=Bulletin de la Société française de philosophie |volume=12 |orig-date=Lecture October 1911|date=1912|pages=1-28|url=http://ahp.li/1f7fc22d283fdf0deeca.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=wiechert11>See p. 745f. general description and proper time; 757f. space travel; in: {{Citation |author=Wiechert, E. |date=September 1911|orig-date=Lectures March-May 1911, submitted 26 July|title=[[:s:de:Relativitätsprinzip und Äther|Relativitätsprinzip und Äther]]|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |volume=12 |issue=17-18 |pages=[https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0012/page/741 689-707] published September 1; [https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0012/page/789 737–758] published September 15}}</ref> <ref name=wiechert15>See p. 46 (Einstein, Langevin, Wiechert) and pp. 51f (Laue versus Wiechert) in: {{citation |author=Wiechert, E.|contribution=Die Mechanik im Rahmen der allgemeinen Physik| title=Die Kultur der Gegenwart: Physik|volume=3.3.1|date=1915 |orig-date=Submitted July 1914|pages=1–78|contribution-url=https://www.archive.org/details/physikunterredak00warbuoft}}</ref> <ref name=wiechert20>See p. 46f in: {{citation |author=Wiechert, E.|title=Der Äther im Weltbild der Physik|orig-date=Presented December 1920|date=1921|journal=Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse|pages=29-70|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/resolveppn/?PPN=GDZPPN00250586X}}</ref> <ref name=wiechert21>See p. 25ff in: {{citation |author=Wiechert, E.|title=[[:s:de:Prinzipielles über Äther und Relativität|Prinzipielles über Äther und Relativität]]|date=1922|orig-date=Lecture September 1921|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume=23|pages=25-28}}</ref> <ref name=muller>See p. 9 in: {{Citation|author=Müller, F.|date=October 1911|journal=Berliner Tageblatt|title=[[:s:de:Das Zeitproblem (1911)|Das Zeitproblem]]|pages=[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/newspaper/item/2QKOIOLGNVQILTCEZQOGQPLTRVLPM5PZ?query=zeit&issuepage=9 Part 1 published 16 October 1911] and [https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/newspaper/item/IO44I6QBC4SVV5YUKUDSGXYIPQUXXBN5?query=zeit&issuepage=11 Part 2 published 23 October 1911]}}</ref> <ref name=gruner>See p. 253f in: {{Citation |author=Gruner, P. |title=[[:s:fr:Rapport sur la dernière discussion concernant le principe de la relativité et l’éther|Rapport sur la dernière discussion concernant le principe de la relativité et l’éther]] |journal=Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles |volume=33|issue=4 |pages=252-254 |date=March 1912}}</ref> <ref name=laue3>See p. 113f in: {{citation |author=Laue, M. v. |title=Das Relativitätsprinzip |journal=Jahrbücher der Philosophie |volume=1 |date=1913 |pages=99–128}}; {{icon|wikisource}} See also English translation of [[:s:Translation:The Principle of Relativity (Laue, Philosophy)|The Principle of Relativity]] on Wikisource</ref> <ref name=weyl>See p. 147f. in: {{Citation |author=Weyl, H. |date=March 1918|title=Raum-Zeit-Materie (first edition)|publisher=Berlin: Springer|url=https://archive.org/details/RaumZeitMaterieVolIMeinerFrauGewidmet}}; English translation of the 4th edition by H. Brose (1921): [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43006 Space—Time—Matter], pp. 278f.</ref> <ref name=gbaum>See footnote on p. 507 in: {{Citation|author=Grünbaum, F. |title=Über einige ideelle Versuche zum Relativitätsprinzip|journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift|volume=12|pages=500–509|date=1911|url=https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0012/page/540}}</ref> <ref name=laue1>Laue introduces the word "paradox", alludes to Berg and discusses Wiechert, in: {{citation |author=Laue, M. v. |title=Zwei Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie und ihre Widerlegung |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |volume=13 |issue=3|date=February 1912|orig-date=Submitted December 1911|pages=118–120|url=https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0013/page/148}}; {{icon|wikisource}} See also English translation [[:s:Translation:Two Objections Against the Theory of Relativity and their Refutation|Two Objections Against the Theory of Relativity and their Refutation]] on Wikisource</ref> <ref name=laue2>See p. 42f. for general description; p. 58f. in terms of proper time; in: {{Citation |author=Laue, M. v. |orig-date=Preface December 1912|date=1913 |title=Das Relativitätsprinzip (Second Edition) |publisher=Vieweg |place=Braunschweig|url=https://preserver.beic.it/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE4597082}}; See also English translation [[:s:Translation:The Principle of Relativity (Laue 1913)|The Principle of Relativity, Second edition, Part III]] on Wikisource</ref> <ref name=laue3>See p. 113f in: {{citation |author=Laue, M. v. |title=Das Relativitätsprinzip |journal=Jahrbücher der Philosophie |volume=1 |date=1913 |pages=99–128}}; {{icon|wikisource}} See also English translation of [[:s:Translation:The Principle of Relativity (Laue, Philosophy)|The Principle of Relativity]] on Wikisource</ref> <ref name=berg>See p. 369f in: {{Citation |author=Berg, O. |date=1910 |title=Das Relativitätsprinzip der Elektrodynamik |journal=Abhandlungen der Fries'schen Schule |volume=3 |issue=2|pages=333-382 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnuynk?urlappend=%3Bseq=351}}</ref> <ref name=camp>See p. 123f in: {{Citation |author=Campbell, N. |title=Relativitätsprinzip und Äther: Eine Entgegnung an Herrn Wiechert |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |volume=13 |pages=120-128 |issue=3|orig-date=Submitted December 1911|date=February 1912|url=https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN891110208_0013/page/150}}. The is based on an English manuscript translated by Max Iklé, and Campbell's first name was Germanised as "Normann".</ref> <ref name=seel>{{Citation|author=Seeliger, R.|title=Review of "P. Gruner – Rapport sur la dernière discussion concernant le principe de la relativité et l'éther"|journal=Die Fortschritte der Physik|volume=68|issue=2|pages=336|date=1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSJGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA336}}</ref> <ref name=study>See footnote on p. 111 in: {{citation |author=Study, E. |title=Vorlesungen über ausgewählte Gegenstände der Geometrie |date=June 1911|url=https://archive.org/details/vorlesungenber00studuoft|publisher=B.G. Teubner|place=Leipzig}} </ref> <ref name=robb1>See pp. 356ff. in: {{Citation|author=Robb, A.|date=1914|title=A theory of time and space|place=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/theoryoftimespac00robbrich}} </ref> <ref name=robb2>See §12 in: {{citation |author=Robb, A. A.|title=The Straight Path|date=1920 |journal=Nature|pages=599|volume=104|issue=2623|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1920-02-05_104_2623/page/598/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=edding2>See p. 22 in: {{Citation |author=Eddington, A. S. |date=1922 |title=The theory of relativity, and its influence on scientific thought |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924005748573}}</ref> <ref name=rogers>{{citation |author=Rogers, R. A. P.|title=The Time-Triangle and Time-Triad in Special Relativity|date=November 1922|journal=Nature|volume=110|issue=2769|pages=698–699|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1922-11-25_110_2769/page/698/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=lorentz1>See pp. 37f, 55ff in: {{citation |author=Lorentz, H. A.|date=1913|title=Het relativiteitsbeginsel : drie voordrachten gehouden in Teyler's stichting|publisher=De Erven Loosjes |place=Haarlem|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB24:063387000:00005}}; German translation on pp. 31f, 47f in: {{citation |author=Lorentz, H. A.|date=1914| title=Das Relativitätsprinzip. Drei Vorlesungen gehalten in Teylers Stiftung zu Haarlem|publisher=B.G. Teubner |place=Leipzig and Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_89PPAAAAMAAJ}}; See also the transcription [[:s:de:Das Relativitätsprinzip (Lorentz)|Das Relativitätsprinzip]] on German Wikisource and the English translation [[:s:Translation:The Principle of Relativity (Lorentz)|The Principle of Relativity]] on English Wikisource</ref> <ref name=lorentz3>See §12 in: {{citation |author=Lorentz, H. A.|title=Considérations élémentaires sur le principe de relativité|date=1914 |journal=Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées|pages=179-186|url=https://archive.org/details/revuegnraled25pari/page/178/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=bloch>See pp. 67 ff. in: {{Citation | author=Bloch, W.| date=September 1918|title=Einführung in die Relativitätstheorie| publisher=B. G. Teubner |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101040276907}}</ref> <ref name=bloch2>See pp. 69ff. (special relativity) and 102ff. (general relativity) in: {{Citation | author=Bloch, W.| date=1920 |title=Einführung in die Relativitätstheorie (second edition)| publisher=B. G. Teubner |url=https://www.archive.org/details/einfhrungindier00blocgoog}}</ref> <ref name=bollert1>See p. 6 (special relativity), pp. 24-26 (EP) in: {{citation |author=Bollert, K.|title=Einstein’s Relativitätstheorie und ihre Stellung im System der Gesamterfahrung |date=April 1921|publisher=Steinkopff|url=https://archive.org/details/dbc.wroc.pl.001504}}</ref> <ref name=born>See pp. 190f. (special relativity), 250f (EP) in: {{Citation | author=Born, M.| date=1921 |title=Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins und ihre physikalischen Grundlagen (Second edition)| publisher=Springer | place=Berlin|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015017387310}}; The [https://preserver.beic.it/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE5426498 first edition (1920)] of Born's book didn't include the twin paradox. English translation of the third edition by H. Brose (1924): [https://archive.org/details/einsteinstheoryo00born Einstein's theory of relativity]</ref> <ref name=pauli>See p. 558f (general description); p. 624f (proper time); p. 713f (accelerated frames); in: {{Citation |author=Pauli, W. |date=1921 |journal=Encyclopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften|title=Die Relativitätstheorie|pages=539–776|volume=5|issue=2 |url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN360709672}}; English translation by G. Field (1958): [https://books.google.com/books?id=rc3DAgAAQBAJ Theory of Relativity]</ref> <ref name=thirring>See p. 209ff in: {{citation |author=Thirring, H.|title=Über das Uhrenparadoxon in der Relativitätstheorie|date=April 1921|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=9|issue=18|pages=209-212|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_naturwissenschaften_1921-04-01_9_13/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=sommerfeld>See p. 71 in: {{citation |author=Sommerfeld, A. |date=May 1913|chapter=Remarks on Minkowski's "Space and Time"|title=Das Relativitätsprinzip|editor=Otto Blumenthal|pages=69-73|url=https://www.archive.org/details/dasrelativittsp00minkgoog}}</ref> <ref name=kopff>See pp. 45ff (special relativity and proper time); pp. 117ff (EP); pp. 189ff (Mach's principle), in: {{citation |author=Kopff, A.|title=Grundzüge der Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie |date=February 1921|publisher=S. Hirzel|place=Leipzig|url=https://www.archive.org/details/grundzgedereins00kopfgoog}}; English translation by H. Levy (1923): [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015017188817 The mathematical theory of relativity].</ref> <ref name=becqu1>See p. 48ff (proper time), p. 240f (general relativity) in: {{citation |author=Becquerel, J.|title=[[:s:fr:Le Principe de relativité et la théorie de la gravitation|Le Principe de relativité et la théorie de la gravitation]] |date=1922 |publisher=Gauthier-Villars|place=Paris}}; See also p. 57ff (proper time), p. 177f (general relativity) in: {{citation |author=Becquerel, J.|title=[[:s:fr:Exposé élémentaire de la théorie d’Einstein et de sa généralisation|Exposé élémentaire de la théorie d’Einstein et de sa généralisation]]|date=1922 |publisher=Payot|place=Paris}}</ref> <ref name=nord>Discussion between Painlevé, Einstein, and Langevin on pp. 146ff in: {{citation |author=Nordmann, C.|title=[[s:fr:Einstein expose et discute sa théorie|Einstein expose et discute sa théorie]]|date=May 1922|journal=Revue des deux mondes|volume=IX|pages=129-166}}</ref> </references> ==Secondary sources== <references group=S> <ref name=miller>{{Citation |author=Miller, A. 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(Einstein, Laue, Weyl, Painlevé).</ref> <ref name=debs>{{Citation |author=Debs, T. A., & Redhead, M. L. |title=The twin paradox and the conventionality of simultaneity |date=1996 |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=64|issue=1| pages=384-392 |doi=10.1119/1.18252}}</ref> <ref name=alizzi>{{Citation |author=Alizzi, A., Sen, A., & Silagadze, Z. K.|title=Do moving clocks slow down? |year=2022 |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=43|issue=6|pages=065601 |doi=10.1088/1361-6404/ac93ca|arxiv=2209.12654}}; Appendix B with reference to Lange and Halsbury</ref> <ref name=beng>{{Citation |author=Benguigui, L. G. |date=2020 |title=A Tale Of Two Twins: The Langevin Experiment Of A Traveler To A Star |publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789811219115}}; See early solutions (Einstein, Langevin, Lorentz, Born/Kopff) and the Bergson controversy. A shorter version appeared in {{arxiv|1212.4414}}.</ref> <ref name=rowe>{{Citation|author=Rowe, D. E.|date=2006|title=Einstein's allies and enemies: Debating relativity in Germany 1916–1920|journal=Interactions: Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy|pages=231-280|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5195-1_8}}; Covering the criticism of Gehrcke starting with 1912; discussion between Einstein and Gehrcke in 1914; Einstein's dialogue (1918) as response to antirelativists; the Weyland event in 1920 and Einstein's response.</ref> <ref name=weiss>Weiss, W. (Physics FAQ): [https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/TwinParadox/twin_gr.html The Twin Paradox: The Equivalence Principle Analysis]</ref> <ref name=cuvaj>{{Citation |author=Cuvaj, C. |date=1971 |title=Paul Langevin and the theory of relativity|journal=Japanese studies in the history of science|volume=10| pages=113-142|url=http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~sano/hssj/pdf/Cuvaj_C-1972-Langevin_Relativity-JSHS-No_10-pp113-142.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=koks>Koks, D. (2018): [https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/sr-gr.html Physics FAQ: Where is the Boundary between Special and General Relativity?]</ref> </references> [[Category:History of special relativity]] [[Category:Paradoxes]] pyu7t0p4ffvf76mab1aukf4jdwwejje 0 323153 2832358 2832136 2026-09-09T07:23:49Z Jtneill 10242 Fix user name 2832358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation== # [[/Adolescent risk-taking and reward-system development/]] - How does reward circuit maturation influence adolescent sensation-seeking and impulsive behaviours? {{ME-By|U3280843}} # [[/Akrasia/]] - Why do people act against their better judgement? {{ME-By|U3269672}} # [[/Artificial intelligence and academic motivation/]] - How does artificial intelligence influence students’ motivation to learn, engage, and achieve? {{ME-By|U3280097}} # [[/Attachment styles and relatedness motivation/]] - How do attachment styles affect the need for relatedness? {{ME-By|HawaSA}} # [[/Athletic identity loss and returning to sport after injury/]] - How does injury related disruption to athletic identity affect motivation to return to sport? {{ME-By|Tammysaurus}} # [[/Automaticity and goal pursuit/]] - How do habits and environmental cues drive unconscious goal pursuit? {{ME-By|Revial76}} # [[/Basal ganglia and motivation/]] - What is the role of the basal ganglia in motivated behaviour? {{ME-By|U3233213}} # [[/Building therapeutic alliance/]] - What psychological factors contribute to the development of a strong therapeutic alliance? {{ME-By|U3175512}} # [[/Charismatic leadership and follower motivation/]] - How does charismatic leadership inspire follower motivation? {{ME-By|U3275984}} # [[/Competence motivation in self-determination theory/]] - How does the need for competence function within self-determination theory to shape motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|Zozo}} # [[/Consumer emotion measurement/]] - How can consumer emotion be measured? {{ME-By|Sienna33309}} # [[/Creative inspiration and effort/]] - How do inspiration and effort interact during the creative process? {{ME-By|Vivekidid}} # [[/Developing a growth mindset/]] - How can a growth mindset be cultivated and sustained? {{ME-By|LMM26}} # [[/Effort regulation and cost-benefit decision-making/]] - How is effort dynamically adjusted based on changing cost-benefit analysis during goal pursuit? {{ME-By|Kelp14}} # [[/ERG theory and motivation/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory and how does it explain human motivation? {{ME-By|Sarah Hagan06}} # [[/Epistemic motivation and the need for cognitive closure/]] - How does epistemic motivation and the need for cognitive closure influence our lives? {{ME-By|Ayat Al-kabai}} # [[/Exercise gamification motivation/]] - How can gamification affect exercise motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|U3260591}} # [[/Expectancy-value theory of educational motivation/|Expectancy-value theory of educational motivation]] - What is expectancy-value theory and how can it be applied to understand and enhance educational motivation? {{ME-By|StudentUC2026}} # [[/Extended process model of emotion regulation/]] - What is the extended process model and how does it explain the regulation of emotions in different contexts? {{ME-By|TheHutt02}} # [[/Feedback literacy/]] - What is feedback literacy, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? {{ME-By|WonderfulKitten3}} # [[/Future orientation and criminal behaviour/]] - How does future orientation influence the risk of criminal activity? {{ME-By|U3275899}} # [[/Game of dice task and decision-making/]] - What does the game of dice task reveal about risk-based decision-making? {{ME-By|U3216724}} # [[/Gender and achievement motivation/]] - How does gender shape where, how, and under what conditions achievement motivation is expressed? {{ME-By|U3242837}} # [[/Generativity/]] - What is generativity and how does it impact behaviour and life outcomes? {{ME-By|Monuc9}} # [[/Getting started/]] - Why is task initiation difficult and how to overcome it? {{ME-By|U3286643}} # [[/Hygiene motivation/]] - What motivates maintenance of personal hygiene? {{ME-By|U3275940}} # [[/Hypothalamus and homeostatic motivation/]] - How do hypothalamic circuits regulate hunger, thirst, and other survival-related motivations? {{ME-By|U3297598}} # [[/Impulsivity versus sensation-seeking/]] - What is the distinction between impulsivity and sensation-seeking and how does this affect behaviour? {{ME-By|Reillyu3280706}} # [[/Indigenous Australian role models and motivation/]] - How do role models influence aspirations, identity development, and motivation among Indigenous Australians? {{ME-By|Jshottt}} # [[/Interrogation and compliance/]] - What psychological processes influence resistance and compliance during interrogation? {{ME-By|U3283643}} # [[/Lifelong learning motivation/]] - What motivates lifelong learning? {{ME-By|U3280251}} # [[/Machiavellian motivation/]] - What is the motivational role of Machiavellianism? {{ME-By|Mim0502}} # [[/Mesolimbic pathway and addiction motivation/]] - What role does the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens pathway play in addictive behaviours? {{ME-By|U3280499}} # [[/Mindsets and stigma/]] - What role do growth versus fixed mindsets play in prejudice and stigma? {{ME-By|U3275909}} # [[/Motivations for using sex work services/]] - What motivates use of sex work services? {{ME-By|U3261236}} # [[/Motivational effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians/]] - What are the motivational effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians?{{ME-By|U3183521}} # [[/Need to love and be loved/]] - How does the desire to give and receive love influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3280743}} # [[/Occupational violence, emotion, and coping/]] - What are the emotional impacts of occupational violence and how can employees cope? {{ME-By|Anne-Lyse Iran}} # [[/Overconfidence in decision-making/]] - How does overconfidence bias affect judgement and decision-making? {{ME-By|BellaJohnson1}} # [[/Parental motivations for homeschooling/]] - What motivates parents to homeschool their children? {{ME-By|Gracelp}} # [[/Perfectionism and procrastination/]] - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? {{ME-By|U3222012}} # [[/Pleasure anticipation and dopamine/]] - How does the brain's reward system generate motivation through expected rather than experienced pleasure? {{ME-By|U3284308}} # [[/Possible selves and goal pursuit/]] - How do possible selves influence motivation and goal-directed behaviour? {{ME-By|Jack4234}} # [[/Power motivation in leadership/]] - How does power motivation influence leadership styles and effectiveness? {{ME-By|PsychstudentUniversity!}} # [[/Prevention versus promotion mindset/]] - What are the motivational differences between prevention and promotion mindsets? {{ME-By|Bronte.H}} # [[/Relatedness motivation in self-determination theory/]] - How does the need for relatedness function within self-determination theory to shape motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|U3203283}} # [[/Retirement motivation/]] - What motivates retirement from work? {{ME-By|U3261207}} # [[/Scarcity versus abundance mindset/]] - How do scarcity and abundance mindsets develop and what are the motivational consequences? {{ME-By|U3274291}} # [[/Self-concept and motivation/]] - How does self-concept relate to motivation? {{ME-By|U3253363}} # [[/Self-determination theory and dementia care/]] - How can autonomy, competence, and relatedness be supported in people living with dementia? {{ME-By|Ella Kay244}} # [[/Self-determination theory and military veteran reintegration/]] - How do autonomy, competence, and relatedness shape psychological adjustment after military service? {{ME-By|U3246286}} # [[/Self-determination theory and physical activity/]] - How do autonomy, competence, and relatedness predict engagement in physical activity and exercise adherence? {{ME-By|U3275908}} # [[/Self-determination theory and social media use/]] - How do basic psychological needs explain patterns of social media engagement? {{ME-By|GraceInMind}} # [[/Sensation-seeking and dopamine/]] - What is the neurobiological relationship between sensation-seeking and dopamine? {{ME-By|U3262868}} # [[/Sex differences in sexual arousal patterns/]] - How do patterns of sexual arousal differ between males and females? {{ME-By|U3236349}} # [[/Sex work motivation/]] - What motivates sex work and how does this impact worker experiences? {{ME-By|U3261376}} # [[/Sleep deprivation, motivation, and academic performance/|Sleep deprivation, motivation, and academic performance]] - How does sleep deprivation affect motivation, attention, and academic performance in university students? {{ME-By|RileyRuckus}} # [[/Social dominance and power motivation/]] - What is the relationship between social dominance and power motivation? {{ME-By|U3284302}} # [[/Subcortical structures and motivational drive/]] - How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy? {{ME-By|U3281503}} # [[/Sun exposure and protection motivation/]] - What motivates sun exposure and protection behaviours? {{ME-By|U3188047}} # [[/Surrender motivation/]] - What is the motivational state of surrender and what are its impacts? {{ME-By|Chloebateup}} # [[/Types of impulsivity/]] - What are the different types of impulsivity and how do they affect motivation? {{ME-By|Ella234567}} # [[/Value congruence and motivation/]] - How does alignment between personal and situational values influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3275775}} # [[/Volunteer counsellor motivation/]] - What motivates people to become and remain volunteer counsellors? {{ME-By|J.M.A Watson}} # [[/Youth environmental activism motivation/]] - What motivates young people to engage in environmental activism? {{ME-By|SJPiper}} ==Emotion== # [[/Active versus passive social media use/]] - How do different patterns of social media engagement influence emotions and psychological wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3282656}} # [[/Adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection/]] - When does self-reflection promote wellbeing and when does it contribute to psychological distress? {{ME-By|U3211150}} # [[/Affect heuristic/]] - What is the affect heuristic and how does it influence decision making? {{ME-By|Charlie.henderson1}} # [[/Alcohol use for emotion regulation/]] - Why and how do people use alcohol to regulate their emotions? {{ME-By|JessJ117}} # [[/Apocalyptic fear/]] - What is apocalyptic fear, what are its consequences, and how can it be dealt with? {{ME-By|LazPulch}} # [[/Awe and the diminished self/]] - How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied? {{ME-By|Amirrorslens}} # [[/Awe and nature/]] - What is the relationship between awe and nature? {{ME-By|U3269915}} # [[/Body neutrality and emotional well-being/]] - How does a body-neutral perspective affect emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Amyuniversity}} # [[/Breathing exercises and relaxation/]] - How can breathing exercises promote relaxation? {{ME-By|E3297976}} # [[/Cognitive hardiness and stress resilience/]] - How does cognitive hardiness promote resilience to stress and adversity? {{ME-By|U3068253}} # [[/Cognitive versus affective empathy/]] - What are the differences between cognitive and affective empathy and how do they contribute to prosociality? {{ME-By|U3280159}} # [[/Dark empathy/]] - What is dark empathy, what are its consequences, and what can be done to address it? {{ME-By|U3228742}} # [[/Dreams and emotional problem-solving/]] - How do REM dreams contribute to emotional processing and adaptive coping? {{ME-By|U3270398}} # [[/Eco-emotions/]] - What are eco-emotions, how do they influence behaviour, and how can they be managed? {{ME-By|U3243776}} # [[/Emotional effects of incarceration on Indigenous Australians/]] - What are the emotional effects of incarcertation on Indigenous Australians? {{ME-By|Lilfish215}} # [[/Emotional expressivity/]] - What is emotional expressivity, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? {{ME-By|U3283812}} # [[/Emotional flooding in relationships/]] - Why does emotional flooding occur, how does it affect relationships, and what can be done about it? {{ME-By|Tofu05}} # [[/Emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing/]] - How does emotional intelligence affect emotional wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3239236}} # [[/Emotion dysregulation/]] - What is emotion dysregulation, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3285438}} # [[/Emotion regulation through exercise/]] - How do people use exercise to regulate their emotional states? {{ME-By|KB3250298}} # [[/Empathy and jury decision-making/]] - How does empathy toward defendants and victims influence jurors' reasoning and verdict decisions? {{ME-By|U3254168}} # [[/Empathy fatigue and emotional exhaustion/]] - How does sustained empathic engagement contribute to emotional exhaustion? {{ME-By|U3143751}} # [[/Enjoyment and learning/]] - How does enjoyment influence learning? {{ME-By|Diaz Chas}} # [[/Envy in the workplace/]] - What role does envy play in workplace behaviour? {{ME-By|Flickstar888}} # [[/Excitement as an emotion/]] - What is the emotional excitement and how does it influence behaviour and wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3292769}} # [[/Fear extinction/]] - What psychological and neural processes underlie the extinction of fear responses? {{ME-By|ChillPsychGuy0607}} # [[/Growth mindset and psychological wellbeing/]] - How does a growth mindset influence psychological wellbeing? {{ME-By|Avj.06}} # [[/Immersive therapy for PTSD treatment/]] - How does it work and what are the effects? {{ME-By|StretchBeyond}} # [[/Interpersonal psychotherapy and emotion/]] - How does interpersonal psychotherapy improve emotional wellbeing through changes in relationships? U3280122 # [[/Introjection and guilt-based motivation/]] - What role do shame and guilt play in introjected forms of behavioural regulation? {{ME-By|U3330981}} # [[/Irritability/]] - What is irritability, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3275992}} # [[/Love styles and relationships/]] - How do love styles influence relationship satisfaction and stability? {{ME-By|U3246588}} # [[/Melatonin and seasonal mood/]] - What role does melatonin play in seasonal mood changes? {{ME-By|U3224236}} # [[/Mental health first aid and helping behaviour/]] - What motivates people to recognise, approach, and support someone with a mental health problem? {{ME-By|Katelyn Rod}} # [[/Mood and cognitive performance/]] - How do different mood states impact attention, memory, and problem solving? {{ME-By|U3283879}} # [[/Moodiness/]] - What is moodiness, why does it occur, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|U3239251}} # [[/Moral disgust and jury decision-making/]] - How does moral disgust influence jurors' judgments of guilt, blame, and punishment? {{ME-By|Yellowvines}} # [[/Neurobiology of love/]] - What neural systems and biochemical processes underlie love? {{ME-By|Honeybelle11}} # [[/Nitrous oxide and emotion/]] - How does nitrous oxide influence emotional experience and mood? {{ME-By|U3275873}} # [[/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being/]] - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Mymunu}} # [[/Phubbing and emotion/]] - What are the emotional causes and consequences of phubbing? {{ME-By|U3243961}} # [[/Positive emotion dysregulation/]] - What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? {{ME-By|P U3270518}} # [[/Psychedelic treatment of eating disorders/]] - How might psychedelic-assisted therapy influence psychological mechanisms involved in eating eating disorders? {{ME-By|Leilab23}} # [[/Responsiveness and interpersonal trust/]] - How does responsiveness foster trust in relationships? {{ME-By|U3282586}} # [[/Romantic entertainment and love beliefs/]] - How do romantic entertainment influence beliefs and expectations about love and romantic relationships? {{ME-By|U3247927}} # [[/Romantic jealousy/]] - Why does romantic jealousy occur, what are its impacts, and how can it be managed?{{ME-By|U3279062}} # [[/Secondary trauma in healthcare workers/]] - What are the emotional consequences of secondary trauma in healthcare settings? {{ME-By|U3257744}} # [[/Seasonal affective disorder/]] - What is SAD, why does it occur, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|Greg Philips}} # [[/Self-blame and emotion/]] - How does self-blame influence emotional responses to negative events? {{ME-By|GU3281277}} # [[/Self-disclosure and emotional intimacy/]] - How does self-disclosure foster emotional closeness in relationships? {{ME-By|U3283302}} # [[/Self-stigma and emotion/]] - How does self-stigma impact emotional well-being? {{ME-By|Pinkk47}} # [[/Social connection and emotion regulation/]] - How do social relationships help regulate people's emotions? {{ME-By|U3284040}} # [[/Socioemotional selectivity theory and wellbeing in ageing/]] - How do social and emotional experiences affect wellbeing as people age? {{ME-By|U3253354}} # [[/Technology-based pain management/]] - How can technology-based tools alter pain perception and pain management? {{ME-By|ChelsSchofield}} # [[/Time perception in mood disorders/]] - How do anxiety and depression alter the subjective experience of time? {{ME-By|Safiaah}} # [[/Trust rebuilding after trauma/]] - How can trauma survivors develop trust in similar situations again? {{ME-By|U3284437}} # [[/Volunteer wellbeing/]] - How does volunteering affect volunteers' subjective wellbeing? {{ME-By|U3216851}} ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Boredom and interest/]] - How do boredom and interest shape emotional and motivational states? {{ME-By|U3239431}} # [[/Falling in love/]] - What motivational and emotional processes underlie romantic attraction and falling in love? {{ME-By|Mort006}} # [[/Life purpose and well-being/]] - How does a sense of purpose contribute to well-being and how can it be cultivated? {{ME-By|U3286962}} # [[/Moral emotions and ethical behaviour/]] - How do moral emotions motivate ethical and prosocial action? {{ME-By|U3263365}} # [[/Oxytocin as a neuromodulator/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of oxytocin as a neuromodulator? {{ME-By|U3306498}} # [[/Reward prediction error/]] - How does discrepancy between expected and actual rewards influence learning, emotion, and motivation? {{ME-By|Aivy.uc.cbr}} # [[/Warm-glow giving/]] - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? {{ME-By|Karabi Tasneem}} # [[/Wisdom, motivation, and emotion/]] - How do motivational and emotional processes contribute to wisdom? {{ME-By|Med.011387}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026]] gr1ia5xbysg6c50y902ie1uzfekuhkl 0 326060 2832382 2832024 2026-09-09T08:53:58Z Jeanne Noiraud 1366702 /* Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis */ describing an example of modelling choice 2832382 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. Integration into WD is based on adherence to the five principles of linked open data (available on the web, under a free licence, in RDF format, with a unique, identifiable URL for each item, and linked to other data sources), under a CC0 licence, which places the data in the public domain. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We focused on identifying key concepts, and creating them when necessary (ex: {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223829}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}) When relevant, we included cited papers in the references along the main article we were reading. To reflext the dimensions of the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P527}}. For example, the sentence "Becker and Naumann list decentralized energy generation, public and cooperative ownership and energy sovereignty as the dimensions of energy democracy<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=Sören|last2=Naumann|first2=Matthias|date=2017-01-01|title=Energy democracy: Mapping the debate on energy alternatives|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139492906|volume=11|issue=8|doi=10.1111/GEC3.12321}}</ref>"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Szulecki|first=Kacper|last2=Øverland|first2=Indra|date=2020-11-01|title=Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136447761|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=69|pages=101768|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768}}</ref>, was modeled as {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P527}} : {{Wikidata entity link|Q861135}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q119080352}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q4227971}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q130487674}}. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> Methods for assessing Wikidata's data quality are still under development: following the questions raised by Piscopo and Simperl about the accuracy and reliability of the data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piscopo|first=Alessandro|last2=Simperl|first2=Elena|date=2019-08-20|title=What we talk about when we talk about wikidata quality: a literature survey|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306446.3340822|journal=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '19|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=17|pages=1–11|doi=10.1145/3306446.3340822|isbn=978-1-4503-6319-8}}</ref>, Shenov et al. (2022) propose a framework combining several indicators to detect low-quality statements, revealing issues such as duplicate entities, missing triples, and unmet constraints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shenoy|first=Kartik|last2=Ilievski|first2=Filip|last3=Garijo|first3=Daniel|last4=Schwabe|first4=Daniel|last5=Szekely|first5=Pedro|date=2022-04|title=A study of the quality of Wikidata|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826821000536|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=72|pages=100679|doi=10.1016/j.websem.2021.100679|issn=1570-8268}}</ref>. Two studies address the quality of ''referencing'' in Wikidata — that is, the reliability of sources cited to support claims — a distinct but complementary aspect of data quality itself. Amaral et al. (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-10-15|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ)|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=13|issue=4|pages=23:1–23:35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref> use a mixed-methods approach (crowdsourcing, statistics, machine learning) to assess the relevance, accessibility, and authority of Wikidata's references at scale and across languages. Beghaeiraveri et al. (2023) build on this by proposing the RQSS, a system that quantifies referencing quality through scores, allowing contributors and project leads to identify and fix gaps<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosseini Beghaeiraveri|first=Seyed Amir|last2=Gray|first2=Alasdair|last3=McNeill|first3=Fiona|date=2024-12-01|title=RQSS: Referencing quality scoring system for Wikidata|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract|journal=Semantic Web|language=EN|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=15|issue=6|pages=2419–2475|doi=10.3233/SW-243695|issn=1570-0844}}</ref>. Together, these works mark a shift from exploratory assessment of reference quality toward standardized measurement tools — though this raises the question of whether a numerical score can adequately capture a notion as contextual as a source's "authority." The community develops tools for detecting vandalism (intentional additions of low-quality contributions), relying on machine learning approaches adapted to the specific features of RDF triples, up to the current deployment of the ORES service in Wikidata<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heindorf|first=Stefan|last2=Potthast|first2=Martin|last3=Stein|first3=Benno|last4=Engels|first4=Gregor|date=2016-10-24|title=Vandalism Detection in Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2983323.2983740|journal=Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management|series=CIKM '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=327–336|doi=10.1145/2983323.2983740|isbn=978-1-4503-4073-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarabadani|first=Amir|last2=Halfaker|first2=Aaron|last3=Taraborelli|first3=Dario|date=2017-04-03|title=Building Automated Vandalism Detection Tools for Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3041021.3053366|journal=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|series=WWW '17 Companion|location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE|publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee|pages=1647–1654|doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366|isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref>. === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} qondgki15zugker3fxw31q7itzfplyf 2832395 2832382 2026-09-09T09:59:27Z Jeanne Noiraud 1366702 /* Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis */ describing modelling process 2832395 wikitext text/x-wiki == Acknowledgements == === Contributors === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name !Affiliation !ORCID !Contribution |- |Adélie Ranville |IAE de Grenoble, CERAG lab (https://ror.org/0509qp208) |https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6135 |Research design, database search, article screening, knowledge modelling, article writing |- |Amélie E. Pereira |Laboratoire DICEN IDF |https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5928-5586 |Meta-data enrichement, article writing |- |Finn Nielsen |Technical University of Denmark |https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6128-3356 |Data visualisation |} Contribution statistics are visible here : https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pageinfo/en.wikiversity.org/Just_sustainability_transitions:_a_living_review == Introduction == Just sustainability transition refers to the process of shifting towards sustainable practices in a way that is equitable and inclusive. It includes dimensions of procedural, recognition, distributive and reparative justice and the concept is related to climate justice, environmental justice and energy justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-89460-3|editor-last=Heffron|editor-first=Raphael J.|location=Cham|pages=9–19|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89460-3_2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302301|journal=Energy Policy|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. The study of sustainability transitions in social sciences requires dynamic and adaptive research synthesis methods. Sustainability transitions involve complex, multi-level processes influenced by technological, economic, social, and policy factors<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-01|title=Micro-foundations of the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions: Developing a multi-dimensional model of agency through crossovers between social constructivism, evolutionary economics and neo-institutional theory|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518316111|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=152|pages=119894|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119894|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-01|title=A socio-technical transition perspective on positive tipping points in climate change mitigation: Analysing seven interacting feedback loops in offshore wind and electric vehicles acceleration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162523003244|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|language=en-US|volume=193|pages=122639|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122639|issn=0040-1625}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Sovacool|first=Benjamin K.|last2=Geels|first2=Frank W.|last3=Andersen|first3=Allan Dahl|last4=Grubb|first4=Michael|last5=Jordan|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Kern|first6=Florian|last7=Kivimaa|first7=Paula|last8=Lockwood|first8=Matthew|last9=Markard|first9=Jochen|date=2025-03-01|title=The acceleration of low-carbon transitions: Insights, concepts, challenges, and new directions for research|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629625000295|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=121|pages=103948|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2025.103948|issn=2214-6296}}</ref>. Given the rapidly evolving nature of sustainability-related research, static literature reviews often become outdated, limiting their usefulness for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners. A living literature review – continuously updated with new findings – ensures that emerging insights, case studies, and theoretical developments are integrated cumulatively into the knowledge base. Developing such review will answer the call for more evidence-based practices in management sciences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kepes|first=Sven|last2=Bennett|first2=Andrew A.|last3=McDaniel|first3=Michael A.|date=2014-09|title=Evidence-Based Management and the Trustworthiness of Our Cumulative Scientific Knowledge: Implications for Teaching, Research, and Practice|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amle.2013.0193|journal=Academy of Management Learning & Education|volume=13|issue=3|pages=446–466|doi=10.5465/amle.2013.0193|issn=1537-260X}}</ref><ref>Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2006). Evidence-Based Management. Harvard Business Review, 13. </ref>. Our project assesses the potential of Wikidata to build living review workflow on sustainability transition. We address three issues encountered by scientists: information overload, knowledge synthesis and results dissemination. === The problem of academic information overload === Global scientific output is quickly growing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bornmann|first=Lutz|last2=Mutz|first2=Rüdiger|date=2015|title=Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.23329|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2215–2222|doi=10.1002/asi.23329|issn=2330-1643}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Mark A.|last2=Barreiro|first2=Pablo Gómez|last3=Crosetto|first3=Paolo|last4=Brockington|first4=Dan|date=2024-11-01|title=The strain on scientific publishing|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00327|journal=Quantitative Science Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=823–843|doi=10.1162/qss_a_00327|issn=2641-3337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/05/global-scientific-output-doubles-every-nine-years.html|title=Global scientific output doubles every nine years : News blog|website=blogs.nature.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>, pushed by the “publish or perish” model incentivizing researchers to increase the quantity of research outputs. Researchers are subject to information overload as the number of publications to read is beyond what a human brain can handle, they are expected to produce high-quality research under an increasing time pressure<ref name=":23" />. This intensification of academic work is being denounced as detrimental to the deep cognitive process needed to actually produce interesting knowledge<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=Yvonne|last2=Darab|first2=Sandy|date=2012-01-01|title=A Call for Slow Scholarship: A Case Study on the Intensification of Academic Life and Its Implications for Pedagogy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies|volume=34|issue=1-2|pages=49–60|doi=10.1080/10714413.2012.643740|issn=1071-4413}}</ref>. “Wikifying science” may in this context contribute to facilitating researcher’s work while preserving scientific quality. That is why in this project, we aim to build a searchable academic publication database with enriched meta-data that will allow scholars to navigate the existing publications corpus related to just sustainability transition more easily. === The problem of knowledge synthesis === The volume of academic production is rendering knowledge synthesis difficult. Scholars have thus called for making literature reviews cumulative and updatable<ref>{{Citation|title=Day 2 {{!}} Arnaud Vaganay: Reproducible Literature Reviews|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nspd_1cx9kc|date=2017-10-19|accessdate=2026-06-23|last=Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences (BITSS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=L.|first=Mobley, David|last2=M.|first2=Zuckerman, Daniel|date=2015-02-03|title=A proposal for regularly updated review/survey articles: "Perpetual Reviews"|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01329|journal=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.1502.01329}}</ref> and for shifting from static text format publications to dynamic knowledge mapping<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/|title=The death of the literature review and the rise of the dynamic knowledge map - LSE Impact|last=Taster|date=2019-05-14|website=LSE Impact - Understanding impact and practice in academic research|access-date=2026-06-23}}</ref>. This call is being answered through the development of living literature reviews that can be updated dynamically with new knowledge (examples : <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Julian H.|last2=Synnot|first2=Anneliese|last3=Turner|first3=Tari|last4=Simmonds|first4=Mark|last5=Akl|first5=Elie A.|last6=McDonald|first6=Steve|last7=Salanti|first7=Georgia|last8=Meerpohl|first8=Joerg|last9=MacLehose|first9=Harriet|date=2017-11|title=Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435617306364|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=91|pages=23–30|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uttley|first=Lesley|last2=Quintana|first2=Daniel S.|last3=Montgomery|first3=Paul|last4=Carroll|first4=Christopher|last5=Page|first5=Matthew J.|last6=Falzon|first6=Louise|last7=Sutton|first7=Anthea|last8=Moher|first8=David|date=2023-04|title=The problems with systematic reviews: a living systematic review|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895435623000112|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=156|pages=30–41|doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.01.011|issn=0895-4356}}</ref>,<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>). While such reviews method exist for quantitative research producing standardized results, they are not adapted to synthetize social science studies on sustainability transitions that involve diverse methodologies and various disciplinary perspectives. The goal of the project is to propose a demonstration of a living review method for social science findings on just sustainability transition, relying on the collaborative model and tools of Wikimedia projects notably Wikidata, Wikiversity and Wikipedia. === The problem of scientific results dissemination === There is urgent need to disseminate knowledge on impactful topics like sustainability transition while proprietary publication models, disinformation and censorship (e.g. US) is threatening access to free and reliable knowledge. In parallel, social scientists struggle to make their work impactful<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haley|first=Usha C. V.|date=2023-09-01|title=Triviality and the Search for Scholarly Impact|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231175292|journal=Organization Studies|language=EN|volume=44|issue=9|pages=1547–1550|doi=10.1177/01708406231175292|issn=0170-8406}}</ref>. Wikipedia is a key knowledge dissemination platform widely used by students<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sunvy|first=Ahmed Shafkat|last2=Reza|first2=Raiyan Bin|date=2023-04-12|title=Students’ Perception of Wikipedia as an Academic Information Source|url=https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJERR/article/view/57572|journal=Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review|volume=6|issue=1|pages=134–147|doi=10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.57572|issn=2621-8984}}</ref> and scientists themselves, as shown by the fact that articles used as sources on Wikipedia are more cited in the literature<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Neil|last2=Hanley|first2=Douglas|date=2017|title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> and that some scholars cite directly Wikipedia<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dooley|first=Patricia L.|date=2010-07-07|title=Wikipedia and the two-faced professoriate|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1832772.1832803|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration|series=WikiSym '10|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–2|doi=10.1145/1832772.1832803|isbn=978-1-4503-0056-8}}</ref>. However, scientists do not naturally contribute to wikimedia projects as part of their work because of lack of incentives<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Yan|last2=Farzan|first2=Rosta|last3=Kraut|first3=Robert|last4=YeckehZaare|first4=Iman|last5=Zhang|first5=Ark Fangzhou|date=2024-05|title=Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|journal=Management Science|volume=70|issue=5|pages=3264–3280|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2023.4852|issn=0025-1909}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kincaid|first=Dustin W.|last2=Beck|first2=Whitney S.|last3=Brandt|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Mars Brisbin|first4=Margaret|last5=Farrell|first5=Kaitlin J.|last6=Hondula|first6=Kelly L.|last7=Larson|first7=Erin I.|last8=Shogren|first8=Arial J.|date=2021|title=Wikipedia can help resolve information inequality in the aquatic sciences|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lol2.10168|journal=Limnology and Oceanography Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1002/lol2.10168|issn=2378-2242}}</ref>, but also other factors such as lack of time, lack of recognition and fit with scholarly workflow<ref name=":10">Taraborelli, D., Mietchen, D., Alevizou, P., & Gill, A. (2011, August). Expert participation on Wikipedia: Barriers and opportunities. Wikimania 2011, Haifa, Israel. <nowiki>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Expert_Participation_Survey_-_Wikimania_2011.pdf</nowiki> </ref>. In addition, expert participation is not immune to the gender gap<ref name=":10" />. Because of gender segregation in disciplines<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ceci|first=Stephen J.|last2=Ginther|first2=Donna K.|last3=Kahn|first3=Shulamit|last4=Williams|first4=Wendy M.|date=2014-12-01|title=Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|language=EN|volume=15|issue=3|pages=75–141|doi=10.1177/1529100614541236|issn=1529-1006}}</ref>, this may be detrimental to the content coverage on “female” topics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong (Tony) K.|last2=Uduwage|first2=Anuradha|last3=Dong|first3=Zhenhua|last4=Sen|first4=Shilad|last5=Musicant|first5=David R.|last6=Terveen|first6=Loren|last7=Riedl|first7=John|date=2011-10-03|title=WP:clubhouse?: an exploration of Wikipedia's gender imbalance|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2038558.2038560|language=en|publisher=ACM|pages=1–10|doi=10.1145/2038558.2038560|isbn=978-1-4503-0909-7}}</ref>, notably for social science in which women are more present. Our project proposes to improve expert contribution by making wikimedia projects (notably wikidata) useful tools that can facilitate research work, in addition to a key knowledge dissemination platform that is not country or institution-dependent. We propose to approach Wikimedia projects as a powerful (and free) knowledge management infrastructure that researchers could use. The Wikimedia ecosystem offers solutions that have strong potential to put open science principles into practices, including [[wikipedia:FAIR_data|FAIR]] principles and [[wikipedia:Linked_data#Linked_open_data|linked open data]]. == Toward a living review on just sustainability transition == === Just sustainability transition === Just sustainability transition transition is "a fair and equitable process of moving towards a post-carbon society"<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCauley|first=Darren|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|date=2018-08-01|title=Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129947262|journal=Energy Policy|language=English|volume=119|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/J.ENPOL.2018.04.014}}</ref>. The concept of just transition originated from global trade unions in the 1980s to promote green jobs creation as a key element of sustainability transitions<ref name=":0" />. However, scholars have broadened the use of this term to develop frameworks for analysing issues of fairness in these transitions<ref name=":0" />. The concept of just transition can be used to bridge various bodies of scholarship : climate justice, environmental justiceand energy justice<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xinxin|last2=Lo|first2=Kevin|date=2021-12-01|title=Just transition: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137209041|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=82|pages=102291|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102291}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545572|title=What is the “Just Transition”?|last=Heffron|first=Raphael J.|date=2021-01-01|pages=9–19|language=English}}</ref> and take into account various aspects of justice including distributional justice, procedural justice, restorative justice, recognition justice<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. Developping living reviews seem particularly relevant for the just transition literature: first, modeling knowledge and building graphs allows to take into account the complexity of sustainability transitions which involve multiple levels of analysis<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> and fragmented results coming from various disciplines<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>. Then, making literature reviews "living" would allow researchers to be less subject to information overload through a more systematic accumulation of knowledge. Finally, conducting this review with an open science philosophy aswers the challenge of knowledge dissemination, which is crucial in a context of socio-ecological emergency when decision-makers need to rapidely access reliable information on possible sustainability transition trajectories. === Living reviews === The concept of living systematic reviews is recent (2014), so the definition has been regularly reworked<ref name="Why1">{{Cite Q |Q40040379 }}</ref>. Living systematic reviews complement the older concept of [[literature review]]. Its objective is the same : obtain an accurate overview of the state of scientific knowledge on a subject<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4">{{Cite journal |last=Akl |first=Elie A. |last2=Meerpohl |first2=Joerg J. |last3=Elliott |first3=Julian |last4=Kahale |first4=Lara A. |last5=Schünemann |first5=Holger J. |last6=Agoritsas |first6=Thomas |last7=Hilton |first7=John |last8=Perron |first8=Caroline |last9=Akl |first9=Elie |last10=Hodder |first10=Rebecca |last11=Pestridge |first11=Charlotte |last12=Albrecht |first12=Lauren |last13=Horsley |first13=Tanya |last14=Platt |first14=Joanne |last15=Armstrong |first15=Rebecca |date=2017-11 |title=Living systematic reviews: 4. Living guideline recommendations |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50084143 |journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=91 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.009}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Living Systematic Reviews|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|publisher=Springer US|work=Meta-Research: Methods and Protocols|date=2022|access-date=2026-01-16|place=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-0716-1566-9|pages=121–134|doi=10.1007/978-1-0716-1566-9_7|language=en|first=Mark|last=Simmonds|first2=Julian H.|last2=Elliott|first3=Anneliese|last3=Synnot|first4=Tari|last4=Turner|editor-first=Evangelos|editor-last=Evangelou|editor2-first=Areti Angeliki|editor2-last=Veroniki}}</ref>. A traditional review may be obsolete by the time it is published, as new studies have emerged between the submission of the manuscript and its publication<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" />. Living systematic reviews exists to address this common problem<ref name="Why1" /><ref name="Why4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/05/14/the-death-of-the-literature-review-and-the-rise-of-the-dynamic-knowledge-map/</ref>. It is therefore particularly useful in rapidly evolving fields of research<ref name="Why1" /><ref name=":6" />, such as just transition. Literature review methods are currently evolving with new technological possibilities. Generative artificial intelligence such as ChatGPT are expected to have a strong influence on literature review activities<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Krlev|first=Gorgi|last2=Hannigan|first2=Tim|last3=Spicer|first3=André|date=2025-01|title=What Makes a Good Review Article? Empirical Evidence From Management and Organization Research|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/annals.2021.0051|journal=Academy of Management Annals|volume=19|issue=1|pages=376–403|doi=10.5465/annals.2021.0051|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Advances in AI could render certain older methodological types of living systematic reviews obsoletes<ref name=":12" />, as IA are useful to extract, filter and classify datas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20276v1|title=Enhancing Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models: Using GPT-4 and Kimi|last=Kaptur|first=Dandan Chen|last2=Huang|first2=Yue|date=2025-04-28|website=arXiv.org|language=en|doi=10.48550/arXiv.2504.20276|access-date=2026-01-21|last3=Ji|first3=Xuejun Ryan|last4=Guo|first4=Yanhui|last5=Kaptur|first5=Bradley}}</ref>. [[Large language models]] (LLM) are "on the rise" (2025), but not yet integrated into tested and validated methodologies<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Lieberum |first=Judith-Lisa |last2=Toews |first2=Markus |last3=Metzendorf |first3=Maria-Inti |last4=Heilmeyer |first4=Felix |last5=Siemens |first5=Waldemar |last6=Haverkamp |first6=Christian |last7=Böhringer |first7=Daniel |last8=Meerpohl |first8=Joerg J. |last9=Eisele-Metzger |first9=Angelika |date=2025-05 |title=Large language models for conducting systematic reviews: on the rise, but not yet ready for use—a scoping review |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134545593|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology |language=en |volume=181 |pages=111746 |doi=10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111746}}</ref>. Human validation stays notably necessary<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alshami|first=Ahmad|last2=Elsayed|first2=Moustafa|last3=Ali|first3=Eslam|last4=Eltoukhy|first4=Abdelrahman E. E.|last5=Zayed|first5=Tarek|date=2023-07-09|title=Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/11/7/351|journal=Systems|language=en|volume=11|issue=7|pages=351|doi=10.3390/systems11070351|issn=2079-8954}}</ref>,<ref name=":13" />. While AI can appear as a solution for scaling literature reviews, we are in the present project exploring another possible scenario which is to use more crowdsourcing in the literature review process. === Wikimedia projects === Wikipedia is a successfull example of large-scaled crowdsourcing of reliable knowledge synthesis. That is why this project proposes to explore the potential of the Wikimedia ecosystem for conducting living reviews. Since Wikipedia does aim to host original research<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikipedia:No original research|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:No_original_research&oldid=1360514388|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>, we are working on two sister projects : Wikidata and Wikiversity. As its name suggests (wiki and data), [[wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] is, like Wikipedia, a collaborative project based on wiki editing technology; however, unlike the online encyclopaedia, it contains data rather than articles. Whilst there is a separate Wikipedia for each language version, there is only one Wikidata, containing items organised using unique identifiers. What matters when organising information in Wikidata is not the words used to define each concept, but the concept itself. Wikidata is a [[Databases|database]], more precisely a knowledge base, and a "collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-21|title=Wikidata|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata&oldid=1360462340|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> "A [[wikidata:Q33002955|knowledge graph]] is a structured representation of knowledge that captures information in a machine-readable format.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Hogan|first=Aidan|last2=Blomqvist|first2=Eva|last3=Cochez|first3=Michael|last4=D’amato|first4=Claudia|last5=Melo|first5=Gerard De|last6=Gutierrez|first6=Claudio|last7=Kirrane|first7=Sabrina|last8=Gayo|first8=José Emilio Labra|last9=Navigli|first9=Roberto|date=2022-05-31|title=Knowledge Graphs|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447772|journal=ACM Computing Surveys|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1–37|doi=10.1145/3447772|issn=0360-0300}}</ref> A knowledge graph consists of a graph or network of interconnected data points, where each data point represents a piece of information or a concept, and the relationships between them are explicitly defined. Knowledge graphs organize and store data in a format that facilitates information retrieval, data analysis, and reasoning."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=David|last2=Beniddir|first2=Mehdi A.|last3=Coley|first3=Connor W.|last4=Mejri|first4=Yassine M.|last5=Öztürk|first5=Meltem|last6=Hooft|first6=Justin J. J. van der|last7=Medema|first7=Marnix H.|last8=Skiredj|first8=Adam|date=2025-04-16|title=Empowering natural product science with AI: leveraging multimodal data and knowledge graphs|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/np/d4np00008k|journal=Natural Product Reports|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=654–662|doi=10.1039/D4NP00008K|issn=1460-4752}}</ref> Such graphs have a strong potential to conduct knowledge synthesis<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Fotopoulou">{{Cite journal|first1=Eleni |last1=Fotopoulou|first2=Ioanna|last2=Mandilara|first3=Anastasios|last3=Zafeiropoulos|first4=Chrysi|last4=Laspidou|first5=Giannis |last5=Adamos|first6=Phoebe|last6=Koundouri|first7=Symeon|last7=Papavassiliou|title=SustainGraph: A knowledge graph for tracking the progress and the interlinking among the sustainable development goals’ targets|journal=Frontiers in environmental science, Frontiers|volume=10|date=2022-10-26|issn=2296-665X|doi=10.3389/FENVS.2022.1003599|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117837999}}.</ref><ref name=":18" />. They are especially usefull to build the ontologies (formal representations of concepts) that are necessary to organize and represent existing knowledge<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Spadaro|first=Giuliana|last2=Tiddi|first2=Ilaria|last3=Columbus|first3=Simon|last4=Jin|first4=Shuxian|last5=ten Teije|first5=Annette|last6=Balliet|first6=Daniel|date=2022-09-01|title=The Cooperation Databank: Machine-Readable Science Accelerates Research Synthesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211053319|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|language=EN|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1472–1489|doi=10.1177/17456916211053319|issn=1745-6916|pmc=9442633|pmid=35580271}}</ref>. Wikidata is a unique project, designed from the outset for multilingual use<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|first1=Denny|last1=Vrandečić|first2=Markus|last2=Krötzsch|title=Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=57|issue=10|pages=78–85|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|date=2014-09-23|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/2629489|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2629489}}</ref>. Structuring the data in the form of RDF triples enables a multilingual understanding of the information, provided that their metadata (the ‘label’ and ‘description’ fields) are also translated<ref name=":25" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zangerle|first=Eva|last2=Gassler|first2=Wolfgang|last3=Pichl|first3=Martin|last4=Steinhauser|first4=Stefan|last5=Specht|first5=Günther|date=2016-08-17|title=An Empirical Evaluation of Property Recommender Systems for Wikidata and Collaborative Knowledge Bases|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957792.2957804|journal=Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=18|pages=1–8|doi=10.1145/2957792.2957804|isbn=978-1-4503-4451-7}}</ref>. Each Wikidata element in fact comprises a box linking a label (the common term used to refer to the element in each language) to a descrition. Integration into WD is based on adherence to the five principles of linked open data (available on the web, under a free licence, in RDF format, with a unique, identifiable URL for each item, and linked to other data sources), under a CC0 licence, which places the data in the public domain. The use of a unique identifier is a cornerstone of linked open data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blaney|first=Jonathan|date=2017-05-07|editor-last=Crymble|editor-first=Adam|others=Terhi Nurmikko-Fuller, Matthew Lincoln|title=Introduction to the Principles of Linked Open Data|url=https://programminghistorian.org/en/lessons/intro-to-linked-data|journal=Programming Historian|language=en|issue=6|doi=10.46430/phen0068|issn=2397-2068}}</ref>. Indeed, in order to link two databases or knowledge bases together, it is necessary to use an identifier that is both unique to a record or a concept and common to both databases, so as to enable data sharing. This identifier is generally derived from an authority source. In complement to using Wikidata to model knowledge, we decided to use Wikiversity to report and write our research results. [[wikipedia:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] is another Wikimedia project hosting pedagogical content, original research, and even a publishing house ([[WikiJournal|WikiJournals]])<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-09|title=Wikiversity|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity&oldid=1358552930|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>. Like all Wikimedia projects, Wikiversity is editable by everyone, have a discussion tab and a history log tab. === Use of Wikidata and Wikiversity for research === A review specifically focusing on the uses of Wikidata in digital humanities projects was carried out by Fudie Zhao in 2022<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Fudie|date=2023-06-01|title=A systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac083|journal=Digital Scholarship in the Humanities|volume=38|issue=2|pages=852–874|doi=10.1093/llc/fqac083|issn=2055-7671}}</ref>. It concluded that WD is used as a content provider, a platform and a technology stack. More specifically, these uses include the implementation of data annotation and enrichment, metadata curation, knowledge modelling and named entity recognition. Applications in the life sciences were analysed by Waagmeester et al. in 2019, who highlighted its alignment with the FAIR principles as one of its key strengths for this purpose<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Waagmeester|first=Andra|last2=Stupp|first2=Gregory|last3=Burgstaller-Muehlbacher|first3=Sebastian|last4=Good|first4=Benjamin M|last5=Griffith|first5=Malachi|last6=Griffith|first6=Obi L|last7=Hanspers|first7=Kristina|last8=Hermjakob|first8=Henning|last9=Hudson|first9=Toby S|date=2020-03-17|title=Wikidata as a knowledge graph for the life sciences|url=https://elifesciences.org/articles/52614|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=9|doi=10.7554/eLife.52614|issn=2050-084X|pmc=7077981|pmid=32180547}}</ref>. In this field, WD has been enriched with content from authoritative public sources on genes, proteins and chemical compounds. WD is also used in the social sciences and in artificial intelligence research<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vrandečić|first=Denny|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Krötzsch|first3=Markus|date=2023-04-30|title=Wikidata: The Making Of|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3543873.3585579|journal=Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023|series=WWW '23 Companion|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=615–624|doi=10.1145/3543873.3585579|isbn=978-1-4503-9419-2}}</ref>. == Research question and hypothesis == Our research question is : '''How can Wikimedia projects contribute to building a collaborative living review on just sustainability transition ?''' In this project, we aim to test 4 hypothesis : ● '''Hypothesis 1:''' Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations. ● '''Hypothesis 2:''' Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (e.g. conceptual typologies, cause-effect chains…). ● '''Hypothesis 3:''' SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs. ● '''Hypothesis 4''': Wikimedia or Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links (following the ideal of linked open data). We also have 2 assumptions : ● '''Assumption 1:''' Wikimedia projects have to be integrated into validated scientific protocols in order to be a valuable research tool. ● '''Assumption 2:''' Wikimedia project contribution has to be made interoperable with tools, methods and data types already used by researchers. == Methodology == Our study rely on a meta-review, that is a review of existing literature reviews. Data presented in literature reviews are usually presented as tables or diagrams, and sometimes provided as supplementary materials in publications. However, these data are not made interoperable and are not used to update prior literature reviews. Our goal was to synthesize results of previous literature reviews by making their findings compatible with linked open data and open science standards using Wikidata, Wikiversity, and other open-science infrastructures. The first step was to build and enrich the bibliographic metadata of a corpus of articles we selected into Wikidata. The second step was to model the content of these articles in Wikidata (e.g. typologies, causes-effects relationships...). The third step was to experiment relevant visualization of this content (e.g. causes-effects graphs). The las step was to write our report on a Wikiversity page, including links to our knowledge graph, following a linked open data philosophy. == 1. Building an academic corpus and enriching bibliographic metadata == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations). To do so we imported academic references into Wikidata, and explored the advantages of constituting a scholarly corpus on Wikidata in comparison (or in complementarity) to existing tools used by researchers such as reference management softwares and knowledge management softwares. Reference management software (Zenodo, Mendeley…) are used to collect scientific item metadata and integrate them into academic writing. They can also be used to analyze and annotate academic articles and can include export functions making the data interoperable with other analysis tools. Knowledge management software (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…) are used by some researchers to organize their ideas. To build and enrich our academic corpus on Wikidata, we searched existing databases, selected the sample of articles we wanted to study, imported these articles metadata into Wikidata, enriched these metadata and finally reflected on the advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich academic corpus. === Database search === Doing a systematic review on all aspects of just transition would have resulted in too many articles to review. We thus decided to first explore one aspect of justice : procedural justice. Procedural justice is about the fairness of decision-making processes related to transitions<ref name=":4" /> such as the inclusion of those impacted by these decisions<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Stark|first=Anthony|last2=Gale|first2=Fred|last3=Murphy-Gregory|first3=Hannah|date=2023-05-05|title=Just Transitions’ Meanings: A Systematic Review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210229|journal=Society and Natural Resources|volume=36|issue=10|pages=1277–1297|doi=10.1080/08941920.2023.2207166}}</ref> (e.g. the participation of affected communities in decisions related to the construction of new infrastructures<ref name=":0" />). Procedural justice can include issues of community and citizen participation in decision making, their political representation, their consultation, or the integration of their knowledge, with a focus on neglected population (indigenous people, women, gender and ethnic minorities)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Kirsten|last2=McCauley|first2=Darren|last3=Heffron|first3=Raphael|last4=Stephan|first4=Hannes|last5=Rehner|first5=Robert|date=2016-01-01|title=Energy justice: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137210566|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=11|pages=174–182|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004}}</ref>. For our search, we selected keywords related to procedural justice (procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory) and keywords related to sustainability transition (sustainability OR energy OR climate) AND (transition OR transitions). We conducted preliminary searches in various databases including Web of science, Go Triple, Dimensions and OpenAlex. Web of Science was the database offering the most relevant restults and included the possibility to filter results to display only litterature reviews. Articles metadata were exported (in .ris format) and then imported into the reference manager software Zotero. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Keywords search !Database !Search date !Filters !Number of results |- |(((TS=(procedural justice OR procedural fairness OR democracy OR participation OR participatory)) AND TS=(sustainability OR energy OR climate)) AND TS=(transition OR transitions)) AND TS=(review OR reviews) |Web of Science (all databases, all dates) |December 2025 |Document type: Review Article |362 |} === Article selection === Articles abstract were then screened and we selected only articles which were litterature reviews focusing on concepts related to procedural justice as their main topics. We excluded article which were : * Not related to sustainability transition (e.g. sustainable shift in..., hard science papers...) * Not literature reviews (e.g. review of policies/initiatives/cases, review notes, book review...) * Not related to procedural justice but to participation into markets, participation in eco-friendly behaviors * Including justice consideration only in “future research” suggestions * Discussing participatory research methodologies (e.g. participatory modelling) without approaching it as an issue of justice, power or democracy * Discussing procedural justice concepts as key variables or key results without it being the main focus of the paper The files with the lists of included and excluded articles are available on the archive plateform Zenodo : https://zenodo.org/records/20749974 === Importing selected articles into Wikidata === Before importing the selected articles meta-data into Wikidata, we first ran [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 a script] to check if any article was already present in Wikidata. Next, we used [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/90acdc3eac4109830db1b3ab855fcb24 another script] that checks the ISSN of the publication in Wikidata and add P-Q-pairs in the extra field of Zotero. Then we exported the articles data using the "export to Wikidata QuickStatements" function of Zotero and use the QuickStatements tool to add them to Wikidata. Next we used the [[wikidata:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Cita]] (V1.0.0-beta.17) Zotero add-on to add articles QID in Zotero. At this point we identified that duplicates had been created in Wikidata (possibly because the initial [https://gist.github.com/zuphilip/aa9f59271fcb0807fb20c7d0110d26e4 script] did not work that well because of the recent [[wikidata:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Graph Split]] on Wikidata). We merged duplicates on wikidata using the [[wikidata:Help:Merge|"Merge" gadget]] on Wikidata. We checked manually for duplicated statments in those items. === Article classification through metadata enrichement === Metadatas are data describing other data. The metadata of academic items usually include title, author, publication outlet, publication date, pages, DOI, URL... and can be structured following specific standards (e.g. [[wikipedia:Dublin_Core|Dublin Core]]). In academic databases such as WOS or OpenAlex, the only metadata available regarding the content of an academic article are the abstract and sometimes keywords. However, researchers conducting literature reviews need more precise informations. An important part of literature review work can thus be about describing what the articles are about. For example, describing industry focus, academic discipline, geography of research sites (countries), stakeholder focus (community, consumer, worker...), type of study (case study, theory development) or methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixt) (e.g. <ref name=":5" />). By metadata enrichment, we mean completing metadata to include additional information about the content of an academic piece. In Wikidata, each type of information is added using a specific property. A property is the edge that links two entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. We selected three Wikidata properties to describe the content of our selected articles : {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} to describe what the article is about, {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} to describe its main methodology/research design and {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe the geographical scope of the study. We also worked on adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} ==== We first read the articles abstracts and listed relevant topics and their Wikidata ID in a shared spreadsheet. These topics were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Main topic !Description |- |[[d:Q42377797|Q42377797]] |acceptability |characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose |- |[[d:Q2798912|Q2798912]] |accountability |concept of responsibility in ethics, governance and decision-making |- |[[d:Q421953|Q421953]] |actor–network theory |theory within social science |- |[[d:Q84459973|Q84459973]] |affordability | |- |[[d:Q185836|Q185836]] |age of a person |time elapsed since a person was born |- |[[d:Q4764988|Q4764988]] |animal studies |field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways |- |[[d:Q4338318|Q4338318]] |awareness |state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns |- |[[d:Q4930066|Q4930066]] |blue carbon |carbon captured by the world's coastal ocean ecosystems |- |[[d:Q430460|Q430460]] |capability approach |economic theory |- |[[d:Q7569|Q7569]] |child |human between birth and puberty |- |[[d:Q4116870|Q4116870]] |civic engagement |individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern |- |[[d:Q125928|Q125928]] |climate change |human-caused changes to climate on Earth |- |[[d:Q260607|Q260607]] |climate change adaptation |process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, seeking to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities |- |[[d:Q1291678|Q1291678]] |climate justice |term linking the climate crisis with environmental and social justice |- |[[d:Q2270945|Q2270945]] |co-creation |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q16972712|Q16972712]] |co-design |approach to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders |- |[[d:Q16324410|Q16324410]] |coproduction |product or service design process in which input from consumers plays a central role |- |[[d:Q11024|Q11024]] |communication |act of conveying intended meaning |- |[[d:Q177634|Q177634]] |community |social unit of human organisms who share common values |- |[[d:Q5154673|Q5154673]] |community choice aggregation |alternative energy supply system |- |[[d:Q113514984|Q113514984]] |community energy |delivery of community-led renewable energy, energy demand reduction and energy supply projects |- |[[d:Q65807646|Q65807646]] |community participation |The taking part by members of a community in decisionmaking processes related to the development of their community |- |[[d:Q188843|Q188843]] |cosmopolitanism |ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality |- |[[d:Q11693783|Q11693783]] |decarbonization |change of economy, especially of energy industries, towards lower carbon dioxide emissions |- |[[d:Q284289|Q284289]] |deliberative democracy |form of democracy focusing on consensus |- |[[d:Q7174|Q7174]] |democracy |form of government |- |[[d:Q552284|Q552284]] |distributive justice |concept of the socially just allocation of goods |- |[[d:Q1230584|Q1230584]] |diversity |concept in sociology and political studies |- |[[d:Q1049066|Q1049066]] |ecological economics |research field on the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems |- |[[d:Q8134|Q8134]] |economics |social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |- |[[d:Q868575|Q868575]] |empowerment |providing increased autonomy |- |[[d:Q295865|Q295865]] |ecosystem service |benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems |- |[[d:Q138359220|Q138359220]] |energy citizenship |involvement of citizens in energy-related decisions |- |[[d:Q16869822|Q16869822]] |energy consumption |amount of energy or power used |- |[[d:Q1358789|Q1358789]] |senior |elderly person |- |[[d:Q14944319|Q14944319]] |energy democracy |concept in environmental justice movement |- |[[d:Q192704|Q192704]] |energy efficiency |ratio between the useful energy output and the input of a machine |- |[[d:Q24965464|Q24965464]] |energy modeling |process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them |- |[[d:Q1805337|Q1805337]] |energy policy |policy addressing energy issues |- |[[d:Q1341244|Q1341244]] |energy poverty |lack of access to modern energy services |- |[[d:Q3406659|Q3406659]] |energy production |conversion of energy from a primary source into a form useful to humans |- |[[d:Q117091181|Q117091181]] |energy justice |subconcept of economic equality |- |[[d:Q3456219|Q3456219]] |energy renovation |building works aimed at reducing energy consumption and decarbonising the energy sources used |- |[[d:Q2700433|Q2700433]] |energy security |national security considerations of energy availability |- |[[d:Q837718|Q837718]] |energy storage |capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time |- |[[d:Q795757|Q795757]] |energy transition |long-term structural change towards sustainable energy systems |- |[[d:Q1479527|Q1479527]] |environmental justice |system of fairness |- |[[d:Q771773|Q771773]] |fairness |concept in sociology and generally the interaction of society |- |[[d:Q56395513|Q56395513]] |farming system |method of agricultural production defined by its physical practices and economic characteristics |- |[[d:Q5465532|Q5465532]] |food system |all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population |- |[[d:Q4421|Q4421]] |forest |dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area |- |[[d:Q48277|Q48277]] |gender |social concept which distinguish the different gender categories |- |[[d:Q1553864|Q1553864]] |governance |all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society |- |[[d:Q8458|Q8458]] |human rights |inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled |- |[[d:Q11376059|Q11376059]] |human rights violation |act or omission which contravene the principles of human rights |- |[[d:Q103817|Q103817]] |indigenous people |first inhabitants of an area and their descendants |- |[[d:Q113561794|Q113561794]] |indigenous science |indigenous knowledge applied to the scientific method |- |[[d:Q770480|Q770480]] |injustice |quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes |- |[[d:Q17142211|Q17142211]] |interactional justice |the perceived appropriateness of interpersonal treatment |- |[[d:Q1516555|Q1516555]] |intersectionnality |theoretical framework of multidimensional oppression |- |[[d:Q6316391|Q6316391]] |just transition |Framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass wide range of social interventions needed to secure decent work opportunities and a greener economy. |- |[[d:Q366139|Q366139]] |legitimation |the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group |- |[[d:Q3027857|Q3027857]] |living lab |user-centered, open innovation ecosystem integrating research and innovation in real life communities |- |[[d:Q59679511|Q59679511]] |low income |home with little money |- |[[d:Q43619|Q43619]] |natural environment |all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof |- |[[d:Q127514833|Q127514833]] |nature-positive |global goal to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030 |- |[[d:Q13023682|Q13023682]] |non-human |organism not in the genus Homo |- |[[d:Q728646|Q728646]] |partnership |arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests |- |[[d:Q3907287|Q3907287]] |policy making |the act of developing policy |- |[[d:Q9357091|Q9357091]] |political theory |class of theory |- |[[d:Q265425|Q265425]] |postcolonialism |academic discipline |- |[[d:Q25107|Q25107]] |power |ability to influence the behavior of others |- |[[d:Q442100|Q442100]] |procedural justice |fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources |- |[[d:Q7249406|Q7249406]] |project governance |management framework |- |[[d:Q7257735|Q7257735]] |public engagement |Policy-making practice |- |[[d:Q541936|Q541936]] |public participation |participation of citizens in various policy decisions and planning processes |- |[[d:Q6142016|Q6142016]] |recognition justice |social philosophy theory |- |[[d:Q10509953|Q10509953]] |renewable electricity |electricity from renweable sources |- |[[d:Q12705|Q12705]] |renewable energy |energy collected from renewable resources |- |[[d:Q56510941|Q56510941]] |renewable energy policy | |- |[[d:Q1165392|Q1165392]] |restorative justice |approach to justice where victims and perpetrators mediate a restitution agreement |- |[[d:Q4414036|Q4414036]] |rural population |inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural |- |[[d:Q17152351|Q17152351]] |smart system |adaptive intelligent systems |- |[[d:Q187588|Q187588]] |social class |group of people categorized in a hierarchy based on socioeconomic factors |- |[[d:Q264892|Q264892]] |social justice |concept that discrimination recognized in society should be remedied |- |[[d:Q34749|Q34749]] |social science |academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society |- |[[d:Q2930198|Q2930198]] |stakeholder participation |involvement of groups or individuals affected by the actions of an entity |- |[[d:Q125359881|Q125359881]] |sustainability transition | |- |[[d:Q219416|Q219416]] |sustainability |ability of human civilization to coexist with the biosphere in a steady state |- |[[d:Q131201|Q131201]] |sustainable development |mode of human development that meets current demands without compromising the needs of future generations |- |[[d:Q7649586|Q7649586]] |Sustainable Development Goals |set of United Nations-defined global development goals and climate change |- |[[d:Q69883|Q69883]] |urban planning |technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment |- |[[d:Q920600|Q920600]] |urban renewal |program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay |- |[[d:Q3376054|Q3376054]] |vulnerable population |group of persons whose range of options is severely limited, are subjected to coercion, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent |- |[[d:Q107389921|Q107389921]] |water-management | |- |[[d:Q7981051|Q7981051]] |well-being |measure of how well life is to someone or a group with factors such as health, happiness and satisfaction |- |[[d:Q467|Q467]] |woman |female adult human |- |[[d:Q188867|Q188867]] |future studies |study of possible, probable, and preferable social, technological and political futures |- |[[d:Q1038171|Q1038171]] |participatory design |active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process |}Then, for each article, we inferred what the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} was from the abstracts and author provided keywords. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} ==== The sample of article we selected included only litterature reviews, but we wanted to describ what kind of literature review it was. We first read abstracts to identify all the different types of litterature reviews present in the corpus and created wikidata items which did not exist, for example {{Wikidata entity link|Q137209848}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q137174203}}. We improved some of these method items using the methodological references cited in the reviewed papers. For example, we added a statement saying that {{Wikidata entity link|Q101116078}} can have {{Wikidata entity link|Q653137}} as {{Wikidata entity link|P13391}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paré|first=Guy|last2=Trudel|first2=Marie-Claude|last3=Jaana|first3=Mirou|last4=Kitsiou|first4=Spyros|date=2015-03|title=Synthesizing information systems knowledge: A typology of literature reviews|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378720614001116|journal=Information & Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=183–199|doi=10.1016/j.im.2014.08.008}}</ref>. After this step, the {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q2412849}} in Wikidata were : {| class="wikitable" |+ !Qid !Study type !Description |- |[[d:Q603441|Q603441]] |bibliometrics |statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles |- |[[d:Q472342|Q472342]] |scientometrics |study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation |- |[[d:Q815382|Q815382]] |meta-analysis |statistical method that summarizes data from multiple sources |- |[[d:Q1504425|Q1504425]] |systematic review |publication type, study that gathers, analyzes, and communicates the results of research and information on a topic |- |[[d:Q2412849|Q2412849]] |literature review |process of information search and text of a review article (Q7318358), which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic |- |[[d:Q6822263|Q6822263]] |meta-regression |statistical tool used in meta-analyses |- |[[d:Q7301211|Q7301211]] |realist evaluation |theory-driven evaluation used in evaluating social programmes |- |[[d:Q17007303|Q17007303]] |combinatorial meta-analysis |study of the statistical properties of combinations of studies from a meta-analytic dataset |- |[[d:Q70470634|Q70470634]] |network meta-analysis |meta-analysis of randomized trials in which estimates of comparative treatment effects are visualized and interpreted from a network of interventions |- |[[d:Q101116078|Q101116078]] |scoping review |search for concepts by mapping the language and data which surrounds those concepts and adjusting the search method iteratively to synthesize evidence and assess the scope of an area of inquiry |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q110665014]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |- |[[d:Q137174203|Q137174203]] |conceptual review |academic research aiming to review existing concepts and definitions in the litterature |- |[[d:Q137174450|Q137174450]] |critical review |type of literature review analysing strenghts, major contributions, mistakes and neglected issues in an academic field of research |- |[[d:Q137209848|Q137209848]] |integrative literature review |type of literature review |- |[[d:Q110665014|Q137211242]] |narrative review |type of literature review, without structured method of retrieval and analysis |}For each article, we added the {{Wikidata entity link|P8363}} based on the abstract and method sections. In case of doubt, we compared our interpretation. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} ==== When an article had a specific geographical focus, we used the property {{Wikidata entity link|P6153}} to describe it. For example, the article "{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}}" focused on {{Wikidata entity link|Q132959}}. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} ==== When scholarly metadata are imported into Wikidata, the name of authors are stored as a chain of characters and linked to the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2093}}. The property {{Wikidata entity link|P50}} allows to make a link with a Wikidata item representing the author. This avoids the problem of homonym authors by linking a unique identifyer to authors in Wikidata and linking this identifier to existing ones such as ORCID. We used the [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/ Author Disambiguator] tool to create Wikidata items for researchers who did not yet have one. This tool helps to minimise errors caused by homonyms among researchers by categorizing scientific publications into thematic groups. It also automatically searches for [[d:Wikidata:ORCIDator|ORCID]], ResearchGate and VIAF pages. ==== Adding {{Wikidata entity link|P6977}} ==== We explored the possibility to model review networks, that is linking review paper to reviewed papers (and not broadly cited papers). We selected one of the paper which had the most detailed list of reviewed papers ({{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}}), then we added this list in Wikidata using Open refine. Then we snowballed this process for the reviewed papers which were also litterature reviews. === Advantages and limitations of Wikidata to build a rich living academic corpus === To share the result of our work, we exported the dataset we build on Wikidata and shared it on the open archive Zenodo : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20749973. The data is also available directly in Wikidata. The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 1''' (Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations)'''.''' The sections below discuss the advantages and limitations of wikidata regarding this hypothesis. ==== Advantages of Wikidata ==== Key advantages of Wikidata are its flexible and collaborative nature as well as its interoperability. Wikidata ontology (that is how the data are structured) is collaboratively defined and properties can be added if relevant (after validation by the community). Compared to global databases like WOS or OpenAlex, Wikidata allows anyone to enter more metadata about each academic articles. Another notable advantage is that Wikidata items can be used as an interoperable [[wikipedia:Controlled_vocabulary|controlled vocabulary]]. For example, when we stated that the {{Wikidata entity link|P921}} of the article {{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} was {{Wikidata entity link|Q795757}}, "energy transition" was not just a word but a concept with its unique identifyer, linked to identifiers in other databases such as the Google Knowledge Graph ID or BNCF Thesaurus ID. Wikidata's collaborative nature is here adain an advantage. Contrary to institutional thesaurus, Wikidata allows anyone to add new concepts. This is particularly interesting as existing controlled vocabularies rarely reflect the degree of precision that researchers need in their work. The multilingual nature of Wikidata was also a strengh, some Wikidata contributors added labels for the concepts we used into different languages (For example, contributors added labels for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Armenian and Slovenian, languages we do not speak at all). ==== Limitations of Wikidata ==== The limitations of Wikidata is that it is not yet well integrated with the tools researchers use to do literature reviews (kowledge management softwares and bibliographic databases). Compared to reference management softwares (Zenodo, Mendeley…) and knowledge management softwares (Obsidian, Zettlr, Room Research, Notion, Logseq, Reflect…), Wikidata is too general and does not allow to work on full texts. References and knowledge management softwares allow researcher to build their own specialised knowledge base, by taking notes and highlighting the content of the full texts. Wikidata is not connected to this process and there is a missing tool to facilitate the construction of graphs from the qualitative analysis of texts. In addition, when one is working on a specific corpus of item in Wikidata, it is also difficult to keep track of this corpus. We linked each academic item we were working on to our research project by adding a statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}, but it was still relatively difficult to "filter" the part of the knowledge graph we were working on. Compared to bilbiographic catalogues (OpenAlex, Web Of Science, GoTriple...), Wikidata will never be as exhaustive and do not offer user-friendly search functions. Since 2014, an important amount of bibliographic data was imported in Wikidata with the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiCite|Wikicite]]. At the time of its creation, Wikicite was adressing the issue of closed bibliographic data and was trying to make these data open, many academic items were imported automatically in Wikidata through scraping. This practice was abandoned because the large amont of bibliographic data congested queries on Wikidata (this led to the decision to split the Wikidata graph between academic and non academic entities), and because new open science initiatives, notably OpenAlex (2022), are now taking on the task of creating a exhaustive catalogues of all scholarly production. In this context, the community has to rethink the purpose of Wikidata regarding bilbiographic data. ==== Future possbilities ==== A solution to the limitations would be to developp the role of Wikidata as a link between other tools of the open science ecosystem. For example, developping and maintaining plugins or extensions for specialised softwares like Zotero, Wikibase, and Omeka could connect Wikidata with more specialised graphs. Such extensions could help building local graphs by allowing the reuse of wikidata item (eg. autocompletion), but also help contributing to Wikidata thanks to export features. (Example :<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Finn Årup|last2=Lyhne|first2=Ivar|last3=Garigliotti|first3=Dario|last4=Butzbach|first4=Annika|last5=Ravn Boess|first5=Emilia|last6=Hose|first6=Katja|last7=Kørnøv|first7=Lone|date=2023|title=Environmental impact assessment reports in Wikidata and a Wikibase|url=https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/193492|language=en|publisher=CEUR-WS.org|volume=3443|pages=1–8|doi=10.34726/5421}}</ref>) Wikidata could then be an intermediary between locally curated corpus and more exhaustive bilbiographic catalogues such as OpenAlex. For example, Wikidata items could be used to tag articles in a more precise way instead of using keywords and sharing enriched corpus in Wikidata could help to train more precise taging algorythms. == 2.Modelling the content of litterature reviews == The goal of this step was to test '''Hypothesis 2''' (Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference) by modelling the content of our selected articles into Wikidata. [[wikipedia:Knowledge_modeling|Knowledge modelling]] is the process of making a machine readable model of knowledge. As we have a background in social sciences, we felt the need to question the relationship between this process and other methodologies such as concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks. We present these methodologies before describing our current knowledge modelling experimentations. === Concept mapping, thematic networks and causal networks === This section presents social science methodology that presents similarities with knowledge modelling. ==== Concept maps ==== [[File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conceptual_Diagram_-_Example.svg|thumb|Example conceptual diagram|251x251px]]Concept maps are ''concepts'' (boxes) and ''propositions'' (arrow indicating the relationship between two boxes)<ref name=":19">Cañas, Alberto J., et al. "CmapTools: A knowledge modeling and sharing environment." (2004): 125-135. https://thomaseskridge.com/assets/pdf/Canas-2004.pdf</ref>. Concept maps can be a powerful literature review tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=John Kennedy|date=2016|title=Using ATLAS.ti to Facilitate Data Analysis for a Systematic Review of Leadership Competencies in the Completion of a Doctoral Dissertation|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2850726|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2850726|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> allowing to synthetize theoretical statements about relationship between concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panniers|first=Teresa L|last2=Feuerbach|first2=Renee Daiuta|last3=Soeken|first3=Karen L|date=2003-08-01|title=Methods in informatics: using data derived from a systematic review of health care texts to develop a concept map for use in the neonatal intensive care setting|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1532046403000911|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|series=Building Nursing Knowledge through Informatics: From Concept Representation to Data Mining|volume=36|issue=4|pages=232–239|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.010|issn=1532-0464}}</ref>. They can be built using specialised softwares (e.g. [https://cmap.ihmc.us/ Cmap]<ref name=":19" />, Altas.Ti "network" feature...). The "box and arrow" logic is similar to how knowledge is modelled on Wikidata : the equivalent of concepts is ''item'' and the equivalent of propositions are ''statements''. The difference between a softwares like Cmap and Wikidata is the underlying format of the data. ==== Thematic networks ==== [[File:Thematic network example.jpg|thumb|447x447px|Structure of a thematic network (Source: based on Attride-Stirling 2001)]] A thematic network is “simply a way of organizing a thematic analysis of qualitative data”<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Attride-Stirling|first=Jennifer|date=2001-12|title=Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146879410100100307|journal=Qualitative Research|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=385–405|doi=10.1177/146879410100100307|issn=1468-7941}}</ref>. It is compatible with classical coding strategies such as [[grounded theory]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corbin|first=Juliet|last2=Strauss|first2=Anselm|date=1990-12-01|title=Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602/html|journal=Zeitschrift für Soziologie|language=en|volume=19|issue=6|pages=418–427|doi=10.1515/zfsoz-1990-0602|issn=2366-0325}}</ref>. Thematic networks can be used to visualise the data structure after identifying themes and help structure and interpret the data<ref name=":7" />. The principle is to assemble basic themes into more general themes. Qualitative researchers usually use {{Wikidata entity link|Q4550939}} and qualitative coding to identify themes and sub-themes. However, the nature of the relationship between these various themes and sub-themes is often not specified. [[File:Adoption_CLD.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoption_CLD.svg|thumb|421x421px|Causal loop diagram of ''Adoption'' model, used to demonstrate systems dynamics]] ==== Causal diagrams ==== The use of diagrams to represent causal relationship exist in various research practices. In statistics, researchers sometime present models with boxes and arrows representing correlations and/or causations<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mirror.vcu.edu/pub/mx/doc/mxmang10.pdf|title=Statistical Modeling|last=Neale|first=Michael C.|last2=Boker|first2=Steven M.|last3=Xie|first3=Gary|last4=Maes|first4=Hermine H.|publisher=Richmond, VA: Department of Psychiatry|year=1999|location=Virginia Commonwealth University}}</ref>. In qualitative research, building grounded theory models is about "[accounting] for not only all the major emergent concepts, themes, and dimensions, but also for their dynamic interrelationships. Speaking in classic boxes-and-arrows terms, this process amounts to assembling the constellation of boxes with a special focus on the arrows."<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Gioia|first=Dennis A.|last2=Corley|first2=Kevin G.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Aimee L.|date=2013-01|title=Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428112452151|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=15–31|doi=10.1177/1094428112452151|issn=1094-4281}}</ref> After identifying themes, qualitative researchers are expected to theorize the "arrows" between themes<ref name=":21" />R.esearchers relying on system theory also use causal loop diagram where boxes represent variables and arrows represent causal influence (positive or negative), causal relationship can "feedback" (two variables can influence each other)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4|title=Causal Loop Diagrams|last=Barbrook-Johnson|first=Pete|last2=Penn|first2=Alexandra S.|date=2022|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-01833-6|location=Cham|pages=47–59|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01919-7_4}}</ref>. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : first round of analysis === This section presents our knowledge modelling experimentation in Wikidata. ==== Conceptual modelling ==== Our first step was to reflect on what is a "concept" and what kind of wikidata properties could be used to model concepts in Wikidata. Scholars in management have called for more rigorous ways to define concepts<ref name=":22" /> and modelling concepts in Wikidata could help to build less ambiguous concepts. Concept definition encompass various aspects such as the nature of the phenomenon, its characteristics, the links with prototypical cases or examples, the contrast with other concepts, the links with causes and consequences...<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Podsakoff|first=Philip M.|last2=MacKenzie|first2=Scott B.|last3=Podsakoff|first3=Nathan P.|date=2016-04|title=Recommendations for Creating Better Concept Definitions in the Organizational, Behavioral, and Social Sciences|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1094428115624965|journal=Organizational Research Methods|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–203|doi=10.1177/1094428115624965|issn=1094-4281}}</ref>, and scholars have advised to take insight from philosophy to work on concepts<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makowski|first=Piotr Tomasz|date=2021-10|title=Optimizing Concepts: Conceptual Engineering in the Field of Management—The Case of Routines Research|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/amr.2019.0252|journal=Academy of Management Review|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=702–724|doi=10.5465/amr.2019.0252|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>. We thus read work in cognitive science which was summarizing psychology and philsosophy approaches on the determination of the content of concepts<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin of Concepts|last=Carey|first=Susan|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press USA - OSO|isbn=978-0-19-536763-8|series=Oxford Series in Cognitive Development Ser|location=Cary}}</ref>. We summarize these approaches below and examine which wikidata properties exist to represent them. *Definition: the content of a concept can be formed by its decomposition into other concepts. Many Wikidata properties can be relevant to model definitions, for example: {{Wikidata entity link|P1269}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P361}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P527}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1552}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P6477}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}}... *Categorization: the content of a concept is formed by its illustration by an exemplar (a [[wikipedia:Prototype_theory|prototype]]) that best represent the concept. (The closer a phenomenon is to the prototype, the more likely it belong to the category). Apart from the inclusion of images to illustrate an item, Wikidata structure do not highlight exemplars. However, properties signifying relations of categorizations are among the most used with {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} and {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} (see discussion here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Basic_membership_properties). *Theory: the content of a concept is formed by its role in providing explanation of the world. Wikidata includes several properties to describe causal relationships: {{Wikidata entity link|P828}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1542}}, {{Wikidata entity link|P1537}}/{{Wikidata entity link|P1479}}, {{P|1478}}, {{P|P9353}} (see discussions here : https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Modeling_causes/en). *Essence: the content of a concept is "something" deep explaning the entity's existence and its properties. We can use concepts before knowing what they mean, and this is what allows us to revise our knowledge about it. The idea of essence is well represented by the QID of Wikidata entities: it is independent of language and definitions and we can use it before really knowing what its properties will be. *Origin: the content of the concept is determined causally by social and historial factors (e.g. someone inventing the concept and introducing its use in a language community). This can be represented by the property {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}}. ==== Testing concept modelling on {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} ==== To test concept modelling, we started by experimenting with the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We selected a subset of papers which had energy democracy as main topic : *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901202}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q137901182}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q129652515}} *{{Wikidata entity link|Q114306483}} We read each paper and used them as source in manually entered statements in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. For example, Droubi et. Al stated "Energy democracy is both an ideal and a process"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Droubi|first=Sufyan|last2=Heffron|first2=Raphael|last3=McCauley|first3=Darren|date=2022-04-01|title=A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice?|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901182|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|volume=86|pages=4|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444}}</ref>, we thus entered the wikidata statement {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q840396}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q3249551}}, using the paper as reference (see screenshot below). The result of this first step is visible in the archival version of the item (22 May 2026) here https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q14944319&oldid=2495982191. [[File:Wikidata statement- energy democracy is an instance of ideal.png|915x915px|border]] We listed the difficulties encountered as we worked and we also asked the Wikidata community to give us feedback on our modelling on the item discussion page (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Talk:Q14944319). These issues were related to contradictions, precision, concision and ontology. We discuss each issue and draft recommandations to refine our modelling process. ===== Contradictions ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback highlighted some apparent contradictions (The values in "does not have effect" seems contrary to what is listed in "has goal".) We would however argue this is not a problem because "statements essentially point to referenceable sources of information and different sources may provide contradicting information, it's possible to represent a plurality of perspectives on Wikidata"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Statements#Plurality_and_consensus|title=Help:Statements - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref>. Wikidata essentially supports epistemic pluralism : different worldviews can be represented in wikidata<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.12260v1|title=A Multi-Axial Mindset for Ontology Design Lessons from Wikidata's Polyhierarchical Structure|last=Doğan|first=Ege Atacan|last2=Patel-Schneider|first2=Peter F.|date=2025-12-13|website=arXiv.org|language=en|access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref>, as long as they are supported by references<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-12-31|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=1–35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref>.Besides, in the case of goals versus effects statements, it is not contradictory because one can have a goal and fail to achieve it. In the case of energy democracy, the discrepancy between the stated goals of this movement and what it actually achieves is precisely what some authors are critiquing<ref name=":20" />. Recommandations : Contradictions are allowed in Wikidata. ===== Precision ===== We noted that conceptual modelling requires an important degree of formalization and precision. This is a key advantage of Wikidata to be able to create links toward precise concepts which have their own identifiers. For example, we were able to create statements about specific laws and their unique identifiers in legal databases (e.g. {{Wikidata entity link|Q139764294}} and its identifier in the EUR-Lex database). However, the sources we are working with are not always precise enough and when concepts are not precisely defined, statements cannot be modelled correctly. For example, in the sentence "management of social affairs by voluntary and self-governing associations is deemed to ensure that both citizen choice and public welfare are best served"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Veelen|first=Bregje van|last2=Horst|first2=Dan van der|date=2018-12-01|title=What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129652515|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=46|pages=19–28|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010}}</ref>, "choice" could refer to {{Wikidata entity link|Q111986453}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1331926}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q12888920}}... We can see here that academic texts are using natural language and thus are using ambiguous terms. As a result, we received feedbacks regarding a lack of precision in our statements (too many and too vague statements). In addition to the ambiguity of sources, a reason why we ended up with very general statements is because we avoided the creation of new Wikidata items. While following this implicit rule allowed us to focus on the most notable concepts, creating new items could also help make the statements more precise. Recommandations : If a concept is ambiguous it should not be included in the modelled statements. Create more precise relevant concepts if they do not exist in Wikidata. [[File:Wikidata visualisation screenshot of subclasses relationships including the item political concept.png|thumb|298x298px|Subclass relationships between "concept" and "political concept".]] ===== Concision ===== Wikidata contributor's feedback indicated a lack of concision. Some of it coming from the fact that some values were "in the tree of another value". The rule we take from this feeback is a need of logical simplification. Two examples illustrate possible logical simplification : *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} was an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} and an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}. But in that case, it is not necessary to state that it is an {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}}, because {{Wikidata entity link|Q33104069}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q131362181}}, which is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q151885}} (see diagram on the right). Here, we have to keep only the more precise item. This reasonning is based on the assumption that {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} is transitive. It seems this reasonning could be generalized (we opened a discussion about this here https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning/Use_cases#Parcimonious_statement_constraints_based_on_subclass_of_(P279)_and_part_of_(P361)_transitivity<nowiki/>) The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize this kind of relationship (using "instance of" as transversal property and checking "instance of or subclass of"). *We stated that {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But if we consider that {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is a {{Wikidata entity link|P279}} of {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}, then the inclusion of {{Wikidata entity link|Q15991216}} is implied. Here we could keep only the broader item {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. But unlike the reasonning above, we could not identify a way to generalize this reasonning. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}} can be a subclass of {{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}}, but using the former item is more informative than using the later. For the property {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}}, using a value that is too precise results in too many statements and using a value that is too general results in too trivial statements. Choosing the degree of precision is a problem similar to choosing whether or not to create a new item. Recommandations : When possible, use logical simplification to make statements more parcimonious. The [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata graph builder] is usefull to visualize redundancies. ===== Quantification ===== Modelling quantitative statements was challenging. We mostly skipped those but made an attempt for one case : the paper {{Wikidata entity link|Q137901196}} states that "9.8% of the final energy consumed in developing countries comes from modern renewable energy sources"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanegas-Cantarero|first=María M.|date=2020-12-01|title=Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137901196|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=70|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716}}</ref>. Modelling this sentence by adding a statement in the item {{Wikidata entity link|Q177323}} would require creating a specific property for "final energy consumption". There are such properties in Wikidata : for example, for renewable energy subsidies, there is {{Wikidata entity link|P6826}}. This type of property is notably useful to display information about an item (e.g. the population of a town) on Wikipedia through dynamic infoboxes that are updated with Wikidata information. But the current informal rule on Wikidata property creation is to prefer the use of general properties and avoid the creation of specific properties. Therefore creating properties for every quantifiable characteristic may not be possible, nor desirable. An alternative way to model quantity is to create a specific item to represent what is quantified and use other properties to represent quantities (see example below). [[File:Wikidata screenshot of percentage modelling.png|border|783x783px]] Since Wikidata is optimized for statements with a few discrete values, it is also more convenient to store quantitative (tabular) data elsewhere<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larrañaga|first=Galder Gonzalez|last2=Pintscher|first2=Lydia|last3=Ainali|first3=Jan|last4=Fauconnier|first4=Sandra|date=July 2026|title=Tabular data vs structured data.pptx|url=https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1k37UX-VPwMgJbXoB7ZxsztE5LdKR_isM|journal=Wikimania 2026}}</ref>. It is also possible to link the item that is quantified to an external dataset about it. This can be done using the property {{Wikidata entity link|P1325}}. Since our aim is not to display or analyse quantitative data, we opted for this last solution. Recommandation : Use existing properties for the quantity if it exists. If it does not exist, create an item representing what is measured and link it toward an external datasets containing the quantitative data. ===== Ontology ===== Ultimately, several of our difficulties were linked to some ontology challenges reflecting the complexity of the concept we were working on. According to the litterature, {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} refer to multiple types of entities. It represents a concept, an ideal, a process and an outcome. We reflected this with multiple {{Wikidata entity link|P31}} statements, but encountered struggles to model differences between ''process versus outcomes'', ''ideal versus reality'', ''phenomenon versus theory'' and ''discourses versus practices''. The wikidata community recommands having different items for ''process and outcome'' (criterion "{{Wikidata entity link|Q127270577}}"). For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q11629}} (practice of applying paint) is different from {{Wikidata entity link|Q3305213}} (visual artwork). However, this distinction is less straightforward for social processes which are are ongoing and evolving without a clear ending. Another problem was to separate ''ideal versus reality,'' we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3712}} to describe ideals and {{Wikidata entity link|P2670}} to describe processes attempting to reach it. It was also difficult to separate ''phenomenon versus theory,'' for example, we did not manage to model the idea that the literature on energy democracy is fragmented. Finally, we also would have needed more distinctions between ''discourses and practices.'' Our sources suggested that energy democracy discourses and practices may have different causes, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P3938}} to indicate the origins of the concept or the movments promoting it, but this was not a very precise way to model this idea. Our first attempt to multiple "natures" of energy democracy into a single item is not satisfactory, and implementing the modelling recommandations we identified above may not be sufficient to build more parcimonious statements. Creating new items to reflect the different aspects of energy democracy may here be necessary. To do so we have to decide how to split the different natures {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and what will be the relationship between the resulting items. Here the definition of an {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}} (formal representation) in Wikidata can quickly escalate into questionning {{Wikidata entity link|Q44325}} (metaphysical reflexion on the nature of things), and especially {{Wikidata entity link|Q1713511}} (the nature of the social world). Indeed, the relations between the different types of entities constituting the social worls are not simple nor consensual among philosophers of social science. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q15080858}} posits that different things have different ways of being (modes of reality). They propose to classify entities in four categories : material entities (that can exist independently of humans), conceptual entities (concepts, discourses, ideas, meaning…), artefactual entities (human-made and combining conceptual and material elements) and social entities (that depends on human activity to exist)<ref>Fleetwood, S. (2004). An ontology for organisation and management studies. ''Critical Realist Applications in Organisation and Management Studies'', 27–53.</ref>. A complex concept like {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} is concerned with all these types of entities. The energy system include many material entities such as oil fields, the sun, seas, trees... and artefacts such as energy production unit, power lines, home appliances, trucks... (Including conceptual entities such as the name of these artefacts or the knowledge to make them function.). There are the social entities in which they are encompassed (the enregy sectors, energy businesses, energy policies...). There are conceptual entities like normative/political discourses discussing how these artefact and social system should work and there are conceptual entities in the academic sphere building theories about how all this works or should work. In theory, such ontology can be implemented in Wikidata as it "supports multiple coexisting classification" and allow multiple ontological frameworks to coexist.<ref name=":8" /> Current Wikidata ontology is structured with dischotomies such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q23958946}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q3799040}}... A quick search seem to show that entities related to the social reality can quickly fall into heterogeneous and sometime contradictory root classes (see table below). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Item !Existing root class entity |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q190539}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q34770}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q9081}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q43229}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}{{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q49773}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q67518978}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q103940464}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q30241068}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} |- |{{Wikidata entity link|Q12705}} |{{Wikidata entity link|Q4406616}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q7048977}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q1970309}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q16686448}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q99527517}}/{{Wikidata entity link|Q132907471}} |} Current {{Wikidata entity link|Q3882785}} in Wikidata do not seem very informative to classify the aspects of our concept in a top-down manner. We discussed with the Wikidata community<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology#Social_ontology|title=Wikidata talk:WikiProject Ontology - Wikidata|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en|access-date=2026-07-28}}</ref> and explored existing ontologies that could be relevant to our project. Some colleagues social science and humanities recommended CIDOC-CRM (https://cidoc-crm.org/crmsoc/fm_releases) because of the active community maintaining it. The conclusion of this exploration is that Wikidata, because of its collaborative nature, may not be the best plateform to implement a rigorous, interoperable, high-level ontology. We thus decided to focus on a lower ontological level. === Knowledge modelling in Wikidata : second round of analysis === Our first round of analysis resulted in : * Add links to exported files + insert graphs screenshots After our first round of analysis, we decided to focus on the strenghs of wikidata, which seem to be its ability to be a hub for concepts linked to external identifiers. We reframed our modelling goals to focus on identifying the main concepts in our corpus, their definition, their relationships, and their potential existing identifiers. Our next steps are * Read articles of the corpus again and model more precise statements * Include pages in references * Create new items to reflect the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} : the social movement advocating for it, the political concept theorizing it, the concrete initiatives implementing it, the litterature theorizing it, etc... based on a new reading of our sample of article and aligned with existing ontologies. We started by relying on {{Wikidata entity link|Q136447761}}, which states more clearly the different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}. We kept the first item {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} as the main conceptual entity, representing the ideal of energy democracy as a goal. We created other items such as {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}} to represent the social movement advocating for energy democracy, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}} to represent policies havin energy democracy as goal, {{Wikidata entity link|Q141223998}} to represent the scholarly study of energy democracy (to separate ''phenomenon versus theory)'', {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224432}} to represent energy democracy as an outcome (to separate ''process versus outcome).'' Creating these different facets of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} allowed more precise modelling. Then existing statements were sorted to match the different types of entity. For example, {{Wikidata entity link|Q3109572}} was linked to {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224129}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q1951366}} to {{Wikidata entity link|Q141224695}}. To reflect the dimensions of the concept of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}}, we used {{Wikidata entity link|P527}}. For example, the sentence "Becker and Naumann list decentralized energy generation, public and cooperative ownership and energy sovereignty as the dimensions of energy democracy<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Becker|first=Sören|last2=Naumann|first2=Matthias|date=2017-01-01|title=Energy democracy: Mapping the debate on energy alternatives|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139492906|volume=11|issue=8|doi=10.1111/GEC3.12321}}</ref>"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Szulecki|first=Kacper|last2=Øverland|first2=Indra|date=2020-11-01|title=Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136447761|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=English|volume=69|pages=101768|doi=10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768}}</ref>, was modeled as {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} {{Wikidata entity link|P527}} : {{Wikidata entity link|Q861135}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q119080352}}, {{Wikidata entity link|Q4227971}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q130487674}}. == 3. Data visualisation == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 3''' (SPARQL-based queries and visualizations can be used to navigate  scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs). At this stage we started to identify visualization use cases we would like to test, they are listed below. === Filter statements === *Visualize only statements using a specitic source in order to map the content of a single academic article. First test here: https://w.wiki/PFqH *Visualize only items which are part of the present project (all the academic items of the project include the statement {{Wikidata entity link|P6104}} {{Wikidata entity link|Q134545539}}). === Properties visualisation === *Visualise the "tree" of a property used in an item : Wikidata graph builder seem to be the most user friendly, robust and versatile tool to visualise a graph of a single property (https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/) [[File:Visualisation of the "instance of" values for energy democracy in Wikidata.png|center|thumb|553x553px|Visualisation of the "{{Wikidata entity link|P31}}" values for {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} in Wikidata. Made with the [https://angryloki.github.io/wikidata-graph-builder/ Wikidata Graph Builder].]] === Concepts visualisation === *Map all statements related to a single item (e.g. [[d:Wikidata:Scholia|Scholia]] request "topic in context")[[File:Screenshot of Energy democracy wikidata graph.png|center|thumb|450x450px|Graph of the {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} concept generated with [https://scholia.toolforge.org Scholia]'s "The topic in context" query.]]Map the statements that two items have in common to make comparisons. [[File:Community energy and energy democracy.png|center|thumb|440x440px|Data visualisation of the concepts of {{Wikidata entity link|Q14944319}} and {{Wikidata entity link|Q113514984}}. Made with [https://think.resoneo.com/wikidata-search/ Wikidata Knowledge Explorer] .]]Find the relationships between two concepts. === Mapping sources consensus === *Queries can help visualize which concept is central across sources : https://query.wikidata.org/#%23defaultView%3AGraph%0ASELECT%20%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3Fpublication%0A%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20wd%3AQ14944319%20%3Fp%20%3Fobject_statement%20.%0A%20%20%3Fobject_statement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%3Freference%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Fps%20%20%3Fvalue%20.%0A%20%20%3Fvalue%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FvalueLabel%20.%0A%20%20FILTER%20%28lang%28%3FvalueLabel%29%20%3D%20%27en%27%29%0A%20%20%3Freference%20pr%3AP248%20%3Fpublication%20.%0A%7D[[File:Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.png|center|thumb|396x396px|Link between concepts and references in the Energy Democracy wikidata item.]] *Visualise graphs and use the number of references to determine edge thickness/weight in order to make consensual statements more visible.[[File:Number of references supporting statements about a chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.png|center|thumb|454x454px|Visualisation of the number of references supporting statements about the chain of contributing factors of energy democracy.]] == 4. Writing == The goal of this step is to test '''Hypothesis 4''' (Wikiversity pages can be used to write literature reviews collaboratively in text format augmented by interwiki links). * To do idea : write a Wikiversity page for each central concept (e.g. energy democracy, energy community, energy citizenship...) === Advantages of Wikiversity === Writing on a Wikiversity page offers some advantages to implement the principles of open linked data in text format. We could cite academic items using their Wikidata QID to generate the citations below (but if we use an URL to cite a paper, it does not automatically check if there is an existing QID for it), and also link toward Wikidata entities using a template ([[Template:Wikidata entity link|Wikidata entity link]]). Although we did not translate the present page for now, Wikiversity offers the possibility to translate a page in multiple languages (an interesting possibility in the context of the The FAIRisation of scholarly communication<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maryl|first=Maciej|last2=Blaszczyńska|first2=Marta|last3=Zalotyńska|first3=Agnieszka|last4=Taylor|first4=Laurence|last5=Avanço|first5=Karla|last6=Balula|first6=Ana|last7=Buchner|first7=Anna|last8=Caliman|first8=Lorena|last9=Clivaz|first9=Claire|date=2021-01|title=Future of Scholarly Communication|url=https://hal.science/hal-03277615}}</ref>). The possibility to view the page history provide an exhaustive versionning of a paper, which constitute interesting data documenting the academic writing process (at first we did not comment the nature of our modifications but after thinking about this reuse possibility, we described it with more details). The contribution statistics based on the history also offers a new way to track author's contributions to a paper in a transparent way. Some researchers experimented relationships between the wikimedia community and researchers by making researchers review wikipedia articles<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226771/|title=CLOUDSENSE Collaborative Review of Wikipedia Cloud Feedback article|last=Finney|first=D.|last2=Huang|first2=X.|date=2025-05-16|website=eprints.whiterose.ac.uk|language=en|doi=10.48785/100/329|access-date=2026-07-28|last3=Hinnie|first3=L.|last4=Sheppard|first4=N.}}</ref>. === The issue of text interoperability === A key issue we are encountering is the question of the interoperability of texts. While the interoperability of data is starting to be well discussed in the open science community, the interoperability of texts do not seem to benefit from the same level of discussion. We encountered several interoperability issues regarding our writing. First, copying texts written on a word processor software (e.g. microsoft word) into a wiki page (or the other way around) is relatively seamless in terms of formatting, but the management of references is lacking. Reformatting references is very time consuming and a real barrier for text interoperability in academic context : it is difficult to copy text from an academic publication into a wiki text, and difficult to turn a wiki text into a publication (the only possibility is to export the page as a PDF and you may be reading this article in this format). There are also uncertaineties regarding how to reuse texts published under creative common licences. Academic texts published under CC-BY-SA licences can in theory be remixed and reused. But academia does not have established practices regarding how this can be done. If we want to reuse a whole page, should we put it in quotation marks and simply cite the paper ? Should the original authors be listed as co-authors ? To what extent academic publisher will accept to publish "remixed" texts while they usually require that publications contain mainly unpublished content ? The norms of what is appropriate remix and reuse practices in academia has yet to be decided... and this could be an interesting conversation to have in the open science community. == Discussion == Our goal was to assess the potential of Wikidata and Wikiversity to build a living literature review method and tackle issues of information overload, knowledge synthesis and knowledge dissemination, following open science principles. By conducting a meta-review on just sustainability transition (that is a review of existing literature reviews), and experimenting with existing technical solutions, we were able to identify the strenghs and limitations of the Wikidata ecosystem. First Wikidata can be used to enrich scientific item metadata and build living scientific corpora with rich annotations (Hypothesis 1 is verified). However, the technical barriers to do so are still high and the Wikidata database is too general to allow a community to work on a specific curated corpus of scientific items. Secondly, Wikidata can be used for scientific knowledge modeling through statements using scientific items as reference (Hypothesis 2 is verified). However, this requires developping new methodological standards regarding what is a rigorous modelling in social science, as well as building specific {{Wikidata entity link|Q324254}}. An unexpected finding is that the formalization necessary for knowledge modelling in wikidata invites to formalize the reasonning behind modelling choices, a process that is rarely done in qualitative analysis even though such reasonning are likely present. The modelling process also responds to calls in management sciences to engage in more systematic categorizing to avoid semantic confusion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jason R.|date=2025-01|title=Categorizing Concepts and Phenomena in Management Research: A Four-Phase Integrative Review and Recommendations|url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/full/10.5465/annals.2023.0052|journal=Academy of Management Annals|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|page=28|pages=9–37|doi=10.5465/annals.2023.0052|issn=1941-6520}}</ref>. Thirdly, SPARQL-based queries can be used to vizualised scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs, but we cannot completely say they allow users to "navigate" it (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified). SPARQL-based queries are powerful but they require technical knowledge, especially now that the split between academic and non-academic items in Wikidata requires to write federated queries. To be able to "navigate" scientific corpora and scientific knowledge graphs on Wikidata, more user-friendly tools would be needed. Finally, we did see advantaged in using Wikiversity pages to write collaboratively in text format augmented by hypertext links, but there are still important technical and instittional barriers (Hypothesis 3 is partially verified) : the interoperability of text is a key issue to reuse publications. The main issues we encountered were the management of references and uncertainty regarding the compatibilities between writing publicly on a wiki page and engaging in classical publication processes. A potential solution to the issues encountered could be to develop a specialised literature review software that would allow researchers to build living literature reviews including knowledge graphs and wiki pages. This kind of tool should be user-friendly and include the missing tools we identified. In addition, it could include more advanced analysis functions such as logical reasonning based on the knowledge graph<ref name=":9" />. === Quality assessment === <ref>{{Citation|vauthors=((E. Peireira, A.))|year=2022|title=Usages et transformations d’un commun numérique : les données généalogiques équines|publisher=Paris 10|url=https://theses.fr/s357002|access-date=25 August 2026}}</ref> Methods for assessing Wikidata's data quality are still under development: following the questions raised by Piscopo and Simperl about the accuracy and reliability of the data<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piscopo|first=Alessandro|last2=Simperl|first2=Elena|date=2019-08-20|title=What we talk about when we talk about wikidata quality: a literature survey|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3306446.3340822|journal=Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Open Collaboration|series=OpenSym '19|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=17|pages=1–11|doi=10.1145/3306446.3340822|isbn=978-1-4503-6319-8}}</ref>, Shenov et al. (2022) propose a framework combining several indicators to detect low-quality statements, revealing issues such as duplicate entities, missing triples, and unmet constraints<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shenoy|first=Kartik|last2=Ilievski|first2=Filip|last3=Garijo|first3=Daniel|last4=Schwabe|first4=Daniel|last5=Szekely|first5=Pedro|date=2022-04|title=A study of the quality of Wikidata|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826821000536|journal=Journal of Web Semantics|volume=72|pages=100679|doi=10.1016/j.websem.2021.100679|issn=1570-8268}}</ref>. Two studies address the quality of ''referencing'' in Wikidata — that is, the reliability of sources cited to support claims — a distinct but complementary aspect of data quality itself. Amaral et al. (2021)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amaral|first=Gabriel|last2=Piscopo|first2=Alessandro|last3=Kaffee|first3=Lucie-aimée|last4=Rodrigues|first4=Odinaldo|last5=Simperl|first5=Elena|date=2021-10-15|title=Assessing the Quality of Sources in Wikidata Across Languages: A Hybrid Approach|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3484828|journal=Journal of Data and Information Quality (JDIQ)|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|volume=13|issue=4|pages=23:1–23:35|doi=10.1145/3484828|issn=1936-1955}}</ref> use a mixed-methods approach (crowdsourcing, statistics, machine learning) to assess the relevance, accessibility, and authority of Wikidata's references at scale and across languages. Beghaeiraveri et al. (2023) build on this by proposing the RQSS, a system that quantifies referencing quality through scores, allowing contributors and project leads to identify and fix gaps<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hosseini Beghaeiraveri|first=Seyed Amir|last2=Gray|first2=Alasdair|last3=McNeill|first3=Fiona|date=2024-12-01|title=RQSS: Referencing quality scoring system for Wikidata|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract|journal=Semantic Web|language=EN|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=15|issue=6|pages=2419–2475|doi=10.3233/SW-243695|issn=1570-0844}}</ref>. Together, these works mark a shift from exploratory assessment of reference quality toward standardized measurement tools — though this raises the question of whether a numerical score can adequately capture a notion as contextual as a source's "authority." The community develops tools for detecting vandalism (intentional additions of low-quality contributions), relying on machine learning approaches adapted to the specific features of RDF triples, up to the current deployment of the ORES service in Wikidata<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heindorf|first=Stefan|last2=Potthast|first2=Martin|last3=Stein|first3=Benno|last4=Engels|first4=Gregor|date=2016-10-24|title=Vandalism Detection in Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2983323.2983740|journal=Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management|series=CIKM '16|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=327–336|doi=10.1145/2983323.2983740|isbn=978-1-4503-4073-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarabadani|first=Amir|last2=Halfaker|first2=Aaron|last3=Taraborelli|first3=Dario|date=2017-04-03|title=Building Automated Vandalism Detection Tools for Wikidata|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3041021.3053366|journal=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|series=WWW '17 Companion|location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE|publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee|pages=1647–1654|doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366|isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref>. === Future research === - Can we "reason" with Wikidata (See: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Reasoning) : neurosymbolic AI ? - Compare grounded theory/CAQDAS with knowledge modelling methods, test annotation softwares : https://inception-project.github.io/ ; https://pacte.crim.ca/index_en.html ==== Supporting inductive research ==== Inductive research with an empirical phenomenon and then use of abstract concepts to describe it, a process called “Framing”, theorizing or conceptualizing <ref name=":24">{{cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Novices’ Struggles with Conceptual and Theoretical Framing in Writing Dissertations and Papers for Publication|journal=Publications|publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute|volume=3|issue=2|pages=104–119|doi=10.3390/publications3020104|issn=2304-6775|vauthors=((Casanave, C. P.)), ((Li, Y.))}}</ref>. Conceptualization require to answer the question « what are our data examples of? » <ref name=":24" />. This step is particularly challenging in inductive research since the same empirical phenomenon can be described through different concepts that leads to different perspectives or lenses the phenomenon and will refer to different theoretical traditions or disciplines <ref name=":24" />. Building a collection of concepts and their relationship to specific concrete cases in Wikidata could support inductive process by giving researchers access to relevant conceptualizations made by others. == Funding == This project is funded by the [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Research_&_Technology_Fund/Wikimedia_Research_Fund|Wikimedia Research Fund]], Grant ID: G-RS-2504-18935. The text of the initial research proposal is available here : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760603. == Data == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! QID !! Year !! DOI !! Title |- | [[d:Q137901191|Q137901191]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/GEO2.70040 10.1002/GEO2.70040] || Place-Based Sustainability Transformations for Just Futures: A Systematic Review |- | [[d:Q137901187|Q137901187]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1002/WCC.932 10.1002/WCC.932] || Public Communication of Climate and Justice: A Scoping Review |- | [[d:Q135979013|Q135979013]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z 10.1007/S13280-025-02202-Z] || Participatory approaches to climate adaptation, resilience, and mitigation: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901223|Q137901223]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W 10.1007/S13412-021-00726-W] || A review of stakeholder participation studies in renewable electricity and water: does the resource context matter? |- | [[d:Q137901184|Q137901184]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6 10.1007/S40518-021-00184-6] || Energy Storage as an Equity Asset. |- | [[d:Q114204627|Q114204627]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z 10.1007/S43621-021-00024-Z] || Can public awareness, knowledge and engagement improve climate change adaptation policies? |- | [[d:Q137901209|Q137901209]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512 10.1016/J.AGSY.2025.104512] || Designing with non-humans for agricultural systems transformation: An interdisciplinary review and framework for reflection |- | [[d:Q137901201|Q137901201]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2024.101987] || Individual and community catalysts for Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) development |- | [[d:Q114197507|Q114197507]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438 10.1016/J.CRM.2022.100438] || Advancements of sustainable development goals in co-production for climate change adaptation research |- | [[d:Q129203992|Q129203992]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040 10.1016/J.EGYR.2024.01.040] || Empowering energy citizenship: Exploring dimensions and drivers in citizen engagement during the energy transition |- | [[d:Q137901216|Q137901216]] || 2026 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187 10.1016/J.EIAR.2025.108187] || From participation to partnership: A systematic review of public engagement in sustainable urban planning |- | [[d:Q137210566|Q137210566]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004 10.1016/J.ERSS.2015.10.004] || Energy justice: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q115448818|Q115448818]] || 2016 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001 10.1016/J.ERSS.2016.04.001] || Stakeholder involvement in sustainability science—A critical view |- | [[d:Q129652515|Q129652515]] || 2018 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2018.06.010] || What is energy democracy? Connecting social science energy research and political theory |- | [[d:Q137901196|Q137901196]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101716] || Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries |- | [[d:Q136447761|Q136447761]] || 2020 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101768] || Energy democracy as a process, an outcome and a goal: A conceptual review |- | [[d:Q137901204|Q137901204]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101834] || Identities, innovation, and governance: A systematic review of co-creation in wind energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901183|Q137901183]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101837] || Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies |- | [[d:Q137901207|Q137901207]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101871] || Rethinking community empowerment in the energy transformation: A critical review of the definitions, drivers and outcomes |- | [[d:Q137901215|Q137901215]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101876] || Co-production in the wind energy sector: A systematic literature review of public engagement beyond invited stakeholder participation |- | [[d:Q114306511|Q114306511]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907 10.1016/J.ERSS.2020.101907] || From consultation toward co-production in science and policy: A critical systematic review of participatory climate and energy initiatives |- | [[d:Q137901221|Q137901221]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102257] || The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies |- | [[d:Q137901218|Q137901218]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102333] || The (in)justices of smart local energy systems: A systematic review, integrated framework, and future research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901182|Q137901182]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102444] || A critical review of energy democracy: A failure to deliver justice? |- | [[d:Q114306483|Q114306483]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482 10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102482] || The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review |- | [[d:Q114306476|Q114306476]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102714] || What about citizens? A literature review of citizen engagement in sustainability transitions research |- | [[d:Q137901193|Q137901193]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102862] || When energy justice is contested: A systematic review of a decade of research on Sweden?s conflicted energy landscape |- | [[d:Q137901219|Q137901219]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913 10.1016/J.ERSS.2022.102913] || Can we optimise for justice? Reviewing the inclusion of energy justice in energy system optimisation models |- | [[d:Q137901186|Q137901186]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103010] || Analysing intersections of justice with energy transitions in India- A systematic literature review |- | [[d:Q137901181|Q137901181]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103053] || Fostering justice through engagement: A literature review of public engagement in energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137211155|Q137211155]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103213] || A fairway to fairness: Toward a richer conceptualization of fairness perceptions for just energy transitions |- | [[d:Q137901217|Q137901217]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221 10.1016/J.ERSS.2023.103221] || Powering just energy transitions: A review of the justice implications of community choice aggregation |- | [[d:Q137901199|Q137901199]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104016] || Making energy renovations equitable: A literature review of decision-making criteria for a just energy transition in residential buildings |- | [[d:Q137901188|Q137901188]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104036] || Community energy justice: A review of origins, convergence, and a research agenda |- | [[d:Q137901211|Q137901211]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104067] || Psychological and social factors driving citizen involvement in renewable energy communities: A systematic review |- | [[d:Q137901192|Q137901192]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104149] || Assessing social impacts and Energy Justice along green hydrogen supply chains: a capability-based framework |- | [[d:Q137901195|Q137901195]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422 10.1016/J.ERSS.2025.104422] || Out of place, scale and time? Navigating injustices across mission arenas of the German Energiewende |- | [[d:Q137901185|Q137901185]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546 10.1016/J.ESD.2024.101546] || Characterizing 'injustices' in clean energy transitions in Africa |- | [[d:Q137901226|Q137901226]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.143470] || Energy justice and sustainable urban renewal: A systematic review of low-income old town communities |- | [[d:Q137901222|Q137901222]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.120804] || Forest, climate, and policy literature lacks acknowledgement of environmental justice, diversity, equity, and inclusion |- | [[d:Q115441381|Q115441381]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504 10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111504] || Participatory methods in energy system modelling and planning – A review |- | [[d:Q137901205|Q137901205]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892 10.1016/J.RSER.2025.115892] || A systematic review of the intersection between energy justice and human rights |- | [[d:Q137901225|Q137901225]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2024.24 10.1017/SUS.2024.24] || Blue carbon as just transition? A structured literature review |- | [[d:Q137901220|Q137901220]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1017/SUS.2025.2 10.1017/SUS.2025.2] || Toward an intersectional equity approach in social-ecological transformations |- | [[d:Q137901203|Q137901203]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697 10.1080/14693062.2023.2256697] || Exploring the democracy-climate nexus: a review of correlations between democracy and climate policy performance |- | [[d:Q137901164|Q137901164]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1111/GEC3.12662 10.1111/GEC3.12662] || Creating fairer futures for sustainability transitions |- | [[d:Q137901227|Q137901227]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.1139/ER-2024-0018 10.1139/ER-2024-0018] || Community engagement in nature-positive food systems programming and research in East and Southern Africa: a review |- | [[d:Q119955266|Q119955266]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-101718-033103] || Co-Producing Sustainability: Reordering the Governance of Science, Policy, and Practice |- | [[d:Q137901206|Q137901206]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400 10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-112621-063400] || Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice |- | [[d:Q137901213|Q137901213]] || 2022 || [https://doi.org/10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4 10.1186/S13705-021-00330-4] || Mapping emergent public engagement in societal transitions: a scoping review |- | [[d:Q137901163|Q137901163]] || 2025 || [https://doi.org/10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09 10.17573/CEPAR.2025.2.09] || From Co-Creation to Circular Cities: Exploring Living Labs in EU Governance Frameworks - A Literature Review |- | [[d:Q137901197|Q137901197]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/EN17143512 10.3390/EN17143512] || A Systematic Review on the Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Energy Transitions |- | [[d:Q104887325|Q104887325]] || 2019 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041023 10.3390/SU11041023] || Deliberation and the Promise of a Deeply Democratic Sustainability Transition |- | [[d:Q137901202|Q137901202]] || 2021 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13042128 10.3390/SU13042128] || A Review of Energy Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa as a Transition Pathway to Energy Democracy |- | [[d:Q137901210|Q137901210]] || 2023 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15032441 10.3390/SU15032441] || Sustainable Project Governance: Scientometric Analysis and Emerging Trends |- | [[d:Q137901224|Q137901224]] || 2024 || [https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16198700 10.3390/SU16198700] || Empowering Communities to Act for a Change: A Review of the Community Empowerment Programs towards Sustainability and Resilience |} == References == {{References}} 2qi80xgcsdsqdz7zfbeisfw1tov8bpm 0 326494 2832360 2780947 2026-09-09T07:26:38Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 2832360 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="inflection-table" style="background:#dfdfdf;{{text default color}}border-collapse:separate; margin-left:6.0em; border-spacing:1px;width:75%" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" | ! style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Present ! style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Simple future ! style="background:#9fbfff;{{text default color}};" |Past Continuous |-<!-- 1st set singular --> | style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}} width:16%" |1st person | rowspan="3" style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}} width:4%" |''singular'' | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}} width:22%" |κάνω | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}} width:29%" |θα κάνω | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}width:29%" |έκανα |- | style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |κάνεις | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα κάνεις | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |έκανες |- | style="background:#dfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |κάνει | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |θα κάνει | style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};" |έκανε |-<!-- 1st set plural --> | style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |1st person | rowspan="3" style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |''plural'' | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |κάνουμε | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα κάνουμε | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |κάναμε |- | style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |2nd person | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |κάνετε | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα κάνετε | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |κάνατε |- | style="background:#cfefff;{{text default color}};" |3rd person | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |κάνουν, &nbsp;κάνουνε¹ | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |θα κάουν, &nbsp;θα κάουνε¹ | style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};" |έκαναν |- <!-- Footnotes --> | colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeee;{{text default color}} text-align:left" |<!-- --><small>1. These alternatives are frequent in colloquial speech, but uncommon in formal situations.</small> |} [[Category:Greek]] li75xpo462logf9g88ez9s1bw8ziomn 0 328885 2832356 2804522 2026-09-09T07:21:07Z ShakespeareFan00 6645 2832356 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa;{{Text default color}}; padding:15px; border-radius:6px;"> <h3 style="margin-top:0;">🌍 Create a new country page</h3> <p>Type the country name below and click the button to create a standardized page.</p> <inputbox> type=create prefix=Global_Audiology/RecentlyAdded/ preload=Template:Global_Audiology/CountryPreload buttonlabel=Create page placeholder=e.g., United States width=40 </inputbox> </div> jzgnm2or4r793bcncsx06rpkacirjdg 0 330390 2832239 2832231 2026-09-08T12:04:21Z Jtneill 10242 /* Outline */ 2832239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Plans * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Threat – Challenge * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Cognitive dissonance ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWOt2HyjCno?start=6&end=95 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * Lecture 5 (2026) TBA ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] mpej32u58o0tn7een3uypowpyaq3vnc 2832306 2832239 2026-09-09T02:27:00Z Jtneill 10242 /* Multimedia */ Update for 2026 2832306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Plans * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Threat – Challenge * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Cognitive dissonance ==Multimedia== * [https://youtu.be/dWOt2HyjCno?si=ZcYhsJqMWxntpzZ0&t=6 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins (finish at 1:35 mins)): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * Lecture 5 (2026) TBA ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] r6hknxs20ofxxj0iqysn689qdap9n6j 2832311 2832306 2026-09-09T02:30:28Z Jtneill 10242 /* Multimedia */ * [https://youtu.be/RcGyVTAoXEU&t=61 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013; 12:21 min (finish at 13:22 mins)) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. 2832311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Plans * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Threat – Challenge * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Cognitive dissonance ==Multimedia== * [https://youtu.be/dWOt2HyjCno?si=ZcYhsJqMWxntpzZ0&t=6 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins (finish at 1:35 mins)): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. * [https://youtu.be/RcGyVTAoXEU&t=61 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013; 12:21 min (finish at 13:22 mins)) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== * Lecture 5 (2026) TBA ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] ojk3osbe0t8tj67mouvt0s9ypxgyhh1 2832371 2832311 2026-09-09T08:27:18Z Jtneill 10242 /* Recording */ Update for 2026 2832371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 5: Goals and mindsets|fifth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Cycling_Time_Trial_effort.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Goals drive effort and perseverance.]] This lecture discusses: * goal-setting and goal striving * mindsets Key questions: * What are the key elements for successful goal setting and goal pursuit? * What are mindsets and how do they influence motivated behaviour? Take-home messages: * People perform best when they have a specific plan of action to pursue a difficult, specific, and self-congruent goal. * Different mindsets lead to different goal striving strategies ==Outline== Goal setting and goal striving * Plans * Goal setting * Goal striving Mindsets * What are mindsets? * Deliberative – Implemental * Threat – Challenge * Prevention – Promotion * Fixed – Growth * Cognitive dissonance ==Multimedia== * [https://youtu.be/dWOt2HyjCno?si=ZcYhsJqMWxntpzZ0&t=6 Locke and Latham's Goal Setting Theory] (MindTools, YouTube; 1:29 mins (finish at 1:35 mins)): Contemporary goal setting advice is largely derived from Locke and Latham's (1990) goal setting theory which this video explains as involving clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback, and complexity. * [https://youtu.be/RcGyVTAoXEU&t=61 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013; 12:21 min (finish at 13:22 mins)) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. ==Readings== * Chapter 7: Goal setting and goal striving ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 8: Mindsets ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GIH5THeUZ_fozpCqJjqXZTASpVB0eww_EHpgQGy1OOA/edit?usp=sharing Goal setting and goal striving] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1910B6x2TYlnIxoTU1Iz6LT6_cgPOf2JXnOgF3OMv0g8 Mindsets] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ;Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs|Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Mindsets, control, and the self|Mindsets, control, and self]] (Next lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Unconscious motivation|Unconscious motivation]] (Related lecture) ;Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Functionalist theory and self-tracking|Functionalist theory and self-tracking]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal pursuit|Goal pursuit]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Goal setting|Goal setting]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Mindset|Mindset]] (Book chapters) ;Wikipedia * [[w:Goal setting|Goal setting]] * [[w:John William Atkinson|John Atkinson]] * [[w:Mindset|Mindset]] * [[w:Need theory|Need theory]] ==Recording== *[https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/69d592795f2e4a62af19121c59147fb7 Lecture 5] (2026) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''104''(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201 Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). ''A theory of goal setting & task performance''. Prentice-Hall. }} <!-- Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). [https://insightplatform-public.sharepoint.com/SiteAssets/feedback-and-reporting/characteristics-of-effective-feedback/power_feedback.pdf The power of feedback]. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''77'', 81–112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298 }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/derek_sivers_keep_your_goals_to_yourself.html Keep your goals to yourself] (Derek Sivers, TED talk, 2010) (3 min) – Conventional wisdom is to make our goals public to hold us accountable – but going public gives a (false) sense of satisfaction that can undermine future effort * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6GdnQm0gSE If you could achieve one goal in 24 hours] (Brian Tracy) (2 min) – A "motivational guru" argues for putting everything aside to achieve one goal in 24 hours * [http://bigthink.com/videos/adam-alter-want-to-succeed-dont-set-goals-set-systems Want to succeed? Don't set goals, set systems] (Adam Alter, Big Think) (3:50 mins) – Goal setting and goal striving can be a motivational double-edged sword {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Goals and mindsets]] s7gf40x51bp1hh8dogghy4ukklcdqls 0 330392 2832307 2818814 2026-09-09T02:27:52Z Jtneill 10242 /* Recording */ 2832307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 06: Personal control and the self|sixth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]] This lecture discusses: * personal control beliefs * the self and its strivings Take-home messages: * The core efficacy belief of "I can do it" and the outcome belief of "it will work" lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning * Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment ==Outline== Personal control beliefs * Expectancy and control * Self-efficacy * Mastery vs helplessness * Reactance * Expectancy-value model Self * Self strivings * Self-concept * Self-identity * Agency * Self-regulation ==Readings== * Chapter 9: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 10: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/RcGyVTAoXEU?start=61&end=802 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013) (12:21 min) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY The self and its strivings] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]] * [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]] * [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]] * [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] * [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]] * [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit|Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Stress mindset|Stress mindset]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==Recording== * Lecture 06 (2026) TBA <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes. {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Personal control and the self]] 6fdfid5o0rydi2eybm0cxdf2cyz5bwo 2832308 2832307 2026-09-09T02:28:13Z Jtneill 10242 /* Recording */ 2832308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 06: Personal control and the self|sixth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]] This lecture discusses: * personal control beliefs * the self and its strivings Take-home messages: * The core efficacy belief of "I can do it" and the outcome belief of "it will work" lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning * Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment ==Outline== Personal control beliefs * Expectancy and control * Self-efficacy * Mastery vs helplessness * Reactance * Expectancy-value model Self * Self strivings * Self-concept * Self-identity * Agency * Self-regulation ==Readings== * Chapter 9: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 10: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/RcGyVTAoXEU?start=61&end=802 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013) (12:21 min) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY The self and its strivings] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]] * [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]] * [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]] * [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] * [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]] * [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit|Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Stress mindset|Stress mindset]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==Recording== * Lecture 6 (2026) TBA <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes. {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Personal control and the self]] cszj6lk8e2wic2ldvqgivsnz34gduw4 2832309 2832308 2026-09-09T02:28:32Z Jtneill 10242 2832309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 6: Personal control and the self|sixth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]] This lecture discusses: * personal control beliefs * the self and its strivings Take-home messages: * The core efficacy belief of "I can do it" and the outcome belief of "it will work" lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning * Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment ==Outline== Personal control beliefs * Expectancy and control * Self-efficacy * Mastery vs helplessness * Reactance * Expectancy-value model Self * Self strivings * Self-concept * Self-identity * Agency * Self-regulation ==Readings== * Chapter 9: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 10: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Multimedia== * [https://www.youtube.com/embed/RcGyVTAoXEU?start=61&end=802 How to make stress your friend] (Kelly McGonigal, TED talk, 2013) (12:21 min) explains that changing how we think about stress can make stress good for us. ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY The self and its strivings] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]] * [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]] * [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]] * [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] * [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]] * [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit|Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Stress mindset|Stress mindset]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==Recording== * Lecture 6 (2026) TBA <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes. {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Personal control and the self]] kwrorkhr42op29ud96itkjno2swhfo5 2832310 2832309 2026-09-09T02:28:57Z Jtneill 10242 /* Multimedia */ Move to Lecture 5 2832310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures|Lecture 6: Personal control and the self|sixth}} {{Notice|The 2026 lecture is in development.}} <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/In development}} --> <!-- {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Complete}} --> ==Overview== [[File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|right|250px]] This lecture discusses: * personal control beliefs * the self and its strivings Take-home messages: * The core efficacy belief of "I can do it" and the outcome belief of "it will work" lead to competent, enthusiastic functioning * Exerting self-control over short-term urges is needed to pursue long-term goals; but this capacity is limited and needs replenishment ==Outline== Personal control beliefs * Expectancy and control * Self-efficacy * Mastery vs helplessness * Reactance * Expectancy-value model Self * Self strivings * Self-concept * Self-identity * Agency * Self-regulation ==Readings== * Chapter 9: Personal control beliefs ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) * Chapter 10: The self and its strivings ([[Motivation and emotion/Readings/Textbooks/Reeve/2024|Reeve, 2024]]) ==Slides== * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/12yhu2Z52vL3teHP3hiFrlE5aZU9_HIyNM45sLeGFCFU Personal control beliefs] (Google Slides) * [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1qKeI_k0tYdTLXGOb2gn-gpsvJgzQQkCT16MgaT4_MZY The self and its strivings] (Google Slides) ==See also== * [[/Images/]] ; Lectures * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Goals and mindsets|Goals and mindsets]] (Previous lecture) * [[{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2}}/Nature of emotion|Nature of emotion]] (Next lecture) ; Tutorial * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Learned optimism|Learned optimism]] ;Wikipedia * [[w:Learned helplessness|Learned helplessness]] * [[w:Looking-glass self|Looking-glass self]] * [[w:Mastery learning|Mastery learning]] * [[w:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] * [[w:Self-concept|Self-concept]] * [[w:Trier social stress test|Trier social stress test]] ;Wikiversity * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Optimism|Optimism]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Pessimism|Pessimism]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Reactance|Reactance]] (Book chapter, 2017) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit|Regulatory focus theory and goal pursuit]] (Book chapter, 2019) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self|Self]] (Book chapters) * [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Book chapters) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Stress mindset|Stress mindset]] (Book chapter, 2024) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Zeigarnik effect|Zeigarnik effect]] (Book chapter, 2015) ==Recording== * Lecture 6 (2026) TBA <!-- ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= }} --> ==External links== * [http://www.ted.com/talks/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html Don't eat the marshmallow!] (Joachim de Posada, TED talk, 2009) (6 min) shows a replication of the infamous [[w:Stanford marshmallow experiment|Stanford marshmellow experiment]] by Walter Mischel which found that children who can resist temptation (delay gratification) tend to have better life outcomes. {{Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Navigation}} [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Personal control and the self]] lwhadmp0i1xrjgdi72ikdlezz0dczne 0 330494 2832269 2832210 2026-09-08T17:50:21Z JSINST 3110286 2832269 wikitext text/x-wiki The John Snow prediabetes Institute is an international research network focused on prediabetes remission, early risk identification, and metabolic health education. (https://w.wiki/Skm7). '''Background:''' Millions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight (General Research Draft). <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. Early diagnosis and education of prediabetes is a cost-effective preventive strategy that can improve long-term health outcomes. The arteriosclerosis starts in the prediabetes stage. A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (BMI), the fasting blood sugar (glucometer), blood pressure, age, gender in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools followed by giving educational materials.The 16-weeks '''intervention study''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1751991825001068 </ref> and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity. Other intervention studies to be tested and developed include Digital lifestyle programs <ref> «Digital Lifestyle Program Cuts Diabetes Risk by 46% in Prediabetics, Study of 130k+ Adults Reveals». News-Medical, 14 de abril de 2025. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250414/Digital-lifestyle-program-cuts-diabetes-risk-by-4625-in-prediabetics-study-of-130k2b-adults-reveals.aspx.</ref> Educational materials come from the international diabetes organisations e.g the ADA:<ref>https://professional.diabetes.org/diabetes-support-resources</ref> and the Health Promoting Schools.<ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref>[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|250px|right|<big> Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars</big> ]] ===== <big>'''Prevalence studies''' </big> ===== [[/The Maritime Health database design // |1.1 The Maritime Health database design]] 1.2 Nursing Students Health Database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk </ref> 1.3. Medical student's Health Database <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n </ref> 1.4. School childrens` Health database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 </ref> 1.5 Excel recoding (pre diabetes, hypertension etc) <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/9qvqeccto2kbuqvx7mdkl?r=ACsntb2AuiFkJbEBLObVdo0HMD67UZBBUGCGl1RPCPy1X5Y3K3e9Lf4s7cG7i7E_iH0IK-WkynXw_FNCDWybHuCgaNl_OM8yche2w2aapJGk5BTHybbsLpLayBU8VKPPqxNa2zDaNslBdQg0MhmKTFSG</ref> '''Personal prevention''' Personal reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) <big><br /> '''Intervention studies''' English <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx </ref> Danish <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv </ref> Spanish <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv </ref> </big> '''Organisation''' - [[/The John Snow Institute bylaws /]] - [[/|Manila conference Oct. 2026]] - General research pr[[Category:Prediabetes ]]otoco[[Category:Prediabetes ]]l draft <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> - Health Promoting Schools <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref> '''Publications''' <ref name=":0"> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf </ref> '''The John Snow Prediabetes Institute Research Network:''' , <small>Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado;MBA Prof. Magda Medir Mb, Spain, Prof. Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali Prof. SDU; MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Maritime Dr. Erik Haarløv, Assens, Denmark; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Joseph Abesamis MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Christian Acheampong, New Jersey US, Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark</small> ==References== <references /> Education 1: Research Methodology <ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links</ref> <references /> thruvs5r4ndyhodrcl0qy8c4k774w4h 2832270 2832269 2026-09-08T18:29:54Z JSINST 3110286 2832270 wikitext text/x-wiki The John Snow prediabetes Institute is an international research network focused on prediabetes remission, early risk identification, and metabolic health education. (https://w.wiki/Skm7). '''Background:''' Millions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight (General Research Draft). <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. Early diagnosis and education of prediabetes is a cost-effective preventive strategy that can improve long-term health outcomes. The arteriosclerosis starts in the prediabetes stage. A practical strategy for prediabetes remission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) must assume that laboratory capacity, workforce, and financing are constrained. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (BMI), the fasting blood sugar (glucometer), blood pressure, age, gender in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools followed by giving educational materials.The 16-weeks '''intervention study''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1751991825001068 </ref> and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity. Other intervention studies to be tested and developed include Digital lifestyle programs <ref> «Digital Lifestyle Program Cuts Diabetes Risk by 46% in Prediabetics, Study of 130k+ Adults Reveals». News-Medical, 14 de abril de 2025. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250414/Digital-lifestyle-program-cuts-diabetes-risk-by-4625-in-prediabetics-study-of-130k2b-adults-reveals.aspx.</ref> Educational materials come from the international diabetes organisations e.g the ADA:<ref>https://professional.diabetes.org/diabetes-support-resources</ref> and the Health Promoting Schools.<ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref>[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|250px|right|<big> Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars</big> ]] ===== <big>'''Prevalence studies''' </big> ===== [[/The Maritime Health database design // |1.1 The Maritime Health database design]] 1.2 Nursing Students Health Database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk </ref> 1.3. Medical student's Health Database <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n </ref> 1.4. School childrens` Health database <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 </ref> 1.5 Excel recoding (pre diabetes, hypertension etc) <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/9qvqeccto2kbuqvx7mdkl?r=ACsntb2AuiFkJbEBLObVdo0HMD67UZBBUGCGl1RPCPy1X5Y3K3e9Lf4s7cG7i7E_iH0IK-WkynXw_FNCDWybHuCgaNl_OM8yche2w2aapJGk5BTHybbsLpLayBU8VKPPqxNa2zDaNslBdQg0MhmKTFSG</ref> '''Personal prevention''' Personal reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) <big><br /> '''Intervention studies''' English <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx </ref> Danish <ref>https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv </ref> Spanish <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv </ref> </big> '''Organisation''' - [[/The John Snow Institute bylaws /]] - [[/|Manila conference Oct. 2026]] - General research pr[[Category:Prediabetes ]]otoco[[Category:Prediabetes ]]l draft <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s </ref> - Health Promoting Schools <ref> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&dl=0&rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh </ref> '''Publications''' <ref name=":0"> https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf </ref> '''The John Snow Prediabetes Institute Research Network:''' <small>Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado Mujica; Prof. Magda Medir Mb, Spain, Prof. Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD; Prof. MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali SDU; MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Prof. Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Maritime Doctor. Erik Haarløv MD, Assens, Denmark; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Joseph Abesamis MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona and Cadiz, Spain; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MD, MPH, Costa Rica; Christian Acheampong, New Jersey US, Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark</small> ==References== <references /> Education 1: Research Methodology <ref>https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links</ref> <references /> aqda7ul2qcn0dxc2t84mggmisjljkkq 0 330824 2832412 2819875 2026-09-09T11:08:43Z ~2026-48817-84 3110802 /* Fermentation */ Corrected Spelling 2832412 wikitext text/x-wiki = Bartending Basics = What is a [[wikipedia:Bartender|bartender]]? At its simplest, a bartender serves drinks at a bar. In reality, a bartender selects, mixes, pours, and serves drinks while hosting patrons and creating a hospitable atmosphere at a bar, pub, restaurant, nightclub, living room or [[wikipedia:Parking_lot|parking lot]]. A bartender must have a variety of skills, both technical and interpersonal in order to be successful. A bartender can work in many locations, but this course will focus on bartenders that tend to tend in bars. This lesson covers: # [[Bartending/Bartending Basics#Sources of Alcohol|Sources of Alcohol]] # [[Bartending/Bartending Basics#Types of Alcohol|Types of Alcohol]] # [[Bartending/Bartending Basics#Tools of Bartending|Tools of Bartending]] # [[Bartending/Bartending Basics#Safety|Safety]] == Sources of Alcohol == Behind the bar, you are the expert in the room on alcohol. While no one can claim to know everything on alcohol, it's important to have the basics. This and the next lesson focus on learning what alcohol is and what kind of drinks and liquors are made with it. Every alcoholic drink you've ever had has included the same basic type of alcohol: [[wikipedia:Ethanol|Ethanol]]. Ethanol is one of three types of alcohol and the only alcohol humans can safely drink. All alcoholic beverages whether it be beer, wine or a spirit all contain Ethanol. There are hundreds of different beverages and liquors that are served at bars around the world. The method of refining raw ingredients into a final product with Ethanol is what distinguishes each type of beverage. Fortunately they're all related to each other (since they all contain Ethanol) and have some major categories to guide us in understanding what they are. The first step to make any type of alcohol is [[wikipedia:fermentation|fermentation]]. === Fermentation === [[File:40168_2022_1274_Fig6.webp|thumb|People get very scientific with it.]] Using a process that has existed for thousands of years, we can employ a fungus called [[wikipedia:Yeast#Uses|yeast]] to create alcohol. This process is called fermentation. At its base, fermentation for alcohol production is the process of using yeast to convert sugars to ethanol. "Sugars" is intentionally plural. There are many places you can find sugar suitable for fermentation, and you can derive sugar from grains, fruits and vegetables. The source of the sugar is often what defines what type of final alcoholic beverage you get. We'll talk more on how fermenting different materials yields different drinks in a moment. Fermentation happens in a couple of steps. # '''Mashing''': Grains like barley or rice are milled into a coarse flour and fruits are mashed into a pulp. These are sometimes mixed with hot water, where enzymes convert starches to sugars. For beer, this mash is then often boiled. # '''Fermentation''': The mash is transferred to a fermentation vessel. Yeast is added, and fermentation begins. Over a varying period of time (often 5-10 days), yeast consumes the sugars, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is called primary fermentation. # '''Conditioning and Packaging''': After primary fermentation, there is often secondary fermentation or conditioning to add or mature flavors and to clarify. It’s then sometimes carbonated and packaged. Now fermented, there is some amount of alcohol in your drink. But what if ''some'' isn't enough? A secondary process called [[wikipedia:Distillation|distillation]] allowed for fermented drinks and solutions to be concentrated into spirits. === Distillation === [[File:Alambins_industrials_per_a_la_destil·lació_de_licors_a_Catalunya.jpg|left|thumb|Industrial stills for liquor production in Catalonia]] Distillation is a process by which brewers can concentrate the level of alcohol in a drink. Fermentation alone cannot make alcohol concentrations like that of vodka or gin. To reach that level of concentration, [[wiktionary:distiller|distillers]] (referring to both the apparatus that distills and the person that runs it) can boil off and collect the alcohol produced by fermentation. Distillation happens in a few steps: # The fermented substance is placed into a vessel called a [[wikipedia:Still|still]] (this is where di''still''ation gets its name). # The ferment is heated slowly from room temperature until it reaches the boiling point of ethanol. The boiling point of ethanol is lower than the boiling point of water, so the ethanol will vaporize, leaving the water behind. # The ethanol vapor rises through a column until it reaches the condenser. In the condenser, the vapor makes contact with the a cold surface that cools it back into a liquid state. # The ethanol is collected, and the process is often repeated to further concentrate and purify the result. Sometimes the process is done without having to stop and restart in a process called continuous distillation. The result of distillation is a liquor with a higher amount of alcohol by volume (ABV) than before. === Alcohol By Volume === The amount of alcohol in a drink is calculated based on the percent of ethanol compared to non-ethanol in the total beverage, which is called Alcohol by Volume or ABV for short. For example, if a beverage has an ABV of 50%, half of liquid in the drink will be ethanol and the other half will be everything else. ABV is important to understand, because it is the basis of drinking and serving drinks safely as well as how many drinks are categorized. While all alcohol is made through fermentation, the process of fermentation alone can only create a concentration of alcohol of about 5% to 20% ABV. Spirits are generally distilled liquids that have a higher ABV (20% or more, as high as 95%). This distinction lower-ABV drinks like wine, beer and cider versus higher-ABV spirits like vodka, gin and whiskey. == Types of Alcohol == Fermentation and distilling are the core of all alcohol production, but there many more ways that brewers and distillers affect their final product. This incredible flow chart shows many of the processes of fermentation, distillation, carbonation, ageing and processing that make different alcoholic drinks. Take a look at it and compare the different starting ingredients with each other, and then compare the starting ingredients with their final products. [[File:Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg|center|frame|Alcohol Flow Chart]] There is so much to learn about alcohol, and while you should be knowledgeable on the different types, you by no means need to be an expert (see: sommelier) to be a bartender. Below follows an overview of each family of alcohol, but if you want to learn more you can click on the links to Wikipedia pages in each subsection below, or I recommend browsing the [[wikipedia:Portal:Liquor|Liquor Portal]] to view all that Wikipedia has to offer. Hopefully it's easier to see now how beverages and spirits can both be categorized based on what they're fermented from and how concentrated their alcohol content is. Let's use these categories to talk more about each major type of alcohol. === Wine, Beer and Cider (Low-ABV Drinks) === ==== Wine ==== We call fermented grape juice [[wikipedia:wine|wine]]. Yeast is added to pressed grapes to develop it into one of four types: [[wikipedia:Red_wine|red]], [[wikipedia:white_wine|white]], [[wikipedia:rose_wine|rosé]], and [[wikipedia:Orange_wine|orange]]. The type of grape and the duration of the contact with the skins of the grapes help to define which type of wine is produced. The table below is from the Wikipedia page on wine. {| class="wikitable" |+Colors of wine ! !Long contact with grape skins !Short contact with grape skins |- !Red grapes |'''''Red wine''''', made from dark-colored red grape varieties. The actual color of the wine can range from dark pink to almost black. The juice from red grapes is actually pale gray; the color of red wine and some of its flavor (notably tannins) comes from phenolics in the skin, seeds and stem fragments of the grape, extracted by allowing the grapes to soak in the juice. |'''''Rosé wine''''', which gains color from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. The color can range from a very pale pink to pale red. There are two primary ways to produce rosé wine. The preferred technique is allowing a short period of maceration after crushing red grapes, which extracts a certain amount of color. The juice is then fermented like a white wine. An alternative is blending a small amount of finished red wine into finished white wine. |- !White grapes |'''''Orange wine''''', sometimes called amber wine, is made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to macerate during and beyond fermentation, similar to red wine production. This results in their darker color compared to white wines, and produces a deliberately astringent result. |'''''White wine''''', typically made from white grape varieties (those with yellow or green skins), and range from practically colorless to golden. When skin contact is used, to improve the flavor or to increase the body or aging potential, it is usually limited to between four and 24 hours; any longer leads to bitterness. |} ''Common names: There are thousands of wine varietals. Red wines like Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Malbec, Zinfandel; white wines like Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Grigio, Riesling; and rosé wines like Provence, White Zinfandel and Pink Moscato.'' In addition to the colors of wine, wine can be [[wikipedia:Sparkling_wine|sparkling]] or still. Wine can also be [[wikipedia:Fortified_wine|fortified]]. Fortifying a wine is the process of adding a distilled spirit to the fermented wine. ''Common names: Sparkling wine includes Champagne, Prosecco and other Brut wines. Fortified wines include Port, Sherry and Vermouth.'' ==== Fruit Wine, Cider and Perry ==== [[wikipedia:Fruit_wine|Fruit wine]] is mostly what it sounds like: wine made from fruits other than grapes. A variety of fruits can be used, some common ones include cherry, plum, dandelion and pineapple. Fruit wine is far less common than traditional grape wines, and is often called by the fruit it's fermented from (ex. "cherry wine" or "dandelion wine"). [[wikipedia:Cider|Cider]] is a beverage made specifically from fermenting apples. Despite being a sort of wine fermented from fruit, it isn't considered a fruit wine due to its unique cultural history as a beverage. Its name can cause some confusion particularly in the United States and Canada, where "cider" also refers to unfiltered and sometimes spiced apple juice that has not been fermented. The term "hard cider" is sometimes used to distinguish the alcoholic beverage due to this overlap. Cider can also be carbonated to make a sparkling cider. [[wikipedia:Perry|Perry]], or Pear Cider, is another fruit wine exception. Fermented pears create a drink called perry, that though technically is a wine made from fruit, is considered its own thing. ''Common names: There are thousands of brands of fruit wine, cider and perry. You may have some on tap or bottled; it's mostly important to know the names of what you have.'' [[File:Beer_in_glasses_and_steins_on_a_table_with_bottles_in_the_background_and_a_brick_wall_(15700131777).jpg|thumb|264x264px|There are many varieties of beer.]] ==== Beer ==== [[wikipedia:beer|Beer]] is an ancient drink that has been brewed around the world for hundreds of years. Most beers have four basic ingredients: grain, hops, yeast and water. [[wikipedia:Hops|Hops]] are a type of dried flower that give beer flavor. While there are thousands of brands of beer, there are only a few main types: * '''Lagers''' - One of the two main types of beer, with Ales. Lighter and crisp, refreshing, less bitter than Ale. ** Amber Lager - A medium, amber color with a slight bitterness. ''Common Names: Yuengling'' ** Pale Lager - Light in color and flavor, not very bitter. Easy drinking and very popular. ''Common Names: Red Stripe, Heineken, Pabst Blue Ribbon (PBR), Hamms'' ** Pilsner - Medium amber in color. Hoppy and flavorful. ''Common Names: Modelo Especial, Stella Artois, Pilsner Urquell'' * '''Ales''' - The other main type of beer, with Lager. Richer and flavorful, more bitter than Lager. ** Pale Ale - A diverse group of beer that various depending on its country of origin. Generally balanced taste that pairs with many foods. ''Common Names: Sierra Nevada, Boulevard'' ** Indian Pale Ale (IPA) - Often very bitter and fruity. A unique tasting beer with bite. ''Common Names: Voodoo Ranger, many other large brands have an IPA'' ** Stouts and Porters - Dark beers that have rich, roasted flavors often imitating chocolate or coffee. These beers can feel like a meal. ''Common Names: Guinness, Imperial Stouts, Breakfast Stouts'' ** Wheat Beer - Ales that have some wheat added to them. It can give them a fruity, almost banana like flavor. ''Common Names: Blue Moon'' * Radlers and Shandys - Beers that have been mixed with a fruit juice. Radlers can be any type of citrus while Shandys are always lemon juice. Very refreshing, summary drinks. * Sour Beer - Beer that's, well, sour. Tangy and punchy, usually served in a smaller "sour beer" glass since they pack a punch. * Light Beer - Any beer with an especially low ABV is a light beer (less than 4% ABV), though the term is sometimes also used for low-calorie beers. ''Common Names: Bud Light, Coors Light'' ==== Sake ==== [[wikipedia:sake|Sake]] is a drink brewed from rice, and is sometimes also called rice wine though it is brewed more similarly to beer. Like beer and wine, sake has a wide range of flavor profiles though it is often fruity and light. It is sometimes served lightly warmed in ceramic cups depending on the variety of sake. ''Common Names: Dassai, Hakutsuru, Kubota'' === Spirits (High-ABV Drinks) === [[File:Alcoholic_beverages.jpg|thumb|High-ABV spirits like vodka and brandy.]] ==== Vodka ==== [[wikipedia:vodka|Vodka]] is a spirit that can be distilled from many sources including grains, potatoes and sugarcane before the pure ethanol is diluted with water. It is generally a neutral spirit, meaning it has little taste and is mostly pure ethanol and water. This isn't entirely true though, as each vodka has its own impurities and subtle flavor profiles. Vodka is also commonly flavored, as its neutral taste allows it to take on flavor easily. It can served up, often freezer chilled, or mixed into many cocktails. ''Common Names: Absolut, Smirnoff, Kettle One'' ==== Gin ==== [[wikipedia:Gin|Gin]] is a spirit flavored with [[wikipedia:juniper_berries|juniper berries]] and other botanicals. It has a distinct herbal flavor, and different brands will have their own flavor profile, and perceived dryness. [[File:Agave_tequilana_2.jpg|thumb|Agave is a plant native to Mexico.]] ''Common Names: Beefeater, Tanqueray, Hendrick's, Plymouth'' ==== Mezcal (Tequila) ==== [[wikipedia:mezcal|Mezcal]] is a spirit distilled from Agave. The most common type of mezcal is [[wikipedia:tequila|Tequila]], which is distilled only from [[wikipedia:blue_agave|blue agave]]. Many people mistake mezcal for a type of tequila due to tequila's popularity, but it is the other way around. Mezcal and tequila are often aged, which impart a darker, more amber color the longer it sits. Mezcal often has a smokey flavor and can also be sweet, fruity or earthy, and can be enjoyed chilled, up or in many popular cocktails. ''Common Names: Casamigos, Patrón, Jose Cuervo'' ==== Rum ==== [[wikipedia:rum|Rum]] is a spirit distilled from [[wikipedia:sugarcane|sugarcane]] then aged in barrels. The less-aged rum has a lighter color, and is called "light rum". It is most commonly used in cocktails, like the Mojito and the Daiquiri. "Aged" or "Dark" rum has a much deeper flavor is often drank straight or on the rocks. Rum originates from and maintains strong ties to the history of the people of the [[wikipedia:caribbean|Caribbean]] and appears commonly in cultural cuisines as well as drinks. I encourage you to learn about the history of rum, as it can teach a lot about sugarcane as a [[wikipedia:Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean|plantation crop]] and the[[wikipedia:Atlantic_slave_trade|Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. ''Common Names: Baccardi, Captain Morgan, Malibu'' ==== Brandy ==== [[wikipedia:Brandy|Brandy]] is made by distilling wine. While most brandy is made from grapes, it can be made from any fruit to yield a [[wikipedia:Fruit_brandy|fruit brandy]]. ''Common names: Cognac and Armagnac'' ==== Whiskey ==== [[wikipedia:whiskey|Whiskey]] is made by fermenting, distilling then aging in barrels various grains. Whiskey drinkers can be particular, as there are many types of whiskey. Some whiskey is "malted", meaning it uses grains that have been malted. Malting is the process of allowing grains to germinate (begin to sprout), before heating them to halt the germination. This yields "malt whiskey". The specific grain used also yields different types of whiskey, for example fermenting rye yields "rye whiskey". "[[wikipedia:Scotch_whisky|Scotch]]" is simply whiskey from Scotland and is also called Scotch Whiskey. ''Common Names: Jameson, Jack Daniel's, Crown Royale'' ==== Soju ==== [[wikipedia:soju|Soju]] is a made by distilling rice or other grains. Similarly to vodka, it is a neutral spirit that is most flavorless. It is often flavored with fruits and florals. It can be served up or mixed into cocktails. ''Common Names: Jinro'' ==== Liqueurs ==== [[wikipedia:liqueur|Liqueurs]] are spirits that have been heavily flavored and sweetened. They are used very frequently in cocktails to impart their particular flavor. Liqueurs can be used to add a flavor that would otherwise be troublesome, like coffee, liquorish, or almond. Sometimes they're served up as a dessert or a [[wikipedia:digestif|digestif]]. ''Common Names: Kahlua, Aperol, Campari, Amaretto, Cointreau, and many, many more'' == Tools of Bartending == You'll be using both common and specialty tools as a bartender. A collection of such tools are below. Start by trying to name as many of them as you can. Note how many are familiar to you, how many you've seen but cannot name, and how many are unfamiliar. A key to the image follows. [[File:Bartools2.jpg|border|center]] Answer key: (1) champagne bottle stopper, (2) kitchen knife, (3) ice tongs, (4) ice scoop, (5) ice bucket, (6) small bar spoon, (7) cocktail-pick, (8) jigger, (9) mesh strainer, (10) boston shaker (metal bottom), (11) bar spoon, (12) lime/lemon squeezer, (13) hawthorn strainer, (14) zester, (15) boston shaker (mixing glass), (16) muddler, (17) citrus reamer, (18) fine grater, (19) Y-peeler, (20) wine key. How'd you do? Some of these items you'll see more often than others. I want to draw special attention these crucial pieces: * '''Jigger''' (8) - A small double sided measuring device used to quickly portion spirits and other ingredients. Though the exact measurements may change depending on where you are and the manufacturer, in the US most jiggers measure 1.5 oz on one end and 0.75 oz on the other. * '''Juicer and Peeler''' (12 & 19) - Many cocktails rely on citrus for flavor and fragrance. The handheld juicer and the peeler are commonly used both at the start of the shift to prep the citrus for the day, collecting fresh citrus juice and peels for adding to cocktails. * '''The Boston Shaker''' (10 & 15) - This is the industry standard for fast, versatile and accurate cocktail mixing. Coming in two parts, often one side is glass and the other is metal, though often both are metal. The two parts are sealed together allowing for a cocktail to be shaker vigorously inside before being cracked apart without spilling. * '''The Hawthorn Strainer''' (23) - The final piece to any Boston Shaker. This uniquely shaped strainer allows for cocktails to be poured into a glass while leaving the ice in the shaker. These are tools you will see every time you step in to bar to make a cocktail. == Safety == A good bartender is the difference between a safe time for your bar patrons and an unsafe environment. It is your responsibility to keep both yourself and your bar patrons safe. It is important first to understand how alcohol affects the body in order to understand how to properly make and serve drinks, so first let's review ABV. Alcohol by Volume is a percentage of ethanol to all other contents of a drink. However, ABV does not tell you everything about drink. A standard beer has about 5% ABV while a shot of whiskey has about 40% ABV, but because you would only drink about 1.5 oz of whiskey, and would drink 12 oz beer, the total amount of alcohol ingested would actually be about the same. This is the idea behind a "standard drink". A standard drink contains one "unit" of alcohol regardless of how much liquid it contains in total. The chart below shows some examples of standard drink equivalents. Each of the below drinks contain one unit of alcohol. [[File:NIH_standard_drink_comparison.jpg|center|frame|National Institute of Health's "standard drink".]] Some general best practices when consuming alcohol: * One unit of alcohol per hour is around what a liver can process. This is generally a safer cadence of drinking. * Drink a glass of water for every unit of alcohol consumed to stay hydrated. * Avoid drinking on an empty stomach. Eating while consuming alcohol slows the alcohol's absorption into the blood and curbs its effects. * Don't order a double. Ordering and serving drinks with more than one standard unit of alcohol in it can cause you or others to become more impaired more quickly than intended. Try to keep it to the cadence of one standard drink per hour. Standards should be upheld both with your own drinking and the drinking of the patrons at your bar. Some standards to uphold in your bar are: * '''Never drink and drive'''. Alcohol impairs motor coordination and clouds judgement. Drinking and then driving puts your own life and the lives of everyone around you in immediate danger. Even if you are under the legal limit in your area, you are impaired after one drink. This should be enforced both for yourself and for your bar patrons. * '''You can say no'''. It's always okay to say no to a drink. Ordering something without alcohol is always an option. Good friends don't pressure you to drink when you don't want to. You can leave a situation when you are uncomfortable. * '''Alcohol is not medicine'''. Addiction is real and treatable. Help is available. * '''Abuse isn't acceptable'''. You are not a punching bag. It is not bad hospitality to stand up for yourself. Sometimes people drink more than they intended and may become too inebriated to be served. Some signs that this is the case are: * Slurred speech * Stumbling * Glazed over or unfocused eyes * Speaking too loudly or two softly * Repeating questions or ordering from multiple bartenders If you meet a bar patron who has had too much to drink, you can help by offering water, tea, coffee or food, helping them find their group, or asking another member of the staff at your bar for help. It may be that what's needed is to no longer serve the bar patron. This is called "cutting them off". When a bar patron is cut off, they will no longer be served alcohol for the rest of the service. This can be embarrassing, both for the bar patron and the bartender, so it's best practice to be kind, clear and discrete. If a patron is aggressive however, all bets are off and they should be removed from the bar. Bartenders have legal obligations depending on where you work. This can include checking the legal age of the patrons at your bar and monitoring the alcohol intake of the patrons at your bar. Sometimes, a bartender can be held individually liable for the failure to meet these obligations. Take the time to find a reputable source to discover what the legal obligation of bartenders in your area are now. This concludes Lesson 1: Bartending Basics. You can move on now to [[Bartending/Mixing Drinks|Lesson 2: Mixing Drinks]]. [[Category:Professional and vocational studies]] [[Category:Professions]] [[Category:Drinks]] {{BookCat}} 8y6dw20hlyauuld7c1bkyg0yf51tm3e 2 331051 2832317 2831596 2026-09-09T03:31:34Z U3253363 3106362 2832317 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, my name is [https://www.linkedin.com/in/pepper-white/ Pepper]. I am a third-year Bachelor of Science in Psychology student at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]. I am passionate about preventative mental health care and supporting those in need. This passion motivates me in my studies and at work. === Work experience === * '''Mental Health Educator''' with [https://mieact.org.au/ Mental Illness Education ACT]. In this role, I facilitate discussions about [[Stress (psychological)|stress]], [https://www.beyondblue.org.au/mental-health/depression?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=21934835275&gbraid=0AAAAADuibRbKbycJc05RErZ8UMCld1aGB&gclid=Cj0KCQjwkOvTBhDgARIsAKUNyRuK4CGO5WdRCpr1RDshuiDIlyi_ZwRe8ZFfvAygSGrvK0TbjFm7VtYaAkf8EALw_wcB depression], and [[wikipedia:Help-seeking|help-seeking]] with ACT school students. * '''Student Advocate''' in the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/content/myuc/home/support/student-advocacy-and-src/student-advocacy.html Student Advocacy Office] at the University of Canberra. In this role, I help my peer university students navigate university policies and procedures. === Hobbies === * [[wikipedia:Oil_painting|Oil painting]] * Figure drawing * Running * Playing water polo with the [https://www.revolutionise.com.au/dragonswp/home/ Gungahlin Dragons Water Polo Club] * Travelling == Book chapter == The book chapter I am writing is [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Self-concept and motivation|Self-concept and motivation]]. The chapter navigates the question "How does self-concept relate to motivation?" I chose this topic to explore due to my fascination with how the perception of oneself can influence one's behaviour. == Social contributions == # I engaged with conversations in a [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261?entry_id=804001 discussion post] on Canvas about topics of interest within motivation and emotion. My goal with this post was to take inititative by being an early contributor to help build a sense of comfort and normality amongst the group. I also hope by posting some topics of interest, others may feel inspired by these focus areas, thus helping them choose their book chapter topic. # In familiarising myself with Wikiversity, I read the Spirituality and resilience 2025 book chapter. I noticed the writing required edits for readability, so I [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSpirituality_and_resilience&diff=2824208&oldid=2774009 edited the first two paragraphs] of the overview. I fixed spelling, grammar, and wording issues. This is an important fix to help capture the reader’s attention and demonstrate credibility when the audience begins reading. # I went through the topics others have chosen and the topic “Empathy and jury decision-making" caught my attention. I [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FEmpathy_and_jury_decision-making#Exploring_empathy_within_similar_contexts commented] on this book chapter with some additional ideas from my own passion about researching empathy to support this students’ topic development. # To better illustrate the multidimensional model of self-concept Marsh et al. (1992), which I refer to in my book chapter, I [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMultidimensional_model_of_self-concept_diagram.png&diff=1265404333&oldid=1265404322 created a diagram and uploaded it to Wikimedia]. # I looked through the book chapter "Empathy and jury decision-making" and [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FEmpathy_and_jury_decision-making&diff=2826959&oldid=2824982 made edits] to the ordering of citations within a bracket in the conclusion to ensure they were alphabetical. # I read the book chapter "Falling in love" and [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FFalling_in_love#Interesting_theories_to_incorporate suggested a few theories and angles to explore] within this fascinating topic. # I read the book chapter "Charismatic leadership and follower motivation" and [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Charismatic leadership and follower motivation#Interesting real-life case study to consider incorporating|suggested exploring the Jonestown cult]] as a real life case study to give insight into the extreme side of charismatic leadership and follower motivation. # To connect with others also writing 'self-' related chapters, I read the book chapter "Possible selves and goal pursuit". I identified areas which may require more research and [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Possible selves and goal pursuit#c-U3253363-20260909032900-Jshottt-20260827141800|posted on their discussion forum]] some of the research I have been using which could be relevant to their chapter. n4mf04nu5ar08d6tffc3s85xtozibbp 0 331090 2832418 2830077 2026-09-09T11:45:07Z U3275992 3106315 /* What Irritability is Not: */ Added a definition for anger 2832418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Irritability:<br>What is irritability, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed?}} <div align=center>Edit the title and sub-title to match the wording (and casing) in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|2026 list of topics]].<br>[[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|Seek approval]] for any changes.<br>Do not include your name (authorship is as per [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page history]]).</div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} [[File:Angry man.svg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. A very irritated man]] ; Imagine this ... You go to work, feeling refreshed after your morning coffee and ready to tackle whatever challenges get thrown your way. Ten minutes after arriving, your boss assigns you a marketing project to work on. Only, there a catch. You have to work on it with your coworker, Tom. The grumpiest person in your workplace. Tom always seems to be in a bad mood. It doesn't matter if the sun is shining or if someone brings in afternoon tea for everyone to share. He always has something negative to say. He will criticise someone for making a small typo and yell at another person for accidently jamming the printer. No matter what, he always seems to be a pin drop away from snapping at someone. You may have gone to work in a good mood, but now you're stuck dreading this project. Tom might be someone as someone who struggles with irritability. But what is irritability? Why does it happen, and how can we manage it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} This chapter covers: * What the concept of irritability{{g}}, the different types of irritability and what makes irritability different than similar concepts such as aggression. * Social information theory and how the way we process social cues can influence how irritable we feel * The translational model and some of the neuroscience behind why we might feel irritable. * The negative consequences of irritability such as aggression and mental illness. * How we can manage and reduce irritability through numerous ways such as reducing stress and using emotional regulation skills The Overview section should provide: # '''Scenario''': A short, engaging case study or real-world example in a feature box, with an accompanying image (see above) # '''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topc''': Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help # '''Focus questions''': Unpack the sub-title into focus questions in a feature box Recommended length: 180 to 330 words. This template provides key headings, examples, and tips for each section. Gradually remove this generic information as the chapter develops. It is OK to retain some of the template material for the topic development, but it should all be removed for the final book chapter. Key resources: * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02]] explains about how to edit * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter guidelines]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} 1. What is irritability? 2. What are some of the different explanations as to why we might become irritable? 3. How can experiencing irritability impact us? 4. What can be done to manage and reduce irritability? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is Irritability? == * When you think of irritability, you might think of someone who always seems to be on edge and annoyed. Or maybe you see it as a state where you cannot help but yell at everyone around you. But what is the actual definition of irritability? The answer: we do not know. Different researchers in the field of irritability have all given different definitions to what irritability is. To try and fix this, some researchers conducted a concept analysis where they looked at what the concept of irritability to finally condense it into a singular definition. They settled on something similar to irritability being a chronic or temporary state of experiencing increased levels of negative emotions, such as annoyance, along with increased difficulty in controlling emotions (Saatchi et al., 2023). * Briefly mention the link between irritability and young people, and how a lot of the research is predominantly done on young people. Let readers know that for this reason, a lot of the concepts in this chapter focus on young people. === What Irritability is Not: === Irritability can sometimes be confused for anger and aggression. However, while similar, they are different concepts. Much of the research defining [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|anger]] appears to be conducted in the late 20th century. Smedslund (1993) defined anger as an emotion experienced when a person perceives someone they care about, which may include their own self, has received unjust treatment. * Irritability is not aggression. To find out more about aggression check out the Wikiversity book chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Aggression|aggression]] === Tonic vs Phasic Irritability: === * Irritability can be classified as different types. A study in 2006 found episodic irritability and chronic irritability to be distinguishable concepts in children (Leibenluft et al., 2006). This suggests some people will only be irritable for a certain period of time (e.g. a few hours) while others will feel irritable for potentially years on end. * Phasic irritability is the label given to phasic irritability. It is considered to be irritability presenting in outbursts that appear out of proportion for the person's age (Leibenluft, 2017). * Tonic irritability is the label given to chronic irritability. It is considered to be 'irritability manifest as [a] chronically angry mood' (Leibenluft, 2017). === Normative vs Abnormal Irritability: === * The dimensional approach of irritability views it as a spectrum, where people can experience low to high, or normal to pathological levels of irritability (Alam et al., 2023) * Not getting enough sleep may increase how irritable you feel (Whiting et al., 2023). This is an example of a normative response. * Irritability is likely considered abnormal or pathological when it interferes with your life. For example, if you find yourself frequently cranky with friends which makes it hard to maintain friendships. == Why do we get Irritable? == * There are different perspectives researchers can take when explaining the reasons why we get irritable. Some will look at the brain and hypothesise about what might be happening on a biological level. Others might turn to the environment and explain irritability as a reaction to an external event. Below are just a couple of the many theories researchers have created to describe what might make us irritable. * Potentially might include another theory/approach here such as irritability as a trait or frustration theory === Social Information Processing Theory === * Social information processing theory refers to how the way you process social cues may impact on how well you handle a social situation (Dodge & Crick, 1990) * There is a five step sequence on how we process social cues (Dodge & Crick, 1990) *# Encode what is relevant from the present cues *# Represent the encoded information in your long-term memory and interpret it *# Access one or multiple responses from your memory *# Choose which response to make based on rules or criteria to evaluate them *# Make the response * Certain ways of processing social cues may result in irritability ** One study found an association between irritability and rating ambiguous face stimuli as having an angry emotional expression (Deveney et al., 2019) === Translational Model === *The Translational Model is a model that combines previous neuroscience research to explain why young people might experience irritability (Brotman et al., 2017). This model specifically focuses on abnormal irritability, In simple words, this means it is '''not''' talking about the teenager who snaps at their parents after only getting four hours of sleep. It is talking about the children and teenagers who experience irritability to the extent where it starts to cause significant problems in their lives. *Irritability in youths is a response to one of the following (Brotman et al., 2017): **Being interrupted when trying to achieve a goal (see Frustration theory) **Being presented with a potential threat *There may be some abnormalities in the brain when processing rewards (Brotman et al., 2017). For example, youths with abnormal irritability might experience a stronger frustration response to not getting a rewards compared with youths who do not struggle with irritability. *(Note to self: Maybe consider putting in the figure of the model that was in the journal article?) == The Bad Side of Irritability == * What are the consequences of being irritable? How can it negatively impact us? Maybe you find yourself snapping at people more often, similar to Tom. Or, maybe you hate the feeling of irritability and feeling it results in a bad day. === Aggression === * Discuss the frustration-aggression theory or, alternatively, frustration theory (Amsel, 1992) (as frustration theory seems to be talked about more in terms of irritability in the literature. Still need to check if it links to aggression though). Talk about how being interrupted in the pursuit of a goal may result in frustration and therefore potentially aggression ** Also discuss the link between frustration and irritability, to link irritability to aggression *Discuss research directly relating irritability to aggression, such as the study conducted by (Perhamus et al., 2024) *Why aggression is a negative consequence of irritability. Briefly discuss how aggression might negatively impact relationship with others etc. === Mental Disorders === * Research seems to talk a lot about the connection between [[wikipedia:Mental_disorder|mental disorders]] and irritability * Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder might represent the severe end of irritability * Talk about the whole chicken and egg debate. What came first, the irritability or the mental disorder? Did being high in trait irritability increase your risk of meeting criteria for a mental disorder? Or, did you only start feeling irritable when you met criteria for the mental disorder? ** Talk about mood disorders potentially here as an example of feeling irritable because of the mental disorder. === Is Irritability Always a Bad Thing? === * Maybe talk about potential positives of irritability? However there doesn't seem to be much research on this. Therefore maybe pose this question to the reader. Also include some research on positives of anger. While not the same concept, it may relate. == How to Manage Irritability == * Now that we know what some of the negative impacts of irritability might be, you might want some ways or methods to manage it. Some of these methods are simple things you can easily implement into your daily life, such as making sure you are getting enough sleep. Others might involved a visit to a therapist to help work through some strategies to reduce the amount of irritability you experience. === Take Care of Your Mind and Body === [[File:Bed in hotel room 5.jpg|thumb|Sometimes not getting enough sleep may contribute to feeling irritable]] * Irritability can be associated with not getting enough sleep (Whiting et al., 2023), therefore, if you get enough sleep it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. * Irritability can be associated with not eating enough food (Swami et al., 2022), therefore, if you eat enough food it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. * Irritability can be associated with stress (Harrison et al., 2025), therefore if you avoid stressful situations it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. === Emotion Regulation: === * Discuss Gross's emotion regulation theory and how it potentially can be applied to regulating irritability (Gross, 1998, as cited in Gross, 2015) * Talk about studies linking irritability and emotion regulation together * Discuss the link between irritability and self-regulatory control processes (Urben et al., 2025) === Therapeutic Interventions === * For people with severe or pathological irritability, sometimes intervention in the form of therapy can be helpful * Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) appears to be the main therapy with research behind it to treat irritability ** Exposure techniques may be helpful, with one study find cognitive behavioural therapy to be helpful in reducing irritability for young people by exposing participants to cues that trigger irritability (Naim et al., 2024) ** A focus on emotional regulation skills may also be helpful, with an indirect link between improving emotional regulation skills through CBT and a reduction in irritability found in one study (Derella et al., 2019) ; Quiz <quiz display="simple"> {Tonic irritability refer to having brief periods of time where you have frequent angry outbursts: |type="()"} - True + False {Which of the following options according to this book chapter might help you reduce irritability?: |type="()"} + Getting enough sleep - Watching a sci-fi TV show - Filling in your tax return </quiz> == Conclusion == * Irritability is a temporary or chronic state where you have the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger that are difficult to manage * There are many different reasons or causes behind why we might feel irritable, such as how we interpret a social situation or physiological processes happening in the brain * Irritability can at times have a negative impact on our lives, with it being associated with aggression and mental disorders * There are numerous way to manage irritability, such as taking care of your body, using emotional regulation skills or seek out therapeutic support. ==Key points== For the topic development, for each heading and sub-heading: * Provide at least three bullet-points, including for the Overview and Conclusion * Include key citations ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Figures can show photos, diagrams, graphs, video, audio, etc. * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Caption figures (use '''Figure #'''. and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Interactive learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples describe concepts in action * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citations * Can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]] {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use to tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Which Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing Knowing x Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * Using one or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * The Conclusion is arguably the most important section * Draft clear take-home message(s), even at the topic development stage * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing it * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[wikipedia:Irritability|Irritability]] (Wikipedia) * [[Algeria|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) {{ic|Check and correct - doesn't go to a book chapter}} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== This section lists the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Alam, T., Kirk, N., Hirsch, E., Briggs‐Gowan, M., Wakschlag, L. S., Roy, A. K., & Wiggins, J. L. (2023). Characterizing the spectrum of irritability in preadolescence: Dimensional and pragmatic applications. ''International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research'', ''32''(S1), e1988. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1988 Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theory: Many years later. ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''112''(3), 396–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.396 Brotman, M. A., Kircanski, K., Stringaris, A., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2017). Irritability in Youths: A Translational Model. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', ''174''(6), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16070839 Derella, O. J., Johnston, O. G., Loeber, R., & Burke, J. D. (2019). CBT-Enhanced Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Improvement for Childhood Irritability. ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology'', ''48''(sup1), S146–S154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1270832 Deveney, C. M., Stoddard, J., Evans, R. L., Chavez, G., Harney, M., & Wulff, R. A. (2019). On defining irritability and its relationship to affective traits and social interpretations. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', 144, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.031 Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social Information-Processing Bases of Aggressive Behavior in Children. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''16''(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167290161002 Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects. ''Psychological Inquiry'', ''26''(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 Harrison, T. J., Silver, J., Calentino, A. E., Mackin, D. M., Finsaas, M. C., Carlson, G., Davila, J., Olino, T. M., & Klein, D. N. (2025). Irritability and stress: Prospective, bidirectional relationships in adolescence. ''Journal of Affective Disorders'', ''372'', 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.051 Leibenluft, E. (2017). Pediatric Irritability: A Systems Neuroscience Approach. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'', ''21''(4), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.002 Leibenluft, E., Cohen, P., Gorrindo, T., Brook, J. S., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Chronic Versus Episodic Irritability in Youth: ACommunity-Based, Longitudinal Study of Clinical and Diagnostic Associations. ''Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology'', ''16''(4), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2006.16.456 Naim, R., Dombek, K., German, R. E., Haller, S. P., Kircanski, K., & Brotman, M. A. (2024). An Exposure-Based Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Youth with Severe Irritability: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy. ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology'', ''53''(2), 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2023.2264385 Perhamus, G. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Murray-Close, D. (2024). Aggression and Irritability in Middle Childhood: Between- and Within-Person Associations. 'Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology', ''53''(2), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2023.2272941 Saatchi, B., Olshansky, E. F., & Fortier, M. A. (2023). Irritability: A concept analysis. ''International Journal of Mental Health Nursing'', ''32''(5), 1193–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13140 Smedslund, J. (1993). How Shall the Concept of Anger be Defined? ''Theory & Psychology'', ''3''(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354393031001 Swami, V., Hochstöger, S., Kargl, E., & Stieger, S. (2022). Hangry in the field: An experience sampling study on the impact of hunger on anger, irritability, and affect. ''PLoS ONE'', ''17''(7), e0269629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269629 Urben, S., Ochoa Williams, A., Ben Jemia, C., Rosselet Amoussou, J., Machado Lazaro, S., Giovannini, J., Abi Kheir, M., Kaess, M., Plessen, K. J., & Mürner-Lavanchy, I. (2025). Understanding irritability through the lens of self-regulatory control processes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. 'European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry', '34'(5), 1497–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02591-8 Whiting, C., Bellaert, N., Deveney, C., & Tseng, W.-L. (2023). Associations between sleep quality and irritability: Testing the mediating role of emotion regulation. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''213'', 112322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112322 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://youngmindsnetwork.com.au/coping-with-irritability-when-everything-gets-on-your-nerves/ Coping with irritability: when everything gets on your nerves] (Young Minds Network) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/3ZeTcHbe9iIdJlrTMqAjIS Minding your Mind podcast episode - irritability] (Spotify) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Irritability]] nvlzaixnn7o7qb7cge6ysm7dahk46b6 2832422 2832418 2026-09-09T11:54:45Z U3275992 3106315 /* What Irritability is Not: */ Stated difference between anger and irritability 2832422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Irritability:<br>What is irritability, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be managed?}} <div align=center>Edit the title and sub-title to match the wording (and casing) in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025|2026 list of topics]].<br>[[Motivation and emotion/About/Staff|Seek approval]] for any changes.<br>Do not include your name (authorship is as per [[Special:History/{{PAGENAME}}|the page history]]).</div> __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} [[File:Angry man.svg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. A very irritated man]] ; Imagine this ... You go to work, feeling refreshed after your morning coffee and ready to tackle whatever challenges get thrown your way. Ten minutes after arriving, your boss assigns you a marketing project to work on. Only, there a catch. You have to work on it with your coworker, Tom. The grumpiest person in your workplace. Tom always seems to be in a bad mood. It doesn't matter if the sun is shining or if someone brings in afternoon tea for everyone to share. He always has something negative to say. He will criticise someone for making a small typo and yell at another person for accidently jamming the printer. No matter what, he always seems to be a pin drop away from snapping at someone. You may have gone to work in a good mood, but now you're stuck dreading this project. Tom might be someone as someone who struggles with irritability. But what is irritability? Why does it happen, and how can we manage it? {{RoundBoxBottom}} This chapter covers: * What the concept of irritability{{g}}, the different types of irritability and what makes irritability different than similar concepts such as aggression. * Social information theory and how the way we process social cues can influence how irritable we feel * The translational model and some of the neuroscience behind why we might feel irritable. * The negative consequences of irritability such as aggression and mental illness. * How we can manage and reduce irritability through numerous ways such as reducing stress and using emotional regulation skills The Overview section should provide: # '''Scenario''': A short, engaging case study or real-world example in a feature box, with an accompanying image (see above) # '''Explanation of the problem, issue, or topc''': Briefly explain the problem, why it is important, and outline how psychological science can help # '''Focus questions''': Unpack the sub-title into focus questions in a feature box Recommended length: 180 to 330 words. This template provides key headings, examples, and tips for each section. Gradually remove this generic information as the chapter develops. It is OK to retain some of the template material for the topic development, but it should all be removed for the final book chapter. Key resources: * [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 02]] explains about how to edit * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|Topic development guidelines]] * [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|Book chapter guidelines]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' {{ic|Use bullet points as shown in Tutorial 2}} 1. What is irritability? 2. What are some of the different explanations as to why we might become irritable? 3. How can experiencing irritability impact us? 4. What can be done to manage and reduce irritability? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What is Irritability? == * When you think of irritability, you might think of someone who always seems to be on edge and annoyed. Or maybe you see it as a state where you cannot help but yell at everyone around you. But what is the actual definition of irritability? The answer: we do not know. Different researchers in the field of irritability have all given different definitions to what irritability is. To try and fix this, some researchers conducted a concept analysis where they looked at what the concept of irritability to finally condense it into a singular definition. They settled on something similar to irritability being a chronic or temporary state of experiencing increased levels of negative emotions, such as annoyance, along with increased difficulty in controlling emotions (Saatchi et al., 2023). * Briefly mention the link between irritability and young people, and how a lot of the research is predominantly done on young people. Let readers know that for this reason, a lot of the concepts in this chapter focus on young people. === What Irritability is Not: === Irritability can sometimes be confused for anger and aggression. However, while similar, they are different concepts. Much of the research defining [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|anger]] appears to be conducted in the late 20th century. Smedslund (1993) defined anger as an emotion experienced when a person perceives someone they care about, which may include their own self, has received unjust treatment. In contrast, irritability is a state where a person may be more likely to experience anger as well as other negative emotions, but it is not anger itself (Saatchi et al., 2023). * Irritability is not aggression. To find out more about aggression check out the Wikiversity book chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Aggression|aggression]] === Tonic vs Phasic Irritability: === * Irritability can be classified as different types. A study in 2006 found episodic irritability and chronic irritability to be distinguishable concepts in children (Leibenluft et al., 2006). This suggests some people will only be irritable for a certain period of time (e.g. a few hours) while others will feel irritable for potentially years on end. * Phasic irritability is the label given to phasic irritability. It is considered to be irritability presenting in outbursts that appear out of proportion for the person's age (Leibenluft, 2017). * Tonic irritability is the label given to chronic irritability. It is considered to be 'irritability manifest as [a] chronically angry mood' (Leibenluft, 2017). === Normative vs Abnormal Irritability: === * The dimensional approach of irritability views it as a spectrum, where people can experience low to high, or normal to pathological levels of irritability (Alam et al., 2023) * Not getting enough sleep may increase how irritable you feel (Whiting et al., 2023). This is an example of a normative response. * Irritability is likely considered abnormal or pathological when it interferes with your life. For example, if you find yourself frequently cranky with friends which makes it hard to maintain friendships. == Why do we get Irritable? == * There are different perspectives researchers can take when explaining the reasons why we get irritable. Some will look at the brain and hypothesise about what might be happening on a biological level. Others might turn to the environment and explain irritability as a reaction to an external event. Below are just a couple of the many theories researchers have created to describe what might make us irritable. * Potentially might include another theory/approach here such as irritability as a trait or frustration theory === Social Information Processing Theory === * Social information processing theory refers to how the way you process social cues may impact on how well you handle a social situation (Dodge & Crick, 1990) * There is a five step sequence on how we process social cues (Dodge & Crick, 1990) *# Encode what is relevant from the present cues *# Represent the encoded information in your long-term memory and interpret it *# Access one or multiple responses from your memory *# Choose which response to make based on rules or criteria to evaluate them *# Make the response * Certain ways of processing social cues may result in irritability ** One study found an association between irritability and rating ambiguous face stimuli as having an angry emotional expression (Deveney et al., 2019) === Translational Model === *The Translational Model is a model that combines previous neuroscience research to explain why young people might experience irritability (Brotman et al., 2017). This model specifically focuses on abnormal irritability, In simple words, this means it is '''not''' talking about the teenager who snaps at their parents after only getting four hours of sleep. It is talking about the children and teenagers who experience irritability to the extent where it starts to cause significant problems in their lives. *Irritability in youths is a response to one of the following (Brotman et al., 2017): **Being interrupted when trying to achieve a goal (see Frustration theory) **Being presented with a potential threat *There may be some abnormalities in the brain when processing rewards (Brotman et al., 2017). For example, youths with abnormal irritability might experience a stronger frustration response to not getting a rewards compared with youths who do not struggle with irritability. *(Note to self: Maybe consider putting in the figure of the model that was in the journal article?) == The Bad Side of Irritability == * What are the consequences of being irritable? How can it negatively impact us? Maybe you find yourself snapping at people more often, similar to Tom. Or, maybe you hate the feeling of irritability and feeling it results in a bad day. === Aggression === * Discuss the frustration-aggression theory or, alternatively, frustration theory (Amsel, 1992) (as frustration theory seems to be talked about more in terms of irritability in the literature. Still need to check if it links to aggression though). Talk about how being interrupted in the pursuit of a goal may result in frustration and therefore potentially aggression ** Also discuss the link between frustration and irritability, to link irritability to aggression *Discuss research directly relating irritability to aggression, such as the study conducted by (Perhamus et al., 2024) *Why aggression is a negative consequence of irritability. Briefly discuss how aggression might negatively impact relationship with others etc. === Mental Disorders === * Research seems to talk a lot about the connection between [[wikipedia:Mental_disorder|mental disorders]] and irritability * Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder might represent the severe end of irritability * Talk about the whole chicken and egg debate. What came first, the irritability or the mental disorder? Did being high in trait irritability increase your risk of meeting criteria for a mental disorder? Or, did you only start feeling irritable when you met criteria for the mental disorder? ** Talk about mood disorders potentially here as an example of feeling irritable because of the mental disorder. === Is Irritability Always a Bad Thing? === * Maybe talk about potential positives of irritability? However there doesn't seem to be much research on this. Therefore maybe pose this question to the reader. Also include some research on positives of anger. While not the same concept, it may relate. == How to Manage Irritability == * Now that we know what some of the negative impacts of irritability might be, you might want some ways or methods to manage it. Some of these methods are simple things you can easily implement into your daily life, such as making sure you are getting enough sleep. Others might involved a visit to a therapist to help work through some strategies to reduce the amount of irritability you experience. === Take Care of Your Mind and Body === [[File:Bed in hotel room 5.jpg|thumb|Sometimes not getting enough sleep may contribute to feeling irritable]] * Irritability can be associated with not getting enough sleep (Whiting et al., 2023), therefore, if you get enough sleep it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. * Irritability can be associated with not eating enough food (Swami et al., 2022), therefore, if you eat enough food it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. * Irritability can be associated with stress (Harrison et al., 2025), therefore if you avoid stressful situations it will potentially reduce the chance you will feel irritable. === Emotion Regulation: === * Discuss Gross's emotion regulation theory and how it potentially can be applied to regulating irritability (Gross, 1998, as cited in Gross, 2015) * Talk about studies linking irritability and emotion regulation together * Discuss the link between irritability and self-regulatory control processes (Urben et al., 2025) === Therapeutic Interventions === * For people with severe or pathological irritability, sometimes intervention in the form of therapy can be helpful * Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) appears to be the main therapy with research behind it to treat irritability ** Exposure techniques may be helpful, with one study find cognitive behavioural therapy to be helpful in reducing irritability for young people by exposing participants to cues that trigger irritability (Naim et al., 2024) ** A focus on emotional regulation skills may also be helpful, with an indirect link between improving emotional regulation skills through CBT and a reduction in irritability found in one study (Derella et al., 2019) ; Quiz <quiz display="simple"> {Tonic irritability refer to having brief periods of time where you have frequent angry outbursts: |type="()"} - True + False {Which of the following options according to this book chapter might help you reduce irritability?: |type="()"} + Getting enough sleep - Watching a sci-fi TV show - Filling in your tax return </quiz> == Conclusion == * Irritability is a temporary or chronic state where you have the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger that are difficult to manage * There are many different reasons or causes behind why we might feel irritable, such as how we interpret a social situation or physiological processes happening in the brain * Irritability can at times have a negative impact on our lives, with it being associated with aggression and mental disorders * There are numerous way to manage irritability, such as taking care of your body, using emotional regulation skills or seek out therapeutic support. ==Key points== For the topic development, for each heading and sub-heading: * Provide at least three bullet-points, including for the Overview and Conclusion * Include key citations ==Figures== [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Figures can show photos, diagrams, graphs, video, audio, etc. * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Caption figures (use '''Figure #'''. and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== Interactive learning features help to bring book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter. {{anchor|Scenarios}} ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples describe concepts in action * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citations * Can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]] {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use to tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Which Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing Knowing x Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * Using one or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {The purpose of quizzes is to provide an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * The Conclusion is arguably the most important section * Draft clear take-home message(s), even at the topic development stage * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing it * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[wikipedia:Irritability|Irritability]] (Wikipedia) * [[Algeria|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) {{ic|Check and correct - doesn't go to a book chapter}} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== This section lists the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Alam, T., Kirk, N., Hirsch, E., Briggs‐Gowan, M., Wakschlag, L. S., Roy, A. K., & Wiggins, J. L. (2023). Characterizing the spectrum of irritability in preadolescence: Dimensional and pragmatic applications. ''International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research'', ''32''(S1), e1988. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1988 Amsel, A. (1992). Frustration theory: Many years later. ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''112''(3), 396–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.396 Brotman, M. A., Kircanski, K., Stringaris, A., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2017). Irritability in Youths: A Translational Model. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', ''174''(6), 520–532. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16070839 Derella, O. J., Johnston, O. G., Loeber, R., & Burke, J. D. (2019). CBT-Enhanced Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Improvement for Childhood Irritability. ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology'', ''48''(sup1), S146–S154. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1270832 Deveney, C. M., Stoddard, J., Evans, R. L., Chavez, G., Harney, M., & Wulff, R. A. (2019). On defining irritability and its relationship to affective traits and social interpretations. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', 144, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.031 Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social Information-Processing Bases of Aggressive Behavior in Children. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''16''(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167290161002 Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects. ''Psychological Inquiry'', ''26''(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 Harrison, T. J., Silver, J., Calentino, A. E., Mackin, D. M., Finsaas, M. C., Carlson, G., Davila, J., Olino, T. M., & Klein, D. N. (2025). Irritability and stress: Prospective, bidirectional relationships in adolescence. ''Journal of Affective Disorders'', ''372'', 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.051 Leibenluft, E. (2017). Pediatric Irritability: A Systems Neuroscience Approach. ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'', ''21''(4), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.002 Leibenluft, E., Cohen, P., Gorrindo, T., Brook, J. S., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Chronic Versus Episodic Irritability in Youth: ACommunity-Based, Longitudinal Study of Clinical and Diagnostic Associations. ''Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology'', ''16''(4), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2006.16.456 Naim, R., Dombek, K., German, R. E., Haller, S. P., Kircanski, K., & Brotman, M. A. (2024). An Exposure-Based Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Youth with Severe Irritability: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy. ''Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology'', ''53''(2), 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2023.2264385 Perhamus, G. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Murray-Close, D. (2024). Aggression and Irritability in Middle Childhood: Between- and Within-Person Associations. 'Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology', ''53''(2), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2023.2272941 Saatchi, B., Olshansky, E. F., & Fortier, M. A. (2023). Irritability: A concept analysis. ''International Journal of Mental Health Nursing'', ''32''(5), 1193–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13140 Smedslund, J. (1993). How Shall the Concept of Anger be Defined? ''Theory & Psychology'', ''3''(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354393031001 Swami, V., Hochstöger, S., Kargl, E., & Stieger, S. (2022). Hangry in the field: An experience sampling study on the impact of hunger on anger, irritability, and affect. ''PLoS ONE'', ''17''(7), e0269629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269629 Urben, S., Ochoa Williams, A., Ben Jemia, C., Rosselet Amoussou, J., Machado Lazaro, S., Giovannini, J., Abi Kheir, M., Kaess, M., Plessen, K. J., & Mürner-Lavanchy, I. (2025). Understanding irritability through the lens of self-regulatory control processes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. 'European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry', '34'(5), 1497–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02591-8 Whiting, C., Bellaert, N., Deveney, C., & Tseng, W.-L. (2023). Associations between sleep quality and irritability: Testing the mediating role of emotion regulation. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''213'', 112322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112322 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://youngmindsnetwork.com.au/coping-with-irritability-when-everything-gets-on-your-nerves/ Coping with irritability: when everything gets on your nerves] (Young Minds Network) * [https://open.spotify.com/episode/3ZeTcHbe9iIdJlrTMqAjIS Minding your Mind podcast episode - irritability] (Spotify) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Irritability]] 96vm98qya6p19gq0q10h6m2q1l7xw0l 0 331095 2832417 2830147 2026-09-09T11:44:56Z P U3270518 3106535 fixed title 2832417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Alcohol use for emotion regulation : <br>Why and how do people use alcohol to regulate their emotions?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Alcohol-bar-party-cocktail (24218389642).jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1'''. An alcoholic beverage on a bar bench.]] ;Consider this scenario It is Friday night; you've just completed a long week balancing university assessments, work and social engagements. You're feeling overwhelmed, stressed and mentally exhausted. You go out with some friends to celebrate the weekend and decide to have a few drinks. You start to notice your nervous system relaxing; you feel less tired, stop thinking about the stressful week you've had, and find your mind and body relaxing. What started as a few social drinks with friends turns into every night. You now find yourself dependent on alcohol to relax, drinking whenever you are overwhelmed or stressed. Now think: Are you actually reliant on the alcohol or the relief of overwhelming emotions that alcohol provides? {{RoundBoxBottom}} Further explanation...... {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is emotional regulation and how is it related to alcohol use? * Why do people use alcohol to regulate emotions? * What are the outcomes of excessive alcohol use? * How does alcohol influence the nervous system? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Defining emotional regulation and alcohol use== {{expand}} === What is emotion regulation{{g}} === Emotional regulation is a fundamental psychological process that allows individuals to manage and manipulate their own emotional responses. In alignment with research studied by Gross (1998), [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55917f64e4b0cd3b4705b68c/t/5c47fda9758d46280be433e9/1548221901394/Gross+%281998%29.pdf emotional regulation] {{ic|Move link to References or External links}} is the process through which people influence the emotions they have, when they have them and the way in which they experience them. Process model of emotion regulation Gross (1998) foundational model of emotion regulation proposed that there are 5 main emotion regulation strategies including selection of the situation, modification of the situation, deployment of attention, change of cognitions, and modulation of responses. === What does regular emotional regulation look like and how does it change based on various situations{{g}} === === Define alcohol use (regular, exescesive etc) === == Motivations for using alcohol to regulate emotions == {{expand}} === What happens when alcohol enters the body === When alcohol first enters the body through oral consumption, it travels into the stomach and intestine and then passes into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, alcohol distributes throughout the body's water until it reaches organs, specifically the brain. Once in the brain, alcohol interferes with the communication between neurotransmitter systems in the brain, which results in alterations in mood, behaviour, coordination, impulse control and memory (Goldman et al., 2025). Genetic factors '''How does alcohol effect emotional response{{g}}''' '''What are the potential motivations for drinking alcohol to regulate emotions{{g}}''' Individuals who experience difficulties in emotion regulation are the most susceptible to using alcohol as a method of self-regulation and will in term experience the most difficulty when trying to recover from an Alcohol use disorder (AUD) (Brown & Melas, 2024). Emotion dysregulation: (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) Emotion dysregulation is defined by the == Conquences of alcohol use for emotion regulation == '''What are the negative consequences of using alcohol for emotional regulation.''' '''What are the biological consequences of alcohol for emotional regulation''' '''What are the short term and long-term consequences of alcohol use''' Short term Long term Excessive and ongoing alcohol consumption can have extreme repercussions on the overall functioning of the entire nervous system, particularly the brain. These repercussions can include changes in emotions impaired perception and personality (Oscar-Berman et al., 2026). == Alternative strategies to manage emotion regulation == {{expand}} ==== Alternative strategies to manage emotion regulation ==== ==== Emotional regulation strategies ==== * Kozubal et al. (2023_ ==== Cognitive reappraisal ==== <quiz display="simple"> {True or False: Alcohol can be used to make someone feel relaxed for a short period of time, but it doesn’t solve the problems that is causing the stress: |type="()"} + True - False {Why might an individual decide to use alcohol for emotional regulation{{g}} |type="()"} - To increase their ability to problem solve. + To temporarily reduce or escape unpleasant emotions. - To improve their long-term emotional regulation - To permanently eliminate negative emotions </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Summarise alcohol use for emotional regulation (immediate reward for discomfort) * Effects of using alcohol for emotional regulation * Alternative strategies * The Conclusion is arguably the most important section * Draft clear take-home message(s), even at the topic development stage * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing it * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Alcohol and emotion|Alcohol and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Cocaine and emotion regulation|Cocaine and emotion regulation]] (Book chapter, 2020) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2015/Alcohol addiction and emotion|Alcohol addiction and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2015) * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acer.12914 Emotion Regulation in Alcohol Dependence] {{ic|Move to References and cite}} * [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01028/full Association Between Interoception and Emotion Regulation in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder] {{ic|Move to References and cite}} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aurora, P., Klanecky, A. K., & Klanecky, A. K. (2016, February 23). ''Drinking motives mediate emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking in college students''. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse; Taylor & Francis. <nowiki>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00952990.2015.1133633?utm_</nowiki> Brown, W. C., & Melas, M. T. (2024). A Narrative Review of Emotion Regulation Abilities, Strategy Use, and Their Relationship to Alcohol. ''Current Addiction Reports'', ''11''(2), 199–209. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00553-3</nowiki> Goldman, M. R., Molina-Castro, M., Etkins, J. C., Koide, T. L., Ramchandani, V. A., Plawecki, M. H., Mennella, J. A., & Pepino, M. Y. (2025). Recent advances in alcohol metabolism: from the gut to the brain. Physiological Reviews, 105(4), 2501–2535. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00053.2024</nowiki> Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. ''Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26''(1), 41–54. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. ''Review of General Psychology'', ''2''(3), 271–299. <nowiki>https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271</nowiki> Kozubal, M., Szuster, A., & Wielgopolan, A. (2023). Emotional regulation strategies in daily life: the intensity of emotions and regulation choice. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''14''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218694</nowiki> Oscar-Berman, M., Shagrin, B., Evert, D. L., & Epstein, C. (2026). Impairments of Brain and Behavior: The Neurological Effects of Alcohol. ''Alcohol Health and Research World'', ''21''(1), 65. <nowiki>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6826797/</nowiki> }} ‌{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Drugs/Alcohol]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotion regulation]] 5620q60p6oig78wy5uglg5s4i7s49u8 0 331100 2832414 2831397 2026-09-09T11:33:42Z U3239236 3106753 2832414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Emotional intelligence:<br>How does emotional intelligence affect emotional wellbeing?}} __TOC__ == Overview == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} [[File:Sophie emotional regulation scenario.png|thumb|'''Figure 1.''' A university student pausing to regulate her emotions after receiving a disappointing grade, generated with ai ]] '''Scenario''' Imagine Sophie, a university student who has several assessments due while also dealing with conflict with a close friend. After receiving a disappointing mark, Sophie initially feels frustrated, embarrassed, and overwhelmed. Rather than immediately reacting, she recognises that disappointment and stress are influencing how she is thinking about the situation. She takes some time to regulate her emotions, considers why the result affected her so strongly, and later talks calmly with her friend about the conflict. Another student experiencing the same circumstances might struggle to identify what they are feeling, become increasingly overwhelmed, or react impulsively. Why might people respond so differently to similar emotional situations? One possible explanation involves emotional intelligence the capacity to perceive, understand, use, and regulate emotion. Emotional intelligence may influence how people interpret and respond to emotional experiences and, consequently, their emotional wellbeing. Emotional wellbeing involves more than simply experiencing positive emotions or avoiding negative ones. It concerns how people experience and manage emotions and their broader capacity to function psychologically. Understanding the relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing is important because difficult emotions are unavoidable. Psychological research can help explain whether emotionally intelligent abilities support wellbeing, which components of emotional intelligence may be particularly important, and the psychological processes that could explain this relationship. {{RoundBoxBottom}} * {{RoundBoxTop}} ; Focus questions # What are emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing? # What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing? # How does emotional intelligence influence emotional wellbeing? #Which components of emotional intelligence are particularly important for emotional wellbeing? # How can emotional intelligence be developed to support emotional wellbeing? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == What are emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing? == Emotional intelligence may play an important role in how people recognise, understand, and regulate their emotions. These emotional abilities may influence how people cope with difficult experiences, maintain positive emotions, and support their overall emotional wellbeing. However, emotional intelligence is a complex construct, and different emotional abilities may contribute to wellbeing in different ways. Before examining their relationship, it is important to establish what psychologists mean by emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing. Both are multidimensional concepts, and different theoretical approaches influence how they are measured and understood. === Defining emotional intelligence === Emotional intelligence describes how people process and manage emotional information noticing emotional cues, making sense of what they mean, and using that understanding to guide thought and behaviour (Givon et al., 2020).This is a somewhat different idea from how the term emotional is often used in everyday language. Describing someone as emotional usually refers to how frequently or intensely they display feelings, while emotional intelligence refers to how skilfully a person processes emotional information, regardless of how expressive they are (Luna et al., 2021). Similarly, EI should not be equated with simply being a nice person. Kindness reflects a disposition or value, whereas EI reflects an ability; a person can be highly emotionally intelligent while still setting firm boundaries or delivering difficult feedback, and a person can be warm and agreeable while struggling to accurately identify or regulate their own emotions (Salovey & Grewal, 2005). Someone can therefore be outwardly calm and reserved while processing emotional information very effectively, just as someone can be outwardly expressive while struggling to understand or manage what they feel (Villanueva et al., 2020). Because EI has been conceptualised in more than one way, it is useful to introduce these major approaches before going further. As already noted, ability models treat EI as a form of intelligence: a set of cognitive abilities for processing emotional information, assessed using performance-based tasks with objectively better or worse answers, in much the same way as other cognitive abilities are tested (Carfagno, 2020). Trait models instead focus on people's own perceptions of their emotional abilities and tendencies, typically measured through self-report questionnaires. Mixed models combine emotional abilities with broader personality-like characteristics, such as optimism, motivation, or assertiveness. These differences in definition matter a great deal when examining research on EI and wellbeing. A study using a trait self-report measure is not necessarily capturing the same underlying construct as a study using a performance-based ability test; the two can produce meaningfully different results, including different-strength relationships with wellbeing outcomes (Barbash, 2015). Keeping this distinction in mind will be important later in this chapter, when comparing what the evidence shows across different EI models. ==== '''Table 1. Ability model of emotional intelligence''' ==== {| class="wikitable" !Branch !Description |- |'''Perceiving emotions''' |Accurately identifying emotions in oneself and others, including through facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language. |- |'''Using emotions to facilitate thought''' |Harnessing emotional information to guide attention, reasoning, and problem-solving. |- |'''Understanding emotions''' |Comprehending emotional causes, consequences, and the way emotions change or combine over time. |- |'''Managing emotions''' |Regulating one's own emotions and, where appropriate, the emotions of others, in ways that support goals and wellbeing. |} Each branch can support wellbeing in its own way. Accurately noticing emotions helps people recognise what they and others feel. Using emotions to support thinking means letting feelings guide attention and judgment. Understanding emotions helps people figure out why emotions happen and how they change. Managing emotions is about handling emotional responses, which is especially helpful during tough times, like when Sophie takes a moment to calm herself before talking to her friend. Explain the four branches: # Perceiving emotions # Using emotions to facilitate thought # Understanding emotions[[File:Model of emotional intelligence.png|thumb|'''Figure 2.''' ''Mayer and Salovey's Emotional Intelligence model'' ]]Managing emotions Explain briefly how each ability could theoretically contribute to wellbeing. <quiz display="simple"> Quiz 1. Which statement best describes emotional intelligence? |type="()"} + The ability to perceive, understand, use, and manage emotions. - The ability to avoid experiencing negative emotions. - The ability to remain happy in all situations. - The ability to control the emotions of other people. } </quiz> === Trait emotional intelligence === Trait EI focuses on how people see their own emotional abilities and tendencies, rather than how they perform on objective tests. Self-report measures of EI reflect trait EI in the same way that personality tests show personality traits and patterns. Cronbach explained that self-report and performance-based tests are different because they measure different things: how someone usually acts, versus their best possible performance. Self-report measures show a person's typical emotional functioning, while performance-based tests try to measure their highest ability under test conditions. Cronbach also pointed out that this is a helpful way to understand the difference, not a complete theory; self-report tests can still reveal real skills and abilities, and performance-based tests don't always bring out someone's true best performance either. Chapman (2005) frames this debate as a question of where emotional intelligence fits within established personality and ability frameworks. For example, psychologists often use the Big Five to organise personality traits. In this view, trait EI is more closely related to personality taxonomies, while ability EI is more like cognitive ability taxonomies. This difference helps explain why researchers measure the two differently.A range of self-report instruments have been developed to assess trait EI. Two commonly used measures are the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, which looks at how well someone notices, understands, and manages their own moods, and the Schutte Self-Report Inventory of Emotional Intelligence , which has held up well in terms of reliability and accuracy in research. Trait EI is measured through self-report, so it only shows how people view their own emotional intelligence. People may be honest or dishonest, and they might judge their emotions accurately or not. This means self-report EI scores could sometimes reflect a desire to give socially acceptable answers instead of showing real emotional skills. Research on this issue is mixed, some studies have found no strong link between wanting to look good and self-reported EI scores, which suggests this bias may not be as serious as it seems. It is important to keep this in mind when interpreting self-report results (Chapman,2005). Trait EI matters for emotional wellbeing, but the relationship isn't always straightforward. If you believe you are good at understanding and managing your emotions, you might approach emotional situations with more confidence, which could help your wellbeing even if your actual skills are not strong. However, this self-belief can be inaccurate. For example, someone might think they handle emotions well but actually act in ways that are dismissive or avoidant, which are not helpful. So, just believing you are good at something does not always lead to good results. '''This is different from another point made later in the chapter trait EI often shows a stronger link with self-reported wellbeing partly because both are measured in similar ways, which can make the connection seem stronger than it really is.''' Emotional intelligence may play an important role in how people recognise, understand, and regulate their emotions. These abilities may influence well-being by helping people cope with difficult experiences, maintain positive emotions, manage stress, and recover from setbacks. * Explain trait EI. * Distinguish trait EI from ability EI. * Explain that trait EI concerns people's perceptions of their emotional abilities and tendencies. * Briefly introduce why trait EI is relevant to emotional wellbeing. === Defining emotional wellbeing === Emotional well-being theory is <mark>a psychological framework that explains how people experience positive emotions, evaluate their life satisfaction, and maintain a sense of purpose</mark> * '''Hedonic features:''' How a person feels in their daily moments, including joy, comfort, and a balance of positive over negative emotions. * '''Eudaimonic features:''' Deeper reflective judgments, such as having meaning in life, pursuing personal goals, and feeling a sense of growth. * '''The PERMA Model:''' Developed by Martin Seligman, this theory outlines five building blocks for human flourishing: '''P'''ositive emotion, '''E'''ngagement, '''R'''elationships, '''M'''eaning, and '''A'''ccomplishment. Learn more via the PERMA Model overview. * Define emotional wellbeing and explain what it means in psychology. * Explain that emotional wellbeing involves both positive and negative emotional experiences. * Clarify that good emotional wellbeing does not mean feeling happy or positive all the time. * Discuss the ability to recognise, understand, and manage emotions as part of healthy emotional functioning. * Explain that experiencing emotions such as sadness, anger, anxiety, or disappointment is a normal part of emotional wellbeing. * Discuss how emotional wellbeing may involve being able to cope with difficult emotions and recover from stressful experiences (Chen et al., 2023). * Distinguish emotional wellbeing from the absence of mental illness or psychological distress. * Briefly explain how emotional wellbeing is measured in psychological research, as this will be important when you later discuss its relationship with emotional intelligence. == What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing? == After defining both concepts, this section examines what psychological research shows about the overall relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing. === Emotional intelligence and positive wellbeing === * Examine whether higher emotional intelligence is associated with greater emotional wellbeing. * Discuss research involving positive affect, happiness, life satisfaction, and subjective or psychological wellbeing. * Explain the strength of the relationship where research allows. * Avoid assuming that emotional intelligence directly causes greater happiness. === Emotional intelligence and negative emotional experiences === * Examine the relationship between EI and stress. * Discuss emotional distress and negative affect. * Consider relevant research involving anxiety or depressive symptoms. * Explain that higher EI does not mean that someone will never experience negative emotions. * Instead, people with stronger emotional abilities may be better able to understand and respond to difficult emotions. === Trait and ability emotional intelligence === * Compare research findings for trait and ability EI. * Examine whether trait EI shows different relationships with wellbeing than ability EI. * Consider how the way EI is measured could influence research findings. * Discuss the limitations of relying heavily on self-report measures. === What does the evidence tell us? === * Bring the research together. * Establish whether there is consistent evidence for an association between EI and emotional wellbeing. * Distinguish correlation from causation. * Identify any inconsistencies or limitations in the evidence. == How does emotional intelligence influence emotional wellbeing? == Finding an association between emotional intelligence and wellbeing does not necessarily explain why the two are related. Several psychological processes may help explain how emotional intelligence contributes to emotional wellbeing. '''How does emotional intelligence influence emotional wellbeing?''' (Discuss the psychological processes that may explain the relationship. Emotional intelligence may help people recognise what they are feeling, understand why they are experiencing an emotion, regulate difficult emotions, cope with stress, and manage interpersonal situations. These processes may help explain why emotional intelligence is associated with wellbeing.) '''Research needed:''' Research connecting emotional intelligence with emotion regulation, coping, stress management, and social functioning, as well as research linking these processes with wellbeing (Zomer, 2012; MacCann et al., 2022). === Emotional awareness and perception === * Explain the importance of accurately recognising emotions. * Discuss how identifying an emotional state can help a person decide how to respond. * Explain what may happen when people have difficulty recognising their emotions. * Connect emotional awareness with emotional wellbeing. === Understanding emotions === * Discuss the ability to understand why an emotion has occurred. * Explain how people can recognise changes and combinations of emotions. * Consider how understanding the causes and consequences of emotions may support emotional functioning. * Explain how emotional understanding may make it easier to choose an appropriate response. === Emotion regulation === * Define emotion regulation. * Explain how EI may support the regulation of difficult emotional experiences. * Discuss adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. * Consider cognitive reappraisal and suppression where relevant. * Explain that regulating an emotion does not necessarily mean removing or suppressing it. * Examine whether emotion regulation helps explain the relationship between EI and wellbeing. === Coping with stress === * Examine how EI may influence responses to stressful situations. * Discuss appraisal and coping strategies. * Consider emotional recovery and resilience. * Connect effective coping with emotional wellbeing. === Social relationships and support === * Explain how EI may help people recognise other people's emotions. * Discuss emotional communication. * Examine interpersonal conflict and relationship management. * Consider whether stronger relationships and social support provide another pathway between EI and wellbeing. '''Figure 3. Possible pathways through which emotional intelligence may support emotional wellbeing.''' Emotional intelligence may contribute to emotional wellbeing through several interacting processes, including emotional awareness, understanding, emotion regulation, coping with stress, and social functioning. These processes may work together rather than occurring in a simple step-by-step sequence. == Which components of emotional intelligence are particularly important for emotional wellbeing? == Although emotional intelligence is often discussed as a single concept, its individual components may not contribute equally to emotional wellbeing. (Discuss whether different components of emotional intelligence contribute differently to wellbeing. Consider emotion perception, using emotion, emotion understanding, and emotion management/regulation. Emotion regulation may be particularly relevant, but this needs to be evaluated using research rather than assumed.) '''Research needed:''' Studies comparing different dimensions or branches of emotional intelligence and their relationships with wellbeing, particularly emotion regulation/management (Blasco-Belled et al., 2019). === Emotion perception === * Examine the benefits of accurately recognising emotional states. * Discuss the importance of identifying emotional cues in oneself and others. * Consider limitations: recognising an emotion does not necessarily mean someone will manage it effectively. === Using emotions === * Explain what it means to use emotions to support thinking. * Discuss how emotional information may guide attention, judgement, or problem-solving. * Examine whether this component has a clear relationship with emotional wellbeing. === Emotion understanding === * Discuss understanding the causes and consequences of emotions. * Consider emotional complexity and changes in emotional states. * Examine how understanding emotions may support coping and regulation. === Emotion regulation and management === * Examine whether emotion regulation is particularly strongly related to emotional wellbeing. * Discuss positive affect and negative affect. * Consider emotional distress. * Examine connections with resilience and coping. * Consider whether emotion regulation could help explain the broader relationship between EI and wellbeing. === Comparing the components === * Compare evidence across the different EI components. * Consider whether any component appears particularly important for wellbeing. * Avoid assuming that emotion regulation is the most important unless the research supports this conclusion. * Consider whether the different abilities work together. '''Table 2.''' Emotional intelligence and emotional wellbeing {| class="wikitable" !Concept !Central concern !Example |- |Emotional intelligence |Processing, understanding and managing emotional information |Recognising why you feel anxious and choosing an appropriate response |- |Emotional wellbeing |Quality of emotional experience and functioning |Experiencing manageable negative emotion while maintaining positive functioning |- |Emotion regulation |Influencing emotional experiences or responses |Reappraising a stressful situation rather than reacting impulsively |} == How can emotional intelligence be developed to support emotional wellbeing? == Discuss whether emotional intelligence can be improved through training or psychological interventions. Consider strategies aimed at emotional awareness, understanding emotions, emotion regulation, and interpersonal skills. Examine whether improving these abilities actually leads to improvements in wellbeing and acknowledge limitations in the evidence.) '''Research needed:''' Intervention studies and preferably systematic reviews or meta-analyses of emotional intelligence training and its effects on emotional or psychological wellbeing (Hodzic et al., 2018); (Nadler et al., 2020) == Figures == [[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]] * Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples * Figures can show photos, diagrams, graphs, video, audio, etc. * Embed figures throughout the chapter, starting with the scenario in the Overview section * Caption figures (use '''Figure #'''. and explain the relevance of the image to the text) * Images must be embedded from [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] * Images can be uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] if they are openly licensed * Cite each figure at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 2) ==Learning features== ;Scenarios * Scenarios, case studies, or examples describe concepts in action * Can be real or fictional; if real, provide citations * Can be split into multiple boxes throughout a chapter (e.g., to illustrate different theories or stages) * Present using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]] {{anchor|Feature box}} ;Feature boxes * Highlight key content using [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature boxes]], but don't overuse, otherwise they lose their effect * Consider using feature boxes for: ** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples ** Focus questions ** Tips ** Quiz questions ** Take-home messages ;Embedded links * When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to: ** Wikipedia articles (e.g., "An early psychological view [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) of dreams was provided by [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]]") or ** Related book chapters (e.g., "If you're feeling stuck, check out the chapter about [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]") {{anchor|Tables}} ;Tables * Use to tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted ; ; '''Quizzes''' * Using one or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end * Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia. Ask about important information such as take-home messages * Ask easy rather than hard questions * Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]] ==Conclusion== * Emotional wellbeing involves healthy emotional experience and functioning rather than simply experiencing positive emotions. * Research suggests that higher emotional intelligence is generally associated with better indicators of wellbeing. * Emotion regulation, coping and interpersonal functioning may help explain this relationship. * Different EI components and models may show different relationships with wellbeing. * Emotional intelligence may be partly developable, creating potential applications for wellbeing interventions. * or universal cause of emotional wellbeing. Return briefly to Sophie: Sophie's situation demonstrates that emotional intelligence does not remove disappointment, stress, or conflict. Instead, emotional abilities may help her recognise what she is experiencing, understand why she feels that way, regulate her response, and choose behaviours that support her wellbeing. * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[Emotional intelligence]] * Emotional regulation * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_well-being?wprov=srpw1_1 Subjective wellbeing] {{ic|Use internal link style as shown in Tutorial 2}} * Psychological wellbeing * Coping * Stress * Positive psychology * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Emotional intelligence|Emotional intelligence]] (Book chapter, 2011) * [[wikibooks:Foundations_of_Education_and_Instructional_Assessment/Effective_Teaching/Intelligence#Introduction_to_Emotional_Intelligence|How are all children smart?]] (Wikibooks) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== This section lists the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. '''APA style example:''' {{Hanging indent|1= Barbash, E. H. (2015). Emotional intelligence in professional psychology doctoral students: A cross-sectional study (Publication No. 3724176) [Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.https://www.proquest.com/psychology/docview/1725144779/3E4CE21A1D6E4E64PQ/1?accountid=28889&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Blasco-Belled, A., Rogoza, R., Torrelles-Nadal, C., & Alsinet, C. (2019). Emotional intelligence structure and its relationship with life satisfaction and happiness: New findings from the bifactor model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(6), 2031–2049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00167-x Chapman, B. P. (2005). Emotional intelligence at mid life: A cross sectional investigation of structural variance, social correlates, and relationship to established personality and ability taxonomies. Proquest.Com. https://www.proquest.com/psychology/docview/305400900/8D98674B36744231PQ/2?accountid=28889&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Carfagno, N. (2020). The factor structures of ability and trait emotional intelligences relative to general intelligence and personality. Proquest.Com. https://www.proquest.com/psychology/docview/2466049130/3E4CE21A1D6E4E64PQ/4?accountid=28889&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Chen, C., Kotozaki , Y., Okubo , R., & Nakagawa , S. (2023, July 13). Editorial: New insights into stress coping and resilience . Canberra.Edu.Au. https://pmc-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/articles/PMC10374303/ Givon, E., Itzhak-Raz, A., Danieli, G., Karmon-Presser, A., & Meiran, N. (2020, March). How Does the Emotional Experience Evolve? Feeling Generation as Evidence Accumulation. Canberra.Edu.Au. https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/c/aprr63/viewer/pdf/3yqigdmzyv?route=details Hodzic, S., Scharfen, J., Ripoll, P., Holling, H., & Zenasni, F. (2017). How efficient are emotional intelligence trainings: A meta-analysis. Emotion Review, 10(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917708613 Llamas-Díaz, D., Cabello, R., Megías-Robles, A., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis: The association between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 94(7), 925–938. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12075 Luna, L. M. B., Vilar, M. M., Soto, C. M., & Santiago, J. L. C. (2021). Emotional intelligence measures: A systematic review. Healthcare, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121696 Nadler, R., Carswell , J., & Minda, J. P. (2020, February). Online mindfulness training increases well-being, trait emotional intelligence, and workplace competency ratings: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial. Canberra.Edu.Au. https://pmc-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/articles/PMC7048000/ Robinson, T. J., & Zell, E. (2026). Robust associations of emotional intelligence with human flourishing: A second-order meta-analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(19), e2532963123. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2532963123 Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The Science of Emotional Intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science : A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 14(6), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381 MacCann, C., Double, K. S., & Clarke, I. E. (2022). Lower avoidant coping mediates the relationship of emotional intelligence with well-being and ill-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 835819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835819 Xu, X., Pang, W., & Xia, M. (2021, December). Are emotionally intelligent people happier? A meta‐analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective well‐being using chinese samples. Canberra.Edu.Au. https://research-ebsco-com.ezproxy.canberra.edu.au/c/aprr63/viewer/pdf/cwosfaeugr?route=details Villanueva, L., Prado-Gascó, V., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2020). Longitudinal analysis of subjective well-being in preadolescents: The role of emotional intelligence, self-esteem and perceived stress. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(2), 135910532095160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320951605 Zomer, L. (2012a). The relationships among emotional intelligence, gender, coping strategies, and well-being in the management of stress in close interpersonal relationships and the workplace [Master's thesis, University of Toronto]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/723018a77700f5c01e4992096ca8f1fa/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]: ** Use "Edit source" ** <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> * Important aspects of APA referencing style ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case (except first letter and proper names), ending in a full-stop ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop ** doi as a URL which is a working hyperlink (i.e., clickable) * The most common mistakes include: ** Incorrect capitalisation ** Incorrect italicisation ** dois which aren't clickable as working hyperlinks ** Citing sources that haven't been consulted }} ==External links== Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as podcasts and videos, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [https://www.ted.com/talks/maximilian_park_emotional_intelligence_from_a_teenage_perspective Emotional Intelligence From a Teenage Perspective] * [https://rickhanson.com/being-well-podcast-emotional-intelligence-improving-self-awareness-self-regulation-and-empathy-2/ Being Well Podcast: Emotional Intelligence: Improving Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, and Empathy] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Emotional intelligence]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Well-being]] 544x98lop4oxev5gcmxadljgyzp0j07 0 331243 2832398 2831669 2026-09-09T10:02:22Z JSINST 3110286 2832398 wikitext text/x-wiki The coordinating institution that will ultimately host the central database once this has been agreed upon, to be added later Research responsible unit: '''Steering Committee ('''to be adjusted''') :''' Members to be elected .........; Director Nailet Delgado Mujica, Ing. M.Sc ; Vice director Dr. Olaf Jensen, PhD, MD. ; Dr. Joseph Abesamis, MD, Vice director and overall data custodian; clinical data responsible Margarita Huerte, MD, Chair IMHA 1. Clinical and maritime-health input into the study design 2. Identification or coordination of potential Philippine participating sites; 3. Review of available PEME data and variables * 4. Participation in the research/steering group; or 5. Assistance in developing the broader international collaboration through IMHA. ------------- '''Design of the project''' (Informed Consent Form below) This project is an international, multicentre, observational longitudinal health database that uses routinely collected maritime health examination data to monitor the prevalence and trends of prediabetes, diabetes T-2, hypertension, prehypertension, overweight, obesity and established prevention among maritime workers and students. The intention is to register and offer standardized prevention Inspired by the “Danish health database” (ref. 1)References 1. Health of the Danes https://www.danskernessundhed.dk/ '''Strengths of the design''' • Uses routinely collected data, making it relatively inexpensive. • Can accumulate large international datasets. • Reflects real-world clinical practice. • Supports long-term surveillance of maritime workers' health. • Allow for evaluation of preventive interventions within routine healthcare. Organisers• The John Snow Prediabetes Institute in collaboration with: • Maritime Medical Health Clinics, • The International Maritime Health Associtation (IMHA), • the Filippine Maritime Health Association '''Objectives''' • To establish an “International maritime health database” with samples of health examination data from the maritime clinics and the maritime schools. • To carry out literature studies on lifestyle intervention in the contexts • To describe and follow the prevalence of the target variables by age and gender over the years. (Prediabetes, T2DM, Blood pressure, BMI etc.) • To identify and offer the prediabetes remission program and to follow the effects. '''Data content''' Random samples of data extracted from the routine maritime health examinations in specified calendar periods. Variables • Age • Gender: m/f • Height: cm • Weight: kg or pounds • Work: fisher, seafarer, other (student) • Officer or non-officer on board • Blood pressure • Blood sugar HbA1c or Fasting Glucose, or Post prandial • Smoking: y/n • Taking medicine: None, Metformin, Wegovy, other • Participating in a life-style health promotion plan y/n Automatic recoding of data Excel-recoding formulas-Dec-1-2024 • Blood pressure: Normal, prehypertension, stage 1, 2 • Blood sugar: Normal, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus type 2, • BMI: normal, overweight, obese '''Blood-sugar-Measurements''' Either A1c mmol/mol or Fasting mg/dl (glucometer) or Postprandial sugar: mg/dl (glucometer) Validity of the method. (ref 2) Clinics without all the variables are invited to give the data they have. '''Use of the data for prevention''' To describe the prevalence of Prediabetes, T2DM, Hypertension, Prehypertension and BMI in the age- and gender groups and occupational groups. Possibly, to offer a prediabetes, prehypertension remission program. To propose (inter) national maritime health policies. To be used for the student’s theses. To publish in international health journals. Personal prevention, '''Type of study •''' International, multicenter observational prevalence database, • Longitudinal surveillance system using repeated routine maritime health prevalence examination data. • Includes an intervention component for individuals identified with prediabetes. '''Populations sources''' The database will include random samples of data extracted from routine health examinations conducted at: • Maritime clinics • Maritime schools Participants may include: • Seafarers • Fishers • Maritime students • Officers and non-officers '''Data collection''' Retrospectively, the study uses secondary data obtained from existing routine medical examinations but can also collect new research-specific measurements prospectively. Key variables include: • Age • Gender: m/f • Height: cm • Weight: kg or pounds • Work: fisher, seafarer, other (student) • Officer on board7 non officer • Blood pressure • Blood sugar HbA1c or Fasting Glucose • Smoking: y/n • Taking medicine: None, Metformin, Wegovy, other • Actually, included in a health promotion program '''Ethics and data governance Need for ethics review.''' Formal ethics review is not required, if the study involves the retrospective analysis of fully de-identified pre-existing medical records, with no direct participant contact and no collection of identifiable personal information. In accordance with institutional and national guidelines for minimal-risk research, this type of secondary data analysis is automatically exempt from ethics committee review. Author contributions If the study uses sensitive health data and follows people over time. Linking records, international data sharing, and testing a prevention programme can create risks, even when names are removed. Before collecting, linking, sharing, or analysing data, each study site must send the study plan and participant information, consent process, data-flow description, and data-management plan to the appropriate ethics committee. Each site needs written approval or a legally permitted exemption. Major changes must be approved before use. If the study involves only non-sensitive health data, the Ethics committees should be involved. '''Ethical framework and legal compliance.''' The study will follow the Declaration of Helsinki, national research rules, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) where it applies, and the rules of participating countries. Before enrolment or data transfer, the team must record who controls and processes the data and the legal reason for using health information. '''Consent and participant rights.''' Participants will receive clear information about the study’s length, health data, follow-up, record linking, international sharing, and approved future research. Consent will be obtained when required. An ethics committee must approve use of data without consent. Refusing or leaving will not affect healthcare, work, training, or education. No new data will be collected after withdrawal, but anonymous data or completed analyses may not be removable. Participants will be told this beforehand. '''Long-term follow-up and record linking.''' Each person will receive a study code, allowing records to be linked without putting names in the central database. Each clinic or school will keep the code key separately with restricted access. The central database will hold coded data, or anonymous data when linking is finished. Exact dates and unusual details will be grouped to reduce identification risk. Further contact or record links need legal and ethics approval. '''Where will data be stored.''' Data will be kept only on approved servers or encrypted research systems. Names and local code keys will remain at the original site in a separate, encrypted location. Personal computers, unencrypted devices, personal email, and unapproved cloud services are banned. Security includes encryption, backups, logs, malware protection, and an incident plan. Study documents must name the host institution and storage location. '''Who can access the data.''' Only named, authorised team members may access the minimum information needed for approved work. They must follow confidentiality rules, use individual accounts and secure sign-in, and lose access when their role ends. Collaborators may receive only necessary coded or anonymous data after approval. Employers, crewing companies, insurers, and other unauthorised parties will not receive personal-level data. Reports will hide small groups or identifying details. '''Data sharing, retention, and destruction.''' Institutions will sign agreements covering responsibilities, approved uses, security, breach reporting, further sharing, and data return or deletion. International transfers must follow the law and use extra safeguards when required. Before the study starts, the plan must state how long data will be kept (e.g. 5 years). Afterwards, files and backups will be securely deleted or made permanently anonymous. Code keys will be destroyed unless longer storage is approved. '''Risk management and oversight.''' The main risk is that private information could be exposed or linked to a person, causing work, social, or insurance harm. The team will collect only necessary data, separate names from research data, limit access, train staff, secure transfers and storage, keep logs, and respond quickly to suspected breaches. The coordinating researcher will record approvals, access permissions, agreements, and incidents. Any prevention or lifestyle programme tested as research needs ethics approval before it begins. '''Exclusion Criteria''' • Inability to provide informed consent • Expressed no-interest to participate '''The primary outcomes include''' • Prevalence of Prediabetes, and T2DM • Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity • Trends by age and sex over time • Prevalence of participation in a prevention program Planned analyses • Estimate disease prevalence. • Compare health indicators across age, gender and working groups. • Monitor trends over multiple years. • Evaluate outcomes of lifestyle interventions. • Support health policy development, student research, and scientific publications. '''Statistical analysis plan''' ''1. Data preparation'' Check the dataset for missing values, impossible values, and duplicates. Recode the main variables into categories: BMI as normal, overweight, or obese; blood pressure as normal, prehypertension, stage 1, or stage 2; and blood sugar as normal, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. ''2. Descriptive statistics'' Summarize age using mean, standard deviation, median, and range. Summarize categorical variables such as gender, work type, smoking, medication use, BMI group, blood pressure group, and blood sugar group using numbers and percentages. These data is presented in the standard -29, 30-49. 50+ age- and gender groups. ''3. Prevalence estimates in the main age-groups.'' Calculate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, prehypertension, and hypertension in the Report each prevalence as a percentage with a 95% confidence interval ''n the main age-groups -29, 30-49, 50+'' ''4. Group comparisons'' Compare prevalence by the 3 age group, gender, work type, and officer/non-officer status. Use chi-square tests for categorical comparisons and t-tests or ANOVA for continuous variables such as BMI or blood pressure. ''5. Trend analysis over time'' f data are available from several years, changes in prevalence over time using tables and line graphs. Test trends using chi-square trend tests or simple logistic regression with year as the predictor. ''6. Prediabetes remission program analysis'' Among participants offered the lifestyle intervention, compare blood sugar, BMI, and blood pressure before and after the program. Use paired t-tests for continuous measures and McNemar’s test for changes in categories, such as prediabetes returning to normal blood sugar. ''7. Missing data'' Report the amount of missing data for each variable. For the simple analysis, use available-case analysis and clearly state the number of participants included in each analysis. ''8. Statistical significance'' Use a significance level of 0.05. Present results with 95% confidence intervals rather than relying only on p-values.Principio del formulario '''Prevention plan''' '''Personal prevention''' reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) '''INFORMED CONSENT FORM''' International Maritime Health Database You are invited to participate in the International Maritime Health Database, which aims to improve the health of seafarers, fishers, and maritime students by monitoring conditions such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. If you agree to participate, information from your routine maritime medical examination (such as age, sex, height, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, smoking status, medication, and occupation) will be included in a confidential research database. Your participation is voluntary. You may refuse to participate or withdraw your consent at any time without affecting your medical care, employment, or education. Your personal information will be kept confidential. Your data will be coded whenever possible and used only for research, education, and publication in a way that does not identify you. If your results indicate an increased risk of disease, you may be offered information about a voluntary health promotion or prevention programme. By signing below, you confirm that: • You have read and understood this information. • You have had the opportunity to ask questions. • You voluntarily agree to participate in this study. Participant Name: _______________________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ Researcher/Health Professional: ___________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ tc8ientp9uqlcsmro9ocj2c96siyw6s 2832402 2832398 2026-09-09T10:11:32Z JSINST 3110286 2832402 wikitext text/x-wiki The coordinating institution that will ultimately host the central database once this has been agreed upon, to be added later Research responsible unit: '''Steering Committee ('''to be adjusted''') :''' Members to be elected .........; Director Nailet Delgado Mujica, Ing. M.Sc ; Vice director Dr. Olaf Jensen, PhD, MD. ; Dr. Joseph Abesamis, MD, Vice director and overall data custodian; clinical data responsible Margarita Huerte, MD, Chair IMHA 1. Clinical and maritime-health input into the study design 2. Identification or coordination of potential Philippine participating sites; 3. Review of available PEME data and variables * 4. Participation in the research/steering group; or 5. Assistance in developing the broader international collaboration through IMHA. ------------- '''Design of the project''' (Informed Consent Form below) This project is an international, multicentre, observational longitudinal health database that uses routinely collected maritime health examination data to monitor the prevalence and trends of prediabetes, diabetes T-2, hypertension, prehypertension, overweight, obesity and established prevention among maritime workers and students. The intention is to register and offer standardized prevention Inspired by the “Danish health database” (ref. 1)References 1. Health of the Danes https://www.danskernessundhed.dk/ '''Strengths of the design''' • Uses routinely collected data, making it relatively inexpensive. • Can accumulate large international datasets. • Reflects real-world clinical practice. • Supports long-term surveillance of maritime workers' health. • Allow for evaluation of preventive interventions within routine healthcare. Organisers• The John Snow Prediabetes Institute in collaboration with: • Maritime Medical Health Clinics, • The International Maritime Health Associtation (IMHA), • the Filippine Maritime Health Association '''Objectives''' • To establish an “International maritime health database” with samples of health examination data from the maritime clinics and the maritime schools. • To carry out literature studies on lifestyle intervention in the contexts • To describe and follow the prevalence of the target variables by age and gender over the years. (Prediabetes, T2DM, Blood pressure, BMI etc.) • To identify and offer the prediabetes remission program and to follow the effects. '''Data content''' Random samples of data extracted from the routine maritime health examinations in specified calendar periods. Variables • Age • Gender: m/f • Height: cm • Weight: kg or pounds • Work: fisher, seafarer, other (student) • Officer or non-officer on board • Blood pressure • Blood sugar HbA1c or Fasting Glucose, or Post prandial • Smoking: y/n • Taking medicine: None, Metformin, Wegovy, other • Participating in a life-style health promotion plan y/n Automatic recoding of data Excel-recoding formulas-Dec-1-2024 • Blood pressure: Normal, prehypertension, stage 1, 2 • Blood sugar: Normal, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus type 2, • BMI: normal, overweight, obese '''Blood-sugar-Measurements''' Either A1c mmol/mol or Fasting mg/dl (glucometer) or Postprandial sugar: mg/dl (glucometer) Validity of the method. (ref 2) Clinics without all the variables are invited to give the data they have. '''Use of the data for prevention''' To describe the prevalence of Prediabetes, T2DM, Hypertension, Prehypertension and BMI in the age- and gender groups and occupational groups. Possibly, to offer a prediabetes, prehypertension remission program. To propose (inter) national maritime health policies. To be used for the student’s theses. To publish in international health journals. Personal prevention, '''Type of study •''' International, multicenter observational prevalence database, • Longitudinal surveillance system using repeated routine maritime health prevalence examination data. • Includes an intervention component for individuals identified with prediabetes. '''Populations sources''' The database will include random samples of data extracted from routine health examinations conducted at: • Maritime clinics • Maritime schools Participants may include: • Seafarers • Fishers • Maritime students • Officers and non-officers '''Data collection''' Retrospectively, the study uses secondary data obtained from existing routine medical examinations but can also collect new research-specific measurements prospectively. Key variables include: • Age • Gender: m/f • Height: cm • Weight: kg or pounds • Work: fisher, seafarer, other (student) • Officer on board7 non officer • Blood pressure • Blood sugar HbA1c or Fasting Glucose • Smoking: y/n • Taking medicine: None, Metformin, Wegovy, other • Actually, included in a health promotion program '''Ethics and data governance Need for ethics review.''' In a retrospective desgn, formal ethics review is not required, if the study involves fully de-identified pre-existing medical records, with no direct participant contact and no collection of identifiable personal information. In accordance with institutional and national guidelines for minimal-risk research, this type of secondary data analysis is automatically exempt from ethics committee review. If the study uses sensitive health data and follows people over time in a prospective design ethics review is needed. Linking records, international data sharing, and testing a prevention programme can create risks, even when names are removed. Before collecting, linking, sharing, or analysing data, each study site must send the study plan and participant information, consent process, data-flow description, and data-management plan to the appropriate ethics committee. Each site needs written approval or a legally permitted exemption. Major changes must be approved before use. If the study involves only non-sensitive health data, the Ethics committees should be involved. '''Ethical framework and legal compliance.''' The study will follow the Declaration of Helsinki, national research rules, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) where it applies, and the rules of participating countries. Before enrolment or data transfer, the team must record who controls and processes the data and the legal reason for using health information. '''Consent and participant rights.''' Participants will receive clear information about the study’s length, health data, follow-up, record linking, international sharing, and approved future research. Consent will be obtained when required. An ethics committee must approve use of data without consent. Refusing or leaving will not affect healthcare, work, training, or education. No new data will be collected after withdrawal, but anonymous data or completed analyses may not be removable. Participants will be told this beforehand. '''Long-term follow-up and record linking.''' Each person will receive a study code, allowing records to be linked without putting names in the central database. Each clinic or school will keep the code key separately with restricted access. The central database will hold coded data, or anonymous data when linking is finished. Exact dates and unusual details will be grouped to reduce identification risk. Further contact or record links need legal and ethics approval. '''Where will data be stored.''' Data will be kept only on approved servers or encrypted research systems. Names and local code keys will remain at the original site in a separate, encrypted location. Personal computers, unencrypted devices, personal email, and unapproved cloud services are banned. Security includes encryption, backups, logs, malware protection, and an incident plan. Study documents must name the host institution and storage location. '''Who can access the data.''' Only named, authorised team members may access the minimum information needed for approved work. They must follow confidentiality rules, use individual accounts and secure sign-in, and lose access when their role ends. Collaborators may receive only necessary coded or anonymous data after approval. Employers, crewing companies, insurers, and other unauthorised parties will not receive personal-level data. Reports will hide small groups or identifying details. '''Data sharing, retention, and destruction.''' Institutions will sign agreements covering responsibilities, approved uses, security, breach reporting, further sharing, and data return or deletion. International transfers must follow the law and use extra safeguards when required. Before the study starts, the plan must state how long data will be kept (e.g. 5 years). Afterwards, files and backups will be securely deleted or made permanently anonymous. Code keys will be destroyed unless longer storage is approved. '''Risk management and oversight.''' The main risk is that private information could be exposed or linked to a person, causing work, social, or insurance harm. The team will collect only necessary data, separate names from research data, limit access, train staff, secure transfers and storage, keep logs, and respond quickly to suspected breaches. The coordinating researcher will record approvals, access permissions, agreements, and incidents. Any prevention or lifestyle programme tested as research needs ethics approval before it begins. '''Exclusion Criteria''' • Inability to provide informed consent • Expressed no-interest to participate '''The primary outcomes include''' • Prevalence of Prediabetes, and T2DM • Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity • Trends by age and sex over time • Prevalence of participation in a prevention program Planned analyses • Estimate disease prevalence. • Compare health indicators across age, gender and working groups. • Monitor trends over multiple years. • Evaluate outcomes of lifestyle interventions. • Support health policy development, student research, and scientific publications. '''Statistical analysis plan''' ''1. Data preparation'' Check the dataset for missing values, impossible values, and duplicates. Recode the main variables into categories: BMI as normal, overweight, or obese; blood pressure as normal, prehypertension, stage 1, or stage 2; and blood sugar as normal, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes. ''2. Descriptive statistics'' Summarize age using mean, standard deviation, median, and range. Summarize categorical variables such as gender, work type, smoking, medication use, BMI group, blood pressure group, and blood sugar group using numbers and percentages. These data is presented in the standard -29, 30-49. 50+ age- and gender groups. ''3. Prevalence estimates in the main age-groups.'' Calculate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, prehypertension, and hypertension in the Report each prevalence as a percentage with a 95% confidence interval ''n the main age-groups -29, 30-49, 50+'' ''4. Group comparisons'' Compare prevalence by the 3 age group, gender, work type, and officer/non-officer status. Use chi-square tests for categorical comparisons and t-tests or ANOVA for continuous variables such as BMI or blood pressure. ''5. Trend analysis over time'' f data are available from several years, changes in prevalence over time using tables and line graphs. Test trends using chi-square trend tests or simple logistic regression with year as the predictor. ''6. Prediabetes remission program analysis'' Among participants offered the lifestyle intervention, compare blood sugar, BMI, and blood pressure before and after the program. Use paired t-tests for continuous measures and McNemar’s test for changes in categories, such as prediabetes returning to normal blood sugar. ''7. Missing data'' Report the amount of missing data for each variable. For the simple analysis, use available-case analysis and clearly state the number of participants included in each analysis. ''8. Statistical significance'' Use a significance level of 0.05. Present results with 95% confidence intervals rather than relying only on p-values.Principio del formulario '''Prevention plan''' '''Personal prevention''' reversal of prediabetes relies on targeted lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and losing a modest amount of excess weight. (Contact your local Diabetes Association) '''Core Institutional Strategies''' Health authorities and organizations implement group-based or digital programs (such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework) '''INFORMED CONSENT FORM''' International Maritime Health Database You are invited to participate in the International Maritime Health Database, which aims to improve the health of seafarers, fishers, and maritime students by monitoring conditions such as prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. If you agree to participate, information from your routine maritime medical examination (such as age, sex, height, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, smoking status, medication, and occupation) will be included in a confidential research database. Your participation is voluntary. You may refuse to participate or withdraw your consent at any time without affecting your medical care, employment, or education. Your personal information will be kept confidential. Your data will be coded whenever possible and used only for research, education, and publication in a way that does not identify you. If your results indicate an increased risk of disease, you may be offered information about a voluntary health promotion or prevention programme. By signing below, you confirm that: • You have read and understood this information. • You have had the opportunity to ask questions. • You voluntarily agree to participate in this study. Participant Name: _______________________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ Researcher/Health Professional: ___________________ Signature: ______________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ 2b5ld6pynkt4qe3wbofbvqp8l205dq4 2 331388 2832335 2832236 2026-09-09T05:10:15Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832335 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == All times are in Canberra local time (AEST/AEDT) # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10: 54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] #3: 07 pm , 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FEnvironmental_volunteering_motivation&diff=2832334&oldid=2814930 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail, added volume number in one of the references - Title - Environmental volunteering motivation: What motivates environmental volunteering (Book chapter, 2022)] 1dwl2qfvib4xl59j1s4t822syx3ble4 2832336 2832335 2026-09-09T05:10:43Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832336 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == All times are in Canberra local time (AEST/AEDT) # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] #3:07 pm , 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FEnvironmental_volunteering_motivation&diff=2832334&oldid=2814930 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail, added volume number in one of the references - Title - Environmental volunteering motivation: What motivates environmental volunteering (Book chapter, 2022)] epdmtlsn49oqifzpe0ga79tuhkupeqv 2832337 2832336 2026-09-09T05:20:32Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Book Chapter I'm working on */ 2832337 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == All times are in Canberra local time (AEST/AEDT) # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] #3:07 pm , 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FEnvironmental_volunteering_motivation&diff=2832334&oldid=2814930 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail, added volume number in one of the references - Title - Environmental volunteering motivation: What motivates environmental volunteering (Book chapter, 2022)] #3:19 pm, 9 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 Commented on UC Learn about a book chapter question related to value congruence and motivation] cu4bf0kfnr3r77drmggh284wtq96wr7 2832416 2832337 2026-09-09T11:41:29Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832416 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == All times are in Canberra local time (AEST/AEDT) # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] #3:07 pm , 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FEnvironmental_volunteering_motivation&diff=2832334&oldid=2814930 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail, added volume number in one of the references - Title - Environmental volunteering motivation: What motivates environmental volunteering (Book chapter, 2022)] #3:19 pm, 9 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 Commented on UC Learn about a book chapter question related to value congruence and motivation] #9:35 pm, 9 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Alcohol use for emotion regulation|Provided suggestion about book chapter that chapter should include both positive and negative dysregulation - Title - Alcohol use for emotion regulation - why and how people use alcohol to regulate their emotions? - (Book chapter, 2026)]] 2t1jy0opzpx8s23qnm1ml3cvneo2t8i 2832420 2832416 2026-09-09T11:48:53Z P U3270518 3106535 /* Social contributions */ 2832420 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello Everyone, I am currently a 3rd year psychology student at [https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=University+of+canberra&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 University of Canberra] This semester I am studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] unit. My Linkedln profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/palak-kathiriya-6b7048289/ == Hobbies == * Dancing * Hiking * Travelling to different countries * Painting * Cycling * Nature exploration ** Birdwatching ** Gardening == Book Chapter I'm working on == I am working on a really interesting topic for my book chapter. My chapter title is: Positive emotion dysregulation: What is positive emotion dysregulation and how does it affect psychological functioning? Link for my book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|Positive emotion dysregulation]] == Social contributions == All times are in Canberra local time (AEST/AEDT) # 12:58 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FWarm-glow_giving&diff=2826658&oldid=2826657 Added the template and the title for this page - Title: Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour? '''('''Book Chapter, 2026)] # 11:59 am, 26 August 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FPerfectionism_and_procrastination&diff=2826589&oldid=2826579 Fixed spelling error in one of the focus question - Title: Perfectionism and procrastination - What is the role of perfectionism in procrastination and what can be done about it? (Book Chapter, 2026)] # 12:28 pm, 26 August 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Motivations for using sex work services#Heading casing|Made a suggestion about overview section - Title: Motivations for using sex work services: What motivates use of sex work services? (Book Chapter, 2026)]] # 2:03 pm, 26 August 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456558 Provided a couple of sources for the development of breathing exercises and relaxation book chapter (Book Chapter, 2026) (UC Learn)] #8:10 am, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/458145 Commented on discussion forum about how to use GenAI in the unit and what are the expectations if we use GenAI (UC Learn)] # 10:14 am , 2 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FSelf-control_and_ego_depletion_recovery&diff=2830323&oldid=2761410 Fixed spelling error in book chapter - Title: Self-control and ego depletion recovery: How do people restore self-control resources after depletion and what factors influence recovery? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:22 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Grit_and_academic_achievement&diff=prev&oldid=2830325 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically better - Title: Grit and academic achievement What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? (Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:48 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830328&oldid=2823381 Rewrote one paragraph in overview section to make it easier to understand - Title: Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake?(Book Chapter, 2025)] # 10:54 am, 2 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2830330&oldid=2830328 Added reference to support one claim in overview section - Title: Cancer screening and emotion:How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? (Book Chapter, 2025)] #12:56 pm, 2 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455261 Commented on discussion forum about what interests me more in motivation and emotion unit and what I would like to learn (UC Learn)] #9:17 pm, 3 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2830732&oldid=2830326 Corrected grammar and sentence structure, fixed spelling, removed repetition, and improved wording for clarity and flow - Title: Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #9:27 pm, 3 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being|Provided suggestion for wikiversity book chapter page and clarified that the user page should be separate than the book chapter - Title: Outdoor play and children's emotional well-being - How does outdoor play influence children's emotional well-being? Overview - (Book Chapter, 2025)]] #8:28 am, 4 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/456345 Commented on discussion forum about what motivates me and what helps me to keep going if I am not feeling motivated (UC Learn)] #8:30 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FGrit_and_academic_achievement&diff=2831894&oldid=2830732 Changed few spelling errors, fixed sentence structure and punctuation, shortened some repetitive wording while keeping original ideas - Title- Grit and academic achievement - What role does grit play in academic achievement and can it be fostered in future students? - (Book Chapter, 2025)] #8:50 am, 7 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FCancer_screening_and_emotion&diff=2831919&oldid=2830330 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and to maintain sentence flow - Title -Cancer screening and emotion: How do emotions such as fear, anxiety, and relief influence cancer screening uptake? - (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:34 pm, 8 September 2026:[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832227&oldid=2804069 Changed few sentences to make it grammatically correct and added citations to support few claims - Title- Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use?- (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2025%2FBoredom_and_substance_use&diff=2832228&oldid=2832227 Added citations to support claims in overview section - Title - Boredom and substance use: What role does boredom play in motivating substance use ? (Book chapter, 2025)] #8:59 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/455064 Commented on UC Learn discussion forum to connect with peers and also shared my Linkedln profile] #9:19 pm, 8 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Warm-glow giving|Provided suggestion about overview section on talk page - Title - Warm-glow giving - Why does giving feel good and how does this influence prosocial behaviour?- (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:43 pm, 8 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AMotivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FSubcortical_structures_and_motivational_drive#See_also_and_external_links_section Commented on talk page to improve see also, external links, and conclusion section - Title - Subcortical structures and motivational drive: How do subcortical brain regions generate basic motivational impulses and energy?- (Book chapter, 2026)] #3:07 pm , 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FEnvironmental_volunteering_motivation&diff=2832334&oldid=2814930 Corrected few grammatical errors, added citation to few important claims, provided an introductory paragraph in environmental volunteering section, explained few points in detail, added volume number in one of the references - Title - Environmental volunteering motivation: What motivates environmental volunteering (Book chapter, 2022)] #3:19 pm, 9 September 2026: [https://uclearn.canberra.edu.au/courses/20143/discussion_topics/457190 Commented on UC Learn about a book chapter question related to value congruence and motivation] #9:35 pm, 9 September 2026: [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Alcohol use for emotion regulation|Provided suggestion about book chapter that chapter should include both positive and negative dysregulation - Title - Alcohol use for emotion regulation : why and how people use alcohol to regulate their emotions? - (Book chapter, 2026)]] #9:45 pm, 9 September 2026: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2026%2FAlcohol_use_for_emotion_regulation&diff=2832417&oldid=2830147 Fixed title for this chapter - Title - Alcohol use for emotion regulation: why and how people use alcohol to regulate their emotions? - (Book chapter, 2026)] fukgowv86849ux5nhq7lczm5e693faj 0 331389 2832421 2829393 2026-09-09T11:52:38Z JSINST 3110286 2832421 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''BYLAWS''' <small>in edition</small> == '''Definition of the Institute''' The Institute is a non-profit, international network of clinical-, research- and educational institutes to collaborate on the early diagnostics and prevention on prediabetes, prehypertension and other metabolic diseases. (Alberto et al., 2022) The target countries are in the low- and middle-income countries where the availability of essential diagnostics remains a challenge. It is a brick-free center that unites interested institutions with activities in public- and occupational health research and education and application for fundings. '''Objectives''' · Create a network of health clinics producing data from the routine health examinations · Create a network of public health schools to analyse and publish the data · Main focus on early diagnosis and prevention of prediabetes and other metabolic diseases · Apply for fundings to establish data collection and remission of prediabetes. '''Ethical requirements''' The ethical rules for database research in the respective Universities and other centers. The ICOH Code of ethics are complied with. Confidentiality in handling personal information is done according to the rules set out by the national Data Protection Agencies.Nno personal sensitive information is included so approval from the Ethics Committee is not necessary. All questionnaires ask for informed consent as the first question. The supervisors take care to secure that the data is processed under the Act on medical confidentiality as guidelines for good epidemiological practice. The participants' anonymity will be protected in every way and this will be indicated in the project description. It will be ensured that the electronic table is locked so that the information can not be seen by anyone other than the researchers. The researchers respect individual ownership of the data and share publications and the data where this is convenient and keep always good partnerships. The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity for self-regulation in all research '''Steering committee''' The Institute's main decision-making authority is the '''steering committee, which''' is made up of representatives from the associate institutions. The '''steering committee''' consisting of the leading physicians and professors from the participating research units. The chairmanship of this steering committee, the Institute Coordinator typically rotates between the partners. '''Institute Cordinator''' The '''steering committee''' selects a Coordinator of the Institute for 1 year to be reelected at the annual meeting of the Board in August, in presence and hybrid meeting · One Board meeting is held annually, in presence and hybrid · The Coordinator is responsible for convening Board meetings '''Advisory Committee''' Representatives from the relevant Universities, Clinics and Scientific Associations are asked to serve as the Advisory Committee. '''Goals''' In collaboration with the Coordinator, the Board establishes objectives for which research and educational areas and applications for fundings should be prioritized and what results are expected to be obtained from research in these areas. '''Evaluation of the activities of the Institute''' The Board of Directors understands every year an evaluation of the activities of the Institute. The Coordinator presents an annual report to the Board in late December. Financial Accounting. There are no separate accounts for the Institute since the economy is placed with each of the participants. '''Financial Accounting''' There are no separate accounts for the Institute since the economy is placed with each of the participants’ projects. '''Financial Resources''' The main financial resources for the Institute activity is the existing resources of individual participants and national and international research foundations. Indication of the affiliations in the publications The publications from the Institute are listed like: Own institution, John Snow Institute ... '''Annual status report''' The Coordinator is responsible for preparing an annual status report that is approved by the Board of Directors. The progress report should include a brief overview of last year's results with signatures and dates '''Financial Funds.''' European Foundation Study of Diabetes (EFSD)- http://www.europeandiabetesfoundation.org/ ITF Seafarers Trust https://www.seafarerstrust.org/ Novo Nordisk Found https://www.eshonline.org/online-education/teaching-seminars/ Hypertension Research Foundation http://www.hypertensionresearchfoundation.ch/EN/projets.html https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/health/diabetes_en The European Social Fund Danish Diabetes Academy The European Society of Hypertension https://www.eshonline.org/ And others…. '''DATA COME FROM THE CLINICS''' 1.     American out-patient clinic (American Hospital,Inc) Metro Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines Medical Director Dr. Joseph Bien Abesamis, MD 2.     Nordic Medical Clinic Unit 1B, Maria Daniel Building, 470 San Andres Street Corner MH Del Pilar Street, Malate, Manila, 1004, Philippines +63 2 85627774 AOH: Medical Director Dr Margarita Huerte Mobile +63 917 1050252 PHILIPPINES peme@nordicmedical.no 3.     Other '''RESEARCH''' (in collaboration with the clinics) ... 1. The John Snow Prediabetes Institute 2. Public Health Schools in Manila https://edurank.org/medicine/public/manila/ https://maritimefairtrade.org/top-maritime-schools-in-the-philippines/ 3. Medical schools in Manila https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Philippines 3. Public Health Schools in PANAMAMetropolitan University of Education, Science and Technology (UMECIT), University of South Florida (USF) Health 4. University of Panama: school of public health within its medical faculty ----'''Reference:''' Alberto, Nicole Rose I., Isabelle Rose I. Alberto, Michelle Ann B. Eala, Edward Christopher Dee, y Johanna Patricia A. Cañal. «Availability of essential diagnostics in the Philippines». The Lancet Regional Health: Western Pacific 19 (enero de 2022): 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100375. 24fzfzm2i69q5jo455eb4rhaj0og0wu 0 331515 2832241 2832132 2026-09-08T13:10:08Z DavidMCEddy 218607 add video + audio 2832241 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2026-08-31 interview with Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark><!--Rachel Clark-->{{cite Q|Q141168609}}</ref> about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy, including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast is released 2026-08-22 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref> :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.</ref> and treating others with respect.''<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] was different: Contributors there were asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref> [[File:The impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.webm|thumb|2026-08-31 presentation by Rachel Clark about the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.]] [[File:The impact of news media on the Japanese political economy.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excerpts from a 2026-08-31 presentation by Rachel Clark on the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy]] Rachel Clark<ref name=Clark/> discusses the impact of news media on the Japanese political economy with Spencer Graves.<ref name=Graves><!--Spencer Graves-->{{cite Q|Q56452480}}</ref> Clark has been providing translation support for several years for speaking tours of Japan co-sponsored by Veterans for Peace and others like the Military Poisons project of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).<ref>e.g., Clark (2023), Elder (2024-09-23 / 2024-10-01).</ref> == Highlights == === US === Clark began with a discussion of the US as a basis for comparison. She noted that the US is roughly 4 percent of the world's population<ref>The Wikipedia article on the [[w:World population|World population]] estimates the US population as of 2026-09-05 at 339,750,238, being 4.11% of the world population of just under 8.3 billion when accessed 2026-09-05.</ref> but has 20 percent of the global prison population and 30 percent of the females imprisoned worldwide.<ref>The chapter on "[[Media Literacy and You/Criminal justice|Criminal justice]]" in the book-in-progress on "[[Media Literacy and You]]" on Wikiversity supports Clark's claims regarding the overall prison population, but does not provide an international comparison of female prisoners.</ref> She also said that the poverty rate in the US is over 10 percent.<ref>US Census Bureau (2025).</ref> She added, "When I went to China, I saw absolutely no homeless in any city I visited.<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty]] gives percent of the population living on less than $3, $4.20 and $8.30 per day in 2021 dollars at purchasing power parity (PPP). This included the following comparison of China and the US: {| class="wikitable" |+ Poverty rate comparison between China and the US: |- ! Country ! colspan=3 | Poverty headcount ratio (2021 [[w:Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) at |- ! !! $3.00 a day !! $4.20 a day !! $8.30 a day |- | China || 0% || 0.5% || 21.5% |- | US || 1.2% || 1.5% || 2% |}</ref> She added that the US "The first and only country in the world to have used nuclear weapons" [''sic''].<ref>The US is the only country to have ''detonated'' a nuclear weapon on an enemy target. However. Ellsberg said that nuclear "weapons are designed to kill people or to threaten to kill people ... . When you point a gun at someone in a confrontation, you are using the gun. If you get your way without pulling the trigger, that's the best use of the gun", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, p. 3). The section on "[[w:Daniel Ellsberg#Nuclear threats by the United States|Nuclear threats by the United States]] in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Daniel Ellsberg|Daniel Ellsberg]] includes a table documenting 17 international crises during which all 11 presidents from Truman to George W. Bush threatened use of nuclear weapons. Ellsberg also reported that, "America's top general, just two days after the [[w:January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6th Capitol insurrection]], was so worried about the then-President's angry and erratic behavior that he called a secret meeting with top deputies, including the chain of command for the country's nuclear arsenal. This was generated by concerning intelligence that the Chinese were worried about an attack on them by the United States. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Milley, was worried that the President might try to start a nuclear war to distract from his imminent removal from office, having lost an election. He actually was discussing with other officers whether they should be prepared to obey or not obey such an order. That would be, in effect, mutiny. They began to investigate whether he could be restrained by other people, or whether it was really true that he could order this as a sole authority. The answer to that is yes. And the answer as to whether he could be constrained: no. Constitutionally there could be a mutiny. In effect there could be a refusal, but that person could be fired in [''sic''] immediately and replaced, and if the next person refused again that process could continue", per Ellsberg and Ehrlich (2026, pp. 5-6).</ref> The number of nuclear tests was 1,032 [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on "[[w:Nuclear weapons of the United States|Nuclear weapons of the United States]]" says, "In total [the US] has conducted 1,054 [''not the 1,032 reported by Clark''] known nuclear explosive tests, the most of any country", when accessed 2026-09-07. For this, it cited Sublette (2001).</ref> Clark also referenced an analysis by Washington's Blog claiming that the US has "an economic structure that constantly requires enemies: They found only 21 years out of the 240 years between 1775 and 2015 with no wars. That meant that the US has been at war "more than 90 percent of the time since independence".<ref>See Washington's Blog (2015). This seems to include minor numerical errors, but nothing serious enough to invalidate the claim. For example, the title reads, "America has been at war 91% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776". The table there included a table with an entry for each year between 1776 and 2015, which is 240 entries, not 239.</ref> === Weaponization === Clark continued, {{quote| I think we've been witnessing weaponization of a lot of things. A weapon is not only a physical kinetic weapon, but also a lot of daily things can be weaponized. ... The media can be weaponized to brainwash people. Basic human rights can be weaponized, because education is not equally provided for all. You have to have a certain level of financial resources. Once you get into school, you can be brainwashed. Food security is in a very crucial situation right now. Energy security. Environmental security, medical care [in the US] is so expensive. Retirement life: Who can retire safely? ... There are so many more advanced countries in this world where these items are totally taken for granted. Why do we have to suffer in this country?}} === Growth of Internet, decline of local news === Clark continued, {{quote| In 1991 the Internet became available ... . Newspaper advertising revenue has plunged ... in inverse proportion ... . There used to be 9,000 newspapers available [in the US] about 20 years ago. ... Three thousand of them have disappeared ... . Total newspaper employment has decreased by more than 70 percent over the past two decades. ... Philanthropic giving has been developing ... [but is not enough].<ref>This has been discussed in other ''Media & Democracy'' episodes, especially the [[Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media|2026-01-15 interview with Northwestern Professor Tim Franklin and the Director of their State of Local News subproject, Zach Metzger.]]</ref> ... Where did the laid-off journalists go? ... [O]utlets supported by philanthropic giving. ... Some became independent journalists [and / or] [[w:Influencer|influencer]]s on [[w:Social networking service|SNS]]. ... [F]act checkers with online fact-checking sites. ... [[w:Poynter Institute#International Fact-Checking Network|IFCN, the International Fact-Checking Network]],<ref><!--IFCN-->{{cite Q|Q51698517}}</ref> grew out of the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]]. The Poynter Institute is a university [''sic''] specialized in journalism and fact checking.<ref>To be precise, the [[w:Poynter Institute|Poynter Institute]] is a "School of journalism" but not a "university" by itself.</ref> ... For each fact checking, an evaluation fee is paid in accordance with the regulations. When I checked two or three years ago, one checking was like $300. Those fact-checking website don't ask you to pay them for your questions, but they have some other means to gain income by doing the fact-checking. ... Assessments that require a second phase will be compensated with an additional fee for their extra work ... . The Poynter Institute is funded by the Poynter Foundation.<ref><!--Poynter Foundation-->{{cite Q|Q141345690}}</ref> ... The Poynter Foundation's major donors include [[w:Craig Newmark|Craig Newmark]], a philanthropist known for [[w:Craigslist|Craigslist]], ... the [[w:Omidyar Network|Omidyar Network]] ..., and the [[w:Open Society Foundations|Open Society Foundations]] ... . Google.org provided a $3 million grant and named the Poynter Institute to lead the [[w:Poynter Institute#Election integrity and COVID-19|MediaWise Voter Project]].<ref>Tina Dyakon (2018).</ref> ...}} === When the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed === Clark continued, {{quote| Military spending was sustained by nuclear weapons during the [[w:Cold War|Cold War]]. After the Cold War ended, a new enemy was needed to fuel the [[w:Military–industrial complex|military-industry complex]]. So what happened? ... [[w:September 11 attacks|9/11 simultaneous terrorist attacks]]. ... I think [the US] made two big mistakes at this point. One was [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]] became legal [''sic''].<ref>The Wikipedia article on [[w:wiretapping|wiretapping]], accessed 2026-09-07, notes that the Patriot Act "in certain circumstances gives the government permission to wiretap citizens", loosening the requirement to get a court order first.</ref> ... Second, the cap on political donations was lifted.<ref>''[[w:Citizens United v. FEC|Citizens United v. FEC]]'', accessed 2026-09-07.</ref> ... How did Uncle Sam respond to 9/11? Absolutely no reflection on why our country became a target of terrorism.<ref>In President [[s:George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress, 2001|George W. Bush's address to joint session of Congress nine days after the attacks of September 11, 2001]], he asked, "Why do they hate us? ... They hate our freedoms — our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other." However, Bush's comments seem more like [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]]; Clark's comment may be more accurate.</ref> Instead, we found a new enemy: [[w:War on terror|war on terror]]. This one emphasized the government control, single narrative information. ... MICIMATT is a term coined by [[w:Ray McGovern|Ray McGovern]]. MICIMATT stands for Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think-Tank.<ref>McGovern (2020).</ref> These are all intertwined. ... Without any reflection on why we were targeted, we got into the [[w:Iraq War|Iraq War]] in 2003. Around this time cable television reached its maturity, and people were enjoying video games and email. ... [[w:AOL|American Online]] popped up with a ... computer war game. After that, the TV news program shows showed us army generals describing our enemy. It was almost completely identical ... . The war became a game on television. ...}} === Discretionary spending 2021 === {{quote| Discretionally spending of 2021. ... This is still during the pandemic. Usually military spending is more than half of the US discretionary budget, but in this particular year it was 47 percent. Education was usually 6 percent, but in this year it was increased to 10 percent because of the pandemic. ... The most powerful government agency is [[w:The Pentagon|The Pentagon]], because they have so much money.}} === Media in Japan === {{quote| Let's talk about the media in Japan. Japan is a [[w:Vassal state|vassal country]] of the United States. ... Japan was defeated in World War II. That was 1945. ... Japan even now has two [[w:Status of forces agreement|SOFA, status of forces agreements]]. One is the [[w:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement|US-Japan SOFA]]. The second one, not so many people are aware of, is with the [[w:United Nations Command–Rear|United Nations Command (UNC)]]. It's still active, because the [[w:Korean War|Korean War]] never ended.<ref>Major military operations in the [[w:Korean conflict|Korean conflict]] ended with an [[w:Korean conflict#Armistice (27 July 1953)|Armistice]], 1953-07-27, but lower level hostilities have continued.</ref> It's going on, which allows a huge military budget for East Asian countries, especially in Japan. The US has 120 military bases in Japan.<ref>Different sources give different numbers for the number of US military bases in Japan. The Wikipedia article on "[[w:United States Forces Japan|United States Forces Japan]]" when accessed 2026-09-07 said the US has "approximately 55,000 active-duty servicemembers and 15 major bases" in Japan.</ref>}} === Japanese language === {{quote| As of December 3 of 2025, ... the Japanese language is [the fourth most used language on the Internet]. The top is always English, more or less 50 percent, because English is the internet language. Next comes Spanish at 6 percent, German almost 6 percent. Japanese used to be 2.4 percent when I started researching this. Now it's up to 5.1 percent. Do you know what I guess? ... Japanese [[w:Anime|anime]] with English subtitles. ... The front page headlines of major Japanese newspapers: Different papers had the same letters: ... "[[w:Assassination of Shinzo Abe|Former Prime Minister Abe was shot and died]]." Exactly the same wording, same phrase was used for every single major newspaper. This means that those newspapers are under the control of somebody. ... Japan has very strong censorship over media. ... Negative comments on COVID vaccines are not covered by the corporate media in Japan, despite the mushrooming group lawsuits. The COVID vaccines are still controversial ... . In Japan, there's overwhelming number of individuals who died or lost control over their bodies, or still having very difficult time, and those people formed group lawsuits, and it's been mushrooming all over Japan.<ref>Pharma Japan (2024).</ref> And still, their mainstream media does not cover this issue. Also, they often say that [[w:Vladimir Putin|Putin]] and [[w:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] are dictators, but [[w:Volodymyr Zelenskyy|Zelenskyy]] is a hero. This is the mainstream media in Japan, and Ukraine can win the war. Victory is almost there. They've been saying this since 2022 February.<ref>''[[w:Le Monde diplomatique|Le Monde diplomatique]]'' offered similar coverage of the [[w:Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]]. Big headlines in their 2023-03 issue read, "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war". The headline in the French edition seems slightly more blunt: “Un an après l’invasion de l’Ukraine, une débàcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-garde du parti de la guerre”: Google translation: "One year after the invasion of Ukraine, a journalistic debacle: The media as the vanguard of the war party." Halimi and Rimbert (2023e, f). See also Graves (2023).</ref> And [[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima]] is safe now. It's all over. That was 2015. More than 15 years have passed. But Fukushima is not safe. The soil in Fukushima was so dangerous that we had to decontaminate. The top five centimeter soil was scraped and stored in plastic bags and was relocated to certain designated area. Now the government of Japan says it is safe enough so that they have already reused it for flower gardens in public buildings in [[w:Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi Prefecture]] and the [[w:Saitama Prefecture|Saitama Prefecture]]. It just started, and before you knew it, that contaminated soil will be spread all across Japan.<ref>The Wikipedia article on the "[[w:Fukushima nuclear accident|Fukushima nuclear accident]]" cites superficially conflicting reports with some fish deemed safe, others not, and agricultural land taken out of production, because of contamination with radionuclides.</ref>}} === Disaster preparedness === {{quote| In Korea, Taiwan, Italy, in case of flooding and earthquakes, they evacuate to local schools, where they all have individual tents or completely separated individual units for evacuees. In Japan they spread just very flat vinyl sheets on the floor. There are no partitions ... . Absolutely no privacy. This is the way people in Japan are spending their time during the evacuation. ... In the [[w:Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto Prefecture]], where they had a [[w:2026 Kumamoto earthquake|big earthquake this past July]], they are even now still like this. And Kumamoto is a designated area for remote islanders of Okinawa in case of a Taiwan contingency. But this shows that they cannot handle their own people. Therefore, I would like to ask you: Who is your real enemy? To us, to people of Japan, I think for each of us, our own governments are our real enemy.}} == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]. ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Rachel Clark and Pat Elder (2023-11-20) "To supporters of the 2023 VFP Peace Speaking Tour in Japan"-->{{cite Q|Q141170363}} * <!--Tina Dyakon (2018-03-20) "Poynter Receives $3 Million Grant From Google.org to Lead a Program to Teach Teens to Tell Fact From Fiction Online-->{{cite Q|Q141347014}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-09-23) "VFP Japan Speaking Tour #1 - Military Contamination in Nagoya, Japan is also caused by the locals"-->{{cite Q|Q141170219}} * <!--Pat Elder (2024-10-01) "Japan Speaking Tour #9 - Sasebo"-->{{cite Q|Q141170316}} * <!--Daniel Ellsberg and Judith Ehrlich (2026-07-30) "An Ordinary Insanity: The Daniel Ellsberg Movie"-->{{cite Q|Q141333622}} * <!--Spencer Graves (2023-05-04) "One year after the invasion of Ukraine: The media, vanguard of the war party"-->{{cite Q|Q138556541}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03e) "Ukraine war: Lessons from the textbook of journalistic error: Western media as cheerleaders for war?-->{{cite Q|Q118225614|date=2023e}} * <!--Serge Halimi and Pierre Rimbert (2023-03f) "Un an après l'invasion de l'Ukraine, une débâcle du journalisme: Les médias, avant-guarde du parti de la guerre-->{{cite Q|Q118225389|date=2023f}} * <!--Ray McGovern (2020-05-08) "RAY McGOVERN: Once We Were Allies; Then Came MICIMATT-->{{cite Q|Q141347885}} * <!--Pharma Japan (2024-04-18) "Japan Govt Sued for Lack of Information on COVID Vaccine Risks-->{{cite Q|Q141350080|author=Pharma Japan}} * <!--Carey Sublette (2001-08-06) Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests-->{{cite Q|Q141345267}} * <!--US Census Bureau (2025-09-09) Measuring the Nation's Social and Economic Well-Being-->{{cite Q|Q141332802|author=US Census Bureau}} * <!--Washington's Blog (2015-02-20) "America has been at war 93% of the time ... 222 out of 239 years - since 1776-->{{cite Q|Q141335118|author=Washingtons' Blog}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:Democracy]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Political economy]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> 9bfhog4jxjve02akswgnv29rvkh1wp4 1 331522 2832415 2830351 2026-09-09T11:35:21Z P U3270518 3106535 suggestion about book chapter 2832415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Emotional Regulation and Alcohol Use == You can completely reject this or take it however you please, but I find this topic incredibly interesting and just have a perspective that I'd like to share. a couple of potentially useful points that I have are: * People don't necessarily try to get rid of emotions; regulation can involve changing the intensity, duration or expression of an emotion. * Alcohol can become a form of maladaptive emotion regulation, where someone uses drinking to reduce unpleasant feelings rather than using healthier coping strategies. For example: * Someone experiencing stress, anxiety, sadness or social discomfort may drink because they expect alcohol to make them feel calmer or happier. I wish you luck on the rest of your writing journey! [[User:U3280843|U3280843]] ([[User talk:U3280843|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3280843|contribs]]) 01:57, 26 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and subtitle are correctly worded and use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] |2= <!-- Headings --> <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement # Focus on emotion regulation (rather than motivation) # The Conclusion should not have sub-headings (fixed) # Check and correct grammar (e.g., missing question marks <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |3= <!-- Overview--> <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box with an image at the start of this section <!-- Description --> # Add a brief, evocative description of the problem/topic <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings # Overall, I think the focus questions offer a stronger structure than the headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Partial development # Also consider negative and positive emotion dysregulation # Strive for an integrated balance of the best psychological theory and research about this topic, with practical examples. # Select the best theories about this topic # Select the best research about this topic <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underdeveloped # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) <!-- Size --> # Consider increasing image size(s) (especially if they have text) to make them easier to view |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## capitalisation ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## make doi hyperlinks active (i.e., clickable) ## use dois where available instead of other links |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages <!-- External links --> # External links ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Used effectively <!-- Description about self --> # Description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Link(s) provided to professional profile(s) <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] # To add direct links to evidence of Wikiversity edits or comments: view the page history, select the version of the page before and after your contributions, click "compare selected revisions", and paste the comparison URL on your user page. For more info, see [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter#Making and summarising social contributions|Making and summarising social contributions]]. This was demonstrated in [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing#Social contributions|Tutorial 2]]. }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 06:46, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on your chapter == Hiya! Really like the Friday night scenario, the question you end on about whether people are reliant on the alcohol or the relief is a great hook. In See also, The Wiley and Frontiers articles are academic sources, so they would go better in the References section with in text citations. The introspection one might work well in your alternative strategies section since that's still just headings at the moment? Also adding a Wikipedia link to the See also section would cover the second required link type. Good luck with the rest of the chapter! [[User:U3270398|U3270398]] ([[User talk:U3270398|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3270398|contribs]]) 02:22, 2 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback about your chapter== Hello, Really interesting chapter. Just a suggestion. It is good to consider positive and negative dysregulation in the chapter. I am writing chapter on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Positive emotion dysregulation|positive emotion dysregulation]], so please feel free to include that in see also section. Also you can include [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Emotion dysregulation|emotion dysregulation]] book chapter that explains emotion dysregulation as whole. All the best.--[[User:P U3270518|P U3270518]] ([[User talk:P U3270518|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/P U3270518|contribs]]) 11:35, 9 September 2026 (UTC) ixg3nsi6nc4lioz4fdu4opcl1iccn3c 0 331569 2832298 2832182 2026-09-09T00:55:58Z Amirrorslens 3106278 updating headings to include discussion of the self 2832298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Awe and the diminished self:<br>How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] ; Scenario Leo walks into the desert late at night and is taken aback at the night sky above him. Being alone in the vast and flat plane lets him really perceive the vastness of the stars and leaves him feeling very present and aware of his smallness in comparison. This overwhelming feeling leaves Leo seeking connection with others, and a new found sense of purpose. * Author Note: REPLACE WITH A REAL CASE STUDY - such as near death experience (The Good Place coded) (Might modify scenario to incude this aspect similar to the purple feature box on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Motivation for using AI companions|this page]]) {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== '''KEY PSYCH SCIENCE''' ==== * Maslow === Overview === * Awe is considered a [[wikipedia:Peak_experience|peak experience]] according to Maslow (REFERENCE NEEDED ACTION NOW), (see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Awe and well-being|Awe and well-being]]) ** Experiencing awe = indicator of reaching highest level of self-actualisation and self-transcendence) * Awe can have positive individual and community effects (pro-social behaviour) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is awe as an emotion and experience? * How does the experience of awe diminish the self? * What is the effect of a diminished sense of self? * How can awe be integrated into modern life? i.e. How can we trigger or experience everyday moments of awe? * How can the experience of awe be applied for social and individual good?{{RoundBoxBottom}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''QUESTIONS AND NOTES FOR SELF''' * Where do I fit discussions of the Self in here? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Awe == [[wikipedia:Awe|Awe]] is an emotion that ... (general definition, innate). General overview of the experience. Quick introduction for process and criteria of awe (vastness (stimulus whether conceptual or physical) -> experience of awe as an emotion -> need for accommodation). Edwards et al. (2026) define awe to be an emotion elicited from experiencing great vastness that dramaticallt expands a person's frame of reference. === Elicitors of Awe === Might be wise to include a figure here of elicitors as they are hard to categorise and often overlap. ==== Physical Vastness ==== Nature, Space, might be wise to mention depth perception studies here. Why particuarly these things. Work in thesis on space video here. ==== Conceptual Vastness ==== Witnessing other people or learning things, coming of age moments, witnessing things for the first time theories here. Music and virtues act of skills. Author Note: Want to be careful I'm not veering off into seeing things for the first time theory, we want to narrow it down to awe and really nail down that criteria. I worry though that the need for accommodation is the thing though. In the sense that ===== Psychedelics ===== I feel psychedelics needs its own subsection here as it is particuarly relevant to my applications, and provides a good segue to need for accommodations. === Need for Accommodation === Discussion of what it means to require the need for knowledge structures to be updated. See also: [[wikipedia:Schema_(psychology)|Schemas]] ==== Memory Consolidation ==== == Self == === Self-Perception === ==== Ego ==== === Ego-Death === === Oneness / Seperation === == Effect of awe on the self == Authors Note: This is where we will have a short section on the self (what it means, collection of experiences and stories we tell ourselves, superceding that, buddhist definitions of the self and awareness and appreciating life as tenets, lojong etc.) ===== Perception of the self ===== ====== ''(previously Humility)'' ====== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) === Pro-Social Behaviour === [[wikipedia:Prosocial_behavior|Prosocial behaviour]] refers to social behaviours that benefit everyone. READ ABSTRACTS OF ALL REFERENCES AND CITE SOMEWHERE ACTION NOW == Current Applications == === Psychedelic Therapies === == PREVIOUS SUBMISSION == LOST IN THE SAUCE DOWN HERE == Awe == === Vastness === ==== Physical ==== ===== > Other People ===== ====== >> Acts of Talent or Skill ====== ====== >> Acts of Virtue or Humanness ====== - updating wordview link ===== > Nature ===== - smallness effect link - See also previous book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Awe and nature|Awe and nature]] - eclipse: seeking connection post link ====== >> Space ====== - smallness effect link ==== Conceptual ==== ===== > Learning ===== - updating wordview link ===== > Religion ===== - smallness effect link - seeking connection post link ====== >> Buddhism / Awareness ''(see also)'' ====== ===== > The Arts ===== ===== > Psychedelics ===== - ego-death - oneness (link to buddhism), LINK TO SELF === Need for Accommodation === ==== Smallness ==== - [[wikipedia:Overview_effect|Overview effect]] ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== - seeking connection after feelings of smallness ===== Mental Structures (Schemas) ===== ==== Failures to Accommodate ==== ===== Fear ===== - threat-based awe (Keltner and Haidt) - [[wikipedia:Nihilism|Nihilism]] -> depression ===== Trauma ===== - dissociation (near death experiences) - denial ==The Self / Perception == - discussion of what the self is - introduction of schemas - perception - ego death dissolving perception, awe experiences diminishing the self ==Applications== ===Community=== *global meditation bringing down crime rates and violence? need source ===Individual=== ==== Therapy / Personal Growth ==== * GESTALT THERAPY ** present moment ** inner child work ===== Humility ''(Rework heading and how this fits into other sections)'' ===== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) ===== Psychedelic Therapies ===== * MDMA therapies for depression * LSD and psylocibin guided therapies <nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki> == Tables == * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Which of the following is an appraisal of the emotion awe? |type="()"} + Vastness - Smallness {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Arvidson, P. S. (2022). Reverent Awe and the Field of Consciousness. Human Studies, 45(3), 397-416. Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(2), 185. Cavallaro, R. M., Church, M. H., Giddens, B. J., & Rivera, G. N. (2025). Complex effects of awe on meaning in life and true self-knowledge. Self and Identity, 24(3), 189-216. Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770-778. Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but still significant: Awe and the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 52(9), 3032-3045. Gao, R. (2026). From awe to pro-environmental behavior-a meta-analysis of the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 958-970. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475-488. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 123(3), 576. Kim, Y., Nusbaum, H. C., & Yang, F. (2023). Going beyond ourselves: The role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 98-116. Li, R., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., & Nie, A. (2024). A meta-analysis examining the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24702-24711. Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2024). The evolutionary function of awe: A review and integrated model of seven theoretical perspectives. Emotion Review, 16(1), 46-63. McMann, G. B. (2025). Role of Vastness and Accommodation of Awe in Personal Change and Growth Grand Canyon University]. Perez, K. A., Lench, H. C., Thompson, C. G., & North, S. (2023). Experimental elicitations of awe: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 18-33. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(6), 883. Piff, P. K., Singhal, I., & Bai, Y. (2025). Bridging me to we: Awe is a conduit to cohesive collectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101979. Rivera, G. N., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Awe and meaning: Elucidating complex effects of awe experiences on meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-405. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. Shukla, S. (2021). Indian classical music, awe, and healing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 355. Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of personality and social psychology, 114(2), 258. Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., & Kramer, J. H. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044. Tanhan, F., DENİZ, M., & Akgün, G. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, Formulation and Usage Area Awe Terapi: Temelleri, Formülasyonu ve Kullanım Alanları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65). Tanhan, F., Deniz, M. E., & Akgün, G. E. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, formulation and usage area. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 300-319. }} ==External links== * [https://self-transcendence.org/theory Self-transendence] (Self-transcendence.org) * [https://fitmind.org/ Ancient wisdom + modern science] (Fitmind.org) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 8xv3aja56ws1y1eem909ote5k9obchx 2832301 2832298 2026-09-09T01:22:05Z Amirrorslens 3106278 /* Self */ adding learnig resources and external links 2832301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Awe and the diminished self:<br>How does awe diminish the self and how can this be applied?}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} [[File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1'''. NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field]] ; Scenario Leo walks into the desert late at night and is taken aback at the night sky above him. Being alone in the vast and flat plane lets him really perceive the vastness of the stars and leaves him feeling very present and aware of his smallness in comparison. This overwhelming feeling leaves Leo seeking connection with others, and a new found sense of purpose. * Author Note: REPLACE WITH A REAL CASE STUDY - such as near death experience (The Good Place coded) (Might modify scenario to incude this aspect similar to the purple feature box on [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Motivation for using AI companions|this page]]) {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== '''KEY PSYCH SCIENCE''' ==== * Maslow === Overview === * Awe is considered a [[wikipedia:Peak_experience|peak experience]] according to Maslow (REFERENCE NEEDED ACTION NOW), (see [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Awe and well-being|Awe and well-being]]) ** Experiencing awe = indicator of reaching highest level of self-actualisation and self-transcendence) * Awe can have positive individual and community effects (pro-social behaviour) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions''' * What is awe as an emotion and experience? * How does the experience of awe diminish the self? * What is the effect of a diminished sense of self? * How can awe be integrated into modern life? i.e. How can we trigger or experience everyday moments of awe? * How can the experience of awe be applied for social and individual good?{{RoundBoxBottom}}{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''QUESTIONS AND NOTES FOR SELF''' * Where do I fit discussions of the Self in here? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Awe == [[wikipedia:Awe|Awe]] is an emotion that ... (general definition, innate). General overview of the experience. Quick introduction for process and criteria of awe (vastness (stimulus whether conceptual or physical) -> experience of awe as an emotion -> need for accommodation). Edwards et al. (2026) define awe to be an emotion elicited from experiencing great vastness that dramaticallt expands a person's frame of reference. === Elicitors of Awe === Might be wise to include a figure here of elicitors as they are hard to categorise and often overlap. ==== Physical Vastness ==== Nature, Space, might be wise to mention depth perception studies here. Why particuarly these things. Work in thesis on space video here. ==== Conceptual Vastness ==== Witnessing other people or learning things, coming of age moments, witnessing things for the first time theories here. Music and virtues act of skills. Author Note: Want to be careful I'm not veering off into seeing things for the first time theory, we want to narrow it down to awe and really nail down that criteria. I worry though that the need for accommodation is the thing though. In the sense that ===== Psychedelics ===== I feel psychedelics needs its own subsection here as it is particuarly relevant to my applications, and provides a good segue to need for accommodations. === Need for Accommodation === Discussion of what it means to require the need for knowledge structures to be updated. See also: [[wikipedia:Schema_(psychology)|Schemas]] ==== Memory Consolidation ==== == Self == === Self-Perception === ==== Ego ==== === Ego-Death === === Oneness / Seperation === == Effect of awe on the self == Authors Note: This is where we will have a short section on the self (what it means, collection of experiences and stories we tell ourselves, superceding that, buddhist definitions of the self and awareness and appreciating life as tenets, lojong etc.) === Key Feelings and Effects === ==== Smallness ==== ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== ===== Perception of the self ===== ====== ''(previously Humility)'' ====== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) === Behavioural Changes === === Pro-Social Behaviour === [[wikipedia:Prosocial_behavior|Prosocial behaviour]] refers to social behaviours that benefit everyone. READ ABSTRACTS OF ALL REFERENCES AND CITE SOMEWHERE ACTION NOW == Current Applications == === Therapies === ==== Nature / Awe Therapy ? ==== ==== Psychedelic Therapies ==== == PREVIOUS SUBMISSION == LOST IN THE SAUCE DOWN HERE == Awe == === Vastness === ==== Physical ==== ===== > Other People ===== ====== >> Acts of Talent or Skill ====== ====== >> Acts of Virtue or Humanness ====== - updating wordview link ===== > Nature ===== - smallness effect link - See also previous book chapter: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Awe and nature|Awe and nature]] - eclipse: seeking connection post link ====== >> Space ====== - smallness effect link ==== Conceptual ==== ===== > Learning ===== - updating wordview link ===== > Religion ===== - smallness effect link - seeking connection post link ====== >> Buddhism / Awareness ''(see also)'' ====== ===== > The Arts ===== ===== > Psychedelics ===== - ego-death - oneness (link to buddhism), LINK TO SELF === Need for Accommodation === ==== Smallness ==== - [[wikipedia:Overview_effect|Overview effect]] ==== Profoundness ==== ==== Connectedness ==== - seeking connection after feelings of smallness ===== Mental Structures (Schemas) ===== ==== Failures to Accommodate ==== ===== Fear ===== - threat-based awe (Keltner and Haidt) - [[wikipedia:Nihilism|Nihilism]] -> depression ===== Trauma ===== - dissociation (near death experiences) - denial ==The Self / Perception == - discussion of what the self is - introduction of schemas - perception - ego death dissolving perception, awe experiences diminishing the self ==Applications== ===Community=== *global meditation bringing down crime rates and violence? need source ===Individual=== ==== Therapy / Personal Growth ==== * GESTALT THERAPY ** present moment ** inner child work ===== Humility ''(Rework heading and how this fits into other sections)'' ===== * presenting more balanced view of personal strengths and weaknesses * increased acknowledgment of outside forces in one's accomplishments (Stellar et al., 2018) * epistemic humility = measures of wisdom and moral character * positive self-transcendent experiences can be utilised as driving force for better understanding one's decision and perspectives impact others (Kim et al., 2023) ===== Psychedelic Therapies ===== * MDMA therapies for depression * LSD and psylocibin guided therapies <nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki> == Tables == * Use tables to organise and summarise information * Cite each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1) * Tables should be captioned * [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|More example tables]] which can be adapted '''Table 1''' A Descriptive Caption Explains The Table Contents and its Relevance to the Text e.g., The 2 x 2 Johari Window Model Showing the Relationship Between Known/Unknown and Self/Other {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; |- ! !! Known to self !! Not known to self |- | '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot |- | '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown |} ;Quizzes * One or two quiz questions for each main section is better than a long quiz at the end Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click "Submit": <quiz display="simple"> {Which of the following is an appraisal of the emotion awe? |type="()"} + Vastness - Smallness {Long and complex quiz questions are recommended: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==Conclusion== * Arguably the most important section * Provide at least three bullet-points for this section even at the topic development stage, based on preliminary thinking * For the book chapter, develop clear take-home message(s) that address the focus questions based on psychological theory and research * Together, the [[#Overview|Overview]] and Conclusion should summarise the problem, its significance, and how psychological science contributes to understanding and addressing this problem * Recommended length: 150 to 330 words {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] and alphabetical order. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant internal resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses }} ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Arvidson, P. S. (2022). Reverent Awe and the Field of Consciousness. Human Studies, 45(3), 397-416. Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of personality and social psychology, 113(2), 185. Cavallaro, R. M., Church, M. H., Giddens, B. J., & Rivera, G. N. (2025). Complex effects of awe on meaning in life and true self-knowledge. Self and Identity, 24(3), 189-216. Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770-778. Edwards, M. E., Mendenhall, K., Sanders, C., & King, L. A. (2026). Small but still significant: Awe and the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 52(9), 3032-3045. Gao, R. (2026). From awe to pro-environmental behavior-a meta-analysis of the relationship between awe and pro-environmental behavior. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 958-970. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475-488. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 123(3), 576. Kim, Y., Nusbaum, H. C., & Yang, F. (2023). Going beyond ourselves: The role of self-transcendent experiences in wisdom. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 98-116. Li, R., Hou, Z., Zhang, C., Xu, Q., & Nie, A. (2024). A meta-analysis examining the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior. Current Psychology, 43(29), 24702-24711. Lucht, A., & van Schie, H. T. (2024). The evolutionary function of awe: A review and integrated model of seven theoretical perspectives. Emotion Review, 16(1), 46-63. McMann, G. B. (2025). Role of Vastness and Accommodation of Awe in Personal Change and Growth Grand Canyon University]. Perez, K. A., Lench, H. C., Thompson, C. G., & North, S. (2023). Experimental elicitations of awe: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 37(1), 18-33. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 108(6), 883. Piff, P. K., Singhal, I., & Bai, Y. (2025). Bridging me to we: Awe is a conduit to cohesive collectives. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101979. Rivera, G. N., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Awe and meaning: Elucidating complex effects of awe experiences on meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 392-405. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944-963. Shukla, S. (2021). Indian classical music, awe, and healing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 355. Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of personality and social psychology, 114(2), 258. Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., & Kramer, J. H. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044. Tanhan, F., DENİZ, M., & Akgün, G. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, Formulation and Usage Area Awe Terapi: Temelleri, Formülasyonu ve Kullanım Alanları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65). Tanhan, F., Deniz, M. E., & Akgün, G. E. (2022). Awe Therapy: Fundamentals, formulation and usage area. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(65), 300-319. }} ==External links== * [https://self-transcendence.org/theory Self-transendence] (Self-transcendence.org) * [https://fitmind.org/ Ancient wisdom + modern science] (Fitmind.org) * [https://therapyintampa.com/the-neuroscience-of-awe-how-shared-wonder-supports-mental-health/ The Neuroscience of Awe: How Shared Wonder Supports Mental Health] (North Star Therapy) * Ted Talk Neuroscience video {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Link to the most relevant external resources about the topic * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] rww9brwfid73vz9nehkvu0j5yb0t8hm 1 331611 2832315 2829678 2026-09-09T03:29:17Z U3253363 3106362 /* Identity-based motivation as a companion to possible selves */ Reply 2832315 wikitext text/x-wiki == Identity-based motivation as a companion to possible selves == Hi Jack4234, our chapters overlap - I'm writing [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Indigenous Australian role models and motivation|Indigenous Australian role models and motivation]], and possible selves is one of the mechanisms I use to explain how role models influence goal pursuit. Two sources you might find useful, if you have not already got them: * Oyserman and Destin (2010) is a strong companion to Markus and Nurius (1986). Their contribution is explaining ''why'' possible selves sometimes fail to drive action: when a goal feels identity-incongruent, experienced difficulty gets interpreted as "this is pointless and not for people like me" rather than as a signal that the goal matters. That gives you a mechanism for the gap between holding a possible self and actually pursuing it. *: Oyserman, D., & Destin, M. (2010). Identity-based motivation: Implications for intervention. ''The Counseling Psychologist, 38''(7), 1001–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000010374775 * Morgenroth et al. (2015) may also be worth a look for their "representation of the possible" function - it connects possible selves back to where they come from. *: Morgenroth, T., Ryan, M. K., & Peters, K. (2015). The motivational theory of role modeling: How role models influence role aspirants' goals. ''Review of General Psychology, 19''(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000059 Happy to add a "See also" link from my chapter to yours if you would like to do the same - the two topics connect closely. [[User:Jshottt|Jshottt]] ([[User talk:Jshottt|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jshottt|contribs]]) 14:18, 27 August 2026 (UTC) :Hi there :I am writing the book chapter [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2026/Self-concept and motivation|Self-concept and motivation]], a topic which closely aligns to your focus on possible selves. Building on Jshottt's message here, I have been reading another interesting study by Oyserman about how identities drive goal pursuit. I think this could fit nicely in your 'When possible selves facilitate goal pursuit' sub heading. Nurra and Oyserman (2018) found that children who were primed to think of their adult selves as not being far away were more motivated. Their possible selves felt more achievable and thus were more motivating, than those who were primed to think of their adult selves as far away. :I discuss the findings in my chapter and I've included the resources below, if you'd like to check it out. :Nurra, C., & Oyserman, D. (2018). From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. ''Self and Identity, 17''(3), 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003 :Oyserman, D. (2024), Identity-based motivation and the motivational consequences of difficulty. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 18'', e70028. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.70028 [[User:U3253363|U3253363]] ([[User talk:U3253363|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3253363|contribs]]) 03:29, 9 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on possible selves and goal pursuit == I found the distinction between hoped-for and feared possible selves really interesting, particularly how these future self-representations can influence goal pursuit. It could be useful to further emphasise how self-efficacy may determine whether imagining a possible self actually translates into motivated behaviour. This could help explain why having a desired future self does not always result in successful goal pursuit. [[User:U3188047|U3188047]] ([[User talk:U3188047|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3188047|contribs]]) 20:38, 27 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # Each subheading should starts with a capital letter # Remove numbering from subheadings <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Excellent – Well developed [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]]. Meaningful headings clearly relate directly to the core topic. <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Excellent alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and heading structure <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Excellent – Scenario, image, evocative description of the problem/topic, and focus questions <!-- Focus questions --> # Focus questions are aligned with sub-title and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Excellent – key points are well developed for each section # Provide more detailed edit summaries <!-- Scope --> <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) <!-- Writing style --> # The writing style is clear and easy to follow <!-- Theory and research --> # Good balance of theory and research <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # One relevant figure is presented and captioned <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Consider including quiz question(s) about the take-home messages <!-- Tables --> # Also consider using tables to summarise key information |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Very good # Remove irrelevant references <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## One of two relevant link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ## Use alphabetical order <!-- External links --> # External links ## Very good ## Use alphabetical order |9= <!-- User page --> # Used effectively # Brief description about self – consider expanding <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # A link to the book chapter is provided |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # Three different types of contributions with direct link(s) to evidence }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 07:57, 30 August 2026 (UTC) 81gk4f0upfcrd2wixg94x3gbgdt3g1r 2 331744 2832246 2832114 2026-09-08T14:54:05Z JonAwbrey 29537 /* Higher Order Sign Relations &bull; Examples */ cleanup 2832246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Higher Order Sign Relations &bull; Examples== ===Table 36=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 36. Semantics for Higher Order Signs}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Semantics for Higher Order Signs.png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 36. Semantics for Higher Order Signs}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object Denoted}</math> | <math>\text{Equivalent Signs}</math> |- | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{A} \\ \text{B} \end{matrix}</math> | width="50%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“A”} \\ {}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“B”} \end{matrix}</math> |- | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{“A”} \\ \text{“B”} \\ \text{“i”} \\ \text{“u”} \end{matrix}</math> | width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“A”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{A} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“B”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{B} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“i”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{i} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \\ {}^{\langle\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle\rangle} & = & {}^{\langle} \text{“u”} {}^{\rangle} & = & \text{“}{}^{\langle} \text{u} {}^{\rangle}\text{”} \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 37=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 37. Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign.png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 37. Sign Relation Containing a Higher Order Sign}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{s} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \text{s} \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \text{t} \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 38=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 38. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1)}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1).png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 38. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (1)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} {}^{\langle} x {}^{\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] {}^{\langle\langle\langle} x {}^{\rangle\rangle\rangle} \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> ===Table 39=== ====PNG==== {| align="center" style="font-size:large; text-align:center" |+ style="height:24px | <math>\text{Table 39. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2)}</math> |- | [[File:RIF &bull; Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2).png|600px]] |} ====LaTeX==== <br> {| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:large; text-align:center; width:60%" |+ style="height:30px" | <math>\text{Table 39. Sign Relation for a Succession of Higher Order Signs (2)}</math> |- style="height:40px; background:#f0f0ff" | <math>\text{Object}</math> | <math>\text{Sign}</math> | <math>\text{Interpretant}</math> |- | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} x \\[2pt] s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} s_1 \\[2pt] s_2 \\[2pt] s_3 \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> | valign="bottom" width="33%" | <math>\begin{matrix} \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \\[2pt] \ldots \end{matrix}</math> |} <br> pfsi8p0mxdb0smw1g69wwu22mq5u0u6 1 331836 2832299 2831426 2026-09-09T00:58:28Z ChelsSchofield 3106760 /* Heading casing */ Reply 2832299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Heading casing == {| style="float: center; background:transparent;color:inherit;" |- | [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]] | {{#if:ChelsSchofield|Hi [[User:ChelsSchofield|ChelsSchofield]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:<br> <big><big>Self-determination theory</big></big> rather than <big><big>Self-Determination Theory</big></big> Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 08:24, 5 September 2026 (UTC) |} :Thank you for the detailed marking. I will actively work towards these improvements. [[User:ChelsSchofield|ChelsSchofield]] ([[User talk:ChelsSchofield|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChelsSchofield|contribs]]) 00:58, 9 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Official topic development feedback --> {{METF/2026 |1= <!-- Title --> # Title and/or subtitle not correctly worded and/or didn't use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] (fixed) |2= <!-- Headings --> # See earlier comment about [[#heading casing|heading casing]] <!-- Heading structure --> <!-- 2-level --> # Promising [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project/Structure|2-level heading structure]] – could benefit from further development and/or refinement <!-- Alignment with focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings <!-- GenAI ---> # Are the headings based on [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|genAI content]]? If so, this needs to be acknowledged in the edit summaries, otherwise it violates academic integrity. |3= <!-- Overview--> # Good <!-- Scenario --> # A scenario or case study is presented in a feature box at the start of this section # Add an image (not a diagram) to the scenario to help attract reader interest <!-- Description --> # A clear description of the problem/topic is planned or presented <!-- Focus questions --> # Develop closer alignment between the sub-title, focus questions, and top-level headings |4= <!-- Key points--> <!-- Overall --> # Solid development # Include an introductory paragraph before branching into sub-sections <!-- Scope --> # The scope is excellent (i.e., not too little/narrow or too big/broad) # Use correct capitalisation ([https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/capitalization APA style is a "down" style]) – [https://polishedpaper.com/blog/capitalization-apa-style more info] <!-- Conclusion --> # Conclusion is well underway # What are the practical, take-home messages? (address the focus questions) |5= <!-- Figure --> # Excellent - Relevant figure(s) presented, captioned, and cited # Relevant figure(s) are presented and captioned # Relevant figure(s) are presented # The relevance of the figure to the topic is unclear # A relevant figure is not presented and cited (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Caption --> # Figure caption(s) could better explain how the image connects to key points being made in the main text # Figure caption(s) should include '''Figure X'''. ... (fixed) <!-- Cite --> # Cite each figure at least once in the main text using APA style (e.g., see Figure 1) |6= <!-- Learning feature --> <!-- Interwiki links ---> # Add in-text [[m:Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki links]] for first mention of key terms to [[w:|Wikipedia]] and/or [[Motivation and emotion/Book|book chapters]] (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- Scenarios/examples/case studies --> # Consider use of more scenarios/examples/case studies <!-- Quiz --> # Promising use of quiz question(s) # Place each quiz question in the most relevant section <!-- Tables --> # Promising use of table(s) |7= <!-- References --> <!-- Overall --> # Basic <!-- Systematic reviews --> # What are the most relevant systematic reviews/meta-analyses about this topic? <!-- APA style --> # Check and correct [https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf APA referencing style]: ## [[Help:Wikitext quick reference|italicisation]] ## include hyperlinked dois |8= <!-- Resources --> <!-- See also --> # See also ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two link types provided ### Also link to related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]] ### Also link to relevant [[w:|Wikipedia]] pages ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link (e.g., (Wikipedia) or (Book chapter, year) for Wikiversity book chapters) ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) <!-- External links --> # External links ## Excellent ## Very good ## Good ## Basic ## One of two required external links provided ## Move Wikipedia link(s) to the "See also" section ## Move academic sources into the "References" sections and provide in-text citation ## Only include links directly related to the sub-title ## Target an international audience; Australians only represent 0.33% of the world population ## Good choice of links, but poorly formatted (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use bullet-points (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]] ## Rename links so that they are more user friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Include source in brackets after link ## Use alphabetical order ## To be developed (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) ## Link to the most relevant external resources about this topic |9= <!-- User page --> # Very good <!-- Description about self --> # Excellent description about self provided <!-- Links to profile(s) --> # Consider linking to your [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/ eportfolio] page and/or any other professional online profile or resume such as [https://www.linkedin.com/ LinkedIn]. This is not required, but it can be useful to interlink your professional networks. <!-- Link to book chapter --> # Rename the link to the book chapter to make it more user-friendly (see [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Wiki editing|Tutorial 2]]) |10= <!-- Social contribution --> # One out of three types of contributions made with direct link(s) to evidence. The other types of contribution are making: #* direct improvements to other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] #* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]] }} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 08:24, 5 September 2026 (UTC) m0pwofui6h7o5fet1zkzotv12l8axey 4 331910 2832242 2832133 2026-09-08T13:43:40Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Codename Noreste (talk • email • contribs • stats • logs • global account) */ reply to Jtneill ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2832242 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|Codename Noreste}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting any permission. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> Hello, everyone. Although it is not mentioned by the interface administrator policy, I would like to run for permanent interface administrator permissions (since my temporary IA rights are about to expire). My original stated reasoning was because of the ability to adjust interface pages for dark mode support and to adjust the CSS. However, I am familiar with CSS and I would like to be the first permanent interface administrator on English Wikiversity (to perform technical maintenance). See also [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group|this discussion]] for context. I already have 2FA enabled as I hold IA rights on several other projects. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:53, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : I think we would first need a change to policy which currently only allows for 14 to 120 day IA periods. : Could you summarise recent changes you've made to the en.wv interface? : And what future changes are you planning on making to the en.wv interface? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:54, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :: When I became an interface administrator (prior to being a custodian), I edited several interface messages to adjust for dark mode support. I initially planned to edit the CSS page by removing outdated code and moving the CSS import code (<code>@import url</code>) to common.css itself, but I didn't have time to do that due to commitments in real life and in other projects. Now that I have that time here, I am willing to perform maintenance on CSS. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:43, 8 September 2026 (UTC) ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== 99sky63orcsxxxx2245cpvl3071rca0 2832243 2832242 2026-09-08T13:44:26Z Codename Noreste 2969951 /* Codename Noreste (talk • email • contribs • stats • logs • global account) */ addition ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 2832243 wikitext text/x-wiki === {{user|Codename Noreste}} === <!-- State your reasoning below on why you are requesting any permission. Do not add your signature, as it will be automatically added for you. --> Hello, everyone. Although it is not mentioned by the interface administrator policy, I would like to run for permanent interface administrator permissions (since my temporary IA rights are about to expire). My original stated reasoning was because of the ability to adjust interface pages for dark mode support and to adjust the CSS. However, I am familiar with CSS and I would like to be the first permanent interface administrator on English Wikiversity (to perform technical maintenance). See also [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Wikiversity talk:Interface administrators#My thoughts about this user group|this discussion]] for context. I already have 2FA enabled as I hold IA rights on several other projects. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:53, 7 September 2026 (UTC) : I think we would first need a change to policy which currently only allows for 14 to 120 day IA periods. : Could you summarise recent changes you've made to the en.wv interface? : And what future changes are you planning on making to the en.wv interface? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - <small>[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]</small> 23:54, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :: When I became an interface administrator (prior to being a custodian), I edited several interface messages to adjust for dark mode support. I initially planned to edit the CSS page by removing outdated code and moving the CSS import code (<code>@import url</code>) to common.css itself, but I didn't have time to do that due to commitments in real life and in other projects. Now that I have that time here, I am willing to perform maintenance on CSS. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:43, 8 September 2026 (UTC) ::: I forgot to mention this, but since I proposed an amendment to the IA policy, another maximum extension would be fine. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:44, 8 September 2026 (UTC) ==== Comments/questions ==== ==== Votes ==== cj0qlzfjiqhj8tvtnm9al76ux5r1m85 1 331918 2832240 2832117 2026-09-08T13:00:59Z MathXplore 2888076 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 2832240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 6 331933 2832249 2026-09-08T15:02:16Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260907 - 20260902) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832249 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260907 - 20260902) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 4h2mq23epdtz56o11p5tcjb4qnjih3l 6 331934 2832251 2026-09-08T15:03:11Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832251 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Work2.1A: Libraries (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} jiig46cwhbjlp4smgy5f9920vtpo6tt 6 331936 2832256 2026-09-08T15:44:00Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control B. Duplicate (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832256 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control B. Duplicate (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} g2zw3rt0dn5onou1m1heicvy0x1vdtu 6 331937 2832259 2026-09-08T15:45:20Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control B. Duplicate (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832259 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Copilot: File Control B. Duplicate (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} dsyu6rinv98xcx4mxrl0uzh2g82jdy7 6 331939 2832262 2026-09-08T16:00:02Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=FF Timing (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832262 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=FF Timing (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} szkbacn30p7e5z69wxa6erclvnl78fz 6 331940 2832264 2026-09-08T16:01:12Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=FF Timing (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832264 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=FF Timing (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} n3xu4xmc3d7z9sc0s87ohq0bcoamzpn 6 331941 2832266 2026-09-08T16:23:18Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832266 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260907 - 20260901) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} p1vtssyxky9gozrfdvl5ilipvit9hj3 6 331942 2832268 2026-09-08T16:24:16Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832268 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Sample: Tapped Delay (20260908 - 20260907) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-08 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 3jr5d0toz47jq3uyd9kwqgx0m5gsy3i 3 331943 2832290 2026-09-08T20:23:48Z Atcovi 276019 /* No Promotional Websites Allowed */ new section 2832290 wikitext text/x-wiki == No Promotional Websites Allowed == Hi Bariatricresearch, based on your username and your edits where your citations go back to a specific website selling products - I've blocked your account. Please see [[Wikiversity:Self promotion]] and [[Wikiversity:Spam]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:23, 8 September 2026 (UTC) 90h10l9i4kje0vreak813nclvafzl2w 10 331944 2832291 2026-09-08T22:06:14Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 Created page with "<includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">{{Audio | 1 = {{{1}}} | 2 = {{IPA|{{{2}}}|lang={{{lang|}}}|wrap={{{wrap|}}}|cat={{{cat|}}}}} | help = {{{help|}}} }}</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 2832291 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">{{Audio | 1 = {{{1}}} | 2 = {{IPA|{{{2}}}|lang={{{lang|}}}|wrap={{{wrap|}}}|cat={{{cat|}}}}} | help = {{{help|}}} }}</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qedvzn4w0bjrxbfnf4o0iu4yqm95sv8 2832293 2832291 2026-09-08T22:56:54Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832293 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">{{Audio | 1 = {{{1}}} | 2 = {{IPA|{{{2}}}|lang={{{lang|}}}|wrap={{{wrap|}}}|cat={{{cat|}}}}} }}</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> cr9keate4e3g405ououbmt68qy5mq4e 2832294 2832293 2026-09-08T22:58:14Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/2832293|2832293]] by [[Special:Contributions/It-is-Truly-Meet|It-is-Truly-Meet]] ([[User talk:It-is-Truly-Meet|talk]]) 2832294 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">{{Audio | 1 = {{{1}}} | 2 = {{IPA|{{{2}}}|lang={{{lang|}}}|wrap={{{wrap|}}}|cat={{{cat|}}}}} | help = {{{help|}}} }}</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qedvzn4w0bjrxbfnf4o0iu4yqm95sv8 2832295 2832294 2026-09-08T23:13:09Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 2832295 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">[[file:{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}]]</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> co9we77vtfk9jatzv1eyw7exnym48xj 2832296 2832295 2026-09-08T23:13:33Z It-is-Truly-Meet 3089598 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/2832295|2832295]] by [[Special:Contributions/It-is-Truly-Meet|It-is-Truly-Meet]] ([[User talk:It-is-Truly-Meet|talk]]) 2832296 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span class="nounderlines nowrap">{{Audio | 1 = {{{1}}} | 2 = {{IPA|{{{2}}}|lang={{{lang|}}}|wrap={{{wrap|}}}|cat={{{cat|}}}}} | help = {{{help|}}} }}</span>{{category handler|[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qedvzn4w0bjrxbfnf4o0iu4yqm95sv8 6 331945 2832349 2026-09-09T06:14:10Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832349 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B Single Level (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 5n5ja76dseq5zw91b9lw1c8r6z486ej 6 331946 2832350 2026-09-09T06:15:06Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2C Multi-Level (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832350 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2C Multi-Level (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 77tfgjr37uynmu6iitcngxks2ljzm9h 6 331947 2832352 2026-09-09T06:32:08Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2832352 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.SA0: Address and Dereference Operators (20260909 - 20260908) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-09-09 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 5csc0mu3dg554axd03xqf43b9yn6kr3 1 331949 2832387 2026-09-09T09:11:28Z Dawkin Verbier 2899964 /* New copyright changes */ new section 2832387 wikitext text/x-wiki == New copyright changes == As of 22nd April this year, OpenStax has updated its licensing system to be CC-BY-NC-SA rather than CC-BY. [https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-licensing<nowiki>] I am new here, and I am not sure what the copyright policy here is, but it appears from Meta-Wiki [</nowiki>[[m:Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.]]<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "If you mark your content as NC, it cannot be included in free knowledge databases like Wikipedia, in some kind of open media archives and in Open Source projects. It is often a commercial use that helps not-for-profit initiatives to have their breakthrough." * "When hearing about commercial use, you would often think of multinational companies like Microsoft or Shell, of stock trading, quick money or profiteering. The term "commercial use" however contains no moral evaluation of the business conduct of the respective institutions or persons, but merely describes that they are obtaining a commercial advantage and possibly aim for a financial remuneration. And that is necessary for anyone who is not fully financed by public funds or private donations." * "One of the reasons for the widespread and intense usage of Wikipedia is that its contents may be used commercially. Otherwise it would be prohibited for major news sources or other commercial websites to use Wikipedia content verbatim without payment and without asking for permission. Wikipedia benefits greatly from the commercial use of their content. They are integrated tightly with several search engines, which further the distribution of Wikipedia content, and hence the knowledge compiled by collaboration. The operation of a search engine is an undoubtably commercial enterprise aimed at profits." So it appears that the new textbooks can no longer be copied into here, although to my knowledge, it seems that the old content can nonetheless remain. I would also think that it would not be lawful to copy the stuff here, given that our licence is CC BY-SA, a less restrictive form. To do so, it would appear, would mean to essentially make a more restrictive copyright a less restrictive one. Of course, I would also think that archived Prior to the April 2026 update, I think all content is nonetheless fair game, per the Creative Commons wiki [https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "Remember the license may not be revoked. Once you apply a CC license to your material, anyone who receives it [[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F|may rely on that license]] for as long as the material is protected by copyright and similar rights, even if you later stop distributing it." This [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=OpenStax&oldid=2796655<nowiki>] is the last diff in March 2026, prior to the April 22nd changes. It seems that many of the new texts that have been added to this list were created on this site after the April 22nd licence changed, which means their presence here may potentially be unlawful. </nowiki> [[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:11, 9 September 2026 (UTC) 49dt25zbmhsa2xy2w8solhl6gmzos5w 2832388 2832387 2026-09-09T09:16:09Z Dawkin Verbier 2899964 /* New copyright changes */ Reply 2832388 wikitext text/x-wiki == New copyright changes == As of 22nd April this year, OpenStax has updated its licensing system to be CC-BY-NC-SA rather than CC-BY. [https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-licensing<nowiki>] I am new here, and I am not sure what the copyright policy here is, but it appears from Meta-Wiki [</nowiki>[[m:Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.]]<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "If you mark your content as NC, it cannot be included in free knowledge databases like Wikipedia, in some kind of open media archives and in Open Source projects. It is often a commercial use that helps not-for-profit initiatives to have their breakthrough." * "When hearing about commercial use, you would often think of multinational companies like Microsoft or Shell, of stock trading, quick money or profiteering. The term "commercial use" however contains no moral evaluation of the business conduct of the respective institutions or persons, but merely describes that they are obtaining a commercial advantage and possibly aim for a financial remuneration. And that is necessary for anyone who is not fully financed by public funds or private donations." * "One of the reasons for the widespread and intense usage of Wikipedia is that its contents may be used commercially. Otherwise it would be prohibited for major news sources or other commercial websites to use Wikipedia content verbatim without payment and without asking for permission. Wikipedia benefits greatly from the commercial use of their content. They are integrated tightly with several search engines, which further the distribution of Wikipedia content, and hence the knowledge compiled by collaboration. The operation of a search engine is an undoubtably commercial enterprise aimed at profits." So it appears that the new textbooks can no longer be copied into here, although to my knowledge, it seems that the old content can nonetheless remain. I would also think that it would not be lawful to copy the stuff here, given that our licence is CC BY-SA, a less restrictive form. To do so, it would appear, would mean to essentially make a more restrictive copyright a less restrictive one. Of course, I would also think that archived Prior to the April 2026 update, I think all content is nonetheless fair game, per the Creative Commons wiki [https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "Remember the license may not be revoked. Once you apply a CC license to your material, anyone who receives it [[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F|may rely on that license]] for as long as the material is protected by copyright and similar rights, even if you later stop distributing it." This [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=OpenStax&oldid=2796655<nowiki>] is the last diff in March 2026, prior to the April 22nd changes. It seems that many of the new texts that have been added to this list were created on this site after the April 22nd licence changed, which means their presence here may potentially be unlawful. </nowiki> [[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:11, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :Pinging @[[User:Andy?yes|Andy?yes]], who appears to be the main contributor to this page. Nonetheless, I would assume there are archived versions of the textbooks prior to the changes. For example, it appears that one of the new additions, Principles of Microeconomics, was formerly available on Wikibooks [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Microeconomics<nowiki>], that version being one which (presumably) was under a CC BY licence. </nowiki>[[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:16, 9 September 2026 (UTC) tbv0p4w3zbkg9dqqheedynl9cx8mumu 2832389 2832388 2026-09-09T09:35:22Z Dawkin Verbier 2899964 /* New copyright changes */ Reply 2832389 wikitext text/x-wiki == New copyright changes == As of 22nd April this year, OpenStax has updated its licensing system to be CC-BY-NC-SA rather than CC-BY. [https://openstax.org/blog/openstax-licensing<nowiki>] I am new here, and I am not sure what the copyright policy here is, but it appears from Meta-Wiki [</nowiki>[[m:Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.|https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Free_knowledge_based_on_Creative_Commons_licenses#4._How_does_the_NC_module_affect_the_way_content_can_be_distributed?_%E2%80%93_NC-licensed_content_cannot_be_distributed_as_widely_and_easily.]]<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "If you mark your content as NC, it cannot be included in free knowledge databases like Wikipedia, in some kind of open media archives and in Open Source projects. It is often a commercial use that helps not-for-profit initiatives to have their breakthrough." * "When hearing about commercial use, you would often think of multinational companies like Microsoft or Shell, of stock trading, quick money or profiteering. The term "commercial use" however contains no moral evaluation of the business conduct of the respective institutions or persons, but merely describes that they are obtaining a commercial advantage and possibly aim for a financial remuneration. And that is necessary for anyone who is not fully financed by public funds or private donations." * "One of the reasons for the widespread and intense usage of Wikipedia is that its contents may be used commercially. Otherwise it would be prohibited for major news sources or other commercial websites to use Wikipedia content verbatim without payment and without asking for permission. Wikipedia benefits greatly from the commercial use of their content. They are integrated tightly with several search engines, which further the distribution of Wikipedia content, and hence the knowledge compiled by collaboration. The operation of a search engine is an undoubtably commercial enterprise aimed at profits." So it appears that the new textbooks can no longer be copied into here, although to my knowledge, it seems that the old content can nonetheless remain. I would also think that it would not be lawful to copy the stuff here, given that our licence is CC BY-SA, a less restrictive form. To do so, it would appear, would mean to essentially make a more restrictive copyright a less restrictive one. Of course, I would also think that archived Prior to the April 2026 update, I think all content is nonetheless fair game, per the Creative Commons wiki [https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees<nowiki>]:</nowiki> * "Remember the license may not be revoked. Once you apply a CC license to your material, anyone who receives it [[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F|may rely on that license]] for as long as the material is protected by copyright and similar rights, even if you later stop distributing it." This [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=OpenStax&oldid=2796655<nowiki>] is the last diff in March 2026, prior to the April 22nd changes. It seems that many of the new texts that have been added to this list were created on this site after the April 22nd licence changed, which means their presence here may potentially be unlawful. </nowiki> [[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:11, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :Pinging @[[User:Andy?yes|Andy?yes]], who appears to be the main contributor to this page. Nonetheless, I would assume there are archived versions of the textbooks prior to the changes. For example, it appears that one of the new additions, Principles of Microeconomics, was formerly available on Wikibooks [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Microeconomics<nowiki>], that version being one which (presumably) was under a CC BY licence. </nowiki>[[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:16, 9 September 2026 (UTC) :For easier reference, this was the list of texts in the page before the April 2026 change: :* [[OpenStax American Government 3e]] (click to visit) :* [[OpenStax American Government 4e]] (click to visit) :* [[OpenStax University Physics|'''OpenStax University Physics''' (click to visit)]] :* [[OpenStax College Physics|'''OpenStax College Physics''' (click to visit)]] :* [[OpenStax Astronomy|'''OpenStax Astronomy''' (click to visit)]] :* [[OpenStax Astronomy 2e|'''OpenStax Astronomy 2e''' (click to visit)]] :* '''[[OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology 2e|OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e]]''' :* '''[[OpenStax Biology 2e]]''' :* [[OpenStax Concepts of Biology]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Political Science]] :* [[OpenStax Lifespan Development]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Macroeconomics 3e]] :* '''[[OpenStax Psychology 2e]]''' :* [[OpenStax US History]] :* [[OpenStax world history volume 1 to 1500|OpenStax World History, Volume 1: to 1500]] :* '''OpenStax Calculus:''' No resources have been developed, but (out-of-date) pdf versions of the three volume textbook are posted on Wikiversity at: '''[[:File:CalculusVolume1-OP.pdf|V1]]''' | '''[[:File:CalculusVolume2-OP.pdf|V2]]''' | '''[[:File:CalculusVolume3-LR.pdf|V3]]''' :Since the change, the following have been added: :* [[OpenStax Additive Manufacturing Essentials]] :* [[OpenStax Business Ethics]] :* [[OpenStax Business Law I Essentials 2e]] :* [[OpenStax Chemistry 2e]] :* [[OpenStax Clinical Nursing Skills]] :* [[OpenStax College Success]] :* [[OpenStax College Success Concise]] :* [[OpenStax Entrepreneurship]] :* [[OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Anthropology]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Business]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Business 2e]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Philosophy]] :* [[OpenStax Introduction to Sociology 3e]] :* [[OpenStax Maternal Newborn Nursing]] :* [[OpenStax Medical Surgical Nursing]] :* [[OpenStax Microbiology]] :* [[OpenStax Nutrition for Nurses]] :* [[OpenStax Organizational Behavior]] :* [[OpenStax Pharmacology for Nurses]] :* [[OpenStax Population Health for Nurses]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Economics 3e]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Finance 2e]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Management]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Marketing]] :* [[OpenStax Principles of Microeconomics 3e]] :* [[OpenStax Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing]] :* [[OpenStax World History Volume 2 from 1400]] :[[User:Dawkin Verbier|Dawkin Verbier]] ([[User talk:Dawkin Verbier|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dawkin Verbier|contribs]]) 09:35, 9 September 2026 (UTC) jv9fkdfqu4h72utare5c7j9cszz2z2w 0 331950 2832394 2026-09-09T09:48:29Z Michael Ten 654933 #REDIRECT [[Portal:Materials science and engineering]] 2832394 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Portal:Materials science and engineering]] p8p3uesk9rsi6ehpe63xvhlogaeas4o 0 331951 2832399 2026-09-09T10:03:22Z Michael Ten 654933 #REDIRECT [[Introduction to Brain-Computer Interfaces]] 2832399 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Introduction to Brain-Computer Interfaces]] erlzg0qp1r36sdu6tukf6a8a259l0yf 0 331952 2832401 2026-09-09T10:04:50Z Michael Ten 654933 #REDIRECT [[Nanotechnology]] 2832401 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Nanotechnology]] cfgvrdnekjx06y5mvk3wirm3urbsw0g 0 331953 2832404 2026-09-09T10:21:18Z Michael Ten 654933 #REDIRECT [[Robotics]] 2832404 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Robotics]] rstl4ifcltemhpqmcoyvm6zq4yw86zv